EP0050282B1 - Nickel-based alloy with protection against carbonization and corrosion - Google Patents

Nickel-based alloy with protection against carbonization and corrosion Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0050282B1
EP0050282B1 EP81108147A EP81108147A EP0050282B1 EP 0050282 B1 EP0050282 B1 EP 0050282B1 EP 81108147 A EP81108147 A EP 81108147A EP 81108147 A EP81108147 A EP 81108147A EP 0050282 B1 EP0050282 B1 EP 0050282B1
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Prior art keywords
corrosion
nickel
content
alloy
based alloy
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0050282A1 (en
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Karl Dr. Brenner
Roger Dr. Cook
Michael Dr. Warren
Antony Bates
Graham Dr. Leslie
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Ght Gesellschaft fur Hochtemperaturreaktor-Technik Mbh
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Ght Gesellschaft fur Hochtemperaturreaktor-Technik Mbh
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C19/00Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C22C19/051Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
    • C22C19/057Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being less 10%
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C19/00Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C22C19/051Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a nickel-based alloy according to the preamble of the first claim.
  • Nickel-based alloys are preferably used where high strength values must be guaranteed at elevated temperatures.
  • Such a use case is e.g. B. the helium-operated cooling circuit of a high-temperature nuclear reactor; the use of such reactors is being considered, inter alia, for coal refinement, e.g. B. the production of synthetic natural gas.
  • the alloys mentioned tend to carburize and to intergranular corrosion at high operating temperatures of 800-1000 ° C.
  • the property of aluminum is known to form a dense oxidation layer which inhibits further oxidation after its formation in an oxidizing atmosphere.
  • simply alloying aluminum to nickel-based alloys is not sufficient to lead to the formation of a protective oxide layer on the surface of workpieces made from such alloys. Rather, the aluminum oxide forms in the form of irregular particles below the surface, where it not only has no protective effect, but also favors corrosion.
  • the object of the invention is to provide an alloy composition which is capable of forming a continuous, dense oxide skin in an environment with low oxygen partial pressure and thus resists carburization and corrosion.
  • the alloy should also (in contrast to the last mentioned) have mechanical properties that allow components, e.g. B. to produce tubes for heat exchangers in nuclear reactor plants of the type described.
  • the protective layer-forming properties of the alloy should be in the entire temperature range of their use, i. H. from room temperature to about 1000 ° C.
  • the solution to this problem consists of an alloy which meets the features set out in the claim.
  • Test pieces made of this alloy were exposed to a helium atmosphere of 1.8 bar at temperatures of 850, 900 and 950 ° C for periods of up to 2000 hours each.
  • comparison pieces were made from a commercially available alloy with the composition exposed to these conditions.
  • a thin, continuous and uniform oxide layer of about 1 ⁇ m had formed on the pieces of the alloy according to the invention, which effectively prevented deeper corrosion of the material.
  • the comparison pieces on the other hand, showed irregular oxide particles reaching up to 50 ⁇ m deep. This does not provide corrosion protection. The same applies to protection against carburization.
  • the alloy according to the invention showed a carbon uptake of between 0.003 and 0.006 percent by weight, the comparison alloy that of 0.042 percent by weight.
  • test pieces as outlined above, were achieved without being subjected to a special surface treatment. Rather, it was sufficient to use a usually bare, e.g. B. ground or stained surface.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Nickelbasislegierung nach dem Oberbegriff des ersten Anspruchs. Nickelbasislegierungen werden vorzugsweise dort verwendet, wo hohe Festigkeitswerte bei erhöhten Temperaturen gewährleistet sein müssen. Ein solcher Verwendungsfall ist z. B. der mit Helium betriebene Kühlkreislauf eines Hochtemperaturkernreaktors; der Einsatz derartiger Reaktoren wird in Betracht gezogen unter anderem für die Kohleveredelung, z. B. die Erzeugung von synthetischem Erdgas. Dies bringt es mit sich, daß in dem Kühlkreislauf mit dem Vorhandensein kleiner Verunreinigungen durch Methan und Wasserstoff gerechnet werden muß. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß die genannten Legierungen bei den hohen Betriebstemperaturen von 800-1000°C zur Aufkohlung und zu interkristalliner Korrosion neigen.The present invention relates to a nickel-based alloy according to the preamble of the first claim. Nickel-based alloys are preferably used where high strength values must be guaranteed at elevated temperatures. Such a use case is e.g. B. the helium-operated cooling circuit of a high-temperature nuclear reactor; the use of such reactors is being considered, inter alia, for coal refinement, e.g. B. the production of synthetic natural gas. This means that the presence of small impurities from methane and hydrogen must be expected in the cooling circuit. It has been shown that the alloys mentioned tend to carburize and to intergranular corrosion at high operating temperatures of 800-1000 ° C.

