EP0046908B1 - Method for the production of superconductive winding - Google Patents

Method for the production of superconductive winding Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0046908B1
EP0046908B1 EP81106315A EP81106315A EP0046908B1 EP 0046908 B1 EP0046908 B1 EP 0046908B1 EP 81106315 A EP81106315 A EP 81106315A EP 81106315 A EP81106315 A EP 81106315A EP 0046908 B1 EP0046908 B1 EP 0046908B1
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Prior art keywords
fibre
bundle
winding
coil
synthetic material
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EP81106315A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0046908A1 (en
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Cord-Heinrich Dr. Dipl.-Phys. Dustmann
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BBC Brown Boveri AG Germany
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Brown Boveri und Cie AG Germany
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
    • H01F6/06—Coils, e.g. winding, insulating, terminating or casing arrangements therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a superconducting winding, in which several thousand fibers provided with a superconducting layer and with a highly conductive metal layer are combined to form a bundle and this bundle is surrounded by an insulation layer.
  • superconductors are known as filament conductors in wire form and as fiber conductors.
  • the superconducting wires consist of superconducting filaments made of bsw. NbTi or Nb 3 Sn, which are in a matrix of highly conductive material, e.g. Copper or aluminum are embedded.
  • the wires are made by metallurgical processes. A good intermetallic connection between the superconducting filaments and the matrix material is crucial for the functionality of the superconducting wire.
  • the coils can be wound from individual superconducting wires up to a current intensity given by the current carrying capacity of the superconductor. For higher currents, several wires are combined into ropes and surrounded with a common insulation layer. These ropes are wound into coils and, to ensure the functional reliability of such coils, the ropes have to be carefully layered next to one another and cavities have to be avoided.
  • the superconducting wires or ropes and the insulation are fixed in their position by impregnation with resin (DE-A-27 09 300).
  • the metallurgical manufacturing processes for superconducting wires are very complex, in particular for Nb 3 Sn superconductors.
  • diffusion annealing at bsw must be used to form the superconducting material. 700 ° for about 60 hours. If this annealing is carried out before the winding process, there is a risk of damage to the very brittle Nb 3 Sn material during winding, which can only be checked on the finished coil. If the annealing is carried out after the winding process, the entire coil including the insulation must be annealed, which places special demands on the insulation and the structural and contacting materials used with regard to temperature resistance.
  • windings have the advantage over the windings, which consist of superconductors arranged in a rigid matrix or superconducting wires combined into ropes, that no cavities arise during winding, since the bundle can adapt to any cross-sectional shape. Furthermore, a fiber bundle made up of loosely adjacent fibers for winding coils has the advantage that the risk of breaking individual fibers of the bundle is significantly reduced.
  • Niobcarbonnitrid - layers can be continuously manufactured bsw.
  • metallic niobium can be deposited on the carbon fibers (carbon filaments) from vaporous niobium chloride in a hydrogen atmosphere at about 600 ° C. This metallic niobium is then converted into the superconducting niobium carbon nitride compound in an ammonia and methane atmosphere at about 1,000 ° C. (DE-B-28 56 885).
  • the disadvantages of winding with filament conductors or rigidly combined conductors are to be avoided in the method.
  • the mechanical stability of the individual fibers should also be ensured.
  • this object is achieved in that the bundle is impregnated in plastic, wound into a coil in a mold and the plastic is cured in this mold.
  • the insulation layer surrounding each bundle can e.g. a banding with film or a braiding or braiding of glass fibers.
  • the winding is pressed in the mold.
  • suitable Coordination of plastic content and pressing force can, for. B. for DC coils, good fiber-to-fiber contact of a bundle is achieved and thus the transverse resistance is reduced, while for pulsed magnetic coils a higher transverse resistance between the individual fibers is achieved by a higher plastic content and / or a lower pressing force, so that current displacement effects are considerably reduced will.
  • the fiber material is matched to the carrier body already present in such a way that the thermal shrinkage behavior of the superconducting winding is adapted to the thermal shrinkage behavior of the carrier body.
  • Cooling tubes can be integrated anywhere in the fiber conductor winding. The mechanical strength is not affected by these cooling tubes.
  • Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the coil produced by the method according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 the winding form is shown, which is used only for the manufacture of the winding and is expediently divisible.
  • the winding form consists of the core 5 and the two side parts or end disks 6 and 7.
  • the outer diameter of the core 5 corresponds to the inner diameter Di of the coil.
  • the diameter of the end plates 6 and 7 must be larger than the outer diameter Da of the coil.
  • a bundle 8 provided with insulation which consists of several fibers and is impregnated with plastic, is wound onto the core 5 of the coil form, on which several turns 9 have already been applied.
  • the coil part 1 can be wound up or pushed on after the first layer of bundles has been applied.
  • the bundle 8 can then be wound further into the coil shape until the required number of turns is reached.
  • a cooling medium can be supplied or removed.
  • L is the length of the coil.
  • the coil part 1 consists of the fiber conductors and the plastic with which the bundle has been soaked and which is hardened after winding the coil, so that the core 5 and the end disks 6 and 7 of the winding form can be removed.
  • the winding is pressed into the desired shape using a suitable pressing tool, and the coil can be adapted to the desired operating conditions by a suitable choice of pressing force and plastic content.
  • a strong compression device and / or a smaller proportion of plastic is expedient in order to achieve good contact between the fiber conductors of a strand, so that a low transverse resistance arises.
  • less compression of the coil with a larger proportion of plastic is more expedient, since this has a favorable effect on the current displacement effect when the current increases sharply.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Superconductive Dynamoelectric Machines (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Cores, Coils, And Magnets (AREA)

