EP0112372A1 - Expanded mesh of grade 2 titanium - Google Patents

Expanded mesh of grade 2 titanium

Info

Publication number
EP0112372A1
EP0112372A1 EP83902210A EP83902210A EP0112372A1 EP 0112372 A1 EP0112372 A1 EP 0112372A1 EP 83902210 A EP83902210 A EP 83902210A EP 83902210 A EP83902210 A EP 83902210A EP 0112372 A1 EP0112372 A1 EP 0112372A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
titanium
grade
mesh
swd
ratio
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP83902210A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0112372A4 (en
Inventor
Allen Dale Blackmon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dow Chemical Co
Original Assignee
Dow Chemical Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dow Chemical Co filed Critical Dow Chemical Co
Publication of EP0112372A1 publication Critical patent/EP0112372A1/en
Publication of EP0112372A4 publication Critical patent/EP0112372A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
    • H01M4/72—Grids
    • H01M4/74—Meshes or woven material; Expanded metal
    • H01M4/745—Expanded metal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • Grades of titanium which have less formability than grade 1 titanium are more efficiently used in fabricating expanded mesh articles by employing expander dies which provide expanded slit openings wherein the long way dimension/short way dimension (LWD/SWD) ratio " of the openings is at least about 2.5, preferably at least about 2.7.
  • Figures 1 through 4 are provided for use as visual aids for describing the preparation of expanded mesh, using techniques which are well known to practitioners of the art.
  • Figures 1-A through 1-E illustrate steps taken in preparing expanded mesh titanium.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a portion of the expanded mesh before being flattened.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a portion of an expanded sheet after being flattened.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a sheet levelling operation.
  • the present invention is applicable to all grades of titanium which have less formability than grade 1 titanium.
  • the preferred grade is grade 2 and for purposes of conciseness the descrip ⁇ tions provided here are, for the most part, directed to grade 2 in contrast to grade 1.
  • the descriptions, properties, and.identities of the grades are those which conform essentially to ASTM-B-265-79.
  • grade 1 At least some of which contribute to the better formability (“workability") of grade 1, are:
  • Grade 1 normally contains lower levels of impurities, especially iron and oxygen;
  • Grade 1 has lower tensile strength, lower yield strength, and higher elongation, all of
  • FIGS 1-A through 1-E illustrate steps taken in preparing expanded mesh titanium.
  • Fig. 1-A there is a base (1) having a tool steel shearing edge (2), a titanium sheet (3) and die (4).
  • an index point (5) on die (4) there is shown an index point (5) on die (4).
  • the titanium sheet is shown as having been advanced by one strand width (6) to protrude past edge (2) to beneath die (4).
  • Figure 1-B illustrates that the die has been pressed downward, shearing plate (3) in places governed by the width and depth of the die points which protrude downwardly;- this also stretches the strands and provides "expansion" of the sheet.
  • the die travel is set so that the die, acting along edge (2), does not shear the sheet completely.
  • FIG. 1-C illustrates that die (4) has been raised back to its starting position and moved sideways (indexed) as shown by the arrow and the sheet advanced by one strand-width.
  • Figure 1-D shows the die has been brought down again, the die points shearing the sheet as shown by downward movement of the index point.
  • Figure 1-E it is shown that the die has been raised back ' to its starting position, indexed back to the left to its original position, and the sheet (3) advanced another strand width; it is ready to perform another shearing cycle.
  • the shearing cycles are repeated until the sheet-expanding operation is completed.
  • the expansion process generally expands the length of the titanium sheet in an amount of from about 1.5 to about 5 times its original dimension.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a portion of the ex- panded mesh before being flattened.
