EP0082689A2 - Fuel composition - Google Patents
Fuel composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0082689A2 EP0082689A2 EP82306744A EP82306744A EP0082689A2 EP 0082689 A2 EP0082689 A2 EP 0082689A2 EP 82306744 A EP82306744 A EP 82306744A EP 82306744 A EP82306744 A EP 82306744A EP 0082689 A2 EP0082689 A2 EP 0082689A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- furan
- alkyl
- fuel composition
- gasoline
- octane
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
Definitions
- This invention relates to a fuel composition suitable for use in spark ignition internal combustion engines.
- Certain oxygenated organic compounds have been known to be potentially suitable as fuels for internal combustion engines for many years. Interest in such components as fuels declined when crude oil became cheap and plentiful, but has revived in recent years.
- the most commonly proposed compounds are alcohols e.g. methanol, ethanol or tertiary butyl alcohol and ethers e.g. methyl tertiary butyl ether.
- Oxygenated organic compounds can be used as fuels per se, but normally they are proposed for use in admixture with conventional hydrocarbon fuels, thereby avoiding the need for any major modification of engines using the fuels.
- the oxygenated organic compounds should have a number of particular physical and chemical characteristics such as total miscibility, suitable volatility, and, preferably, low water solubility.
- One of the most important characteristics for spark ignition engine fuels is the blending octane value, both in respect of the Research Octane Number (RON) and the Motor Octane Number (MON). It is desirable that the oxygenated compounds used should have blending octane values that enhance rather than depress the Octane Numbers of the neat hydrocarbon fuel.
- dimethylfuran may be useful as an octane improver for low octane gasolines.
- a-paper entitled "The Blending Octane Numbers of 2,5-dimethylfuran" by Hugh B. Nisbet, published in the Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, Vol 32, pp 162-166 (1946) discloses experimental results which show that dimethylfuran has a high blending octane value when added to gasolines having an octane number of 57 or 69.5.
- the author states that when blended with a fuel of initial high octane number, e.g. isooctane, dimethylfuran possesses no advantage as a blending agent and actually gives a lower octane number than the basestock.
- alkyl furans having a boiling point of not more than 150°C may be used as an octane improver in high octane gasolines.
- a fuel composition suitable for use in internal combustion engines comprises gasoline having a Research Octane Number higher than 85 and a Motar Octane Number higher than 75 and an alkyl furan having a boiling point of not more than 15 ⁇ °C.
- the alkyl furans may be mono-or poly-alkylated and for the compounds to have a boiling point of not more than 150°C the alkyl group or groups may be methyl, ethyl and/or isopropyl. Preferably the compounds boil below 100°C.
- Preferred furans are methyl furans, particularly 2-methyl furan, which boils at 63°C or 2,5 dimethylfuran which boils at 93-94°C.
- Alkyl furans can be obtained from various vegetable sources e.g. wood tars and sugars.
- 2-methyl furan can be produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of furfural, furfural itself being obtained from vegetable waste.
- 2,5 dimethylfuran may be prepared by passing mesityl oxide over a transition metal oxide catalyst in air at 300-500°C or by treating 2,5-hexadione with acid.
- the proportion of alkyl furan may be from 0.1 to 50X, preferably from 5 to 25%, of the fuel composition.
- the gasoline has, before the addition of the alkyl furan, a RON of from 85 to 105, more preferably from 85 to 98 and a MON of from 75 to 95, more preferably 78 to 88.
- the high octane gasolines used in the present invention may comprise the following proportions of olefins, aromatics and saturates;
- the gasoline may contain a lead alkyl anti-knock agent in an amount up to 0.45g Pb/l more preferably up to 0.15g Pb/1.
- Other known fuel components may also be included in the compositions e.g. a scavenger, other oxygenated compounds and anti-icing or other known additives.
- the alkyl furans have been tested in a range of gasolines both aromatic and olefinic and both leaded and unleaded. Blending octane values for the alkyl furans have been found to range from 120 to 132 RON and 99 to 105 MON giving increases in RON and MON of up to 4 numbers when added to gasoline at a concentration of 10% by volume.
- 2-methyl furan was admixed with two gasolines, one an aromatic basestock and the other an olefinic basestock.