Abstract

1. Method for manufacturing a superconductive winding in which several thousand fibres, which are provided with a superconductive layer and with a highly conductive metal layer, are combined to form a bundle and this bundle is surrounded by an insulation layer, characterised in that the bundle is saturated in synthetic material, wound in a former (5, 6, 7) into a coil (1) and the synthetic material is hardened in this former.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer supraleitenden Wicklung, bei dem mehrere tausend mit einer supraleitenden Schicht und mit einer hochleitfähigen Metallschicht versehene Fasern zu einem Bündel zusammengefaßt sind und dieses Bündel mit einer Isolationsschicht umgeben ist.The invention relates to a method for producing a superconducting winding, in which several thousand fibers provided with a superconducting layer and with a highly conductive metal layer are combined to form a bundle and this bundle is surrounded by an insulation layer.

Bisher sind Supraleiter als Filamentleiter in Drahtform und als Faserleiter bekannt. Im folgenden wird der Begriff « Filamente für die fest in eine metallische Matrix eingebetteten supraleitenden Fäden aus bsw. NbTi oder Nb3Sn benutzt, und der Begriff « Fasern gilt für unverflochten und ungebunden vorliegende Fäden aus jeglichem Material, z. B. C-Fasern, Borfasern, Stahlfasern.So far, superconductors are known as filament conductors in wire form and as fiber conductors. In the following, the term «filaments for the superconducting threads made of bsw. NbTi or Nb 3 Sn used, and the term "fibers applies to unbonded and unbound threads made of any material, such. B. C fibers, boron fibers, steel fibers.

Es ist bekannt, aus supraleitenden Drähten Spulen herzustellen. Dabei bestehen die supraleitenden Drähte aus supraleitenden Filamenten aus bsw. NbTi oder Nb3Sn, die in eine Matrix aus hochleitfähigen Material, bsw. Kupfer oder Aluminium eingebettet sind. Die Drähte werden durch metallurgische Verfahren hergestellt. Dabei ist eine gute intermetallische Verbindung zwischen den supraleitenden Filamenten und dem Matrixmaterial für die Funktionstüchtigkeit des supraleitenden Drahtes entscheidend.It is known to produce coils from superconducting wires. The superconducting wires consist of superconducting filaments made of bsw. NbTi or Nb 3 Sn, which are in a matrix of highly conductive material, e.g. Copper or aluminum are embedded. The wires are made by metallurgical processes. A good intermetallic connection between the superconducting filaments and the matrix material is crucial for the functionality of the superconducting wire.

