EP0082780B1 - Device for generating steam by heat exchange between a heat-transferring liquid metal and feed water - Google Patents

Device for generating steam by heat exchange between a heat-transferring liquid metal and feed water Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0082780B1
EP0082780B1 EP82402321A EP82402321A EP0082780B1 EP 0082780 B1 EP0082780 B1 EP 0082780B1 EP 82402321 A EP82402321 A EP 82402321A EP 82402321 A EP82402321 A EP 82402321A EP 0082780 B1 EP0082780 B1 EP 0082780B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
liquid metal
casing
sodium
cylindrical shell
envelope
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82402321A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0082780A1 (en
Inventor
Claude Malaval
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FRAMATOME TE COURBEVOIE, FRANKRIJK.
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Novatome SA
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Publication of EP0082780A1 publication Critical patent/EP0082780A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/06—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being molten; Use of molten metal, e.g. zinc, as heat transfer medium
    • F22B1/063—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being molten; Use of molten metal, e.g. zinc, as heat transfer medium for metal cooled nuclear reactors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for producing steam by heat exchange between a heat-transfer liquid metal and drinking water.
  • Such a device for example a steam generator of a fast neutron nuclear reactor cooled by liquid sodium, comprises an elongated cylindrical envelope disposed with its vertical axis and closed at each of its ends by a domed bottom.
  • liquid sodium is brought to the upper part of the envelope by pipes passing through this envelope and opening into a space limited by a central ferrule coaxial with the envelope of the steam generator and by a perforated plate.
  • annular connected to the casing and to the central ferrule and disposed at the lower part of the central ferrule.
  • This central ferrule extends over a certain height above and below the liquid metal inlet pipes, the annular plate fixed to the lower part of this central ferrule therefore being located below the pipes and constituting the part bottom of the liquid sodium weir.
  • deflectors Inside the space into which the pipes open, constituting the liquid sodium overflow, are arranged deflectors allowing a distribution of the liquid sodium over the entire annular plate.
  • these deflectors constitute two assemblies each disposed opposite a tube and distributing the liquid sodium on an annular half-plate each.
  • deflectors comprise horizontal plates arranged opposite each of the pipes and occupying most of the space existing between the central shell and the casing.
  • the envelope is doubled by a ferrule coaxial with the envelope and of a diameter slightly less than that of the envelope, for the thermal protection of the latter in its upper part.
  • Liquid sodium fills the entire envelope up to a level above the tubes, that is to say in the zone of the envelope protected by the peripheral shell which has openings allowing the passage of a certain amount of sodium between the envelope and the peripheral shell.
  • the interior space of the envelope between the level of liquid sodium and the upper bottom of the envelope contains a neutral gas such as argon.
  • the area into which the tubes serving as a liquid sodium outlet open out is separated from the part of the envelope situated above the tubes by a solid annular plate fixed to the envelope and to the central ferrule.
  • the part of the envelope located below the liquid sodium weir contains a tubular bundle wound around a body disposed axially inside the envelope of the steam generator.
  • the liquid sodium circulates in contact with the outside surface of the bundle tubes, inside which the food water passes which vaporizes by heat exchange with the circulating liquid sodium.
  • the liquid sodium passes inside the hollow central body pierced with openings to be evacuated to the lower part of the envelope of the steam generator.
  • Collectors arranged at the inlet and outlet of the tube bundle allow the supply of drinking water and the recovery of the steam produced by heat exchange inside the bundle.
  • Such a device comprising a perforated distribution plate and a set of deflectors with horizontal plates makes it possible both to ensure the most uniform possible downward circulation of liquid sodium and to suppress the turbulence of the upper sodium level. It is indeed necessary to avoid such turbulence of the upper level of liquid sodium which may create thermal shock and cause gas entrainment.
  • the pressure wave therefore propagates in the liquid sodium weir located at the periphery of the central chimney, is reflected by the deflector plates arranged in this weir and propagates through the liquid sodium inlet pipes to the primary sodium exchangers - secondary sodium arranged in the nuclear reactor, ensuring the heating of the secondary sodium constituting the liquid metal in the steam generator with the primary sodium filling the tank of the nuclear reactor and constituting the primary fluid.
  • These sodium-sodium intermediate exchangers can then be damaged by the pressure wave.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to propose a device for producing steam by heat exchange between a heat-transferable liquid metal and feed water comprising an elongated cylindrical envelope arranged with its vertical axis, closed at each of its ends by a solid bottom, receiving liquid metal in its upper part by at least one tube passing through the envelope and opening into an es space limited by a central ferrule coaxial with the envelope extending over a certain height above and below the inlet pipe for liquid metal and by a lower annular perforated plate situated between the envelope and the central ferrule , at the bottom of the latter, so that the level of the liquid metal is maintained above the inlet pipe of liquid metal, neutral gas filling the space between the level of liquid metal and the bottom upper part of the envelope, and a circulation of liquid metal is established in the envelope, in contact with a tubular bundle in which the food water circulates during vaporization, situated below the space where arrives the liquid metal, the liquid metal emerging from the envelope at its lower part, a peripheral ferrule with a diameter a little smaller
  • This device for producing steam makes it possible to obtain a higher level of liquid metal without turbulence and an easier passage for the shock wave upwards from the steam generator to the level of liquid metal without this wave being returned laterally to the intermediate exchangers.
  • two perforated annular plates are fixed between the central ferrule and the peripheral ferrule, above the liquid metal inlet tube, spaced apart according to the height of the envelope and separated by vertical perforated spacers, the perforations annular plates and the lower plate being identical in size and arrangement on the plates and aligned in the vertical direction.
  • Figure 1 shows, in a sectional view through a vertical plane, a steam generator according to the prior art.
  • Figure 2 shows in a sectional view through a vertical plane the upper part of a steam generator comprising the improvements according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 the casing 1 of a steam generator of cylindrical shape and of great length is seen, arranged vertically and resting on a support base 2.