- the aromatic basestock comprised 47.3% by volume aromatics and 52.7% by volume saturates.
- the olefinic basestock comprised 31.0% by volume aromatics, 53.8% by volume saturates and 15.2% by volume olefins.
- the Research and Motor Octane Numbers of the gasolines and the blends containing 2-methyl furan were determined in a CFR engine.
- the Blending Octane Values (B.O.V.) were also calculated from the measured RONs and MONs of the gasolines and the 2-methyl furan/gasoline blends, using the formula,
- BOV Blend Octane No. - (Basestock Octane No x gasoline vol fraction) alkyl furan volume fraction
- volume fraction % volume of component in the blend 100
- the 2-methyl furan was a commercial material supplied by the Aldrich Chemical Company. It had a boiling point of 63°C.
- the method measures the amount of water which can be added to a motor fuel, which may consist of a blend of hydrocarbons with a water soluble constituent such as alcohol, without causing separation into two phases, at a specified temperature.
- the method comprises cooling a sample of the blend to about 4°C and adding water until separation into two layers occurs. the sample is, then warmed until miscibility occurs and then cooled slowly. The temperature at which the first signs of cloudiness occurs is recorded. The test is repeated with different volumes of water and the water tolerance at specified temperatures obtained from a graph of volume of water against temperature of immiscibility.
- Table 2 shows that the inclusion of 10% vol. of 2- methyl furan gives a significant increase in both the RON and the MON. This is because of the intrinsically high RON and MON of the 2 - methyl furan itself.
- dimethylfuran was admixed with a gasoline from an aromatic basestock comprising 40.2% by volume aromatics and 59.8% by volume saturates.
- the dimethylfuran was a commercial product supplied by the Aldrich Chemical Company. It had a boiling point in the range 93-94°C.
- Blending Octane Values for the dimethylfuran were calculated from the Research and Motor Octane Numbers determined in a CFR engine.
- the CFR engine results and the calculated Blending Octane Values are given in Table 4.
- the RON and MON of the leaded gasoline and the blend were determined in a CFR engine and the Blending Octane Values calculated from the measured Research and Motor Octane Numbers. The results given in Table 5 show that the alkyl furan is also useful in leaded gasoline.
Abstract
Description
- This invention relates to a fuel composition suitable for use in spark ignition internal combustion engines.
- Certain oxygenated organic compounds have been known to be potentially suitable as fuels for internal combustion engines for many years. Interest in such components as fuels declined when crude oil became cheap and plentiful, but has revived in recent years. The most commonly proposed compounds are alcohols e.g. methanol, ethanol or tertiary butyl alcohol and ethers e.g. methyl tertiary butyl ether.
- Oxygenated organic compounds can be used as fuels per se, but normally they are proposed for use in admixture with conventional hydrocarbon fuels, thereby avoiding the need for any major modification of engines using the fuels. For use in admixture with conventional fuels the oxygenated organic compounds should have a number of particular physical and chemical characteristics such as total miscibility, suitable volatility, and, preferably, low water solubility. One of the most important characteristics for spark ignition engine fuels, however, is the blending octane value, both in respect of the Research Octane Number (RON) and the Motor Octane Number (MON). It is desirable that the oxygenated compounds used should have blending octane values that enhance rather than depress the Octane Numbers of the neat hydrocarbon fuel.
- It has been suggested that dimethylfuran may be useful as an octane improver for low octane gasolines. For example, a-paper entitled "The Blending Octane Numbers of 2,5-dimethylfuran" by Hugh B. Nisbet, published in the Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, Vol 32, pp 162-166 (1946), discloses experimental results which show that dimethylfuran has a high blending octane value when added to gasolines having an octane number of 57 or 69.5. However, the author states that when blended with a fuel of initial high octane number, e.g. isooctane, dimethylfuran possesses no advantage as a blending agent and actually gives a lower octane number than the basestock.
- Contrary to the teaching of this paper, the applicants have found that alkyl furans having a boiling point of not more than 150°C may be used as an octane improver in high octane gasolines.
- Thus, according to the present invention a fuel composition suitable for use in internal combustion engines comprises gasoline having a Research Octane Number higher than 85 and a Motar Octane Number higher than 75 and an alkyl furan having a boiling point of not more than 15θ°C.
