EP0047500B1 - Composition and process for reducing the strength of adhesion between solid particles coated with ice - Google Patents
Composition and process for reducing the strength of adhesion between solid particles coated with ice Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0047500B1 EP0047500B1 EP81106913A EP81106913A EP0047500B1 EP 0047500 B1 EP0047500 B1 EP 0047500B1 EP 81106913 A EP81106913 A EP 81106913A EP 81106913 A EP81106913 A EP 81106913A EP 0047500 B1 EP0047500 B1 EP 0047500B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- weight percent
- carbon atoms
- alkyl ether
- alkyl
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 0 Cc1cc(O**O*)cc(*)c1 Chemical compound Cc1cc(O**O*)cc(*)c1 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
- C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives
Definitions
- This invention is directed to reducing the strength of adhesion of solid particulate materials obtained under freezing conditions by ice formation between particles.
- this invention is directed to the addition to the surface of solid inorganic particulate materials of a composition which causes weakening and collapsing of inter-particulate ice bonds that form in the material, such weakening and collapsing occurring in many cases when a stress is applied, typically from the weight of a mass of the particles.
- this invention is specially adapted to the treatment of particulate coal to enhance its bulk handling characteristics under low temperature (i.e., freezing) conditions.
- U.S. Patent 3,794,472 describes that coal particles are prevented from freezing together and/or to the surfaces of coal storage containers by coating either the coal particles and/or the surfaces of said storage containers with a thin film of a composition comprising a hydrocarbon liquid which has emulsified therewith from 5 to 75% by weight of an aqueous solution of a polyhydric alcohol.
- the sole formulation in the patent is described as containing the following ingredients: 50 percent by weight of Fuel oil - # 2 Diesel, 24 percent by weight of ethylene glycol, 24 percent by weight of water and 2 percent by weight of an emulsifier which is a 50:50 weight blend of nonylphenol reacted with 9 moles of ethylene oxide and pentaerythritol etherified with oleic acid.
- a commercially available formulation for treating coal particles to prevent them from freezing together contains the following ingredients: 65 weight percent of fuel oil and 35 weight percent of dialkyl phenol ethoxylate.
- dialkyl phenol ethoxylate is not biodegradable and thus, remains in the environment.
- composition of this invention does not contain water but does contain a biodegradable material.
- compositions for the treatment of particulate matter subjectable to water freezing conditions which comprises a mixture of a hydrocarbon liquid which has a solidification or pour point not greater than -18°C and an ethoxylated primary or secondary aliphatic alcohol containing 1 to 7 oxyethylene units and 7 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl portion thereof.
- the composition may additionally contain an oil soluble alkyl ether of a glycol derived from ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and containing from 1 to 3 oxyalkylene units.
- the hydrocarbon liquid suitable for use in this invention is selected from one or more liquid aliphatic, aromatic and/or naphthenic hydrocarbons which have a solidification or pour point at not greater than -18°C. These liquids include No. 2 fuel oil, diesel oil, kerosene, turbo fuel, and the like. Mixtures of hydrocarbon liquids may also be used.
- the ethoxylated aliphatic primary or secondary alcohol containing 1 to 7 oxyethylene units and 7 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl portion thereof is of the following formula: wherein R is an alkyl radical of 7 to 20 carbon atoms and a is an integer of from 1 to 7.
- the ethoxylated alcohol is a secondary alcohol wherein R is alkyl of 11 to 15 carbon atoms and a is 3. Mixtures of ethoxylated aliphatic alcohols may also be used.
- composition of this invention may also contain an oil soluble alkyl ether of a glycol derived from ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and containing from 1 to 3 oxyalkylene units and is selected from one or more compounds of the following formulae: wherein R, is alkyl containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and b is an integer of from 1 to 3.
- the preferred alkyl ether of a glycol is ethylene glycol ethylether and has the following formula: CH 3 CH 2 0CH 2 CH 2 0H.
- This ether is commercially available under the designation Cellosolve® Solvent (sold by Union Carbide Corporation).
