EP0039702B1 - Electronic scanning device in the polarisation plane - Google Patents
Electronic scanning device in the polarisation plane Download PDFInfo
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- EP0039702B1 EP0039702B1 EP80902117A EP80902117A EP0039702B1 EP 0039702 B1 EP0039702 B1 EP 0039702B1 EP 80902117 A EP80902117 A EP 80902117A EP 80902117 A EP80902117 A EP 80902117A EP 0039702 B1 EP0039702 B1 EP 0039702B1
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- panels
- wave
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- diodes
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- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
- H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
- H01Q3/36—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters
- H01Q3/38—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters the phase-shifters being digital
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
- H01Q3/46—Active lenses or reflecting arrays
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electronic scanning device for focusing and / or deflecting in a plane, a beam emitted by a microwave source.
- the electronic scanning device on the contrary makes it possible to scan in a plane parallel to the electric field of the incident wave. It consists of a new application of the dielectric panels described in French patent 2,063,967.
- dielectric panels (1a, 1b, 1c, etc.) are associated in which are embedded flat networks of conductive wires 2 which can be made continuous or discontinuous at will by means of diodes 3 placed on these wires, so that the wires of all the networks are parallel to the electric field vector 4 of the incident wave, emitted by a radiating microwave source 6, that in each of the panels all the diodes are controlled simultaneously and identically by a sufficient voltage to make them at will conductive or not, applied to the terminals of the control wires 5 perpendicular to the electric field therefore without effect on it, that all the panels elementary 1a, 1b, 1c ...
- the incident wave can be broken down into as many parallel bands as there are juxtaposed panels.
- the phase shift introduced is uniform on each band, it can vary from one band to another. By varying this phase shift according to the bands and this by acting on the control voltage of the diodes in each panel, one can either focus or deflect the incident wave in the plane parallel to the wires carrying the diodes.
- the choice of the dimensions of the panels in the direction of the direction of the diode carrying wires results from the condition of suppression of the lobes of networks of the antenna diagram constituted by the association of the above panels illuminated by an incident plane wave. whose electric field vector is parallel to the metallic wires carrying diodes.
- phase shifting elements When juxtaposing phase shifting elements in order to spot the beam of a microwave electromagnetic wave in a direction 0 it is known that to avoid the appearance of lobes of networks, it is advisable to respect a certain relationship between the pitch of the elements phase shifters, wavelength, sine of the angle 0 of depointing and of number N of juxtaposed elements, which is written:
- the lateral dimension in the direction perpendicular to the diode-carrying wires depends on the width of the main lobe desired and is sufficient to intercept the diameter of the microwave beam emitted by the source placed in front of the panel.
- the pitch of the diodes is chosen, the pitch of the wires and the thickness of the dielectric material as a function of the desired phase shift, of the characteristics (in particular capacity) of the diodes, of the dielectric constant of the material and of the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic energy.
- the optimum value of the step of the phase shifting elements sought in all the electronically scanned antennas is close to the half-wavelength of the radiated microwave energy. It is known that for a pitch of phase-shifting elements less than or equal to the half-wavelength of the radiated microwave energy, there does not appear any grating lobe in the radiation diagram of the antenna thus formed, which whatever the desired scanning angle. Unlike electronic scanning antennas using guide phase shifters, the method according to the invention easily makes it possible to comply with this condition, that is to say that one can choose the height h of a panel measured in the direction of the wires carrying diodes less than or equal to half the wavelength of the microwave energy radiated by the microwave source (see Figure 1).
- the length of the diode-carrying wires incorporated in the dielectric material is equal to the height h of the panel, therefore less than or equal to the half-wavelength of the radiated microwave energy, if it is desired to appear no network lobes in the radiation pattern.
- the number of diodes carried by each diode carrying wire of a panel will be low, it may vary, depending on the capacity of the selected diodes and the desired phase shift, from 1 to 10 diodes.
- the difference in potential to be applied to the wire carrying diodes connected in the same direction on this wire, so that each diode is blocked and makes the wire electrically cut into sections, is equal to the product, by the number of diodes, of the voltage which 'You must apply the reverse to a single diode, i.e. around 20 volts, so that it is blocked. If, for example, four diodes are placed on the wire, the potential difference across the terminals of the diode-carrying wire necessary to make it cut into sections will be 80 volts. A voltage of 5 volts applied according to the polarity opposite to the wire terminals will make this wire continuous.
- the reverse voltage of the order of 80 volts is low enough not to require special insulation in the panel or outside the panel; the single power supply device and the switch, responsible for supplying these voltages, applying them and then cutting them in very short times (10 microseconds) to a panel will therefore be extremely easy to achieve given the low voltage required with regard to voltages required in other scanning devices.
- the control voltage of the diodes of a panel is advantageously applied via either two control wires connecting one, all the upper ends of the wires carrying diodes mounted in the same direction, the other all the ends lower, or three control wires, one connecting all the midpoints of the wires carrying diodes mounted in this case in two equal groups of opposite directions, the other two connecting the upper and lower ends of all wires carrying diodes on the panel; these control wires, perpendicular to the wires carrying diodes and therefore to the electric field vector of the radiated microwave wave have no effect on the latter.
- the configuration, comprising three control wires, greatly simplifies the choice of diodes.
- This active lens consists of 124 panels forming four layers of 31 juxtaposed panels, placed one behind the other on the path of the incident microwave wave emitted by the source at the frequency of 3100 Megahertz.
- Each of the 93 panels (7), all identical to each other, of the first three layers of juxtaposed panels, can give, by the modification of the state of its diodes, a differential phase shift of 90 degrees to the incident microwave wave.
- Each of the 31 panels (8) all identical to each other of the fourth layer of panels can give a differential phase shift of 45 degrees.