- The alkyl furans may be mono-or poly-alkylated and for the compounds to have a boiling point of not more than 150°C the alkyl group or groups may be methyl, ethyl and/or isopropyl. Preferably the compounds boil below 100°C. Preferred furans are methyl furans, particularly 2-methyl furan, which boils at 63°C or 2,5 dimethylfuran which boils at 93-94°C.
- Alkyl furans can be obtained from various vegetable sources e.g. wood tars and sugars. In particular, 2-methyl furan can be produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of furfural, furfural itself being obtained from vegetable waste. 2,5 dimethylfuran may be prepared by passing mesityl oxide over a transition metal oxide catalyst in air at 300-500°C or by treating 2,5-hexadione with acid.
- The proportion of alkyl furan may be from 0.1 to 50X, preferably from 5 to 25%, of the fuel composition.
- Preferably, the gasoline has, before the addition of the alkyl furan, a RON of from 85 to 105, more preferably from 85 to 98 and a MON of from 75 to 95, more preferably 78 to 88. The high octane gasolines used in the present invention may comprise the following proportions of olefins, aromatics and saturates;
- The gasoline may contain a lead alkyl anti-knock agent in an amount up to 0.45g Pb/l more preferably up to 0.15g Pb/1. Other known fuel components may also be included in the compositions e.g. a scavenger, other oxygenated compounds and anti-icing or other known additives.
- The alkyl furans have been tested in a range of gasolines both aromatic and olefinic and both leaded and unleaded. Blending octane values for the alkyl furans have been found to range from 120 to 132 RON and 99 to 105 MON giving increases in RON and MON of up to 4 numbers when added to gasoline at a concentration of 10% by volume.
- The invention is illustrated by the following example:
- 2-methyl furan was admixed with two gasolines, one an aromatic basestock and the other an olefinic basestock. The aromatic basestock comprised 47.3% by volume aromatics and 52.7% by volume saturates. The olefinic basestock comprised 31.0% by volume aromatics, 53.8% by volume saturates and 15.2% by volume olefins. The Research and Motor Octane Numbers of the gasolines and the blends containing 2-methyl furan were determined in a CFR engine. The Blending Octane Values (B.O.V.) were also calculated from the measured RONs and MONs of the gasolines and the 2-methyl furan/gasoline blends, using the formula,
- where volume fraction = % volume of component in the blend 100
- The 2-methyl furan was a commercial material supplied by the Aldrich Chemical Company. It had a boiling point of 63°C.
- Inspection data on the aromatic gasoline and the corresponding gasoline/2-methyl furan blend are shown in Table 1. It will be seen that the addition of the 2-methyl furan did not significantly affect the distillation characteristics. The water tolerance was assessed according to the test method IP 98/44 Tentative.
- The method measures the amount of water which can be added to a motor fuel, which may consist of a blend of hydrocarbons with a water soluble constituent such as alcohol, without causing separation into two phases, at a specified temperature. The method comprises cooling a sample of the blend to about 4°C and adding water until separation into two layers occurs. the sample is, then warmed until miscibility occurs and then cooled slowly. The temperature at which the first signs of cloudiness occurs is recorded. The test is repeated with different volumes of water and the water tolerance at specified temperatures obtained from a graph of volume of water against temperature of immiscibility.
-
- Table 2 shows that the inclusion of 10% vol. of 2- methyl furan gives a significant increase in both the RON and the MON. This is because of the intrinsically high RON and MON of the 2 - methyl furan itself.
- 10% by volume of 2,5, dimethylfuran was admixed with a gasoline from an aromatic basestock comprising 40.2% by volume aromatics and 59.8% by volume saturates. The dimethylfuran was a commercial product supplied by the Aldrich Chemical Company. It had a boiling point in the range 93-94°C.
- Inspecition data on the gasoline and the gasoline/2,5, dimethylfuran blend are shown in Table 3. It will be seen'that the addition of the dimethylfuran did not significantly affect the distillation characteristics.
-
- 10% by volume of 2-methyl furan was admixed with an aromatic basestock gasoline containing 0.15g Pb/1 as tetra ethyl lead. The 2-methylfuran was the same as used in Example 1. The gasoline comprised 41.8% by volume aromatics and 58.2% by volume saturates.
