EP0082810A1 - Method of cooling a cast strand during continuous casting - Google Patents

Method of cooling a cast strand during continuous casting Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0082810A1
EP0082810A1 EP82810486A EP82810486A EP0082810A1 EP 0082810 A1 EP0082810 A1 EP 0082810A1 EP 82810486 A EP82810486 A EP 82810486A EP 82810486 A EP82810486 A EP 82810486A EP 0082810 A1 EP0082810 A1 EP 0082810A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coolant
substance
cooling
strand
water
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP82810486A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0082810B1 (en
Inventor
Raoul Sautebin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alcan Holdings Switzerland AG
Original Assignee
Alusuisse Holdings AG
Schweizerische Aluminium AG
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Application filed by Alusuisse Holdings AG, Schweizerische Aluminium AG filed Critical Alusuisse Holdings AG
Priority to AT82810486T priority Critical patent/ATE17666T1/en
Publication of EP0082810A1 publication Critical patent/EP0082810A1/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B22D11/124—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for cooling
    • B22D11/1245—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for cooling using specific cooling agents

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for cooling a casting strand emerging from a continuous casting mold during continuous casting by applying coolant directly to the strand surface, in which a gas is released from the coolant at least during the start-up process.
  • heat is removed from the casting strand emerging from the mold by applying coolant to the surface of the strand directly below the mold.
  • the coolant initially only touches the start-up floor.
  • the indirect heat removal that occurs leads to a mild solidification of the liquid metal and to an even formation of the strand base.
  • the coolant strikes the surface of the strand, which is associated with a sudden increase in heat dissipation from the casting strand.
  • the thermal stresses that occur as a result of this temperature shock are greater than the tensile strength of the cast strand and lead to permanent deformation in the form of a convex curvature of the strand base and, if the tensile strength is exceeded, to cracks in the strand.
  • the strand In order to obtain a casting strand with a flat foot, the strand must not be cooled too much during the start-up process.
  • the coolant contains a gas introduced under pressure at least during the starting process.
  • the gas dissolved in this way forms an insulating film which reduces the outflow of heat, which results in a reduction in the cooling intensity.
  • the inventor has set himself the goal of improving a method of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that the disadvantages mentioned above are eliminated.
  • this object is achieved in that a substance is added to the coolant, which releases the gas as a decomposition product when it hits the hot strand surface.
  • the principle of reducing the cooling intensity by means of an insulating film made of gases can be implemented in a simple manner.
  • the substance can be in a highly concentrated form - for example as in Coolant saturated solution - can be fed into a coolant supply line from a reservoir via a metering pump. Since the gas is only formed by the decomposition of the substance when it hits the hot strand surface, no special pressure and mixing devices are required.
  • hydrogen carbonates in particular sodium or ammonium bicarbonate
  • Organic compounds in solution with at least one carboxyl group - for example acids or esters - can also be used.
  • the method can be further developed by adding acid to the substance.
  • Ammonium nitrite is particularly suitable as a substance for water as a coolant. This can also be introduced into the coolant as an equimolar mixture of sodium nitrite and ammonium nitrate.
  • the method according to the invention can be implemented both with conventional and with electromagnetic continuous casting molds and is particularly suitable for casting light metals, in particular aluminum and aluminum alloys.
  • concentration of the substance depends on the desired reduction in the cooling intensity and is usually in the order of 10- 1 to 10- 3 mol / liter.
  • the supply of the substance to the coolant can be interrupted.
  • the concentration of the substance in the coolant is continuously reduced during the start-up process. In certain cases, however, it may prove expedient to maintain the method according to the invention during the entire casting process.
  • An alloy 3004 was cast on a vertical continuous caster with an electromagnetic mold into bars of the format 500 mm x 1600 mm under normal conditions.
  • the cooling water supply was kept constant at 600 liters / minute during the entire casting process.
  • the substances listed in the table were mixed with the cooling water up to a strand length of 100 mm.
  • a saturated aqueous solution of the respective substance was fed from a storage tank directly into the main cooling water line via a metering pump.
  • the concentrations of the substances set in the cooling water are also included in the table.
  • the feed of the substances was interrupted after the start-up during the further pouring process. If the concentrations of the substances in the cooling water listed in the table are adhered to during the start-up process, a practically arch-free and crack-free continuous casting was formed as a result of the reduced cooling effect.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
  • Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
  • Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The cooling of a continuously cast ingot of metal as it emerges from the mold is carried out by applying coolant directly to the ingot surface. In order to reduce the amount of curvature at the foot of the ingot due to too rapid cooling, a substance which releases a gas as a product of decomposition on striking the hot ingot surface is added to the coolant at least during the initial phase of casting. This gas forms an insulating film on the ingot surface thus reducing the rate of heat extraction. Particularly suitable for this purpose are substances which produce carbon dioxide or nitrogen as decomposition product.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Kühlen eines aus einer Stranggiesskokille während des Stranggiessens austretenden Giessstranges durch Aufbringen von Kühlmittel unmittelbar auf die Strangoberfläche, bei dem aus dem Kühlmittel zumindest während des Anfahrvorganges ein Gas freigesetzt wird.The invention relates to a method for cooling a casting strand emerging from a continuous casting mold during continuous casting by applying coolant directly to the strand surface, in which a gas is released from the coolant at least during the start-up process.