- Each of the 31 groups made up of 3 panels (7) and 1 panel (8) joined one behind the other and intercepting the same band of the incident microwave wave (E) can give it a differential phase shift varying from 0 to 360 degrees in 45 degree steps.
- FIG. 4 shows one of the 93 panels of the first three layers of the electronic scanning device or active lens.
- This panel, 1 meter long and 45.3 millimeter high includes three sheets of dielectric material (11) (12) and (13).
- the sheets (11) and (13) have a thickness of 0.5 millimeter and a dielectric constant of 5, the sheet (12) a thickness of 3.5 millimeters and a dielectric constant of 4.1.
- each wire (14) is welded to each wire (14) so that in the direction of the direct current they are oriented towards the point located in the middle of the wire (14); on each wire (14) there are therefore two diodes in series in one direction and two diodes in series in the other direction.
- the upper ends of the wires (14) are connected to a metal wire (16) located at the top of each of the sheets (11) and (13), perpendicular to the wires (14) and are thus connected to the terminal A of a voltage and / or current supply located outside the panel and specific to this panel.
- the lower ends of the wires (14) are connected by metallic wires to the same terminal A of this voltage and / or current supply.
- All the points located in the middle of the wires (14) of the sheets (11) and (13) are connected and connected together, by a metal wire (18) of 0.5 millimeter in diameter, perpendicular to the wires (14), to the 'other terminal B of the same voltage and / or current supply.
- the differential phase shift caused by this panel, on the incident microwave, between the two polarity states of terminals A and B of the power supply device controlling the 256 diodes of the panel simultaneously and identically, is 90 degrees.
- FIG. 5 shows one of the 31 panels of the fourth layer of the active lens; this panel, 1 meter long and 45.3 millimeters high, comprises four sheets of dielectric material (21) (22) (23) (24).
- the sheets (21) and (24) have a thickness of 3 millimeters and a dielectric constant of 5
- the sheets (22) and (23) have a thickness of 0.5 millimeters and a dielectric constant of 4.1.
- These four sheets of dielectric material are placed one behind the other on the path of the incident microwave with the following intervals: 5 millimeters between the sheets (21) and (22), 11 millimeters between (22) and ( 23) and 5 millimeters between (23) and (24).
- On the outer face of the sheets (22) and (23) are arranged, in steps of 40 millimeters, 24 metal wires (25) of 0.5 millimeter in diameter and of length equal to the height of the panel of 45.3 millimeters.
- wires (25) are parallel to the electric field vector of the incident microwave wave and each carry four PIN type switching diodes (26) welded in steps of 11.33 millimeters. These four diodes are soldered on each wire (25) so that in the direction of the direct current they are oriented towards the point located in the middle of the wire (25). On each wire (25) there are therefore two diodes in series in one direction and two diodes in series in the other direction. The upper and lower ends of all the wires (25) carrying diodes carrying the panel are connected by two perpendicular conductive wires (27) to terminal C of a voltage supply external to the panel and specific to this panel.
- FIG. 6 shows the values of the phase shift caused by the introduction of a group of adjoining panels formed by 3 panels (7) and 1 panel (8) on the path of an incident microwave wave in particular for a frequency of 3100 Megahertz, according to all the possible combinations of the states of the diodes of each of the panels.
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- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
- Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention a pour objet un dispositif de balayage électronique permettant de focaliser et/ou défléchir dans un plan, un faisceau émis par une source hyperfréquence.The present invention relates to an electronic scanning device for focusing and / or deflecting in a plane, a beam emitted by a microwave source.
Il est connu, comme décrit au brevet français 2063967, de changer le déphasage d'un faisceau émis par une source rayonnanté hyperfréquence en interposant sur le trajet de l'onde un panneau diélectrique dans lequel sont noyés des réseaux de fils conducteurs que l'on rend à volonté continus ou interrompus par l'intermédiaire d'interrupteurs et notamment de diodes placées sur ces fils, les réseaux étant situés dans des plans parallèles au champ électrique de l'onde incidente en chaque point du panneau. Il est également connu d'accoler plusieurs panneaux les uns derrière les autres sur le trajet de l'onde incidente hyperfréquence. Il est connu enfin de focaliser et défléchir l'onde hyperfréquence incidente dans un plan en utilisant de tels panneaux et en agissant sur les tensions de commande des diodes: on a une lentille active dans le plan perpendiculaire aux réseaux de fils porteurs de diodes noyés dans les panneaux et on obtient alors un balayage électronique dans un plan perpendiculaire au champ électrique de l'onde incidente.It is known, as described in French patent 2063967, to change the phase shift of a beam emitted by a radiated microwave source by interposing on the wave path a dielectric panel in which are embedded arrays of conductive wires which are makes at will continuous or interrupted by means of switches and in particular of diodes placed on these wires, the networks being located in planes parallel to the electric field of the incident wave at each point of the panel. It is also known to attach several panels one behind the other on the path of the microwave incident wave. Finally, it is known to focus and deflect the incident microwave wave in a plane by using such panels and by acting on the control voltages of the diodes: there is an active lens in the plane perpendicular to the networks of wires carrying diodes embedded in the panels and an electronic scan is then obtained in a plane perpendicular to the electric field of the incident wave.
La limitation des possibilités de balayage au seul plan perpendiculaire au champ électrique de l'onde présente des inconvénients. Le dispositif de balayage électronique selon l'invention permet au contraire de balayer dans un plan parallèle au champ électrique de l'onde incidente. Il consiste en une nouvelle application des panneaux diélectriques décrits au brevet français 2 063 967.Limiting the possibilities of scanning to the single plane perpendicular to the electric field of the wave has drawbacks. The electronic scanning device according to the invention on the contrary makes it possible to scan in a plane parallel to the electric field of the incident wave. It consists of a new application of the dielectric panels described in French patent 2,063,967.