- the mixture of this invention contains from 30 to 95, preferably from 55 to 85 weight percent of hydrocarbon liquid; from 5 to 50, preferably from 10 to 30 weight percent of the ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol, and when used, from 3 to 20, preferably from 5 to 15 weight percent of the oil soluble alkyl ether.
- the amount of the composition of this invention which is typically supplied to the inorganic mass is about 3.0 weight percent, typically about 1.0 weight percent based upon moisture content in the inorganic particulate mass being treated. Larger amounts can be employed but they are not ordinarily required.
- the amount to use can be determined by measuring the moisture content of the inorganic particulate mass (see e.g., ASTM D-3302-74) and supplying to that mass, in a uniform matter, the composition of this invention in the amount which test data shows to provide the desired amount of fragileness (or brittleness) to the particulate mass when brought to a frozen state.
- compositions of this invention may be supplied to the particulate mass.
- Standard treating procedures employed in the art for spraying a liquid uniformly onto a particulate mass may be employed.
- the composition may be sprayed across a zone through which a stream of the particles to be treated is passed.
- a particular illustration of this would be to place an annular tube above a hopper car that is being loaded with the particulate mass.
- the tube contains a multiplicity of spray heads aimed at the interior area circumscribed by the tube and the tube acts as a manifold for the solution fed to the spray heads.
- the solution of the composition is fed to the tube at a rate to supply the desired amount of the composition on the particulate mass to be treated.
- the mass of particulates are fed through the tube into the hopper car.
- Another technique involves spraying the top of a mass of the particles and allowing the composition to drain through the mass to cover particles at the bottom as well.
- Another technique involves dropping the particles onto a trough which feeds the particles to a hopper car or to a storage facility. While the particles run down the trough they are sprayed with a solution of the composition of this invention.
- the effect of moisture content on the compressive strength of frozen particulate masses of coal was demonstrated.
- the coal employed was 9,5 mm Eastern bituminous type coal.
- a 350 gram sample of the dry coal is placed in a one-liter beaker.
- the moisture content of the coal is adjusted to 8 percent by the addition of 30.4 grams of water.
- the prepared treating solution is applied dropwise uniformly across the sample surface with a laboratory syringe and is blended with a spatula until solution and coal appear uniformly mixed.
- the moistened coal is quickly placed in a mold (to prevent evaporation losses) and a steel weight of 6,185 grams having an outside diameter of 61 mm is inserted into the top of the mold and allowed to compress the sample.
- the weighted, coal-filled mold is then placed on a laboratory shaker and vibrated for one minute.
- the 6,185 gram weight is designed to simulate the compressive forces exerted on the bottom of a coal car by an 2,43 mm high column of coal 1.917 N/ cm 2 .
- each container is sealed with aluminium foil to prevent moisture loss.
- Each specimen is then conditioned at room temperature for about four hours to complete the equilibration of moisture and test fluid on the coal. It is then placed in a mechanical freezer operating at -12.5 ⁇ 1°C for 18-24 hours.
- the mold is a cylinder fabricated from split 63.5 mm inside diameter aluminium tubing which is 152.4 mm high. The bottom is sealed with an aluminium plug fitted with an "0" ring and the longitudinal seams are made moisture- tight by applying a thin film of a nonhardening gasket sealer. The mold's inner surfaces are coated with a mold release agent (such as a noninterfering silicon or teflon-based material) and the entire assembly is held together with two standard 76 mm diameter worm drive hose clamps).
- a mold release agent such as a noninterfering silicon or teflon-based material
- a specimen is removed from the freezer and quickly but gently opened and separated from the frozen coal.
- the compressive strength of the coal is promptly determined using an Instron Model TTC physical testing machine.
- the specimen is placed between parallel stainless steel platens connected to the Instron's 4,500 kg load cell, and the plates are closed by an electric drive at a constant rate of 63,5 mm/min.
- the force required to crush the specimen is recorded.