Beim Stranggiessen mit direkter Kühlung wird dem aus der Kokille austretenden Giessstrang durch Beaufschlagen der Strangoberfläche mit Kühlmittel unmittelbar unterhalb der Kokille Wärme entzogen. Während des Anfahrvorganges berührt das Kühlmittel zunächst nur den Anfahrboden. Der hierbei eintretende indirekte Wärmeentzug führt zu einer milden Erstarrung des flüssigen Metalls und zu einer ebenen Ausbildung des Stranqfusses. Mit fortschreitendem Absenken des Anfahrbodens trifft das Kühlmittel direkt auf die Oberfläche des Stranges auf, was mit einer sprunghaften Erhöhung der Wärmeabfuhr aus dem Giessstrang verbunden ist. Die als Folge dieses Temperaturschocks auftretenden Wärmespannungen sind grösser als die Dehnungsfestigkeit des Giessstranges und führen zu einer bleibenden Verformung in Form einer konvexen Wölbung des Strangfusses und bei Ueberschreiten der Zerreissfestigkeit überdies zu Rissen im Strang. Um einen Giessstrang mit ebenem Fuss zu erhalten, darf der Strang demzufolge während des Anfahrvorganges nicht zu stark gekühlt werden.In continuous casting with direct cooling, heat is removed from the casting strand emerging from the mold by applying coolant to the surface of the strand directly below the mold. During the start-up process, the coolant initially only touches the start-up floor. The indirect heat removal that occurs leads to a mild solidification of the liquid metal and to an even formation of the strand base. With the progressive lowering of the start-up floor, the coolant strikes the surface of the strand, which is associated with a sudden increase in heat dissipation from the casting strand. The thermal stresses that occur as a result of this temperature shock are greater than the tensile strength of the cast strand and lead to permanent deformation in the form of a convex curvature of the strand base and, if the tensile strength is exceeded, to cracks in the strand. In order to obtain a casting strand with a flat foot, the strand must not be cooled too much during the start-up process.

Es ist ein Verfahren bekannt, bei dem das Kühlmittel zumindest während des Anfahrvorganges ein unter Druck eingebrachtes Gas enthält. Das auf diese Weise gelöste Gas bildet beim Auftreffen des Kühlmittels auf der Strangoberfläche einen den Wärmeabfluss vermindernden Isolierfilm, welcher eine Herabsetzung der Kühlintensität zur Folge hat.A method is known in which the coolant contains a gas introduced under pressure at least during the starting process. When the coolant strikes the surface of the strand, the gas dissolved in this way forms an insulating film which reduces the outflow of heat, which results in a reduction in the cooling intensity.

Die diesem Verfahren anhaftenden Nachteile sind einerseits die zur Lösung des Gases im Kühlmittel erforderlichen, aufwendigen Misch- und Kontrolleinrichtungen; andererseits ist dieses Verfahren wegen der allgemein geringen Löslichkeit von Gasen im hauptsächlich als Kühlmittel eingesetzten Wasser praktisch auf die Verwendung von Kohlendioxid beschränkt.The disadvantages inherent in this process are, on the one hand, the complex mixing and control devices required to dissolve the gas in the coolant; on the other hand, because of the generally low solubility of gases in the water mainly used as a coolant, this process is practically limited to the use of carbon dioxide.

Angesichts dieser Gegebenheiten hat sich der Erfinder das Ziel gesetzt, ein Verfahren der eingangs erwähnten Art derart zu verbessern, dass die vorstehend genannten Nachteile entfallen.In view of these circumstances, the inventor has set himself the goal of improving a method of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that the disadvantages mentioned above are eliminated.

Erfindungsgemäss wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, dass dem Kühlmittel eine Substanz, die beim Auftreffen auf die heisse Strangoberfläche das Gas als Zersetzungsprodukt abgibt, beigemischt wird.According to the invention, this object is achieved in that a substance is added to the coolant, which releases the gas as a decomposition product when it hits the hot strand surface.