  • the strand width (W), the sheet thickness (T), the long way dimension (LWD), the long way opening (LWO), the short way dimension (SWD) and the short way opening (SWO) are shown.
  • the LWO is the length of the opening along its "long way”
  • the SWO is the width of the opening along its "short way”.
  • the LWD is the length between bond centers along the long way and SWD is the length between bond centers along the short way; thus the LWD and the SWD take into account the width of the bonds, which are determined principally by the strand width. Note, as viewed in Figure 2, that two strands of a given bond are bent downward, and two strands of the same bond are bent upward.
  • OMPI * which bends and stretches strands out of the plane of the original flat sheet, subjects the titanium to considerable "working". Expanded sheets may be several feet wide and several feet long. The flattening process also subjects the metal to additional "working".
  • Figure 3 illustrates a portion of an expanded sheet after passing through flattening rollers (not shown) which compress or flatten the expanded, mesh so that all the strands and bonds essentially lie in the same plane, even though the plane is generally arcuate.
  • the bond areas (10) are the areas where the strands intersect.
  • bond-sheared edges (11) are contrasted with random-sheared edges (12).
  • the flattening process subjects the metal to additional "working"
  • Figure 4 illustrates a sheet levelling operation.
  • a levelling operation such as shown in Figure 4.
  • Figure 4 depicts a plurality of upper rollers (R) banked above lower rollers (R ), the lower rollers being along a plane (Pi) or centerline and the upper rollers being along a plane (P 2 ) or centerline which is oblique with respect to plane (P x ).
  • the rollers "work" the mesh in a progressively lessening corrugated manner until it emerges from the effects of the last roller as a flat sheet of expanded mesh.
  • This levelling process also subjects the metal to additional "working".
  • the expanded mesh is subjected to even more stringent "working" when it is bent to provide a desired configuration. This even includes, in some applications, being bent into a U-shape or V-shape, using an infinitely small bend- diameter.
  • the openings in the mesh so-produced generally comprise about 40% to about 60% of the total area of the mesh, as computed from the amount of the expansion.
  • the thickness (T) of the strands is preferably in the range of about 0.07 cm to about 0.77 cm, most preferably in the range of about 0.07 cm to about 0.2 cm.
  • the grade 2 (or other grades less “workable” than grade 1) titanium meshes so-prepared withstand the rigors of the expanding, flattening, and levelling described above, without there being a substantial number of rejects, and also may be bent using infinitely small bend-diameters if the above LWD/SWD ratio is employed: The bending may be done along a centerline lying in the long way dimension or the short way dimension, and, in most cases can be bent diagonally. The following data is for comparative illus ⁇ tration purposes, but the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments illustrated.
  • grade 1 and grade 2 titanium are made employing the expanding, flattening, and levelling steps such as described above, using dies appropriate for making the opening sizes and strand widths shown in following Table I.
  • Table I the measurements shown are the dimensions after expanding, but before flattening and levelling.
  • the "Remarks” column shows results obtained by bending the flattened, and leveled mesh beyond 90° (i.e., about 105°) using a small bend radius.
  • Example 2 The following Table III illustrates data for grade 2 titanium compared with grade 1 titanium in order to demonstrate effect of LWD/SWD ratio on bend- ability after flattening and levelling. • In these, the W/T ratio is about 1/1 before flattening and levelling.
  • Sample No. 1 is grade 1 titanium for comparison; other samples are grade 2.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)