Bekannt ist die Eigenschaft des Aluminiums, in oxidierender Atmosphäre eine dichte, nach ihrer Ausbildung weitere Oxidation hemmende Oxidationsschicht auszubilden. Ein einfaches Zulegieren von Aluminium zu Nickelbasislegierungen reicht jedoch nicht aus, um an der Oberfläche von aus derartigen Legierungen hergestellten Werkstücken zur Ausbildung einer schützenden Oxidschicht zu führen. Vielmehr bildet sich das Aluminiumoxid in Form unregelmäßiger Partikel unterhalb der Oberfläche, wo es nicht nur keine Schutzwirkung entfaltet, sondern sogar die Korrosion begünstigt.The property of aluminum is known to form a dense oxidation layer which inhibits further oxidation after its formation in an oxidizing atmosphere. However, simply alloying aluminum to nickel-based alloys is not sufficient to lead to the formation of a protective oxide layer on the surface of workpieces made from such alloys. Rather, the aluminum oxide forms in the form of irregular particles below the surface, where it not only has no protective effect, but also favors corrosion.

Dieses Verhalten ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß der Sauerstoff schneller in die Legierung eindiffundiert als das Aluminium an die Oberfläche. Bei Versuchen mit einer vorzugsweise für die Herstellung von Gasturbinenschaufeln verwendeten, bekannten Legierung der folgenden Zusammensetzung: (hier und im folgenden alle Angaben in Gewichts-%)

Figure imgb0001
hat sich gezeigt, daß bei Zulegierung von Titan in einem bestimmten Verhältnis zum Aluminium die Bildung einer durchgehenden Oxidschicht auf dem Werkstück begünstigt und dadurch die Korrosionsfestigkeit erhöht wird.This behavior is due to the fact that the oxygen diffuses into the alloy faster than the aluminum on the surface. In tests with a known alloy, preferably used for the production of gas turbine blades, of the following composition: (here and in the following, all data in% by weight)
Figure imgb0001
It has been shown that the addition of titanium in a certain ratio to aluminum favors the formation of a continuous oxide layer on the workpiece and thereby increases the corrosion resistance.

Ausgehend von dieser Erkenntnis besteht die Aufgabe der Erfindung in der Angabe einer Legierungszusammensetzung, die in einer Umgebung mit niedrigem Sauerstoffpartialdruck zur Bildung einer durchgehenden, dichten Oxidhaut fähig ist und dadurch der Aufkohlung und der Korrosion widersteht. Die Legierung soll darüber hinaus (im Gegensatz zu der zuletzt erwähnten) mechanische Eigenschaften aufweisen, die es gestatten, aus ihr Bauteile, z. B. Rohre für Wärmetauscher in Kernreaktoranlagen der beschriebenen Art herzustellen. Die schutzschichtbildenden Eigenschaften der Legierung sollen im gesamten Temperaturbereich ihres Einsatzes, d. h. von Raumtemperatur bis zu etwa 1000° C erhalten bleiben. Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe besteht aus einer Legierung, die den im Anspruch aufgestellten Merkmalen genügt.Based on this knowledge, the object of the invention is to provide an alloy composition which is capable of forming a continuous, dense oxide skin in an environment with low oxygen partial pressure and thus resists carburization and corrosion. The alloy should also (in contrast to the last mentioned) have mechanical properties that allow components, e.g. B. to produce tubes for heat exchangers in nuclear reactor plants of the type described. The protective layer-forming properties of the alloy should be in the entire temperature range of their use, i. H. from room temperature to about 1000 ° C. The solution to this problem consists of an alloy which meets the features set out in the claim.