Mit dem erfindungsgemässen Verfahren lässt sich das Prinzip der Verminderung der Kühlintensität durch einen Isolierfilm aus Gasen auf einfache Weise realisieren. Die Substanz kann in hochkonzentrierter Form -- beispielsweise als in Kühlmittel gesättigte Lösung -- von einem Vorratsbehälter über eine Dosierpumpe in eine Kühlmittelzufuhrleitung eingespiesen werden. Da das Gas erst beim Auftreffen auf die heisse Strangoberfläche durch Zersetzung der Substanz gebildet wird, sind keine besonderen Druck- und Mischeinrichtungen erforderlich.With the method according to the invention, the principle of reducing the cooling intensity by means of an insulating film made of gases can be implemented in a simple manner. The substance can be in a highly concentrated form - for example as in Coolant saturated solution - can be fed into a coolant supply line from a reservoir via a metering pump. Since the gas is only formed by the decomposition of the substance when it hits the hot strand surface, no special pressure and mixing devices are required.

Zur Durchführung des Verfahrens sind im wesentlichen alle Substanzen geeignet, die eine gute Löslichkeit im Kühlmittel zeigen und bei der Zersetzung keine aggressiven bzw. gesundheitsschädlichen Gase abgeben. Hierbei kommen im wesentlichen solche Substanzen in Frage, die bei ihrer Zersetzung Kohlendioxid oder Stickstoff abgeben.To carry out the process, essentially all substances are suitable which show good solubility in the coolant and which do not give off aggressive or harmful gases during decomposition. Substances which release carbon dioxide or nitrogen when they decompose are essentially suitable.

Wird Wasser als Kühlmittel verwendet, so können als Substanzen Hydrogencarbonate, insbesondere Natrium- oder Ammoniumhydrogencarbonat, in gelöster Form eingesetzt werden. Ebenfalls können organische Verbindungen in gelöster Form mit mindestens einer Carboxylgruppe -- beispielsweise Säuren oder Ester -- verwendet werden.If water is used as the coolant, hydrogen carbonates, in particular sodium or ammonium bicarbonate, can be used as substances in dissolved form. Organic compounds in solution with at least one carboxyl group - for example acids or esters - can also be used.

Da in Wasser gelöste Carbonate mit Kohlendioxid im Gleichgewicht stehen und Kohlendioxid bei Senkung des pH-Wertes leichter freigesetzt wird, kann in Weiterbildung des Verfahrens Säure zur Substanz hinzugegeben werden.Since carbonates dissolved in water are in equilibrium with carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide is more easily released when the pH value is reduced, the method can be further developed by adding acid to the substance.

Bei der Verwendung von Wasser als Kühlmittel sind Substanzen, welche Stickstoff als Zersetzungsprodukt abgeben, deshalb besonders geeignet, weil sie mit Stickstoff nicht in einem wässrigen Gleichgewicht stehen und demzufolge ein vom pH-Wert unabhängiges Verhalten zeigen.When using water as a coolant, substances which give off nitrogen as a decomposition product are particularly suitable because they are not in an aqueous equilibrium with nitrogen and consequently show a behavior which is independent of the pH.

Als Substanz zu Wasser als Kühlmittel ist insbesondere Ammoniumnitrit geeignet. Dieses kann auch als äquimolare Mischung von Natriumnitrit und Ammoniumnitrat in das Kühlmittel eingebracht werden..Ammonium nitrite is particularly suitable as a substance for water as a coolant. This can also be introduced into the coolant as an equimolar mixture of sodium nitrite and ammonium nitrate.

Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren lässt sich sowohl mit konventionellen als auch mit elektromagnetischen Stranggiesskokillen realisieren und ist besonders geeignet zum Giessen von Leichtmetallen, insbesondere von Aluminium und Aluminiumlegierungen. Die Konzentration der Substanz richtet sich nach der jeweils gewünschten Verminderung der Kühlintensität und liegt üblicherweise in der Grössenordnung von 10-1 bis 10-3 Mol/Liter.The method according to the invention can be implemented both with conventional and with electromagnetic continuous casting molds and is particularly suitable for casting light metals, in particular aluminum and aluminum alloys. The concentration of the substance depends on the desired reduction in the cooling intensity and is usually in the order of 10- 1 to 10- 3 mol / liter.