Pour constituer le dispositif de balayage électronique conforme à l'objet de l'invention, on associe comme montré dans la figure 1 plusieurs panneaux diélectriques (1a, 1b, 1c ...) dans lesquels sont noyés des réseaux plans de fils conducteurs 2 qui peuvent être rendus continus ou discontinus à volonté par l'intermédiaire de diodes 3 placées sur ces fils, de façon que les fils de tous les réseaux soient parallèles au vecteur champ électrique 4 de l'onde incidente, émise par une source rayonnante hyperfréquence 6, que dans chacun des panneaux toutes les diodes soient commandées simultanément et identiquement par une tension suffisante pour les rendre à volonté conductrices ou non, appliquées aux bornes des fils de commande 5 perpendiculaires au champ électrique donc sans effet sur celui-ci, que tous les panneuaux élémentaires 1a, 1b, 1c ... soient juxtaposés dans un même plan pour constituer un ensemble à travers lequel se propage l'onde incidente. Il est bien entendu possible d'accoler plusieurs panneaux 1a1, 1a2, 1a3 ...; 1b1 ... les uns derrière les autres sur le trajet de l'onde incidente hyperfréquence: dans ce cas les panneaux juxtaposés accolés laz, lb2, 1c2 se trouvent dans un même plan comme le montre la figure 2. Tous les panneaux associés ont même dimension dans le sens de la direction des fils porteurs de diodes. Tous les panneaux juxtaposés ont une structure identique a1, b1, c1. Les panneaux accolés peuvent avoir des structures différentes a1, a2,a3.To constitute the electronic scanning device according to the object of the invention, as shown in FIG. 1, several dielectric panels (1a, 1b, 1c, etc.) are associated in which are embedded flat networks of
Du fait que toutes les diodes d'un panneau sont commandées simultanément et identiquement, l'effet de ce panneau sur le déphasage de l'onde qui le traverse est uniforme. En accolant par groupe une succession de panneaux superposés sur le trajet de l'onde et en commandant toutes les diodes de chaque groupe par des tensions de même polarité on introduit sur cette onde incidente des déphasages uniformes et pouvant aller de 0 à 360° par incréments liés au nombre de panneaux accolés dans chaque groupe.Because all the diodes of a panel are controlled simultaneously and identically, the effect of this panel on the phase shift of the wave passing through it is uniform. By joining in groups a succession of superimposed panels on the wave path and by controlling all the diodes of each group by voltages of the same polarity we introduce on this incident wave uniform phase shifts which can range from 0 to 360 ° in increments linked to the number of panels attached to each group.
Si les diodes de différents panneaux juxtaposés dans un même plan sont commandées par des tensions de polarités différentes on produit sur l'onde des effects différents et l'on crée ainsi un gradiant de phase.If the diodes of different panels juxtaposed in the same plane are controlled by voltages of different polarities, different effects are produced on the wave and thus a phase gradient is created.
L'onde incidente peut être décomposée en autant de bandes parallèles qu'il y a de panneaux juxtaposés. Le déphasage introduit est uniforme sur chaque bande, il peut varier d'une bande à l'autre. En faisant varier ce déphasage selon les bandes et ce en agissant sur la tension de commande des diodes dans chaque panneau, on peut soit focaliser soit défléchir l'onde incidente dans le plan parallèle aux fils porteurs de diodes. Le choix de la dimensions des panneuaux dans le sens de la direction des fils porteurs de diodes résulte de la condition de suppression des lobes de réseaux du diagramme de l'antenne constituée par l'association des panneaux ci-dessus illuminés par une onde plane incidente dont le vecteur champ électrique est parallèle aux fils métalliques porteurs de diodes. Lorsque l'on juxtapose des éléments déphaseurs en vue de dépointer le faisceau d'une onde électromagnétique hyperfréquence dans une direction 0 il est connu que pour éviter l'apparition des lobes de réseaux, il convient de respecter une certaine relation entre le pas des éléments déphaseurs, la longueur d'onde, le sinus de l'angle 0 de dépointage et de nombre N d'éléments juxtaposés, qui s'écrit:The incident wave can be broken down into as many parallel bands as there are juxtaposed panels. The phase shift introduced is uniform on each band, it can vary from one band to another. By varying this phase shift according to the bands and this by acting on the control voltage of the diodes in each panel, one can either focus or deflect the incident wave in the plane parallel to the wires carrying the diodes. The choice of the dimensions of the panels in the direction of the direction of the diode carrying wires results from the condition of suppression of the lobes of networks of the antenna diagram constituted by the association of the above panels illuminated by an incident plane wave. whose electric field vector is parallel to the metallic wires carrying diodes. When juxtaposing phase shifting elements in order to spot the beam of a microwave electromagnetic wave in a
La dimension latérale dans le sens perpendiculaire aux fils porteurs de diodes dépend de la largeur du lobe principal désirée et est suffisante pour intercepter le diamètre du faisceau hyperfréquence émis par la source placée devant le panneau. Comme il est connu, pour chaque panneau on choisit le pas des diodes, le pas des fils et l'épaisseur du matériau diélectrique en fonction du déphasage désiré, des caractéristiques (en particulier capacité) des diodes, de la constante diélectrique du matériau et de la longueur d'onde de l'énergie électromagnétique incidente.The lateral dimension in the direction perpendicular to the diode-carrying wires depends on the width of the main lobe desired and is sufficient to intercept the diameter of the microwave beam emitted by the source placed in front of the panel. As is known, for each panel the pitch of the diodes is chosen, the pitch of the wires and the thickness of the dielectric material as a function of the desired phase shift, of the characteristics (in particular capacity) of the diodes, of the dielectric constant of the material and of the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic energy.