Bis zu einer durch die Strombelastbarkeit des Supraleiters gegebenen Stromstärke können die Spulen aus einzelnen supraleitenden Drähten gewickelt werden. Für höhere Stromstärken werden mehrere Drähte zu Seilen zusammengefaßt und mit einer gemeinsamen Isolierschicht umgeben. Diese Seile werden zu Spulen gewickelt und zwar müssen, um die Funktionssicherheit solcher Spulen sicherzustellen, die Seile sorgfältig nebeneinander geschichtet und Hohlräume vermieden werden. Die supraleitenden Drähte oder Seile sowie die Isolierung werden durch eine Imprägnierung mit Harz in ihrer Lage fixiert (DE-A-27 09 300).The coils can be wound from individual superconducting wires up to a current intensity given by the current carrying capacity of the superconductor. For higher currents, several wires are combined into ropes and surrounded with a common insulation layer. These ropes are wound into coils and, to ensure the functional reliability of such coils, the ropes have to be carefully layered next to one another and cavities have to be avoided. The superconducting wires or ropes and the insulation are fixed in their position by impregnation with resin (DE-A-27 09 300).

Die metallurgischen Herstellungsverfahren für supraleitende Drähte sind insbesondere für Nb3Sn-Supraleiter sehr aufwendig. Bei letzteren muß zur Bildung des supraleitenden Materials eine Diffusionsglühung bei bsw. 700° für ca. 60 Stunden durchgeführt werden. Wird diese Glühung vor dem Wickelprozeß durchgeführt, so besteht beim Wickeln die Gefahr der Beschädigung des sehr spröden Nb3Sn-Materials, was sich erst an der fertigen Spule überprüfen läßt. Wird die Glühung nach dem Wickelprozeß durchgeführt, so muß die gesamte Spule einschließlich der Isolation geglüht werden, was an die Isolation und die verwendeten Struktur- und Kontaktiermaterialien beondere Anforderungen bezüglich der Temperaturbeständigkeit stellt.The metallurgical manufacturing processes for superconducting wires are very complex, in particular for Nb 3 Sn superconductors. In the latter, diffusion annealing at bsw must be used to form the superconducting material. 700 ° for about 60 hours. If this annealing is carried out before the winding process, there is a risk of damage to the very brittle Nb 3 Sn material during winding, which can only be checked on the finished coil. If the annealing is carried out after the winding process, the entire coil including the insulation must be annealed, which places special demands on the insulation and the structural and contacting materials used with regard to temperature resistance.

Durch die DE-A-20 40 298 sind Leiter zum Wickeln von Spulen bekanntgeworden, bei denen etwa tausend Fasern zu einem drahtförmigen Leiter zusammengefaßt sind (Faserleiter) und diese Leiter mit einer Isolierschicht überzogen sind. Dabei sollen die Leiter so angeordnet werden, daß in die feinen Kanäle zwischen den gebündelten Fasern superfluides Helium eindringen kann. Maßnahmen zu Vermeidung mechanischer Instabilitäten sind dabei nicht vorgesehen, so daß bei Auftreten großer Magnetfelder nachteilige Leiterbewegungen auftreten können.From DE-A-20 40 298 conductors for winding coils have become known, in which about a thousand fibers are combined to form a wire-shaped conductor (fiber conductor) and these conductors are coated with an insulating layer. The conductors should be arranged so that superfluid helium can penetrate into the fine channels between the bundled fibers. Measures to avoid mechanical instabilities are not provided, so that adverse conductor movements can occur when large magnetic fields occur.

Derartige Wicklungen haben gegenüber den Wicklungen, die aus in einer starren Matrix angeordneten Supraleitern oder zu Seilen zusammengefaßten supraleitenden Drähten bestehen, den Vorteil, daß beim Wickeln keine Hohlräume entstehen, da sich das Bündel jeder Querschnittsform anzupassen vermag. Ferner hat ein Faserbündel aus lose nebeneinanderliegenden Fasern für das Wickeln von Spulen den Vorteil, daß die Gefahr des Brechens einzelner Fasern des Bündels deutlich vermindert wird.Such windings have the advantage over the windings, which consist of superconductors arranged in a rigid matrix or superconducting wires combined into ropes, that no cavities arise during winding, since the bundle can adapt to any cross-sectional shape. Furthermore, a fiber bundle made up of loosely adjacent fibers for winding coils has the advantage that the risk of breaking individual fibers of the bundle is significantly reduced.