  • This envelope 1 is constantly filled with liquid sodium up to level 3 at the top of the envelope.
  • This liquid sodium coming from the intermediate exchangers of a fast neutron reactor is introduced into the envelope via the pipes 5 and 6.
  • the secondary sodium is heated prior to its introduction into the steam generator by primary sodium in the intermediate exchangers of the fast neutron reactor cooled by the primary sodium.
  • the secondary heat transfer sodium enters a zone constituting a weir limited on the one hand by the casing 1 and on the other hand by a central ferrule 8 arranged coaxially with respect to the casing 1.
  • the central ferrule 8 is connected to the casing by means of a solid annular plate 9 and of a perforated annular plate 10 respectively constituting the upper wall and the distribution plate of the liquid sodium weir.
  • deflectors 12 constituted by vertical partitions 14 and horizontal deflector plates 16.
  • the devices 12 allow a homogeneous distribution of the sodium throughout the section of the steam generator placed below the plate 10 and in which the tubular bundle 17 is located.
  • the horizontal plates 16 also serving to avoid turbulence of the sodium level 3.
  • the tubular bundle 17 is wound around a central hollow body 18 pierced with a set of holes 20 for the recovery of the liquid sodium which has circulated in contact with the tubular bundle and which has cooled by causing the vaporization of the circulating water. inside the bundle tubes.
  • One end of the bundle is connected to a distributor 21 allowing the distribution of water in the bundle tubes.
  • the other end of the bundle is connected to a manifold 23 allowing the recovery of the vapor produced.
  • the sodium leaves the casing 1 through the lower end of the latter, through a tube 25 arranged in the extension of the hollow body 18.
  • the hot sodium comes into contact with the bundle tubes and causes the vaporization of the food water passing through these tubes and cools down during its descent into contact with the bundle.
  • the part of the envelope disposed around the base of the hollow body 18 inside which the inlet sections of the bundle tubes pass contains sodium at a relatively low temperature for the protection of these por tube and tight passage devices 26 inside the casing 1.
  • a thermal protection shell 28 is arranged coaxially with respect to the casing above the pipes 5 and 6 welded to this casing in the vicinity of the upper bottom 29. Sodium enters the annular space between the shell 28 and the casing 1 by perforations 30. This produces thermal protection of the upper part of the casing 1.
  • the liquid sodium is brought inside the casing 31 by pipes 35 and 36 opening into a sodium distribution zone limited by a central ferrule 38 and by the distribution plate 40.
  • On the distribution plate 40 are fixed vertical radial ribs 44 occupying almost all of the annular space between the shell 38 and the casing 31. The height of these ribs is such that their apex is very clearly located below the sodium inlet pipes.
  • a ferrule 39 with a diameter slightly less than the diameter of the casing 31 and arranged coaxially with respect to the latter is fixed by welding to its wall in the vicinity of the upper bottom 59.
  • This ferrule 39 is pierced with openings 42 allowing the introduction of sodium into the annular space between the ferrule 39 and the casing 31.
  • This ferrule 39 thus provides thermal protection for the upper part of the casing 31.
  • the holes made in the annular plates 45 and 46 are substantially identical in size and arrangement and identical to those of the plate 40. All of these perforations are substantially superimposed in vertical projection.
  • the annular plates 45 and 46 are arranged between the peripheral ferrule 39 and the central ferrule 38 in the zone of the envelope located immediately above the pipes 35 and 36.
  • the assembly constituted by the ferrules 38 and 39 and the perforated plates 45, 46 and 40 is fixed inside the casing 31 by means of the ferrule 39, the upper part of which is connected by welding to this casing 31 .
  • the upper surface of the liquid sodium in the annular space zone between the casing 31 and the central shell 38 is maintained taking into account the arrival of hot sodium by the pipes 35 and 36 and of the sodium flow in the lower part of the steam generator as well as through an overflow 50, at a level 53 in the annular zone between the ferrules 38 and 39.
  • the level of liquid sodium inside the central shell 38 in direct communication with the lower part of the steam generator where the beam is located is at a level 54 lower than the level 53 due to the pressure drop between the inlet and the secondary sodium outlet during the operation of the steam generator.
  • the ferrule 38 opens at its upper part above the level 53, into the argon atmosphere filling the space between the levels 53 and 54 and the upper bottom 59.
  • the length of this ferrule is such that its upper part is always above the free sodium level.
  • the hot sodium supplied by the tubes 35 and 36 enters the distribution zone and is then distributed homogeneously over the tube bundle by means of the plate 40 and its vertical ribs 44.
  • the ribs 44 also make it possible to stiffen the plate 40 subjected to dynamic stresses due to the impulse of the jet penetrating through the pipes 35 and 36.
  • the perforated plates 45 and 46 make it possible to isolate the upper level of sodium 53 which remains practically stagnant in the annular zone, from the activity of sodium and therefore to eliminate the turbulence of this level of sodium.
  • this pressure wave can propagate up to the upper level of the liquid sodium as well inside the central chimney 38 than in the annular zone situated outside this central chimney thanks to the perforated plates 45 and 46 whose perforations are aligned in the vertical direction with the perforations of the lower plate 40.
  • the thermal insulation of the upper part of the casing 31 is ensured, during thermal shocks due to the sodium-water reaction in the event of a leak on a bundle tube or in the event of an abrupt variation in the generator load, thanks to the stagnant sodium and the argon located between the peripheral shell 39 and the casing 31.
  • the main advantages of the invention are to ensure good distribution of the sodium in the bundle, to avoid the appearance of turbulence on the upper surface of the sodium in the steam generator, to provide good thermal protection. at the top of the steam generator, to leave a maximum of free cross-section for the propagation of the pressure wave following a leak of water in the beam towards the free surface and, in particular, to prevent it from is returned to the intermediate exchangers.
  • liquid sodium can be brought into the envelope of the steam generator by a number of pipes other than two, and it is possible to have on the lower distribution plate 40 a number of ribs other than eight. .
  • the invention applies not only in the case of steam generators in which the heat transfer fluid is liquid sodium, associated with a fast neutron nuclear reactor but also in the case of any steam generator in which the heat transfer fluid is a liquid metal whose reaction with drinking water may generate pressure waves, in the event of a leak in the tubular bundle of the steam generator.