La valeur optimale du pas des éléments déphaseurs recherchée dans toutes les antennes à balayage électronique est voisine de la demi-longueur d'onde de l'énergie hyperfréquence rayonnée. Il est connu que pour un pas d'éléments déphaseurs inférieur ou égal à la demi-longueur d'onde de l'énergie hyperfréquence rayonnée il n'apparait pas de lobe de réseau dans le diagramme de rayonnement de l'antenne ainsi constituée, quel que soit l'angle de balayage recherché. Contrairement aux antennes à balayage électronique utilisant des déphaseurs en guide, le procédé suivant l'invention permet aisément de respecter cette condition c'est à dire que l'on peut choisir la hauteur h d'un panneau mesurée dans le sens des fils porteurs de diodes inférieure ou égale à la demi-longueur d'onde de l'énergie hyperfréquence rayonnée par la source hyperfréquence (voirfigure 1).The optimum value of the step of the phase shifting elements sought in all the electronically scanned antennas is close to the half-wavelength of the radiated microwave energy. It is known that for a pitch of phase-shifting elements less than or equal to the half-wavelength of the radiated microwave energy, there does not appear any grating lobe in the radiation diagram of the antenna thus formed, which whatever the desired scanning angle. Unlike electronic scanning antennas using guide phase shifters, the method according to the invention easily makes it possible to comply with this condition, that is to say that one can choose the height h of a panel measured in the direction of the wires carrying diodes less than or equal to half the wavelength of the microwave energy radiated by the microwave source (see Figure 1).
La longueur des fils porteurs de diodes incorporés dans le matériau diélectrique est égale à la hauteur h du panneau donc inférieure ou égale à la demi-longueur d'onde de l'énergie hyperfréquence rayonnée, si l'on désire qu'il n'apparaisse pas de lobes de réseau dans le diagramme de rayonnement. Le nombre de diodes portées par chaque fil porteur de diode d'un panneau sera faible, il pourra varier, suivant la capacité des diodes choisies et du déphasage souhaité, de 1 à 10 diodes.The length of the diode-carrying wires incorporated in the dielectric material is equal to the height h of the panel, therefore less than or equal to the half-wavelength of the radiated microwave energy, if it is desired to appear no network lobes in the radiation pattern. The number of diodes carried by each diode carrying wire of a panel will be low, it may vary, depending on the capacity of the selected diodes and the desired phase shift, from 1 to 10 diodes.
La différence de potentiel à appliquer au fil porteur de diodes connectées dans le même sens sur ce fil, pour que chaque diode soit bloquée et rende le fil électriquement coupé en tronçons, est égale au produit, par le nombre de diodes, de la tension qu'il faut appliquer en inverse à une seule diode, soit environ 20 volts, pour qu'elle soit bloquée. Si l'on met par exemple quatre diodes sur le fil, la différence de potentiel aux bornes du fil porteur de diodes nécessaire pour rendre celui-ci coupé en tronçons sera de 80 volts. Une tension de 5 volts appliquée suivant la polarité opposée aux bornes du fil rendra ce fil continu. La tension inverse de l'ordre de 80 volts est suffisamment faible pour ne pas nécessiter d'isolation spéciale dans le panneau ni à l'extérieur du panneau; le dispositif unique d'alimentation et le commutateur, chargé de fournir ces tensions, de les appliquer puis de les couper en des temps très courts (10 microsecondes) à un panneau sera donc extrêmement facile à réaliser étant donné la faible tension nécessaire au regard des tensions nécessaires dans les autres dispositifs de balayage.The difference in potential to be applied to the wire carrying diodes connected in the same direction on this wire, so that each diode is blocked and makes the wire electrically cut into sections, is equal to the product, by the number of diodes, of the voltage which 'You must apply the reverse to a single diode, i.e. around 20 volts, so that it is blocked. If, for example, four diodes are placed on the wire, the potential difference across the terminals of the diode-carrying wire necessary to make it cut into sections will be 80 volts. A voltage of 5 volts applied according to the polarity opposite to the wire terminals will make this wire continuous. The reverse voltage of the order of 80 volts is low enough not to require special insulation in the panel or outside the panel; the single power supply device and the switch, responsible for supplying these voltages, applying them and then cutting them in very short times (10 microseconds) to a panel will therefore be extremely easy to achieve given the low voltage required with regard to voltages required in other scanning devices.
La tension de commande des diodes d'un panneau est avantageusement appliquée par l'intermédiaire, soit de deux fils de commande reliant l'un, toutes les extrémités supérieures des fils porteurs de diodes montées dans le même sens, l'autre toutes les extrémités inférieures, soit de trois fils de commande, l'un reliant tous les points milieux des fils porteurs de diodes montées dans ce cas en deux groupes égaux de sens opposé, les deux autres reliant en un point extérieur au panneau les extrémités supérieures et inférieures de tous les fils porteurs de diodes du panneau; ces fils de commande, perpendiculaires aux fils porteurs de diodes et donc au vecteur champ électrique de l'onde hyperfréquence rayonnée sont sans effet sur celle-ci. La configuration, comportant trois fils de commande, simplifie beaucoup le choix des diodes.The control voltage of the diodes of a panel is advantageously applied via either two control wires connecting one, all the upper ends of the wires carrying diodes mounted in the same direction, the other all the ends lower, or three control wires, one connecting all the midpoints of the wires carrying diodes mounted in this case in two equal groups of opposite directions, the other two connecting the upper and lower ends of all wires carrying diodes on the panel; these control wires, perpendicular to the wires carrying diodes and therefore to the electric field vector of the radiated microwave wave have no effect on the latter. The configuration, comprising three control wires, greatly simplifies the choice of diodes.