Nach beendetem Anfahrvorgang kann die Zufuhr der Substanz zum Kühlmittel unterbrochen werden. Bei einer anderen Durchführungsart des Verfahrens wird die Konzentration der Substanz im Kühlmittel während des Anfahrvorganges kontinuierlich vermindert. In gewissen Fällen kann es sich jedoch als zweckmässig erweisen, das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren während des gesamten Giessvorganges beizubehalten.After the start-up process, the supply of the substance to the coolant can be interrupted. In another way of carrying out the method, the concentration of the substance in the coolant is continuously reduced during the start-up process. In certain cases, however, it may prove expedient to maintain the method according to the invention during the entire casting process.

Veitere Vorteile, Merkmale und Einzelheiten ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung bevorzugter Ausführungspeispiele.Further advantages, features and details emerge from the following description of preferred exemplary embodiments.

Auf einer Vertikalstranggiessanlage mit elektromagnetischer Kokille wurde eine Legierung 3004 unter praxisüblichen Be-3ingungen zu Barren vom Format 500 mm x 1600 mm vergossen. Die Kühlwasserzufuhr wurde während des gesamten Giessvorganges auf 600 Liter/Minute konstant gehalten. Bis zu einer erzeugten Stranglänge von 100 mm wurden die in der Tabelle angeführten Substanzen dem Kühlwasser beigemischt. Hierzu wurde aus einem Vorratstank eine gesättigte wässrige Lösung der jeweiligen Substanz über eine Dosierpumpe direkt in die Hauptkühlwasserleitung eingespiesen. Die im Kühlwasser eingestellten Konzentrationen der Substanzen sind ebenfalls in der Tabelle enthalten. Die Zufuhr der Substanzen wurde nach dem Anfahren während des weiteren Giessvorganges unterbrochen.

Figure imgb0001
Bei Einhaltung der in der Tabelle angeführten Konzentrationen der Substanzen im Kühlwasser während des Anfahrvorganges bildete sich als Folge der verminderten Kühlwirkung ein praktisch wölbunqs- und rissfreier Strangguss aus.An alloy 3004 was cast on a vertical continuous caster with an electromagnetic mold into bars of the format 500 mm x 1600 mm under normal conditions. The cooling water supply was kept constant at 600 liters / minute during the entire casting process. The substances listed in the table were mixed with the cooling water up to a strand length of 100 mm. For this purpose, a saturated aqueous solution of the respective substance was fed from a storage tank directly into the main cooling water line via a metering pump. The concentrations of the substances set in the cooling water are also included in the table. The feed of the substances was interrupted after the start-up during the further pouring process.
Figure imgb0001
 If the concentrations of the substances in the cooling water listed in the table are adhered to during the start-up process, a practically arch-free and crack-free continuous casting was formed as a result of the reduced cooling effect.

Claims (9)

I. Verfahren zum Kühlen eines aus einer Stranggiesskokille während des Stranggiessens austretenden Giessstranges durch Aufbringen von Kühlmittel unmittelbar auf die Strangoberfläche, bei dem aus dem Kühlmittel zumindest während des Anfahrvorganges ein Gas freigesetzt wird,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass dem Kühlmittel eine Substanz, die beim Auftreffen auf die heisse Strangoberfläche das Gas als Zersetzungsprodukt abgibt, beigemischt wird.I. Method for cooling a casting strand emerging from a continuous casting mold during the continuous casting by applying coolant directly to the surface of the strand, in which a gas is released from the coolant at least during the start-up process,
characterized,
that a substance is added to the coolant, which releases the gas as a decomposition product when it hits the hot strand surface. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dem Kühlmittel eine Kohlendioxid als Zersetzungsprodukt abgebende Substanz beigemischt wird.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a carbon dioxide as a decomposition product-emitting substance is added to the coolant. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Kühlmittel Wasser und als Substanz Hydrogencarbonate, vorzugsweise Natrium- oder Ammoniumhydrogencarbonat, in gelöster Form eingesetzt werden.3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that water is used as the coolant and bicarbonate, preferably sodium or ammonium bicarbonate, is used in dissolved form as the substance. 4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Kühlmittel Wasser und als Substanz organische Verbindungen mit mindestens einer Carboxylgruppe, vorzugsweise Säuren oder Ester, in gelöster Form eingesetzt werden.4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that water as the coolant and as a substance organic compounds with at least one carboxyl group, preferably acids or esters, are used in dissolved form. 5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dem Kühlmittel eine Stickstoff als Zersetzungsprodukt abgebende Substanz beigemischt wird.5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the coolant is admixed with a nitrogen-releasing substance. 6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Kühlmittel Wasser und als Substanz Ammoniumnitrit in gelöster Form eingesetzt wird.6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that water is used as the coolant and ammonium nitrite as a substance in dissolved form. 7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Kühlmittel Wasser und als Substanz eine äquimolare Mischung von Natriumnitrit und Ammoniumnitrat in gelöster Form eingesetzt wird.7. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that water is used as the coolant and an equimolar mixture of sodium nitrite and ammonium nitrate in dissolved form as the substance. 8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Substanz dem Kühlmittel in einer Konzentration von 10-1 bis 10-3 Mol/Liter beigemischt wird.8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the substance is mixed with the coolant in a concentration of 10 -1 to 10- 3 mol / liter. 9. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Substanz dem Kühlmittel in der Form einer gesättigten Lösung zudosiert wird.9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the substance is metered into the coolant in the form of a saturated solution.
EP82810486A 1981-11-20 1982-11-12 Method of cooling a cast strand during continuous casting Expired EP0082810B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82810486T ATE17666T1 (en) 1981-11-20 1982-11-12 METHOD OF COOLING A CASTING STRAND DURING CONTINUOUS CASTING.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH7448/81 1981-11-20
CH744881 1981-11-20