Description

L'invention concerne un dispositif de production de vapeur par échange de chaleur entre un métal liquide caloporteur et de l'eau alimentaire.The invention relates to a device for producing steam by heat exchange between a heat-transfer liquid metal and drinking water.

Un tel dispositif, par exemple un générateur de vapeur d'un réacteur nucléaire à neutrons rapides refroidi par du sodium liquide, comporte une enveloppe cylindrique allongée disposée avec son axe vertical et fermée à chacune de ses extrémités par un fond bombé.Such a device, for example a steam generator of a fast neutron nuclear reactor cooled by liquid sodium, comprises an elongated cylindrical envelope disposed with its vertical axis and closed at each of its ends by a domed bottom.

Dans un tel générateur de vapeur, du sodium liquide est amené à la partie supérieure de l'enveloppe par des tubulures traversant cette enveloppe et débouchant dans un espace limité par une virole centrale coaxiale à l'enveloppe du générateur de vapeur et par une plaque perforée annulaire reliée à l'enveloppe et à la virole centrale et disposée à la partie inférieure de la virole centrale. Cette virole centrale s'étend sur une certaine hauteur au-dessus et en-dessous des tubulures d'arrivée de métal liquide, la plaque annulaire fixée à la partie inférieure de cette virole centrale se trouvant donc en-dessous des tubulures et constituant la partie inférieure du déversoir de sodium liquide.In such a steam generator, liquid sodium is brought to the upper part of the envelope by pipes passing through this envelope and opening into a space limited by a central ferrule coaxial with the envelope of the steam generator and by a perforated plate. annular connected to the casing and to the central ferrule and disposed at the lower part of the central ferrule. This central ferrule extends over a certain height above and below the liquid metal inlet pipes, the annular plate fixed to the lower part of this central ferrule therefore being located below the pipes and constituting the part bottom of the liquid sodium weir.

A l'intérieur de l'espace dans lequel débouchent les tubulures, constituant le déversoir de sodium liquide, sont disposés des déflecteurs permettant une répartition du sodium liquide sur toute la plaque annulaire.Inside the space into which the pipes open, constituting the liquid sodium overflow, are arranged deflectors allowing a distribution of the liquid sodium over the entire annular plate.

Dans le cas où le sodium liquide est amené par deux tubulures diamètralement opposées ces déflecteurs constituent deux ensembles disposés chacun en face d'une tubulure et effectuant la répartition du sodium liquide sur une demi-plaque annulaire chacun.In the case where the liquid sodium is supplied by two diametrically opposite tubes, these deflectors constitute two assemblies each disposed opposite a tube and distributing the liquid sodium on an annular half-plate each.

Ces déflecteurs comportent des plaques horizontales disposées en face de chacune des tubulures et occupant la plus grande partie de l'espace existant entre la virole centrale et l'enveloppe.These deflectors comprise horizontal plates arranged opposite each of the pipes and occupying most of the space existing between the central shell and the casing.

Au-dessus des tubulures, l'enveloppe est doublée par une virole coaxiale à l'enveloppe et d'un diamètre peu inférieur à celui de l'enveloppe, pour la protrection thermique de celle-ci dans sa partie supérieure.Above the pipes, the envelope is doubled by a ferrule coaxial with the envelope and of a diameter slightly less than that of the envelope, for the thermal protection of the latter in its upper part.

Le sodium liquide remplit toute l'enveloppe jusqu'à un niveau situé au-dessus des tubulures, c'est-à-dire dans la zone de l'enveloppe protégée par la virole périphérique qui comporte des ouvertures permettant le passage d'une certaine quantité de sodium entre l'enveloppe et la virole périphérique.Liquid sodium fills the entire envelope up to a level above the tubes, that is to say in the zone of the envelope protected by the peripheral shell which has openings allowing the passage of a certain amount of sodium between the envelope and the peripheral shell.

L'espace intérieur de l'enveloppe compris entre le niveau du sodium liquide et le fond supérieur de l'enveloppe renferme un gaz neutre tel que de l'argon.The interior space of the envelope between the level of liquid sodium and the upper bottom of the envelope contains a neutral gas such as argon.

La zone dans laquelle débouchent les tubulures servant de déversoir de sodium liquide est séparée de la partie de l'enveloppe située au-dessus des tubulures par une plaque annulaire pleine fixée à l'enveloppe et à la virole centrale.The area into which the tubes serving as a liquid sodium outlet open out is separated from the part of the envelope situated above the tubes by a solid annular plate fixed to the envelope and to the central ferrule.

La partie de l'enveloppe située en-dessous du déversoir de sodium liquide renferme un faisceau tubulaire enroulé autour d'un corps disposé axialement à l'intérieur de l'enveloppe du générateur de vapeur. Le sodium liquide circule en contact avec la surface extérieure des tubes du faisceau à l'intérieur desquels passe l'eau alimentaire qui se vaporise par échange de chaleur avec le sodium liquide en circulation.The part of the envelope located below the liquid sodium weir contains a tubular bundle wound around a body disposed axially inside the envelope of the steam generator. The liquid sodium circulates in contact with the outside surface of the bundle tubes, inside which the food water passes which vaporizes by heat exchange with the circulating liquid sodium.

A la base du faisceau, le sodium liquide passe à l'intérieur du corps central creux percé d'ouvertures pour être évacué à la partie inférieure de l'enveloppe du générateur de vapeur. Des collecteurs disposés à l'entrée et à la sortie du faisceau tubulaire permettent la distribution d'eau alimentaire et la récupération de la vapeur produite par échange de chaleur à l'intérieur du faisceau.At the base of the bundle, the liquid sodium passes inside the hollow central body pierced with openings to be evacuated to the lower part of the envelope of the steam generator. Collectors arranged at the inlet and outlet of the tube bundle allow the supply of drinking water and the recovery of the steam produced by heat exchange inside the bundle.

Un tel dispositif comportant une plaque de répartition perforée et un ensemble de déflecteurs à plaques horizontales permet à la fois d'assurer une circulation de sodium liquide vers le bas la plus uniforme possible et de supprimer les turbulences du niveau supérieur de sodium. Il faut en effet éviter de telles turbulences du niveau supérieur du sodium liquide qui risquent de créer des chocs thermiques et de provoquer l'entrainement de gaz.Such a device comprising a perforated distribution plate and a set of deflectors with horizontal plates makes it possible both to ensure the most uniform possible downward circulation of liquid sodium and to suppress the turbulence of the upper sodium level. It is indeed necessary to avoid such turbulence of the upper level of liquid sodium which may create thermal shock and cause gas entrainment.