Par la diminution du nombre de diodes en série, montées dans le même sens, on diminue encore la valeur de la différence du potentiel nécessaire à rendre le fil porteur de diodes électriquement coupé en tronçons, on facilite l'égalité de répartition des tensions de blocage des diodes le long de ce fil porteur de diodes et ce en un temps plus court, on peut supprimer la résistance d'équilibrage de très forte valeur, qu'il fallait ajouter en parallèle à chaque diode dans le cas d'utilisation avec de très fortes puissances hyperfréquences rayonnées.By reducing the number of diodes in series, mounted in the same direction, the value of the difference in potential necessary to make the diode-carrying wire electrically cut into sections is further reduced, the equal distribution of blocking voltages is facilitated diodes along this diode carrying wire and in a shorter time, we can remove the balancing resistance of very high value, which had to be added in parallel to each diode in the case of use with very strong radiated microwave powers.
On donne ci-après, à titre d'exemple non limitatif la description de la réalisation d'une lentille active électronique permettant la mise en oeuvre du procédé suivant l'invention en se référant à la figure 3.A description is given below, by way of non-limiting example, of the production of an electronic active lens allowing the implementation of the method according to the invention with reference to FIG. 3.
Cette lentille active est constituée de 124 panneaux formant quatre couches de 31 panneaux juxtaposés, accolées les unes derrières les autres sur le trajet de l'onde hyperfréquence incidente émise par la source à la fréquence de 3100 Mégahertz. Chacun des 93 panneaux (7), tous identiques entre eux, des trois premières couches de panneaux juxtaposés, peut donner par la modification d'état de ses diodes, un déphasage différentiel de 90 degrés à l'onde hyperfréquence incidente. Chacun des 31 panneaux (8) tous indentiques entre eux de la quatrième couche de panneaux peut donner un déphasage différentiel de 45 degrés. Chacun des 31 groupes formés des 3 panneaux (7) et 1 panneau (8) accolés les uns derrière les autres et interceptant la même bande de l'onde hyperfréquence incidente (E) peut donner à celle-ci un déphasage différentiel variant de 0 à 360 degrés par pas de 45 degrés. Ces 31 groupes de 4 panneaux sont assemblés par fixation mécanique sur 32 plaques métalliques planes (10) perpendiculaires aux réseaux de fils porteurs de diodes, donc au vecteur champ électrique E de l'onde hyperfréquence incidente. L'épaisseur de ces lames métalliques perpendiculaires au champ électrique (E) de l'onde hyperfréquence est inférieure au vingtième de cette longueur d'onde et est donc sans effet mesurable sur celle-ci. Sur la figure 4 on a représenté un des 93 panneaux de trois premières couches du dispositif de balayage électronique ou lentille active. Ce panneau de 1 mètre de long et de 45,3 millimètres de haut comprend trois feuilles de matériau diélectrique (11) (12) et (13). Les feuilles (11) et (13) ont une épaisseur de 0,5 millimètre et une constante diélectrique de 5, la feuille (12) une épaisseur de 3,5 millimètres et une constante diélectrique de 4,1.This active lens consists of 124 panels forming four layers of 31 juxtaposed panels, placed one behind the other on the path of the incident microwave wave emitted by the source at the frequency of 3100 Megahertz. Each of the 93 panels (7), all identical to each other, of the first three layers of juxtaposed panels, can give, by the modification of the state of its diodes, a differential phase shift of 90 degrees to the incident microwave wave. Each of the 31 panels (8) all identical to each other of the fourth layer of panels can give a differential phase shift of 45 degrees. Each of the 31 groups made up of 3 panels (7) and 1 panel (8) joined one behind the other and intercepting the same band of the incident microwave wave (E) can give it a differential phase shift varying from 0 to 360 degrees in 45 degree steps. These 31 groups of 4 panels are assembled by mechanical fixing on 32 flat metal plates (10) perpendicular to the networks of wires carrying diodes, therefore to the electric field vector E of the incident microwave wave. The thickness of these metal plates perpendicular to the electric field (E) of the microwave wave is less than one twentieth of this wavelength and therefore has no measurable effect on it. FIG. 4 shows one of the 93 panels of the first three layers of the electronic scanning device or active lens. This panel, 1 meter long and 45.3 millimeter high includes three sheets of dielectric material (11) (12) and (13). The sheets (11) and (13) have a thickness of 0.5 millimeter and a dielectric constant of 5, the sheet (12) a thickness of 3.5 millimeters and a dielectric constant of 4.1.
Ces trois feuilles sont placées l'une derrière l'autre sur le trajet de l'onde hyperfréquence incidente avec des intervalles égaux de 7 millimètres. Sur la face externe des feuilles (11) et (13) sont disposés au pas de 30 millimètres 32 fils métalliques (14) de 0,5 millimètre de diamètre et de longueur égale à la hauteur du panneau de 45,3 millimètres; ces fils (14) sont parallèles au vecteur champ électrique de l'onde hyperfréquence incidente et sont porteurs chacun de quatre diodes (15) de commutation de type PIN soudées au pas de 11,33 millimètres. Ces quatre diodes (15) sont soudées sur chaque fil (14) de manière que dans le sens du courant direct elles soient orientées vers le point situé au milieu du fil (14); sur chaque fil (14) il y a donc deux diodes en séries dans un sens et deux diodes en série dans l'autre sens. Les extrémités supérieures des fils (14) sont connectées à un fil métallique (16) situé en haut de chacune des feuilles (11) et (13), perpendiculaire aux fils (14) et se trouvent reliées ainsi à la borne A d'une alimentation en tension et/ou courant située à l'extérieur du panneau et propre à ce panneau. De même les extrémités inférieures des fils (14) sont connectées par des fils métalliques à la même borne A de cette alimentation en tension et/ou courant.These three sheets are placed one behind the other on the path of the incident microwave with intervals equal to 7 millimeters. On the external face of the sheets (11) and (13), 32 metal wires (14) with a diameter of 0.5 millimeter and a length equal to the height of the panel of 45.3 millimeters are arranged in steps of 30 millimeters; these wires (14) are parallel to the electric field vector of the incident microwave wave and each carry four PIN type switching diodes (15) welded in steps of 11.33 millimeters. These four diodes (15) are welded to each wire (14) so that in the direction of the direct current they are oriented towards the point located in the middle of the wire (14); on each wire (14) there are therefore two diodes in series in one direction and two diodes in series in the other direction. The upper ends of the wires (14) are connected to a metal wire (16) located at the top of each of the sheets (11) and (13), perpendicular to the wires (14) and are thus connected to the terminal A of a voltage and / or current supply located outside the panel and specific to this panel. Likewise, the lower ends of the wires (14) are connected by metallic wires to the same terminal A of this voltage and / or current supply.