- the crushing force is converted to N/cm 2 , i.e., the crushing stress by dividing it by 31,66 cm 2 , the cross sectional area of the specimen, according to the following equation: Control A
- Kerosene was added in amounts of 0.198 milliliters (equivalent to 0,473 1/t of coal), 0.396 milliliters (equivalent to 0,946 1/t of coal), and 0.595 milliliters (equivalent to 1,42i/t of coal) to the mold containing coal and treated and tested as described in the Preparation and Testing of Packed Coal Specimens supra.
- the crushing stress is set forth in the Table.
- the numerical value of the crushing stress is the average of the number of specimens tested, and is set forth in the Table.
- the Table also shows the percent reduction of the crushing stress of the treating material as compared to that of untreated coal (containing 8 percent water and prepared as described in the Preparation and Testing of Packed Coal Specimens, supra), which is 175.8 N/cm 2 (based on the average of 86 specimens tested).
- Control A The procedure of Control A was exactly repeated except that the treating solution was a commercially available material (manufactured by Nalco Chemical Corporation under the trademark Nalcoal 8894) of a mixture of 65 percent kerosene and 35 percent of dialkyl phenol ethoxylate of the following formula: wherein R z and R 3 are alkyl groups.
- Control A The procedure of Control A was exactly repeated except that the treating solution was a mixture of 80 percent kerosene and 20 percent of an ethoxylated alcohol of the following formula: wherein R 4 is 11 to 15 carbon atoms.
Abstract
Description
- This invention is directed to reducing the strength of adhesion of solid particulate materials obtained under freezing conditions by ice formation between particles. In particular, this invention is directed to the addition to the surface of solid inorganic particulate materials of a composition which causes weakening and collapsing of inter-particulate ice bonds that form in the material, such weakening and collapsing occurring in many cases when a stress is applied, typically from the weight of a mass of the particles. In particular, this invention is specially adapted to the treatment of particulate coal to enhance its bulk handling characteristics under low temperature (i.e., freezing) conditions.
- There is described in the literature the use of a number of compositions for reducing the interbonding effect of ice formation between particulate materials.
- U.S. Patent 3,794,472, for example, describes that coal particles are prevented from freezing together and/or to the surfaces of coal storage containers by coating either the coal particles and/or the surfaces of said storage containers with a thin film of a composition comprising a hydrocarbon liquid which has emulsified therewith from 5 to 75% by weight of an aqueous solution of a polyhydric alcohol.
- The sole formulation in the patent is described as containing the following ingredients: 50 percent by weight of Fuel oil - #2 Diesel, 24 percent by weight of ethylene glycol, 24 percent by weight of water and 2 percent by weight of an emulsifier which is a 50:50 weight blend of nonylphenol reacted with 9 moles of ethylene oxide and pentaerythritol etherified with oleic acid.
- However, at low temperatures such an emulsion has a tendency to separate into a water and an oil phase and thus become ineffective.
- Additionally, a commercially available formulation for treating coal particles to prevent them from freezing together contains the following ingredients: 65 weight percent of fuel oil and 35 weight percent of dialkyl phenol ethoxylate.
- However, such a formation is unsuitable since the dialkyl phenol ethoxylate is not biodegradable and thus, remains in the environment.
- Thus a need exists for a formulation for treating solid particulate materials to reduce the strength of adhesion under freezing conditions which does not contain water and a nonbiodegradable material.
- The composition of this invention does not contain water but does contain a biodegradable material.
- This invention is directed to compositions for the treatment of particulate matter subjectable to water freezing conditions which comprises a mixture of a hydrocarbon liquid which has a solidification or pour point not greater than -18°C and an ethoxylated primary or secondary aliphatic alcohol containing 1 to 7 oxyethylene units and 7 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl portion thereof. The composition may additionally contain an oil soluble alkyl ether of a glycol derived from ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and containing from 1 to 3 oxyalkylene units.