-
Claims (7)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8138608 | 1981-12-22 | ||
GB8138608 | 1981-12-22 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0082689A2 true EP0082689A2 (en) | 1983-06-29 |
EP0082689A3 EP0082689A3 (en) | 1984-09-26 |
Family
ID=10526773
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP82306744A Withdrawn EP0082689A3 (en) | 1981-12-22 | 1982-12-17 | Fuel composition |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0082689A3 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2679918A1 (en) * | 1991-08-01 | 1993-02-05 | Cosmo Sogo Kenkyusho Kk | FUEL COMPOSITION FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINE. |
WO2000055610A1 (en) * | 1999-03-18 | 2000-09-21 | Aae Holdings Plc | Surfactants |
WO2009030510A3 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2009-05-28 | Furanix Technologies Bv | 5-(substituted methyl) 2-methylfuran |
WO2009030509A3 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2009-06-18 | Furanix Technologies Bv | 5-substituted 2-(alkoxymethyl)furans |
US7572925B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2009-08-11 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Catalytic process for producing furan derivatives in a biphasic reactor |
GB2466713A (en) * | 2008-12-31 | 2010-07-07 | Shell Int Research | Gasoline compositions |
US7880049B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2011-02-01 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Production of liquid alkanes in the jet fuel range (C8-C15) from biomass-derived carbohydrates |
RU2734918C1 (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2020-10-26 | Акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (АО "ВНИИ НП") | Alternative automotive fuel for gasoline engines, containing furfural derivative |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2321311A (en) * | 1939-10-21 | 1943-06-08 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Motor fuel |
-
1982
- 1982-12-17 EP EP82306744A patent/EP0082689A3/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2321311A (en) * | 1939-10-21 | 1943-06-08 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Motor fuel |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5354344A (en) * | 1991-08-01 | 1994-10-11 | Cosmo Research Institute | Gasoline fuel composition containing 3-butyn-2-one |
FR2679918A1 (en) * | 1991-08-01 | 1993-02-05 | Cosmo Sogo Kenkyusho Kk | FUEL COMPOSITION FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINE. |
WO2000055610A1 (en) * | 1999-03-18 | 2000-09-21 | Aae Holdings Plc | Surfactants |
US7572925B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2009-08-11 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Catalytic process for producing furan derivatives in a biphasic reactor |
US7880049B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2011-02-01 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Production of liquid alkanes in the jet fuel range (C8-C15) from biomass-derived carbohydrates |
US8231693B2 (en) | 2007-09-07 | 2012-07-31 | Furanix Technologies B.V. | 5-substituted 2-(alkoxymethyl)furans |
WO2009030509A3 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2009-06-18 | Furanix Technologies Bv | 5-substituted 2-(alkoxymethyl)furans |
EP2455373A1 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2012-05-23 | Furanix Technologies B.V. | 5-(substituted methyl) 2-methylfuran |
WO2009030510A3 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2009-05-28 | Furanix Technologies Bv | 5-(substituted methyl) 2-methylfuran |
EP2487170A1 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2012-08-15 | Furanix Technologies B.V. | 5-substituted 2-(alkoxymethyl)furans |
CN101821248B (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2012-10-24 | 福兰尼克斯科技公司 | 5-substituted 2-(alkoxymethyl)furans |
EA017997B1 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2013-04-30 | Фураникс Технолоджиз Б.В. | 5-substituted 2-(alkoxymethyl)furans |
GB2466713A (en) * | 2008-12-31 | 2010-07-07 | Shell Int Research | Gasoline compositions |
RU2734918C1 (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2020-10-26 | Акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (АО "ВНИИ НП") | Alternative automotive fuel for gasoline engines, containing furfural derivative |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0082689A3 (en) | 1984-09-26 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
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AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB LI NL SE |
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PUAL | Search report despatched |
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AK | Designated contracting states |
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17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19850325 |
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STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
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18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 19860128 |
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RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: BARLOW, MICHAEL THOMAS Inventor name: STEWART, DAVID GORDON Inventor name: SMITH, DAVID JOHN HARRY |