Tous les points situés au milieu des fils (14) des feuilles (11) et (13) sont connectés et reliés ensemble, par un fil métallique (18) de 0,5 millimètre de diamètre, perpendiculaire aux fils (14), à l'autre borne B de la même alimentation en tension et/ou courant.All the points located in the middle of the wires (14) of the sheets (11) and (13) are connected and connected together, by a metal wire (18) of 0.5 millimeter in diameter, perpendicular to the wires (14), to the 'other terminal B of the same voltage and / or current supply.
Le déphasage différentiel provoqué par ce panneau, sur l'onde hyperfréquence incidente, entre les deux états de polarité des bornes A et B du dispositif d'alimentation commandant simultanément et identiquement les 256 diodes du panneau, est de 90 degrés.The differential phase shift caused by this panel, on the incident microwave, between the two polarity states of terminals A and B of the power supply device controlling the 256 diodes of the panel simultaneously and identically, is 90 degrees.
Sur la figure 5 on a représenté un des 31 panneaux de la quatrième couche de la lentille active; ce panneau de 1 mètre de longueur et de 45,3 millimètres de hauteur comprend quatre feuilles de matériau diélectrique (21) (22) (23) (24).FIG. 5 shows one of the 31 panels of the fourth layer of the active lens; this panel, 1 meter long and 45.3 millimeters high, comprises four sheets of dielectric material (21) (22) (23) (24).
Les feuilles (21) et (24) ont une épaisseur de 3 millimètres et une constante diélectrique de 5, les feuilles (22) et (23) une épaisseur de 0,5 millimètre et une constante diélectrique de 4,1. Ces quatre feuilles de matériau diélectrique sont placées l'une derrière l'autre sur le trajet de l'onde hyperfréquence incidente avec les intervalles suivants: 5 millimètres entre les feuilles (21) et (22), 11 millimètres entre (22) et (23) et 5 millimètres entre (23) et (24). Sur la face externe des feuilles (22) et (23) sont disposés, au pas de 40 millimètres, 24 fils métalliques (25) de 0,5 millimètre de diamètre et de longueur égale à la hauteur du panneau de 45,3 millimètres. Ces fils (25) sont parallèles au vecteur champ électrique de l'onde hyperfréquence incidente et sont porteur chacun de quatre diodes (26) de commutation de type PIN soudées au pas de 11,33 millimètres. Ces quatre diodes sont soudées sur chaque fil (25) de manière que dans le sens du courant direct elles soient orientées vers le point situé au milieu du fil (25). Sur chaque fil (25) il y a donc deux diodes en série dans un sens et deux diodes en série dans l'autre sens. Les extrémités supérieures et inférieures de tous les fils (25) conducteurs porteurs de diodes du panneau sont reliées par deux fils conducteurs perpendiculaires (27) à la borne C d'une alimentation en tension extérieure au panneau et propre à ce panneau. Tous les points situés au milieu de tous les fils (25) sont reliés par deux fils conducteurs perpendiculaires (28) de 0,5 millimètre de diamètre à l'autre borne D de la même alimentation en tension. Sur les mêmes faces des deuilles (22) et (23), au milieu des intervalles compris entre les fils (25) sont placés des tronçons de fils métalliques (29) de 0,5 millimètre de diamètre et de 20,5 millimètres de longueur. Le déphasage différentiel, provoqué par le panneau, suite à l'inversion de polarité aux bornes C et D, sur l'onde incidente est de 45 degrés. En se reportant à la figure 3 on voit que l'assemblage des 124 panneaux en un bloc rigide formant une lentille active se fait par l'intermédiaire de 32 plaques (10) métalliques de 1000 millimètres de longueur par 110,5 millimètres de largeur et de 2,6 millimètres d'épaisseur.The sheets (21) and (24) have a thickness of 3 millimeters and a dielectric constant of 5, the sheets (22) and (23) have a thickness of 0.5 millimeters and a dielectric constant of 4.1. These four sheets of dielectric material are placed one behind the other on the path of the incident microwave with the following intervals: 5 millimeters between the sheets (21) and (22), 11 millimeters between (22) and ( 23) and 5 millimeters between (23) and (24). On the outer face of the sheets (22) and (23) are arranged, in steps of 40 millimeters, 24 metal wires (25) of 0.5 millimeter in diameter and of length equal to the height of the panel of 45.3 millimeters. These wires (25) are parallel to the electric field vector of the incident microwave wave and each carry four PIN type switching diodes (26) welded in steps of 11.33 millimeters. These four diodes are soldered on each wire (25) so that in the direction of the direct current they are oriented towards the point located in the middle of the wire (25). On each wire (25) there are therefore two diodes in series in one direction and two diodes in series in the other direction. The upper and lower ends of all the wires (25) carrying diodes carrying the panel are connected by two perpendicular conductive wires (27) to terminal C of a voltage supply external to the panel and specific to this panel. All the points located in the middle of all the wires (25) are connected by two perpendicular conductive wires (28) 0.5 mm in diameter to the other terminal D of the same voltage supply. On the same faces of the deuilles (22) and (23), in the middle of the intervals between the wires (25) are placed sections of metal wires (29) of 0.5 millimeter in diameter and 20.5 millimeters in length. . The differential phase shift, caused by the panel, following the inversion of polarity at terminals C and D, on the incident wave is 45 degrees. Referring to FIG. 3, it can be seen that the assembly of the 124 panels into a rigid block forming an active lens is done by means of 32 metal plates (10) of 1000 millimeters in length by 110.5 millimeters in width and 2.6 millimeters thick.