Zur Herstellung von Faserleitern ist es bereits bekannt, Kohlenstoffasern mit einer dünnen Schicht einer Niobverbindung der allgemeinen Formel NbCxNy und einer äußeren hochleitfähigen Metallschicht zu versehen. Derartige supraleitende Niobcarbonnitrid-Schichten können kontinuierlich hergestellt werden, bsw. kann aus dampfförmigem Niobchlorid in einer Wasserstoffatmosphäre bei etwa 600 °C metallisches Niob auf den Kohlensstoffasern (Kohlenstoffilamenten) abgeschieden werden. Dieses metallische Niob wird anschließend in einer Ammoniak-und Methanatmosphäre bei etwa 1 000 °C in die supraleitende Niobcarbonnitridverbindung umgewandelt (DE-B-28 56 885).For the production of fiber conductors, it is already known to provide carbon fibers with a thin layer of a niobium compound of the general formula NbC x Ny and an outer, highly conductive metal layer. Such superconducting Niobcarbonnitrid - layers can be continuously manufactured bsw. metallic niobium can be deposited on the carbon fibers (carbon filaments) from vaporous niobium chloride in a hydrogen atmosphere at about 600 ° C. This metallic niobium is then converted into the superconducting niobium carbon nitride compound in an ammonia and methane atmosphere at about 1,000 ° C. (DE-B-28 56 885).

Es ist Aufgabe der Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer supraleitenden Wicklung anzugeben, bei dem mehrere tausend mit einer supraleitenden Schicht und mit einer hochleitfähigen Metallschicht versehene Fasern lediglich locker zu einem Bündel zusammengefaßt sind und dieses Bündel mit einer Isolationsschicht umgeben ist. Bei dem Verfahren sollen die Nachteile beim Wickeln mit Filamentleitern oder starr zusammengefaßten Leitern vermieden werden. Es soll fern die mechanische Stabilität der einzelnen Fasern sichergestellt werden.It is an object of the invention to provide a method for producing a superconducting winding, in which several thousand fibers provided with a superconducting layer and with a highly conductive metal layer are only loosely combined to form a bundle and this bundle is surrounded by an insulation layer. The disadvantages of winding with filament conductors or rigidly combined conductors are to be avoided in the method. The mechanical stability of the individual fibers should also be ensured.

Gemäß der Erfindung wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß das Bündel in Kunststoff getränkt, in einer Form zu einer Spule gewickelt und der Kunststoff in dieser Form ausgehärtet wird.According to the invention, this object is achieved in that the bundle is impregnated in plastic, wound into a coil in a mold and the plastic is cured in this mold.

Nach dem Aushärten ist die Wicklung so stabil, daß die Form entfernt werden kann und ein Spulenkörper nicht erforderlich ist. Da der für den Spulenkörper beanspruchte Raum für Windungen zur Verfügung steht, wird neben einer Einsparung an Material der zur Verfügung stehende Raum besser ausgenutzt. Die jedes Bündel umgebende Isolationsschicht kann bsw. eine Umbandelung mit Folie oder eine Umspinnung oder Umflechtung von Glasfasern sein.After curing, the winding is so stable that the mold can be removed and a bobbin is not required. Since the space required for the coil former is available for turns, in addition to saving material, the available space is better utilized. The insulation layer surrounding each bundle can e.g. a banding with film or a braiding or braiding of glass fibers.

Vor dem Aushärten des Kunststoffes wird die Wicklung in der Form gepreßt. Durch geeignete Abstimmung von Kunststoffanteil und Presskraft kann z. B. für Gleichstromspulen ein guter Kontakt von Faser zu Faser eines Bündels erreicht und damit der Querwiderstand gesenkt werden, während für gepulste Magnetspulen ein höherer Querwiderstand zwischen den einzelnen Fasern durch einen höheren Kunststoffanteil und/oder eine geringere Preßkraft erzielt wird, so daß Stromverdrängungseffekte erheblich verringert werden.Before the plastic hardens, the winding is pressed in the mold. By suitable Coordination of plastic content and pressing force can, for. B. for DC coils, good fiber-to-fiber contact of a bundle is achieved and thus the transverse resistance is reduced, while for pulsed magnetic coils a higher transverse resistance between the individual fibers is achieved by a higher plastic content and / or a lower pressing force, so that current displacement effects are considerably reduced will.