Durch das Zulegieren von Titan im angegebenen Verhältnis zu Aluminium wird erreicht, daß die interstitielle Diffusion des Sauerstoffs in das Werkstück verhindert wird (vermutlich durch Bildung von Titan-Sauerstoff-Verbindungen nahe der Werkstückoberfläche), so daß die Diffusion von Aluminium an die Oberfläche zur Bildung einer stabilen Aluminiumoxidschicht auf der Werkstückoberfläche führt. Um diese Oxidbildung nicht zu behindern, wird der Gehalt an anderen sauerstoffaffinen Elementen in der Legierung möglichst gering gehalten, insbesondere soll der angegebene Gehalt an Chrom nicht überschritten werden. Es hat sich nämlich gezeigt, daß Legierungen, die Chromoxid bei mittleren Temperaturen bis 800°C bilden können, dies in den vorgesehenen Anwendungsfällen bei Temperaturen um 1000° C nicht mehr tun. Ein völliger Verzicht auf die Zugabe von Chrom empfiehlt sich dennoch nicht, da dann der Schutz gegen Korrosion während der Verarbeitung und Wärmebehandlung der Werkstücke geringer ist. Die übrigen genannten Legierungsbestandteile dienen bekannterweise dazu, eine ausreichende mechanische Festigkeit bei guter Verformbarkeit zu gewährleisten.By alloying titanium in the specified ratio to aluminum it is achieved that the interstitial diffusion of oxygen into the workpiece is prevented (presumably by the formation of titanium-oxygen compounds near the workpiece surface), so that the diffusion of aluminum to the surface to form a stable aluminum oxide layer on the workpiece surface. In order not to hinder this oxide formation, the content of other oxygen-affine elements in the alloy is kept as low as possible, in particular the specified chromium content should not be exceeded. It has been shown that alloys that can form chromium oxide at medium temperatures up to 800 ° C do not do so in the intended applications at temperatures around 1000 ° C. However, it is not advisable to do without the addition of chromium, since protection against corrosion during processing and heat treatment of the workpieces is then reduced. The other alloy components mentioned are known to serve to ensure sufficient mechanical strength with good ductility.

Zu Versuchszwecken wurde eine den Erfindungsmerkmalen genügende Legierung folgender Zusammensetzung hergestellt:

Figure imgb0002
For experimental purposes, an alloy of the following composition was produced which satisfied the features of the invention:
Figure imgb0002

Probestücke aus dieser Legierung wurden bei Temperaturen von 850, 900 und 950° C über Zeiträume von je bis zu 2000 Stunden einer Heliumatmosphäre von 1,8 bar ausgesetzt.Test pieces made of this alloy were exposed to a helium atmosphere of 1.8 bar at temperatures of 850, 900 and 950 ° C for periods of up to 2000 hours each.

Diese Atmosphäre enthielt folgende Verunreinigungen:

  • 500 µbar H2, 50 µbar CH4,40 µbar CO und 1,5 µbar H2O.
This atmosphere contained the following contaminants:
  • 500 µbar H 2 , 50 µbar CH 4 , 40 µbar CO and 1.5 µbar H 2 O.

Gleichzeitig wurden Vergleichsstücke aus einer handelsüblichen Legierung mit der Zusammensetzung