Abstract

Des calibres de titane qui présentent une aptitude au formage ou à l'usinage inférieure à celle du titane de calibre 1 sont utilisés plus efficacement dans la fabrication d'articles de maille expansée en utilisant des matrices d'expansion qui présentent des ouvertures en fente expansée dans lesquelles le rapport dimension côté long/dimension côté court (LWD/SWD) des ouvertures est au moins 2,5 environ, de préférence au moins 2,7 environ.Titanium calibers which exhibit less formability or machinability than 1 gauge titanium are used more effectively in the manufacture of expanded mesh articles using expansion dies which have expanded slit openings wherein the ratio of long side dimension to short side dimension (LWD / SWD) of the openings is at least about 2.5, preferably at least about 2.7.

Description

EXPANDED MESH OF GRADE 2 TITANIUM
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The fabrication of expanded titanium mesh is well known. Since the fabrication of expanded titanium mesh usually involves considerable cold-working of the titanium, it has been the usual practice, to employ grade 1 titanium which, apparently because of its higher purity, has the highest formability. Thus, when quantities of expanded mesh articles are prepared, one is more likely to encounter a much higher* percent of off-spec" or faulty articles when using grade 2 titanium than when using grade 1 titanium. By "off-spec" or "faulty" it is meant that the articles have broken, split, or otherwise damaged portions due to their inability to withstand the extensive cold-working of the titanium during fabrication of the expanded mesh articles. Grade 1 titanium is appreciably more expensive than grade 2 and the available quantity of grade 1 is appreciably less than that of grade 2.
There is an economic incentive to find ways of using grade 2 titanium in expanded mesh articles in place of the more expensive grade 1 titanium. There is also an incentive to find ways for efficiently using the more abundant grade 2 titanium in the preparation
OMPI of expanded mesh, thereby broadening the field of usage of the grade 2 material.
As a convenient source of information to show the composition and properties of not only grades 1 and 2, but also other grades (3 through 12) of titanium, one may refer to American National Standard Institute's ASTM-B-265-79, published in February, 1980 in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Grades of titanium which have less formability than grade 1 titanium are more efficiently used in fabricating expanded mesh articles by employing expander dies which provide expanded slit openings wherein the long way dimension/short way dimension (LWD/SWD) ratio" of the openings is at least about 2.5, preferably at least about 2.7.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Figures 1 through 4, none of which are drawn to scale, are provided for use as visual aids for describing the preparation of expanded mesh, using techniques which are well known to practitioners of the art. Figures 1-A through 1-E illustrate steps taken in preparing expanded mesh titanium. Figure 2 illustrates a portion of the expanded mesh before being flattened. Figure 3 illustrates a portion of an expanded sheet after being flattened. Figure 4 illustrates a sheet levelling operation.
In a general sense, the present invention is applicable to all grades of titanium which have less formability than grade 1 titanium. The preferred grade is grade 2 and for purposes of conciseness the descrip¬ tions provided here are, for the most part, directed to grade 2 in contrast to grade 1. The descriptions, properties, and.identities of the grades are those which conform essentially to ASTM-B-265-79.
Some of the paramount differences between grade 1 and grade 2, at least some of which contribute to the better formability ("workability") of grade 1, are:
1. Grade 1 normally contains lower levels of impurities, especially iron and oxygen;
2. Grade 1 has lower tensile strength, lower yield strength, and higher elongation, all of
" which contribute to, or are indicative of, its better formability; and
3. '* Grade 1 can be bent cold through an angle of
105° (without fracture in the outside of the bent portion) on a bend diameter less than that of grade 2.
Figures 1-A through 1-E illustrate steps taken in preparing expanded mesh titanium. In Fig. 1-A there is a base (1) having a tool steel shearing edge (2), a titanium sheet (3) and die (4). For purposes of discussion there is shown an index point (5) on die (4). The titanium sheet is shown as having been advanced by one strand width (6) to protrude past edge (2) to beneath die (4). Figure 1-B illustrates that the die has been pressed downward, shearing plate (3) in places governed by the width and depth of the die points which protrude downwardly;- this also stretches the strands and provides "expansion" of the sheet. The die travel is set so that the die, acting along edge (2), does not shear the sheet completely. Fig. 1-C illustrates that die (4) has been raised back to its starting position and moved sideways (indexed) as shown by the arrow and the sheet advanced by one strand-width. Figure 1-D shows the die has been brought down again, the die points shearing the sheet as shown by downward movement of the index point. In Figure 1-E it is shown that the die has been raised back'to its starting position, indexed back to the left to its original position, and the sheet (3) advanced another strand width; it is ready to perform another shearing cycle. The shearing cycles are repeated until the sheet-expanding operation is completed. The expansion process generally expands the length of the titanium sheet in an amount of from about 1.5 to about 5 times its original dimension.
Figure 2 illustrates a portion of the ex- panded mesh before being flattened. In Figure 2 the strand width (W), the sheet thickness (T), the long way dimension (LWD), the long way opening (LWO), the short way dimension (SWD) and the short way opening (SWO) are shown. The LWO is the length of the opening along its "long way" and the SWO is the width of the opening along its "short way". The LWD is the length between bond centers along the long way and SWD is the length between bond centers along the short way; thus the LWD and the SWD take into account the width of the bonds, which are determined principally by the strand width. Note, as viewed in Figure 2, that two strands of a given bond are bent downward, and two strands of the same bond are bent upward. The expanding process,