En outre, dans le cas d'une fuite d'un élément du faisceau tubulaire conduisant à une réaction entre le sodium liquide et l'eau circulant dans le faisceau, l'onde de pression résultant de cette réaction très énergétique doit pouvoir se déplacer librement vers le haut de l'enveloppe du générateur de vapeur pour se terminer à la surface du niveau libre du sodium liquide.In addition, in the event of a leak in an element of the tube bundle leading to a reaction between the liquid sodium and the water circulating in the bundle, the pressure wave resulting from this very energetic reaction must be able to move freely towards the top of the envelope of the steam generator to terminate on the surface of the free level of liquid sodium.

Dans les dispositifs connus, il est prévu que l'onde passe dans la cheminée constituée par la virole centrale dont l'extrémité supérieure se trouve un peu en-dessous du niveau de sodium liquide mais en réalité, cette cheminée n'offre pas un passage suffisant à l'onde de pression.In known devices, it is expected that the wave passes through the chimney formed by the central shell whose upper end is a little below the level of liquid sodium but in reality, this chimney does not offer a passage sufficient for the pressure wave.

L'onde de pression se propage donc dans le déversoir de sodium liquide situé à la périphérie de la cheminée centrale, est réfléchie par les plaques déflectrices disposées dans ce déversoir et se propage par les tubulures d'arrivée de sodium liquide vers les échangeurs sodium primaire-sodium secondaire disposés dans le réacteur nucléaire, assurant l'échauffement du sodium secondaire constituant le métal liquide dans le générateur de vapeur par le sodium primaire remplissant la cuve du réacteur nucléaire et constituant le fluide primaire. Ces échangeurs intermédiaires sodium-sodium peuvent alors être endommagés par l'onde de pression.The pressure wave therefore propagates in the liquid sodium weir located at the periphery of the central chimney, is reflected by the deflector plates arranged in this weir and propagates through the liquid sodium inlet pipes to the primary sodium exchangers - secondary sodium arranged in the nuclear reactor, ensuring the heating of the secondary sodium constituting the liquid metal in the steam generator with the primary sodium filling the tank of the nuclear reactor and constituting the primary fluid. These sodium-sodium intermediate exchangers can then be damaged by the pressure wave.

Le but de l'invention est donc de proposer un dispositif de production de vapeur par échange de chaleur entre un métal liquide caloporteur et de l'eau alimentatre comportant une enveloppe cylindrique allongée disposée avec son axe vertical, fermée à chacune de ses extrémités par un fond plein, recevant du métal liquide dans sa partie supérieure par au moins une tubulure traversant l'enveloppe et débouchant dans un espace limité par une virole centrale coaxiale à l'enveloppe s'étendant sur une certaine hauteur au-dessus et en-dessous de la tubulure d'arrivée de métal liquide et par une plaque perforée annulaire inférieure située entre l'enveloppe et la virole centrale, à la partie inférieure de celle-ci, de façon que le niveau du métal liquide se maintienne au-dessus de la tubulure d'arrivée de métal liquide, du gaz neutre emplissant l'espace compris entre le niveau de métal liquide et le fond supérieur de l'enveloppe, et qu'une circulation de métal liquide s'établisse dans l'enveloppe, en contact avec un faisceau tubulaire dans lequel circule l'eau alimentaire en cours de vaporisation, situé en-dessous de l'espace où arrive le métal liquide, le métal liquide ressortant de l'enveloppe à sa partie inférieure, une virole périphérique d'un diamètre un peu inférieur à celui de l'enveloppe étant fixée sur l'enveloppe et disposée co-axialement à une faible distance de celle-ci dans sa partie située au-dessus de la tubulure d'arrivée de métal liquide.The object of the invention is therefore to propose a device for producing steam by heat exchange between a heat-transferable liquid metal and feed water comprising an elongated cylindrical envelope arranged with its vertical axis, closed at each of its ends by a solid bottom, receiving liquid metal in its upper part by at least one tube passing through the envelope and opening into an es space limited by a central ferrule coaxial with the envelope extending over a certain height above and below the inlet pipe for liquid metal and by a lower annular perforated plate situated between the envelope and the central ferrule , at the bottom of the latter, so that the level of the liquid metal is maintained above the inlet pipe of liquid metal, neutral gas filling the space between the level of liquid metal and the bottom upper part of the envelope, and a circulation of liquid metal is established in the envelope, in contact with a tubular bundle in which the food water circulates during vaporization, situated below the space where arrives the liquid metal, the liquid metal emerging from the envelope at its lower part, a peripheral ferrule with a diameter a little smaller than that of the envelope being fixed on the envelope and arranged co-axially at a small distance from that -this part located below over the liquid metal inlet manifold.

Ce dispositif de production de vapeur permet d'obtenir un niveau de métal liquide supérieur sans turbulence et un passage facilité pour l'onde de choc vers le haut du générateur de vapeur jusqu'au niveau de métal liquide sans que cette onde soit renvoyée latéralement vers les échangeurs intermédiaires.This device for producing steam makes it possible to obtain a higher level of liquid metal without turbulence and an easier passage for the shock wave upwards from the steam generator to the level of liquid metal without this wave being returned laterally to the intermediate exchangers.

Dans ce but, deux plaques annulaires perforées sont fixées entre la virole centrale et la virole périphérique, au-dessus de la tubulure d'arrivée de métal liquide, espacées suivant la hauteur de l'enveloppe et séparées par des entretoises verticales perforées, les perforations des plaques annulaires et de la plaque inférieure étant identiques quant à leur dimension et à leur disposition sur les plaques et alignées suivant la direction verticale.For this purpose, two perforated annular plates are fixed between the central ferrule and the peripheral ferrule, above the liquid metal inlet tube, spaced apart according to the height of the envelope and separated by vertical perforated spacers, the perforations annular plates and the lower plate being identical in size and arrangement on the plates and aligned in the vertical direction.