Figure imgb0003
diesen Bedingungen ausgesetzt. Wie die anschließende metallographische Untersuchung zeigte, hatte sich auf den Stücken aus der erfindungsgemäßen Legierung eine dünne, durchgehende und gleichmäßige Oxidschicht von etwa 1 µm gebildet, die eine tiefergreifende Korrosion des Materials wirkungsvoll verhinderte. Die Vergleichsstücke zeigten demgegenüber bis zu 50 µm tief reichende, unregelmäßige Oxidpartikel. Ein Korrosionsschutz ist dadurch nicht gegeben. Ähnliches gilt für den Schutz gegen Aufkohlung. Nach 1855 Stunden bei 900° C zeigte die erfindungsgemäße Legierung eine Kohlenstoffaufnahme zwischen 0,003 und 0,006 Gewichtsprozent, die Vergleichslegierung eine solche von 0,042 Gewichtsprozent.At the same time, comparison pieces were made from a commercially available alloy with the composition
Figure imgb0003
exposed to these conditions. As the subsequent metallographic examination showed, a thin, continuous and uniform oxide layer of about 1 μm had formed on the pieces of the alloy according to the invention, which effectively prevented deeper corrosion of the material. The comparison pieces, on the other hand, showed irregular oxide particles reaching up to 50 µm deep. This does not provide corrosion protection. The same applies to protection against carburization. After 1855 hours at 900 ° C., the alloy according to the invention showed a carbon uptake of between 0.003 and 0.006 percent by weight, the comparison alloy that of 0.042 percent by weight.

Vergleichende Messungen an unbenutzten Probestücken und an solchen, die den oben geschilderten Bedingungen ausgesetzt wurden, zeigen, daß die Festigkeitseigenschaften der erfindungsgemäßen Legierung durch den Einsatz nicht wesentlich verändert werden. Mit Probestücken von 44 mm Länge und einem mittleren Durchmesser von 4,7 mm wurden im unbenutzten Zustand folgende Werte erzielt (die Werte für ein weiteres Probestück, das 870 Stunden einer Temperatur von 900° C ausgesetzt wurde):

  • 0,2% Dehnung bei 236 MPa (239 MPa),
  • Bruchdehnung von 57,3% (56,4%) bei 615 MPa (619 MPa).
Comparative measurements on unused specimens and on those which were exposed to the conditions described above show that the strength properties of the alloy according to the invention are not significantly changed by the use. With test pieces 44 mm long and an average diameter of 4.7 mm, the following values were achieved in the unused state (the values for a further test piece that was exposed to a temperature of 900 ° C for 870 hours):
  • 0.2% elongation at 236 MPa (239 MPa),
  • Elongation at break of 57.3% (56.4%) at 615 MPa (619 MPa).

Die oben herausgestellte Widerstandsfähigkeit der Probestücke wurde erzielt, ohne daß diese einer besonderen Oberflächenbehandlung unterzogen worden wäre. Es genügte vielmehr, eine gewöhnlich blanke, z. B. geschliffene oder gebeizte Oberfläche.The resistance of the test pieces, as outlined above, was achieved without being subjected to a special surface treatment. Rather, it was sufficient to use a usually bare, e.g. B. ground or stained surface.

Claims (1)

  1. A high temperature nickel based alloy consisting of:
    a) an aluminium content of 0.3-0.8%, and a titanium content of 0.3-1.5%, the ratio of titanium to aluminium being greater than 1,
    b) a chromium content of 3-10%,
    c) a manganese content of less than 0.1% and a silicon content of less than 0.1%,
    d) a content of iron, cobalt, molybdenum and/or tungsten,
    e) the remainder nickel and impurities produced during production (all percentages being by weight).
EP81108147A 1980-10-18 1981-10-09 Nickel-based alloy with protection against carbonization and corrosion Expired EP0050282B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3039473 1980-10-18
DE19803039473 DE3039473A1 (en) 1980-10-18 1980-10-18 CARBON AND CORROSION PROTECTED NICKEL BASE ALLOY

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EP0050282A1 EP0050282A1 (en) 1982-04-28
EP0050282B1 true EP0050282B1 (en) 1985-02-13

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Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB870366A (en) * 1959-04-24 1961-06-14 Mond Nickel Co Ltd Improvements relating to nickel-molybdenum-iron alloys
BE621346A (en) * 1961-08-11
US3591372A (en) * 1968-08-12 1971-07-06 Martin Metals Co Alloy stabilization
ZA74490B (en) * 1973-02-06 1974-11-27 Cabot Corp Nickel-base alloys
US4236943A (en) * 1978-06-22 1980-12-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Precipitation hardenable iron-nickel-chromium alloy having good swelling resistance and low neutron absorbence

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EP0050282A1 (en) 1982-04-28
DE3039473A1 (en) 1982-06-09
DE3168928D1 (en) 1985-03-28

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