- The hydrocarbon liquid suitable for use in this invention is selected from one or more liquid aliphatic, aromatic and/or naphthenic hydrocarbons which have a solidification or pour point at not greater than -18°C. These liquids include No. 2 fuel oil, diesel oil, kerosene, turbo fuel, and the like. Mixtures of hydrocarbon liquids may also be used.
- The ethoxylated aliphatic primary or secondary alcohol containing 1 to 7 oxyethylene units and 7 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl portion thereof is of the following formula:
- The composition of this invention may also contain an oil soluble alkyl ether of a glycol derived from ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and containing from 1 to 3 oxyalkylene units and is selected from one or more compounds of the following formulae:
- The preferred alkyl ether of a glycol is ethylene glycol ethylether and has the following formula: CH3CH20CH2CH20H. This ether is commercially available under the designation Cellosolve® Solvent (sold by Union Carbide Corporation).
- The mixture of this invention contains from 30 to 95, preferably from 55 to 85 weight percent of hydrocarbon liquid; from 5 to 50, preferably from 10 to 30 weight percent of the ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol, and when used, from 3 to 20, preferably from 5 to 15 weight percent of the oil soluble alkyl ether.
- The amount of the composition of this invention which is typically supplied to the inorganic mass is about 3.0 weight percent, typically about 1.0 weight percent based upon moisture content in the inorganic particulate mass being treated. Larger amounts can be employed but they are not ordinarily required. The amount to use can be determined by measuring the moisture content of the inorganic particulate mass (see e.g., ASTM D-3302-74) and supplying to that mass, in a uniform matter, the composition of this invention in the amount which test data shows to provide the desired amount of fragileness (or brittleness) to the particulate mass when brought to a frozen state.
- Various methods may be used to supply the compositions of this invention to the particulate mass. Standard treating procedures employed in the art for spraying a liquid uniformly onto a particulate mass may be employed. For example, the composition may be sprayed across a zone through which a stream of the particles to be treated is passed. A particular illustration of this would be to place an annular tube above a hopper car that is being loaded with the particulate mass. The tube contains a multiplicity of spray heads aimed at the interior area circumscribed by the tube and the tube acts as a manifold for the solution fed to the spray heads. The solution of the composition is fed to the tube at a rate to supply the desired amount of the composition on the particulate mass to be treated. The mass of particulates are fed through the tube into the hopper car. Another technique involves spraying the top of a mass of the particles and allowing the composition to drain through the mass to cover particles at the bottom as well.
- Another technique involves dropping the particles onto a trough which feeds the particles to a hopper car or to a storage facility. While the particles run down the trough they are sprayed with a solution of the composition of this invention.
- The following examples serve to give specific illustrations of the practice of this invention but they are not intended in any way to limit the scope of this invention.
- The effect of moisture content on the compressive strength of frozen particulate masses of coal was demonstrated. The coal employed was 9,5 mm Eastern bituminous type coal.
- A 350 gram sample of the dry coal is placed in a one-liter beaker. The moisture content of the coal is adjusted to 8 percent by the addition of 30.4 grams of water. The prepared treating solution is applied dropwise uniformly across the sample surface with a laboratory syringe and is blended with a spatula until solution and coal appear uniformly mixed. The moistened coal is quickly placed in a mold (to prevent evaporation losses) and a steel weight of 6,185 grams having an outside diameter of 61 mm is inserted into the top of the mold and allowed to compress the sample. The weighted, coal-filled mold is then placed on a laboratory shaker and vibrated for one minute. The 6,185 gram weight is designed to simulate the compressive forces exerted on the bottom of a coal car by an 2,43 mm high column of coal 1.917 N/cm 2.
- The top of each container is sealed with aluminium foil to prevent moisture loss. Each specimen is then conditioned at room temperature for about four hours to complete the equilibration of moisture and test fluid on the coal. It is then placed in a mechanical freezer operating at -12.5± 1°C for 18-24 hours.