Afin de bien faire comprendre l'invention, on va maintenant décrire à titre d'exemple non limitatif, en se référant aux figures jointes en annexe, un générateur de vapeur suivant l'art antérieur et un générateur de vapeur comportant les perfectionnements suivant l'invention, dans le cas où la vaporisation est obtenue par échange de chaleur entre du sodium liquide secondaire provenant des échangeurs intermédiaires d'un réacteur nucléaire à neutrons rapides et de l'eau alimentaire introduite dans le faisceau tubulaire du générateur de vapeur.In order to make the invention clear, we will now describe, by way of nonlimiting example, with reference to the appended figures, a steam generator according to the prior art and a steam generator comprising the improvements according to invention, in the case where the vaporization is obtained by heat exchange between secondary liquid sodium coming from the intermediate exchangers of a fast neutron nuclear reactor and drinking water introduced into the tube bundle of the steam generator.

La figure 1 représente, dans une vue en coupe par un plan vertical, un générateur de vapeur suivant l'art antérieur.Figure 1 shows, in a sectional view through a vertical plane, a steam generator according to the prior art.

La figure 2 représente dans une vue en coupe par un plan vertical la partie supérieure d'un générateur de vapeur comportant les perfectionnements suivant l'invention.Figure 2 shows in a sectional view through a vertical plane the upper part of a steam generator comprising the improvements according to the invention.

Sur la figure 1, on voit l'enveloppe 1 d'un générateur de vapeur de forme cylindrique et de grande longueur disposée verticalement et reposant sur un socle d'appui 2.In FIG. 1, the casing 1 of a steam generator of cylindrical shape and of great length is seen, arranged vertically and resting on a support base 2.

Cette enveloppe 1 est constamment remplie de sodium liquide jusqu'au niveau 3 à la partie supérieure de l'enveloppe. Ce sodium liquide provenant des échangeurs intermédiaires d'un réacteur à neutrons rapides est introduit dans l'enveloppe par l'intermédiaire des tubulures 5 et 6.This envelope 1 is constantly filled with liquid sodium up to level 3 at the top of the envelope. This liquid sodium coming from the intermediate exchangers of a fast neutron reactor is introduced into the envelope via the pipes 5 and 6.

Le sodium secondaire est échauffé préalablement à son introduction dans le générateur de vapeur par du sodium primaire dans les échangeurs intermédiaires du réacteur à neutrons rapides refroidi par le sodium primaire.The secondary sodium is heated prior to its introduction into the steam generator by primary sodium in the intermediate exchangers of the fast neutron reactor cooled by the primary sodium.

A la sortie des tubulures 5 et 6 le sodium secondaire caloporteur pénètre dans une zone constituant un déversoir limité d'une part par l'enveloppe 1 et d'autre part par une virole centrale 8 disposée coaxialement par rapport à l'enveloppe 1. La virole centrale 8 est reliée à l'enveloppe par l'intermédiaire d'une plaque annulaire pleine 9 et d'une plaque annulaire perforée 10 constituant respectivement la paroi supérieure et la plaque de répartition du déversoir de sodium liquide.At the outlet of the pipes 5 and 6, the secondary heat transfer sodium enters a zone constituting a weir limited on the one hand by the casing 1 and on the other hand by a central ferrule 8 arranged coaxially with respect to the casing 1. The central ferrule 8 is connected to the casing by means of a solid annular plate 9 and of a perforated annular plate 10 respectively constituting the upper wall and the distribution plate of the liquid sodium weir.

A l'intérieur de cette zone de distribution de sodium liquide sont placés des déflecteurs 12 constitués par des séparations verticales 14 et des plaques horizontales déflectrices 16.Inside this liquid sodium distribution zone are placed deflectors 12 constituted by vertical partitions 14 and horizontal deflector plates 16.

Les dispositifs 12 permettent une répartition du sodium homogène dans toute la section du générateur de vapeur disposée en-dessous de la plaque 10 et dans laquelle se trouve le faisceau tubulaire 17.The devices 12 allow a homogeneous distribution of the sodium throughout the section of the steam generator placed below the plate 10 and in which the tubular bundle 17 is located.

Les plaques horizontales 16 servant également à éviter des turbulences du niveau de sodium 3.The horizontal plates 16 also serving to avoid turbulence of the sodium level 3.

Tout cet ensemble de plaques, virole centrale, déflecteurs est complètement immergé dans le sodium.All this set of plates, central ferrule, deflectors is completely immersed in sodium.

Le faisceau tubulaire 17 est enroulé autour d'un corps creux central 18 percé d'un ensemble de trous 20 pour la récupération du sodium liquide ayant circulé en contact avec le faisceau tubulaire et s'étant refroidi en provoquant la vaporisation de l'eau circulant à l'intérieur des tubes du faisceau.The tubular bundle 17 is wound around a central hollow body 18 pierced with a set of holes 20 for the recovery of the liquid sodium which has circulated in contact with the tubular bundle and which has cooled by causing the vaporization of the circulating water. inside the bundle tubes.

L'une des extrémités du faisceau est reliée à un distributeur 21 permettant la répartition de l'eau dans les tubes du faisceau. L'autre extrémité du faisceau est reliée à un collecteur 23 permettant la récupération de la vapeur produite.One end of the bundle is connected to a distributor 21 allowing the distribution of water in the bundle tubes. The other end of the bundle is connected to a manifold 23 allowing the recovery of the vapor produced.

Le sodium sort de l'enveloppe 1 par l'extrémité inférieure de celle-ci, par une tubulure 25 disposée dans le prolongement du corps creux 18.The sodium leaves the casing 1 through the lower end of the latter, through a tube 25 arranged in the extension of the hollow body 18.

Le sodium chaud introduit dans l'enveloppe par les tubulures 5 et est réparti sur la plaque 10 et de là, de façon homogène, sur toute la section du faisceau. Le sodium chaud entre en contact avec les tubes du faisceau et provoque la vaporisation de l'eau alimentaire passant dans ces tubes et se refroidit au cours de sa descente en contact avec le faisceau.The hot sodium introduced into the envelope through the pipes 5 and is distributed over the plate 10 and from there, homogeneously, over the entire section of the bundle. The hot sodium comes into contact with the bundle tubes and causes the vaporization of the food water passing through these tubes and cools down during its descent into contact with the bundle.

La partie de l'enveloppe disposée autour de la base du corps creux 18 à l'intérieur de laquelle passent les tronçons d'arrivée des tubes du faisceau contient un sodium à une température relativement basse pour la protection de ces portions de tube et des dispositifs de passage étanche 26 à l'intérieur de l'enveloppe 1.The part of the envelope disposed around the base of the hollow body 18 inside which the inlet sections of the bundle tubes pass contains sodium at a relatively low temperature for the protection of these por tube and tight passage devices 26 inside the casing 1.