Weiterhin ist es zweckmäßig, wenn das Fasermaterial auf den bereits vorliegenden Trägerkörper derart abgestimmt wird, daß das thermische Schrumpfverhalten der supraleitenden Wicklung an das thermische Schrumpfverhalten des Trägerkörpers angepaßt wird.Furthermore, it is expedient if the fiber material is matched to the carrier body already present in such a way that the thermal shrinkage behavior of the superconducting winding is adapted to the thermal shrinkage behavior of the carrier body.

Wenn z. B. eine Generatorwelle aus Stahl besteht, so zieht sich diese beim Abkühlen von Raumtemperatur auf die Betriebstemperatur von 4,5 °K zusammen. Zur Anpassung der Wicklung an dieses Zusammenschrumpfen der Generatorwelle ist es zweckmäßig, als Fasergrundmaterial für eine derartige Wicklung Stahl oder einen anderen Werkstoff mit ähnlicher thermischer Dilatation zu verwenden.If e.g. B. a generator shaft made of steel, it contracts when cooling from room temperature to the operating temperature of 4.5 ° K. To adapt the winding to this shrinking of the generator shaft, it is expedient to use steel or another material with a similar thermal dilation as the fiber base material for such a winding.

In die Faserleiterwicklung können an beliebiger Stelle Kühlrohre integriert werden. Die mechanische Festigkeit wird durch diese Kühlrohre nicht beeinflußt.Cooling tubes can be integrated anywhere in the fiber conductor winding. The mechanical strength is not affected by these cooling tubes.

Die Fig. 1 zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel der mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellten Spule, während in Fig. 2 die Wickelform dargestellt ist, die nur für die Herstellung der Wicklung verwendet wird und zweckmäßig teilbar ist. Die Wickelform besteht aus dem Kern 5 und den beiden Seitenteilen bzw. Endscheiben 6 und 7. Der Außendurchmessser des Kerns 5 entspricht dem Innendurchmesser Di der Spule. Der Durchmesser der Endscheiben 6 und 7 muß größer als der Außendurchmesser Da der Spule sein. Wie aus Fig. 2 zu ersehen ist, wird ein mit Isolierung versehenes Bündel 8, das aus mehreren Fasern besteht und mit Kunststoff getränkt ist, auf den Kern 5 der Spulenform gewickelt, auf dem schon mehrere Windungen 9 aufgebracht wurden. Die in Fig. 1 dargestellten Kühlrohre 2 können nach Aufbringen der ersten Lage Bündel aufgewickelt oder aufgeschoben werden. Anschließend kann das Bündel 8 weiter in die Spulenform gewickelt werden, bis die erforderliche Windungszahl erreicht ist. An den Enden 3 und 4 des Kühlrohres 2 kann, wenn die Spule in Betrieb ist, ein Kühlmedium zu bzw. abgeführt werden. Mit L ist die Länge der Spule angegeben. Der Spulenteil 1 besteht aus den Faserleitern und dem Kunststoff, mit dem das Bündel getränkt wurde und der nach Wickeln der Spule ausgehärtet wird, so daß der Kern 5 und die Endscheiben 6 und 7 der Wickelform entfernt werden können.Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the coil produced by the method according to the invention, while in Fig. 2 the winding form is shown, which is used only for the manufacture of the winding and is expediently divisible. The winding form consists of the core 5 and the two side parts or end disks 6 and 7. The outer diameter of the core 5 corresponds to the inner diameter Di of the coil. The diameter of the end plates 6 and 7 must be larger than the outer diameter Da of the coil. As can be seen from FIG. 2, a bundle 8 provided with insulation, which consists of several fibers and is impregnated with plastic, is wound onto the core 5 of the coil form, on which several turns 9 have already been applied. The cooling tubes 2 shown in FIG. 1 can be wound up or pushed on after the first layer of bundles has been applied. The bundle 8 can then be wound further into the coil shape until the required number of turns is reached. At the ends 3 and 4 of the cooling tube 2, when the coil is in operation, a cooling medium can be supplied or removed. L is the length of the coil. The coil part 1 consists of the fiber conductors and the plastic with which the bundle has been soaked and which is hardened after winding the coil, so that the core 5 and the end disks 6 and 7 of the winding form can be removed.