Sur la figure 6 on a représenté les valeurs du déphasage provoqué par l'introduction d'un groupe de panneaux accolés formés de 3 panneaux (7) et 1 panneau (8) sur le trajet d'une onde hyperfréquence incidente notamment pour une frequence de 3100 Mégahertz, suivant toutes les combinaisons possibles des états des diodes de chacun des panneaux.FIG. 6 shows the values of the phase shift caused by the introduction of a group of adjoining panels formed by 3 panels (7) and 1 panel (8) on the path of an incident microwave wave in particular for a frequency of 3100 Megahertz, according to all the possible combinations of the states of the diodes of each of the panels.
On constate que ce déphasage prend les 8 valeurs multiples de 45 degrés comprises entre 0 ou 360 degrés et 315 degrés. Sur la figure 7 on a tracé le diagramme de rayonnement optenu en illuminant la lentille active telle que décrite par les figures 3, 4 et 5 par une onde hyperfréquence à 3100 Mégahertz dont le vecteur champ électrique est parallèle aux fils porteurs de diodes de la lentille. Chacun des 31 groupes de panneaux de la lentille est commandé de manière à provoquer sur l'onde incidente la loi de déphasage en créneaux indiquée sur la figure, orientée dans le sens du vecteur champ électrique de l'onde incidente. On constate un dépointage angulaire du faisceau hyperfréquence incident de 25,07 degrés dans le plan comprenant le vecteur champ électrique.We note that this phase shift takes the 8 multiple values of 45 degrees between 0 or 360 degrees and 315 degrees. In Figure 7 we have drawn the radiation diagram obtained by illuminating the active lens as described in Figures 3, 4 and 5 by a microwave wave at 3100 Megahertz whose electric field vector is parallel to the wires carrying the diodes of the lens . Each of the 31 groups of panels of the lens is controlled so as to cause on the incident wave the phase shift law in slots indicated in the figure, oriented in the direction of the electric field vector of the incident wave. There is an angular depointing of the incident microwave beam of 25.07 degrees in the plane comprising the electric field vector.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT80902117T ATE6108T1 (en) | 1979-11-13 | 1980-11-07 | DEVICE FOR ELECTRONIC SENSING IN THE PLANE OF POLARIZATION. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR7927873 | 1979-11-13 | ||
FR7927873A FR2469808A1 (en) | 1979-11-13 | 1979-11-13 | ELECTRONIC SCANNING DEVICE IN THE POLARIZATION PLAN |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0039702A1 EP0039702A1 (en) | 1981-11-18 |
EP0039702B1 true EP0039702B1 (en) | 1984-02-01 |
Family
ID=9231575
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP80902117A Expired EP0039702B1 (en) | 1979-11-13 | 1980-11-07 | Electronic scanning device in the polarisation plane |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4447815A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0039702B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3066427D1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2469808A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1981001486A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (32)
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FR2734409B1 (en) * | 1981-04-30 | 1997-06-27 | Radant Etudes | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING PHASE PHASES OF A MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE BEAM |
FR2509095B1 (en) * | 1981-07-02 | 1985-10-04 | Radant Etudes | ELECTRONIC PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR DEPHASING PROPAGATED MICROWAVE WAVES IN A GUIDE |
FR2514203B1 (en) * | 1981-10-05 | 1986-04-25 | Radant Etudes | MICROWAVE ADAPTIVE SPATIAL FILTER FOR ANY POLARIZED ANTENNA AND METHOD OF IMPLEMENTING SAME |
FR2723210B1 (en) * | 1983-05-06 | 1997-01-10 | Cmh Sarl | ANTI-DETECTION METHOD AND DEVICE FOR RADAR |
FR2549300B1 (en) * | 1983-07-13 | 1988-03-25 | Tran Dinh Can | ELECTROMECHANICAL SCANNING DEVICE, PARTICULARLY FOR RADAR ANTENNA |
FR2714768B1 (en) * | 1984-07-12 | 1996-07-05 | Radant Etudes | Electronic scanning device with active lens and integrated illuminating source. |
FR2590359B1 (en) * | 1985-11-18 | 1988-02-12 | Aerospatiale | SYSTEM FOR THE AUTOMATIC GUIDANCE OF A MISSILE AND MISSILE PROVIDED WITH SUCH A SYSTEM |
FR2738398B1 (en) * | 1988-04-08 | 1997-11-28 | Thomson Csf Radant | DIODE PHASE SHIFT PANEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO A MICROWAVE LENS AND AN ELECTRONICALLY SCANNED ANTENNA |
FR2879358A1 (en) | 1988-06-29 | 2006-06-16 | Thales Sa | Electronically-scanned antenna illuminator for e.g. emitting microwave towards scanning device, has flat reflector reflecting microwave emitted by horn type primary source, and another flat reflector rotating polarization of reflected wave |