OMPI *» which bends and stretches strands out of the plane of the original flat sheet, subjects the titanium to considerable "working". Expanded sheets may be several feet wide and several feet long. The flattening process also subjects the metal to additional "working".
Figure 3 illustrates a portion of an expanded sheet after passing through flattening rollers (not shown) which compress or flatten the expanded, mesh so that all the strands and bonds essentially lie in the same plane, even though the plane is generally arcuate. The bond areas (10) are the areas where the strands intersect. For illustration purposes bond-sheared edges (11) are contrasted with random-sheared edges (12). The flattening process subjects the metal to additional "working"
Figure 4 illustrates a sheet levelling operation. In order to get the flattened expanded mesh to lie in a flat plane it is generally best to run the mesh through a levelling operation, such as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 depicts a plurality of upper rollers (R) banked above lower rollers (R ), the lower rollers being along a plane (Pi) or centerline and the upper rollers being along a plane (P2) or centerline which is oblique with respect to plane (Px). As the expanded mesh is passed through the rollers in the direction indicated by the arrow, the rollers "work" the mesh in a progressively lessening corrugated manner until it emerges from the effects of the last roller as a flat sheet of expanded mesh. This levelling process also subjects the metal to additional "working". In many applications the expanded mesh is subjected to even more stringent "working" when it is bent to provide a desired configuration. This even includes, in some applications, being bent into a U-shape or V-shape, using an infinitely small bend- diameter.
It has been found that one can employ titanium of grade 2 for making flattened, levelled expanded mesh (or other grades which ordinarily are less "workable" than grade 1) if one uses a die which produces openings which have a ratio of LWD/SWD of at least about 2.5, preferably at least about 2.7. Most preferably a ratio of LWD/SWD in the range of about 3 to about 6 is used, with the W/T ratio being preferably in the range of about 1 to about 2. The openings in the mesh so-produced generally comprise about 40% to about 60% of the total area of the mesh, as computed from the amount of the expansion. The thickness (T) of the strands is preferably in the range of about 0.07 cm to about 0.77 cm, most preferably in the range of about 0.07 cm to about 0.2 cm.
The grade 2 ( or other grades less "workable" than grade 1) titanium meshes so-prepared withstand the rigors of the expanding, flattening, and levelling described above, without there being a substantial number of rejects, and also may be bent using infinitely small bend-diameters if the above LWD/SWD ratio is employed: The bending may be done along a centerline lying in the long way dimension or the short way dimension, and, in most cases can be bent diagonally. The following data is for comparative illus¬ tration purposes, but the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments illustrated.
Example 1
The following comparisons between grade 1 and grade 2 titanium are made employing the expanding, flattening, and levelling steps such as described above, using dies appropriate for making the opening sizes and strand widths shown in following Table I. In Table I, the measurements shown are the dimensions after expanding, but before flattening and levelling. The "Remarks" column shows results obtained by bending the flattened, and leveled mesh beyond 90° (i.e., about 105°) using a small bend radius.
TABLE I
Strand Ratio Approx. Ti Sheet width SWD LWD LWD/ % Grade T(cm) W (cm) (cm) (cm) SWD open Remarks
1 0.16 0.16 0.635 1.27 2.0 48 no cracks
1 0.16 0.16 0.711 1.27 1.79 60 no cracks
2 0.16 0.16 0.737 1.27 1.72 60 cracked
2 0.16 0.16 0.737 2.67 3.6 60 no cracks
2 0.09 0.15 0.508 2.67 5.3 40 no cracks
2* 0.16 0.15 0.737 2.67 .3.6 60 no cracks
2** 0.16 0.20 0.737 2.67 3.6 45 no cracks
2 0.152 0.152 0.711 1.27 1.79 60 cracked
2 0.152 0.152 0.737 2.54 3.45 60 no cracks
2 0.102 0.152 0.508 2.54 5.0 40 no cracks ψ This specimen had SWO of 0.5 cm.
'* This specimen has SWO of 0.4 cm. In Table II below, approximate measurements of the first seven of the above specimens are shown, in the same sequence, to demonstrate that a small change in LWD and SWD is usually obtained during flattening and levelling.
TABLE ir
Ti SWD LWD Ratio of Compared with Ratio Grade (cm) (cm) SWD/SWD of LWD/SWD of Table I
1 0.69 1.37 1.99 2.0
1 0.81 1.42 1.75 1.79
2 0.81 1.35 1.67 1.72
2 0.86 2.73 3.17 3.6
2 0.64 2.74 4.28 5.3
2 0.86 2.73 3.17 3.6
2 0.86 2.75 3.20 3.6
Thus flattening and levelling processes can also cause small changes in the thickness and width of the strands and bonds.
Example 2 The following Table III illustrates data for grade 2 titanium compared with grade 1 titanium in order to demonstrate effect of LWD/SWD ratio on bend- ability after flattening and levelling. • In these, the W/T ratio is about 1/1 before flattening and levelling.
TABLE III
Sample T Ratio of No. cm LWD/SWD Results of Bending After Levelling*
1* 0.11 1.88 bent double (180°) without cracking bent along length, width, 4 diagona using very small bend radius.
2 0.11 1.88 some cracking during levelling, broke completely apart when bent beyond 90°.
3 0.11 2.73 bent double (180°) without crack¬ ing when bent through about zero radius along length and width; small amount of cracking when bent 180° diagonally through about zero radius.
4 0.16 3.0 bent double (180°) through zero radius, without cracking, along width, along length, and diag¬ onally.
* Sample No. 1 is grade 1 titanium for comparison; other samples are grade 2.
** "Zero radius" means the tightly bent, double- back (180°) has been mashed so tightly along the bend'that there is essentially no distance between the folded sheets; they are disposed tightly against each other; this is a very severe test for bendability. LWD/SWD ratios of as much as 6 or more may be used, but there is generally no additional benefit, within the purview of the present invention, for exceeding a ratio of about 6.