Publications (2)

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EP0082810A1 true EP0082810A1 (en) 1983-06-29
EP0082810B1 EP0082810B1 (en) 1986-01-29

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US (1) US4508160A (en)
EP (1) EP0082810B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS5893547A (en)
AT (1) ATE17666T1 (en)
AU (1) AU555975B2 (en)
CA (1) CA1201870A (en)
DE (1) DE3268893D1 (en)
IS (1) IS1378B6 (en)
NO (1) NO157771C (en)
ZA (1) ZA828273B (en)

Cited By (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0107831A1 (en) * 1982-10-22 1984-05-09 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Device for spraying propellant and cooling mixture on a cast steel strand
EP0337769A2 (en) * 1988-04-15 1989-10-18 Norsk Hydro A/S Continuous or semi-continuous casting apparatus for casting metallic materials

Families Citing this family (5)

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US4610295A (en) * 1983-11-10 1986-09-09 Aluminum Company Of America Direct chill casting of aluminum-lithium alloys
AU589704B2 (en) * 1985-11-25 1989-10-19 Swiss Aluminium Ltd. Device and process for the continuous casting of metals
US6264767B1 (en) 1995-06-07 2001-07-24 Ipsco Enterprises Inc. Method of producing martensite-or bainite-rich steel using steckel mill and controlled cooling
AU4596899A (en) 1998-07-10 2000-02-01 Ipsco Inc. Method and apparatus for producing martensite- or bainite-rich steel using steckel mill and controlled cooling
FI20001945A (en) * 2000-09-05 2002-03-06 Outokumpu Oy Method and apparatus for cooling in upward continuous continuous casting of metals

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GB2016330A (en) * 1978-03-13 1979-09-26 Aluminum Co Of America Continuous casting method

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2016330A (en) * 1978-03-13 1979-09-26 Aluminum Co Of America Continuous casting method

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Title
Chemical Abstracts Band 87, Nr. 8, 4. Juli bis 18. Juli 1977, Columbus, Ohio, USA TEREGERYA et al. "Lubricant-coolant fluid for the mechanical working of metals", Seite 156, Spalte 1, Abstract Nr. 8503 h & SU-A-539 064 *
Chemical Abstracts Band 92, Nr. 8, 26. Mai bis 9. Juni 1980, Columbus, Ohio, USA MOLOKHOV et al. "Lubricant-coolant for metalworki ng", Seite 135, Spalte 1, Abstract Nr. 183506 m & SU-A-713905 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0107831A1 (en) * 1982-10-22 1984-05-09 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Device for spraying propellant and cooling mixture on a cast steel strand
EP0337769A2 (en) * 1988-04-15 1989-10-18 Norsk Hydro A/S Continuous or semi-continuous casting apparatus for casting metallic materials
EP0337769A3 (en) * 1988-04-15 1990-12-27 Norsk Hydro A.S. Continuous or semi-continuous casting apparatus for casting metallic materials

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DE3268893D1 (en) 1986-03-13
NO157771C (en) 1988-05-18
JPS5893547A (en) 1983-06-03
US4508160A (en) 1985-04-02
AU555975B2 (en) 1986-10-16
JPH0215301B2 (en) 1990-04-11
NO157771B (en) 1988-02-08
ZA828273B (en) 1983-09-28
IS2761A7 (en) 1983-05-21
AU9038282A (en) 1983-05-26
NO823859L (en) 1983-05-24
EP0082810B1 (en) 1986-01-29
IS1378B6 (en) 1989-08-28
CA1201870A (en) 1986-03-18
ATE17666T1 (en) 1986-02-15

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