Cependant, une certaine quantité du sodium froid situé dans cette partie annulaire de l'enveloppe est évacuée par la tubulure 25, grâce à des ouvertures 27 prévues à l'intérieur de l'enveloppe, à l'entrée de cette tubulure. De cette façon on évite les dépôts d'impuretés apportées par le sodium.However, a certain amount of cold sodium located in this annular part of the envelope is evacuated through the tube 25, through openings 27 provided inside the envelope, at the entrance to this tube. In this way, deposits of impurities provided by sodium are avoided.

Une virole de protection thermique 28 est disposée coaxialement par rapport à l'enveloppe au-dessus des tubulures 5 et 6 soudée sur cette enveloppe au voisinage du fond supérieur 29. Du sodium pénètre dans l'espace annulaire entre la virole 28 et l'enveloppe 1 par des perforations 30. On réalise ainsi une protection thermique de la partie supérieure de l'enveloppe 1.A thermal protection shell 28 is arranged coaxially with respect to the casing above the pipes 5 and 6 welded to this casing in the vicinity of the upper bottom 29. Sodium enters the annular space between the shell 28 and the casing 1 by perforations 30. This produces thermal protection of the upper part of the casing 1.

Sur la figure 2 on voit la partie supérieure d'un générateur de vapeur dont la partie inférieure située en-dessous de la plaque perforée 40 constituant la plaque de répartition du distributeur de sodium est identique à la partie correspondante du générateur de vapeur représentée à la figure 1, disposée en dessous de la plaque de répartition 10.In Figure 2 we see the upper part of a steam generator whose lower part located below the perforated plate 40 constituting the distribution plate of the sodium distributor is identical to the corresponding part of the steam generator shown in FIG. 1, arranged below the distribution plate 10.

Sur la figure 2 on voit la partie supérieure d'un générateur de vapeur dont la partie inférieure située en-dessous de la plaque perforée 40 constituant la plaque de répartition du distributeur de sodium est identique à la partie correspondante du générateur de vapeur représentée à la figure 1, disposée en dessous de la plaque de répartition 10.In Figure 2 we see the upper part of a steam generator whose lower part located below the perforated plate 40 constituting the distribution plate of the sodium distributor is identical to the corresponding part of the steam generator shown in FIG. 1, arranged below the distribution plate 10.

Le sodium liquide est amené à l'intérieur de l'enveloppe 31 par des tubulures 35 et 36 débouchant dans une zone de distribution du sodium limitée par une virole centrale 38 et par la plaque de répartition 40. Sur la plaque de répartition 40 sont fixées des nervures radiales verticales 44 occupant la quasi totalité de l'espace annulaire entre la virole 38 et l'enveloppe 31. La hauteur de ces nervures est telle que leur sommet se situe très nettement en-dessous des tubulures d'arrivée du sodium.The liquid sodium is brought inside the casing 31 by pipes 35 and 36 opening into a sodium distribution zone limited by a central ferrule 38 and by the distribution plate 40. On the distribution plate 40 are fixed vertical radial ribs 44 occupying almost all of the annular space between the shell 38 and the casing 31. The height of these ribs is such that their apex is very clearly located below the sodium inlet pipes.

Pour assurer une répartition homogène du sodium sur toute la plaque perforée 40, on a disposé huit nervures 44 faisant entre elles des angles de 45°, sur cette plaque perforée 40.To ensure a homogeneous distribution of the sodium over the entire perforated plate 40, eight ribs 44 have been arranged making angles of 45 ° between them, on this perforated plate 40.

Une virole 39 d'un diamètre un peu inférieur au diamètre de l'enveloppe 31 et disposée coaxialement par rapport à celle-ci est fixée par soudage sur sa paroi au voisinage du fond supérieur 59. Cette virole 39 est percée d'ouvertures 42 permettant l'introduction de sodium dans l'espace annulaire entre la virole 39 et l'enveloppe 31. Cette virole 39 assure ainsi la protection thermique de la partie supérieure de l'enveloppe 31.A ferrule 39 with a diameter slightly less than the diameter of the casing 31 and arranged coaxially with respect to the latter is fixed by welding to its wall in the vicinity of the upper bottom 59. This ferrule 39 is pierced with openings 42 allowing the introduction of sodium into the annular space between the ferrule 39 and the casing 31. This ferrule 39 thus provides thermal protection for the upper part of the casing 31.

Sur la virole 39 sont fixées deux plaques annulaires perforées 45 et 46 espacées dans la direction verticale et séparées par des entretoises perforées 47.On the ferrule 39 are fixed two annular perforated plates 45 and 46 spaced apart in the vertical direction and separated by perforated spacers 47.

Les trous pratiqués dans les plaques annulaires 45 et 46 sont sensiblement identiques quant à leur dimension et leur disposition et identiques à ceux de la plaque 40. Toutes ces perforations se superposent sensiblement en projection verticale.The holes made in the annular plates 45 and 46 are substantially identical in size and arrangement and identical to those of the plate 40. All of these perforations are substantially superimposed in vertical projection.

Les plaques annulaires 45 et 46 sont disposées entre la virole périphérique 39 et la virole centrale 38 dans la zone de l'enveloppe se trouvant immédiatement au-dessus des tubulures 35 et 36.The annular plates 45 and 46 are arranged between the peripheral ferrule 39 and the central ferrule 38 in the zone of the envelope located immediately above the pipes 35 and 36.

L'ensemble constitué par les viroles 38 et 39 et les plaques perforées 45, 46 et 40 est fixé à l'intérieur de l'enveloppe 31 par l'intermédiaire de la virole 39 dont la partie supérieure est reliée par soudage à cette enveloppe 31.The assembly constituted by the ferrules 38 and 39 and the perforated plates 45, 46 and 40 is fixed inside the casing 31 by means of the ferrule 39, the upper part of which is connected by welding to this casing 31 .