US4975712A (en) * | 1989-01-23 | 1990-12-04 | Trw Inc. | Two-dimensional scanning antenna |
FR2655482B1 (en) * | 1989-12-05 | 1992-02-28 | Thomson Csf Radant | ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ABSORPTION DEVICE, SPATIALLY SELECTIVE, FOR MICROWAVE ANTENNA. |
FR2656468B1 (en) * | 1989-12-26 | 1993-12-24 | Thomson Csf Radant | MAGIC MICROWAVE RADIATION SOURCE AND ITS APPLICATION TO AN ELECTRONIC SCANNING ANTENNA. |
FR2747842B1 (en) * | 1990-06-15 | 1998-09-11 | Thomson Csf Radant | MULTIBAND MICROWAVE LENS AND ITS APPLICATION TO AN ELECTRONIC SCANNING ANTENNA |
FR2725077B1 (en) * | 1990-11-06 | 1997-03-28 | Thomson Csf Radant | BIPOLARIZATION MICROWAVE LENS AND ITS APPLICATION TO AN ELECTRONICALLY SCANNED ANTENNA |
FR2671194B1 (en) * | 1990-12-27 | 1993-12-24 | Thomson Csf Radant | PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT. |
FR2671637B1 (en) * | 1991-01-15 | 1994-09-16 | Thomson Csf | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TESTING PARALLEL JOINED DIODES ASSEMBLED IN PARALLEL. |
GB9313109D0 (en) * | 1993-06-25 | 1994-09-21 | Secr Defence | Radiation sensor |
FR2708808B1 (en) * | 1993-08-06 | 1995-09-01 | Thomson Csf Radant | Four phase phase shifting panel and its application to a microwave lens and an electronic scanning antenna. |
US5475349A (en) * | 1994-09-29 | 1995-12-12 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Frequency multipliers using diode arrays |
FR2786610B1 (en) | 1997-02-03 | 2001-04-27 | Thomson Csf | ACTIVE MICROWAVE REFLECTOR FOR ELECTRONIC SCANNING ANTENNA |
SE513226C2 (en) | 1998-12-03 | 2000-08-07 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | Continuous aperture sweeping antenna |
FR2789521A1 (en) | 1999-02-05 | 2000-08-11 | Thomson Csf | TWO-BAND ELECTRONIC SCANNING ANTENNA WITH ACTIVE MICROWAVE REFLECTOR |
FR2807213B1 (en) | 2000-03-31 | 2003-07-25 | Thomson Csf | HYPERFREQUENCY DEPHASER, AND ELECTRONIC SCAN ANTENNA CONTAINING SUCH DEPHASERS |
FR2812457B1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2004-05-28 | Thomson Csf | ACTIVE BI-POLARIZATION MICROWAVE REFLECTOR, ESPECIALLY FOR AN ELECTRONICALLY BALANCED ANTENNA |
US6703982B2 (en) * | 2001-08-22 | 2004-03-09 | Raytheon Company | Conformal two dimensional electronic scan antenna with butler matrix and lens ESA |
US6999040B2 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2006-02-14 | Raytheon Company | Transverse device array phase shifter circuit techniques and antennas |
US7106265B2 (en) * | 2004-12-20 | 2006-09-12 | Raytheon Company | Transverse device array radiator ESA |
US7463212B1 (en) | 2005-09-14 | 2008-12-09 | Radant Technologies, Inc. | Lightweight C-sandwich radome fabrication |
US7420523B1 (en) | 2005-09-14 | 2008-09-02 | Radant Technologies, Inc. | B-sandwich radome fabrication |
US8362965B2 (en) | 2009-01-08 | 2013-01-29 | Thinkom Solutions, Inc. | Low cost electronically scanned array antenna |
EP2618128A1 (en) * | 2012-01-19 | 2013-07-24 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Detecting device, detector, and imaging apparatus using the same |
US9099782B2 (en) | 2012-05-29 | 2015-08-04 | Cpi Radant Technologies Division Inc. | Lightweight, multiband, high angle sandwich radome structure for millimeter wave frequencies |
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FR14650E (en) * | 1910-06-03 | 1912-01-22 | Derobert Bosch | Method and device for starting polycylindrical explosion engines |
GB1047471A (en) * | 1962-05-03 | 1900-01-01 | ||
US3274601A (en) * | 1962-12-12 | 1966-09-20 | Blass Antenna Electronics Corp | Antenna system with electronic scanning means |
US3276023A (en) * | 1963-05-21 | 1966-09-27 | Dorne And Margolin Inc | Grid array antenna |
FR2063967B1 (en) * | 1969-10-15 | 1973-10-19 | Bony Gilbert | |
FR2395620A1 (en) * | 1977-06-24 | 1979-01-19 | Radant Etudes | IMPROVEMENT OF THE ELECTRONIC SWEEPING PROCESS USING DEPHASER DIELECTRIC PANELS |
FR2400781A1 (en) * | 1977-06-24 | 1979-03-16 | Radant Etudes | HYPERFREQUENCY ANTENNA, FLAT, NON-DISPERSIVE, ELECTRONIC SCAN |
FR2412960A1 (en) * | 1977-12-20 | 1979-07-20 | Radant Etudes | HYPERFREQUENCY DEPHASER AND ITS APPLICATION TO ELECTRONIC SCAN |
-
1979
- 1979-11-13 FR FR7927873A patent/FR2469808A1/en active Granted
-
1980
- 1980-11-07 US US06/270,519 patent/US4447815A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1980-11-07 DE DE8080902117T patent/DE3066427D1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-11-07 WO PCT/FR1980/000159 patent/WO1981001486A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1980-11-07 EP EP80902117A patent/EP0039702B1/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0039702A1 (en) | 1981-11-18 |
DE3066427D1 (en) | 1984-03-08 |
FR2469808A1 (en) | 1981-05-22 |
US4447815A (en) | 1984-05-08 |
FR2469808B1 (en) | 1983-09-23 |
WO1981001486A1 (en) | 1981-05-28 |
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