- (The mold is a cylinder fabricated from split 63.5 mm inside diameter aluminium tubing which is 152.4 mm high. The bottom is sealed with an aluminium plug fitted with an "0" ring and the longitudinal seams are made moisture- tight by applying a thin film of a nonhardening gasket sealer. The mold's inner surfaces are coated with a mold release agent (such as a noninterfering silicon or teflon-based material) and the entire assembly is held together with two standard 76 mm diameter worm drive hose clamps).
- A specimen is removed from the freezer and quickly but gently opened and separated from the frozen coal. The compressive strength of the coal is promptly determined using an Instron Model TTC physical testing machine. The specimen is placed between parallel stainless steel platens connected to the Instron's 4,500 kg load cell, and the plates are closed by an electric drive at a constant rate of 63,5 mm/min. The force required to crush the specimen is recorded. The crushing force is converted to N/cm2, i.e., the crushing stress by dividing it by 31,66 cm2, the cross sectional area of the specimen, according to the following equation:
- Kerosene was added in amounts of 0.198 milliliters (equivalent to 0,473 1/t of coal), 0.396 milliliters (equivalent to 0,946 1/t of coal), and 0.595 milliliters (equivalent to 1,42i/t of coal) to the mold containing coal and treated and tested as described in the Preparation and Testing of Packed Coal Specimens supra.
- The crushing stress is set forth in the Table. The numerical value of the crushing stress is the average of the number of specimens tested, and is set forth in the Table. The Table also shows the percent reduction of the crushing stress of the treating material as compared to that of untreated coal (containing 8 percent water and prepared as described in the Preparation and Testing of Packed Coal Specimens, supra), which is 175.8 N/cm2 (based on the average of 86 specimens tested).
- The procedure of Control A was exactly repeated except that the treating solution was a commercially available material (manufactured by Nalco Chemical Corporation under the trademark Nalcoal 8894) of a mixture of 65 percent kerosene and 35 percent of dialkyl phenol ethoxylate of the following formula:
- The results are shown in the Table.
-
- The results are shown in the Table.
- The procedure of Control A was exactly repeated except that the treating solution contained the following:
- 70 percent kerosene,
- 10 percent CH3CH2OCH2CH2OH, and
- 20 percent R4-(̵OCH2CH2)̵-3OH
- The results are shown in the Table.
-
wherein R4 is 11 to 15 carbon atoms.
Claims (12)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT81106913T ATE9911T1 (en) | 1980-09-05 | 1981-09-03 | MIXTURE AND METHOD FOR REDUCING THE ADHESION OF ICE-COATED SOLIDS TO EACH OTHER. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US18454480A | 1980-09-05 | 1980-09-05 | |
US184544 | 1994-01-21 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0047500A2 EP0047500A2 (en) | 1982-03-17 |
EP0047500A3 EP0047500A3 (en) | 1982-09-29 |
EP0047500B1 true EP0047500B1 (en) | 1984-10-17 |
Family
ID=22677342
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP81106913A Expired EP0047500B1 (en) | 1980-09-05 | 1981-09-03 | Composition and process for reducing the strength of adhesion between solid particles coated with ice |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0047500B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE9911T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1165106A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3166717D1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO812991L (en) |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3298804A (en) * | 1965-01-14 | 1967-01-17 | Nalco Chemical Co | Prevention of freezing together of coal particles and compositions thereof |
US3794472A (en) * | 1972-12-11 | 1974-02-26 | Nalco Chemical Co | Method for preventing the freezing together of coal particles |
-
1981
- 1981-08-06 CA CA000383304A patent/CA1165106A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-09-03 NO NO812991A patent/NO812991L/en unknown
- 1981-09-03 DE DE8181106913T patent/DE3166717D1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-09-03 EP EP81106913A patent/EP0047500B1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-09-03 AT AT81106913T patent/ATE9911T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3166717D1 (en) | 1984-11-22 |
CA1165106A (en) | 1984-04-10 |
EP0047500A2 (en) | 1982-03-17 |
NO812991L (en) | 1982-03-08 |
EP0047500A3 (en) | 1982-09-29 |
ATE9911T1 (en) | 1984-11-15 |
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