Pendant le fonctionnement du générateur de vapeur, la surface supérieure du sodium liquide dans la zone d'espace annulaire comprise entre l'enveloppe 31 et la virole centrale 38 est maintenue compte tenu de l'arrivée de sodium chaud par les tubulures 35 et 36 et de l'écoulement du sodium dans la partie inférieure du générateur de vapeur ainsi que par un trop-plein 50, à un niveau 53 dans la zone annulaire entre les viroles 38 et 39.During the operation of the steam generator, the upper surface of the liquid sodium in the annular space zone between the casing 31 and the central shell 38 is maintained taking into account the arrival of hot sodium by the pipes 35 and 36 and of the sodium flow in the lower part of the steam generator as well as through an overflow 50, at a level 53 in the annular zone between the ferrules 38 and 39.

Le niveau du sodium liquide à l'intérieur de la virole centrale 38 en communication directe avec la partie inférieure du générateur de vapeur où se trouve le faisceau est à un niveau 54 inférieur au niveau 53 par suite de la perte de charge entre l'entrée et la sortie du sodium secondaire pendant le fonctionnement du générateur de vapeur.The level of liquid sodium inside the central shell 38 in direct communication with the lower part of the steam generator where the beam is located is at a level 54 lower than the level 53 due to the pressure drop between the inlet and the secondary sodium outlet during the operation of the steam generator.

La virole 38 débouche à sa partie supérieure au-dessus du niveau 53, dans l'atmosphère d'argon remplissant l'espace compris entre les niveaux 53 et 54 et le fond supérieur 59. La longueur de cette virole est telle que sa partie supérieure se trouve toujours au-dessus du niveau libre de sodium.The ferrule 38 opens at its upper part above the level 53, into the argon atmosphere filling the space between the levels 53 and 54 and the upper bottom 59. The length of this ferrule is such that its upper part is always above the free sodium level.

Le sodium chaud amené par les tubulures 35 et 36 pénètre dans la zone de distribution puis est réparti de façon homogène sur le faisceau tubulaire grâce à la plaque 40 et ses nervures verticales 44.The hot sodium supplied by the tubes 35 and 36 enters the distribution zone and is then distributed homogeneously over the tube bundle by means of the plate 40 and its vertical ribs 44.

Les nervures 44 permettent également de raidir la plaque 40 soumise à des sollicitations dynamiques dues à l'impulsion du jet pénétrant par les tubulures 35 et 36.The ribs 44 also make it possible to stiffen the plate 40 subjected to dynamic stresses due to the impulse of the jet penetrating through the pipes 35 and 36.

Les plaques perforées 45 et 46 permettent d'isoler le niveau supérieur du sodium 53 qui reste quasiment stagnant dans la zone annulaire, de l'anivée de sodium et donc d'éliminer les turbulences de ce niveau de sodium.The perforated plates 45 and 46 make it possible to isolate the upper level of sodium 53 which remains practically stagnant in the annular zone, from the activity of sodium and therefore to eliminate the turbulence of this level of sodium.

En cas de fuite dans le faisceau tubulaire et de propagation d'une onde de pression à l'intérieur du sodium, cette onde de pression peut se propager jusqu'au niveau supérieur du sodium liquide aussi bien à l'intérieur de la cheminée centrale 38 que dans la zone annulaire située à l'extérieur de cette cheminée centrale grâce aux plaques ajourées 45 et 46 dont les perforations sont alignées dans la direction verticale avec les perforations de la plaque inférieure 40.In the event of a leak in the tube bundle and a pressure wave propagating inside the sodium, this pressure wave can propagate up to the upper level of the liquid sodium as well inside the central chimney 38 than in the annular zone situated outside this central chimney thanks to the perforated plates 45 and 46 whose perforations are aligned in the vertical direction with the perforations of the lower plate 40.

Cette onde de pression n'est pas renvoyée vers les échangeurs intermédiaires puisqu'aucune plaque déflectrice horizontale n'est disposée à l'intérieur de la zone d'arrivée et de distribution du sodium, comme dans le générateur de l'art antérieur.This pressure wave is not returned to the intermediate exchangers since no horizontal deflector plate is arranged inside the sodium arrival and distribution zone, as in the general prior art.

Enfin, l'isolation thermique de la partie supérieure de l'enveloppe 31 est assurée, lors de chocs thermiques dus à la réaction sodium-eau en cas de fuite sur un tube du faisceau ou en cas de variation brusque de la charge du générateur, grâce au sodium stagnant et à l'argon se trouvant entre la virole périphérique 39 et l'enveloppe 31.Finally, the thermal insulation of the upper part of the casing 31 is ensured, during thermal shocks due to the sodium-water reaction in the event of a leak on a bundle tube or in the event of an abrupt variation in the generator load, thanks to the stagnant sodium and the argon located between the peripheral shell 39 and the casing 31.

On voit donc que les principaux avantages de l'invention sont d'assurer une bonne répartition du sodium dans le faisceau, d'éviter l'apparition de turbulences à la surface supérieure du sodium dans le générateur de vapeur, de procurer une bonne protection thermique à la partie supérieure du générateur de vapeur, de laisser un maximum de section libre pour la propagation de l'onde de pression consécutive à une fuite d'eau dans le faisceau vers la surface libre et, en particulier, éviter ainsi qu'elle ne soit renvoyée vers les échangeurs intermédiaires.It can therefore be seen that the main advantages of the invention are to ensure good distribution of the sodium in the bundle, to avoid the appearance of turbulence on the upper surface of the sodium in the steam generator, to provide good thermal protection. at the top of the steam generator, to leave a maximum of free cross-section for the propagation of the pressure wave following a leak of water in the beam towards the free surface and, in particular, to prevent it from is returned to the intermediate exchangers.

Ces avantages sont obtenus malgré une grande simplicité de la structure de la partie supérieure du générateur de vapeur, et par suite un coût diminué de la réalisation.These advantages are obtained despite the great simplicity of the structure of the upper part of the steam generator, and consequently a reduced cost of production.

L'invention ne se limite pas au mode de réalisation qui vient d'être décrit; elle en comporte au contraire toutes les variantes.The invention is not limited to the embodiment which has just been described; on the contrary, it includes all variants.

C'est ainsi que le sodium liquide peut être amené dans l'enveloppe du générateur de vapeur par un nombre de tubulures différent de deux, et qu'il est possible de disposer sur la plaque de répartition inférieure 40 un nombre de nervures différent de huit.Thus the liquid sodium can be brought into the envelope of the steam generator by a number of pipes other than two, and it is possible to have on the lower distribution plate 40 a number of ribs other than eight. .