Vor dem Aushärten wird durch ein geeignetes Preßwerkzeug die Wicklung in die gewünschte Form gepreßt, durch geeignete Wahl von Preßkraft und Kunststoffanteil kann die Spule den gewünschten Betriebsbedingungen angepaßt werden. Bei der Verwendung von Gleichstromspulen ist ein starkes Zusammenpresser und/ oder ein geringerer Kunststoffanteil zweckmäßig, um zwischen den Faserleitern eines Stranges einen guten Kontakt zu erreichen, so daß ein geringer Querwiderstand entsteht. Bei gepulsten Magnetspulen ist dagegen ein geringeres Zusammenpressen der Spule bei einem größeren Kunststoffanteil zweckmäßiger, da hierdurch der Stromverdrängungeffekt bei starkem Anstieg des Stromes günstig beeinflußt wird.Before curing, the winding is pressed into the desired shape using a suitable pressing tool, and the coil can be adapted to the desired operating conditions by a suitable choice of pressing force and plastic content. When using direct current coils, a strong compression device and / or a smaller proportion of plastic is expedient in order to achieve good contact between the fiber conductors of a strand, so that a low transverse resistance arises. In the case of pulsed magnetic coils, on the other hand, less compression of the coil with a larger proportion of plastic is more expedient, since this has a favorable effect on the current displacement effect when the current increases sharply.

Claims (7)

1. Method for manufacturing a superconductive winding in which several thousand fibres, which are provided with a superconductive layer and with a highly conductive metal layer, are combined to form a bundle and this bundle is surrounded by an insulation layer, characterised in that the bundle is saturated in synthetic material, wound in a former (5, 6, 7) into a coil (1) and the synthetic material is hardened in this former.
2. Method according to Claim 1, characterised in that the insulation layer is produced from a foil wrapping or a glass fibre braiding or covering.
3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that, before the hardening, the winding (1) is pressed inside the coil former.
4. Method according to Claim 3, relating to a direct-current coil, characterised in that the proportion of synthetic material and the pressing force are matched to each other in such a manner that good contact exists between fibre conductor and fibre conductor (low transverse resistance) within the strand of fibre conductors.
5. Method according to Claim 3, relating to pulsed magnetic coils, characterised in that the proportion of synthetic material and the pressing force are matched to each other in such a manner that a high transverse resistance exists between the fibre conductors of a strand (preventing a current displacement effect).
6. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 5, _ characterised in that one or several cooling tubes (2) are wound together with the fibre-conductor strand (8) into the coil former (5, 6, 7).
7. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterised in that, with a given carrier body (for example a generator shaft), a fibre material is used, the thermal shrinkage characteristic of ' which and thus the shrinkage characteristic of the superconductive winding is matched to the shrinkage characteristic of the carrier body.
EP81106315A 1980-08-28 1981-08-13 Method for the production of superconductive winding Expired EP0046908B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT81106315T ATE11194T1 (en) 1980-08-28 1981-08-13 METHOD OF MAKING A SUPERCONDUCTING WINDING.

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DE19803032399 DE3032399A1 (en) 1980-08-28 1980-08-28 SUPRAL-CONDUCTING
DE3032399 1980-08-28

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EP0046908A1 EP0046908A1 (en) 1982-03-10
EP0046908B1 true EP0046908B1 (en) 1985-01-09

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins" ("Bull. SEV/Bull.ASE"), Band 59 (1967), Heft 4, 18.2.1967, pp. 167-169 (A117 bis A119) *

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EP0046908A1 (en) 1982-03-10
DE3032399A1 (en) 1982-04-01
ATE11194T1 (en) 1985-01-15

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