Claims

I CLAIM:
- 1 -
An improved expanded mesh titanium prepared from grades of titanium which are less workable than grade 1 titanium, wherein said expanded mesh titanium is prepared by expansion, flattening, and levelling, said improvement being accomplished by providing mesh openings wherein the ratio of LWD/SWD is at least about 2.5
- 2 -
The titanium of Claim 1 wherein the grade is grade 2.
- 3 -
The. improvement of Claim 1 wherein the ratio of LWD/SWD is at.least about 2.7.
- 4 -
The improvement of Claim 1 wherein the ratio of LWD/SWD is at least about 3.
- 5 -
The improvement of Claim 1 wherein the ratio of LWD/SWD is in the range of about 3 to about 6. - 6 -
The improvement of Claim 1 wherein the openings of the mesh comprise from about 40% to about 60% of the total area of the mesh, as computed from the amount of expansion.
- 7 -
The improvement of Claim 1 wherein the ratio of strand width/strand thickness is in the range of about 1 to about 2.
- 8 -
The improvement of Claim 1 wherein the strand thickness is in the range of about 0.07 cm to about 0.77 cm.
- 9 -
The improvement of Claim 1 wherein the strand thickness is in the range of about 0.07 cm to about 0.2 cm.
- 10 - An improved expanded mesh titanium prepared from grade 2 titanium wherein said mesh titanium is prepared by expansion, flattening, and levelling, said mesh having a strand thickness in the range of about 0.07 cm to about 0.77 cm and having a strand width/strand thickness ratio in the range of about 1 to about 2, said improvement being accomplished by pro¬ viding mesh openings wherein the ratio of LWD/SWD is at least about 2.7. - 11 -
The improved mesh of Claim 10 wherein the strand thickness is in the range of about 0.07 cm to about 0.2 cm.
- 12 -
The improved mesh of Claim 10 wherein the ratio of LWD/SWD is in the range of about 3 to about 6.
EP19830902210 1982-06-28 1983-06-06 Expanded mesh of grade 2 titanium. Withdrawn EP0112372A4 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US39301682A 1982-06-28 1982-06-28
US393016 1982-06-28

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0112372A1 true EP0112372A1 (en) 1984-07-04
EP0112372A4 EP0112372A4 (en) 1984-10-29

Family

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EP19830902210 Withdrawn EP0112372A4 (en) 1982-06-28 1983-06-06 Expanded mesh of grade 2 titanium.

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EP (1) EP0112372A4 (en)
AU (1) AU546583B2 (en)
CA (1) CA1200058A (en)
IT (1) IT1201099B (en)
WO (1) WO1984000185A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA834234B (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100706375B1 (en) 2005-11-14 2007-04-10 현대자동차주식회사 Device for method for manufacturing expanded metal for sandwitch pannel

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1309465A (en) * 1968-03-21 1973-03-14 Expanded Metal Pre-stretched expanded metal and method of making it
US3813743A (en) * 1972-07-14 1974-06-04 B Harrell Method of expanding metal

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2114592A (en) * 1935-07-23 1938-04-19 Cons Expanded Metal Companies Treatment of expanded metal
CA964941A (en) * 1970-04-30 1975-03-25 Hideyo Watanabe Method and apparatus for manufacturing expanded structural members and its product
FR2215927B1 (en) * 1973-01-31 1976-05-14 Louyot Comptoir Lyon Alemand
GB1498440A (en) * 1975-06-05 1978-01-18 Expanded Metal Expanded metal

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1309465A (en) * 1968-03-21 1973-03-14 Expanded Metal Pre-stretched expanded metal and method of making it
US3813743A (en) * 1972-07-14 1974-06-04 B Harrell Method of expanding metal

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of WO8400185A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ZA834234B (en) 1985-01-30
AU1771783A (en) 1984-01-26
AU546583B2 (en) 1985-09-05
EP0112372A4 (en) 1984-10-29
WO1984000185A1 (en) 1984-01-19
IT1201099B (en) 1989-01-27
CA1200058A (en) 1986-02-04
IT8321759A0 (en) 1983-06-23

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