Enfin, l'invention s'applique non seulement dans le cas des générateurs de vapeur dont le fluide caloporteur est du sodium liquide, associés à un réacteur nucléaire à neutrons rapides mais également dans le cas de tout générateur de vapeur dont le fluide caloporteur est un métal liquide dont la réaction avec l'eau alimentaire risque d'engendrer des ondes de pression, en cas de fuite dans le faisceau tubulaire du générateur de vapeur.Finally, the invention applies not only in the case of steam generators in which the heat transfer fluid is liquid sodium, associated with a fast neutron nuclear reactor but also in the case of any steam generator in which the heat transfer fluid is a liquid metal whose reaction with drinking water may generate pressure waves, in the event of a leak in the tubular bundle of the steam generator.

Claims (3)

1. Device for producing steam by heat exchange between a heat-carrying liquid metal and the feed water, comprising an elongated cylindrical casing (31) arranged with its axis vertical, closed by a continuous bottom (59) at each of its ends, receiving liquid metal in its upper part by at least one pipeline (35, 36) passing through the casing (31) and opening into a space bounded by a central cylindrical shell (38) coaxial with the casing and extending over a height above and below the entry pipeline of the liquid metal (35, 36) and by a lower annular perforated plate (40) situated between the casing (31) and the central cylindrical shell (38), at the lower part of the latter, so that the level of the liquid metal (53, 54) is maintained above the entry pipeline of the liquid metal, inert gas filling the space between the level of the liquid metal (53, 54) and the upper bottom (59) of the casing (31) and so that a circulation of liquid metal is established in the casing (31), in contact with a tube bundle in which the feed water being vaporised is circulating, situated below the space where the liquid metal arrives, the liquid metal leaving the casing (31) at its lower part, a peripheral cylindrical shell (39) having a diameter slightly smaller than that of the casing (31) being fixed on the casing (31) and arranged coaxially at a small distance from the latter in its part which is situated above the entry pipeline (35, 36) for liquid metal, characterised in that two annular perforated plates (45, 46) are fixed between the central cylindrical shell (38) and the peripheral cylindrical shell (39) above the entry pipeline for liquid metal (35, 36), are spaced according to the height of the casing (31) and separated by perforated vertical braces (47), the perforations of the annular plates (45, 46) and of the lower plate (40) being identical in their size and their arrangement on the plates (45, 46, 40) and aligned along the vertical direction.
2. Device for producing steam according to Claim 1, characterised in that the upper end of the central cylindrical shell (38) is above the free level of the liquid metal and clearly below the upper bottom (59).
3. Device for producing steam according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterised in that radial stiffening ribs (44) are fixed on the lower plate (40), these ribs having a height which is clearly smaller than the vertical distance between the plate (40) and the entry pipeline (35, 36) for liquid metal.
EP82402321A 1981-12-18 1982-12-17 Device for generating steam by heat exchange between a heat-transferring liquid metal and feed water Expired EP0082780B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8123667 1981-12-18
FR8123667A FR2518707A1 (en) 1981-12-18 1981-12-18 DEVICE FOR PRODUCING STEAM BY EXCHANGING HEAT BETWEEN A LIQUID-COOLED METAL AND FOOD WATER

Publications (2)

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EP0082780A1 EP0082780A1 (en) 1983-06-29
EP0082780B1 true EP0082780B1 (en) 1985-02-13

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US (1) US4552210A (en)
EP (1) EP0082780B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS58106302A (en)
DE (1) DE3262354D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2518707A1 (en)

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US5666943A (en) * 1995-11-02 1997-09-16 Pvi Industries, Inc. Water heater or boiler with improved tank design
EP2452145B1 (en) * 2009-07-09 2019-03-06 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Heat exchanger

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1130391A (en) * 1965-01-04 1968-10-16 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Improvements relating to heat exchangers
FR1465004A (en) * 1966-01-03 1967-01-06 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Steam generator heated by liquid metal
US3768554A (en) * 1968-06-10 1973-10-30 Westinghouse Electric Corp Steam generator heated with liquid metal
US3812825A (en) * 1971-03-08 1974-05-28 Foster Wheeler Corp Sodium heated helical coil arrangement
US3811498A (en) * 1972-04-27 1974-05-21 Babcock & Wilcox Co Industrial technique
US3930537A (en) * 1974-05-06 1976-01-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration Heat exchanger
FR2284170A1 (en) * 1974-09-03 1976-04-02 Commissariat Energie Atomique CONVECTION CURRENT REDUCTION STRUCTURE INSIDE THE TANK OF A NUCLEAR REACTOR
FR2363772A1 (en) * 1976-09-03 1978-03-31 Commissariat Energie Atomique HEAT EXCHANGER, IN PARTICULAR LIQUID SODIUM HEATED STEAM GENERATOR
DE2709914C2 (en) * 1977-03-08 1986-10-09 INTERATOM GmbH, 5060 Bergisch Gladbach Liquid metal-cooled nuclear reactor with devices to prevent the convection of metal vapors
US4127389A (en) * 1977-04-04 1978-11-28 Pullman Incorporated Exchanger reactor
US4163470A (en) * 1977-06-30 1979-08-07 The Babcock & Wilcox Company Industrial technique
FR2402176A2 (en) * 1977-09-05 1979-03-30 Commissariat Energie Atomique Steam generator heated by liq. sodium - has annular chamber with two opposed inlets, and containing curved plates dividing sodium flow
US4309252A (en) * 1978-09-25 1982-01-05 Nuclear Power Company Limited Nuclear reactor constructions
FR2499212A1 (en) * 1981-02-02 1982-08-06 Commissariat Energie Atomique DEVICE FOR PROTECTING THE TUBULAR PLATE AT THE HOT END OF A VERTICAL HEAT EXCHANGER

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DE3262354D1 (en) 1985-03-28
JPS58106302A (en) 1983-06-24
JPH0321801B2 (en) 1991-03-25
EP0082780A1 (en) 1983-06-29
FR2518707B1 (en) 1984-06-01
FR2518707A1 (en) 1983-06-24
US4552210A (en) 1985-11-12

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