EP0018372A1 - Boulettes combustibles - Google Patents

Boulettes combustibles

Info

Publication number
EP0018372A1
EP0018372A1 EP79900410A EP79900410A EP0018372A1 EP 0018372 A1 EP0018372 A1 EP 0018372A1 EP 79900410 A EP79900410 A EP 79900410A EP 79900410 A EP79900410 A EP 79900410A EP 0018372 A1 EP0018372 A1 EP 0018372A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
particulate
cellulosic material
percent
weight
thermoplastic material
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP79900410A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Ian Fraser Johnston
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
JOHNSTON, IAN FRASER
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US05/943,393 external-priority patent/US4236897A/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0018372A1 publication Critical patent/EP0018372A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L11/00—Manufacture of firelighters
    • C10L11/04—Manufacture of firelighters consisting of combustible material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • biomass materials such as wood and its byproducts.
  • pelletized wood As compared to coal.
  • Other problems with use of available pelletized wood as a fuel source is that it has a slow burning rate and it exhibits incomplete burnout, resulting in formation of carbonaceous residues and low combustion efficiency.
  • pelletized wood can be harder to ignite than coal and pelletized wood can be more fragile than coal, requiring special handling to avoid crumbling and to prevent weathering.
  • inorganic binders such as cement and silicate of soda, and organic binders such as tar, pitch, rosin, glues, and fibers have been included in the pellets.
  • no binder has been found which solves the above problems, and which also is inexpensive and does not reduce the heating value of the wood.
  • the fuel pellet comprises from about 90 to about 99% by weight natural cellulosic material, and from about 1 to about 10% by weight synthetic polymeric thermoplastic material.
  • the free moisture content of the cellulosic material is from about 5% to about 15%.
  • the plastic is generally finer than 5 mesh.
  • the thermoplastic material is chosen so it is solid at room temperature and has an injection molding temperature of at least 95°C. Preferably, the thermoplastic material is distributed throughout the pellet.
  • the thermoplastic material serves to bind the pellet together, increase the heating value of the pellet, lubricate the pelletizing die, and improve the ignition and burning characteristics of the pellet.
  • Fuel pellets of the present invention exhibit complete burnout, burn faster than pellets not containing thermoplastic material, and can have a heating value in excess of 5,005 K.Cal/Kg.
  • the fuel pellet can be made by preparing a feed of particulate natural cellulosic material and particulate synthetic thermoplastic material. Substantially all of the thermoplastic material is -5 mesh, and preferably -10 mesh. The plastic and cellulosic materials are intimately combined by compressing the feed in a die.
  • FIGURE 1 llustrates in a perspective view a pellet representative of pellets prepared according to the present invention.
  • FIGURES 2A and 2B illustrate a process embodying features of the process of the present invention. These two Figures are to be considered serially.
  • Fuel pellet 10 prepared from cellulosic and thermoplastic materials. Fuel pellet 10, which is cylindrical in shape,
  • 5. preferably has a minimum dimension of at least 4.75 m.m. and comprises from about 90 to about 99% by weight natural cellulosic material and from about 1 to about 10% by weight thermoplastic material.
  • the natural cellulosic material used to form the pulp used to form the pulp
  • pellets 10 can be particulate woody material such as sawdust, wood shavings, sander's dust, hog fuel, peat, and bark.
  • Agricultural waste such as banana and papaya stalks, straw, bamboo, jute, bagasse, corn husks, corn cobs, cotton "gin trash", sisal, seed hulls, and peanut
  • cellulosic material includes lignin.
  • Particulate wood material preferably is used in the pellets because it has a higher heating value and lower moisture content than agricultural waste. Inclusion
  • the synthetic thermoplastic material can be any thermoplastic material.
  • thermoplastics such as, but not limited to, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, acetal copolymer, acetal homopolymer, acrylic, polybutylene, and combinations thereof.
  • thermoplastics such as, but not limited to, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, acetal copolymer, acetal homopolymer, acrylic, polybutylene, and combinations thereof.
  • thermoplastics containing a halogen such as polyvinylchloride can be used, for most applications these are to be avoided becaus of corrosion and emission problems associated with the combustion products of halogen-containing thermoplastics. It has been noted that for fast burning and ease of ignition of the fuel pellets, polypropylene and polyethylene are the preferred synthetic thermoplastic materials.
  • synthetic thermoplastic materials excludes naturally occurring thermoplastic materials and naturally occurring cellulosic materials.
  • the synthetic thermoplastic material must be solid at room temperature.
  • the synthetic thermoplastic material has an injection molding temperature of at least 95°C. The minimum injection molding temperature of common thermoplastics as reported in Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, Vol. 49, McGraw-Hill, 1972-3 Edition, is presented in Table 1.
  • OM pelletizer contains only up to about 1.25% by weight high impact polystyrene. It is desirable to include polystyrene in the pelletizer feed because it has been found that polystyrene contributes greatly to the cohesiveness of the fuel pellets, such cohesiveness is important because it is undesirable for the pellets to break or disintegrate during handling and storage. Such breakage and disintegration can produce fines and dust, which can be a serious fire and explosion hazard. It is critical to the present invention that at least 1% by weight thermoplastic material be included in the fuel pellets. This is because fuel pellets containing thermoplastic material have many significant advantages compared to fuel pellets containing only cellulosic material.
  • thermoplastic material for example, inclusion of thermoplastic material in fuel pellets allows the fuel pellets to be formed easily in a pelletizer at temperatures lower than temperatures required for forming a fuel pellet with only cellulosic material.
  • the thermoplastic material serves as a processing aid for forming pellets from the cellulosic material.
  • the thermoplastic material has a higher heating value than the cellulosic material, and the resulting pellets have a correspondingly high heating value.
  • thermoplastic material provides a substantially water-impervious coating, or sheath on the outside of the pellets, thereby both preventing uptake of moisture by the pellets and resisting weathering in storage. Because of the uniform distribution of the plastic within the pellets, there is plastic even at the ends of a cylindrical pellet. This also prevents uptake of water by the pellets. Furthermore, the hydrophobic nature of the plastic prevents water uptake.
  • thermoplastic material can be in the fuel pellets in the form of discrete subparticles.
  • the presence of discrete thermoplastic subparticles in fuel pellets results in easy ignition because the discrete subparticles provide an ignition situs.
  • the fuel pellets exhibit burning and ignition characteristics which are superior to the burning and ignition characteristics of either the cellulosic material and thermoplastic material which make up the fuel pellets.
  • burning tests were conducted with (1) conventional fuel pellets made only with sawdust, (2) polypropylene, and (3) fuel pellets according to the present invention prepared with 91% by weight sawdust (different from the sawdust used for the all sawdust pellets) and 9% by weight polypropylene.
  • the all sawdust fuel pellets burned at a rate equal to about 1/2 the rate of the fuel pellets of the present invention.
  • the two types of fuel pellets were about the same size, but it should be noted that the all sawdust fuel pellets were denser than the sawdust/polypropylene fuel pellets, but this accounts for only part of the difference in burning rate. It has been noted that fuel pellets containing plastic burn faster than less dense conventional all wood pellets.
  • the fuel pellets of the present invention can be used to generate heat and steam at a faster rate than conventional fuel pellets.
  • the sawdust/polypropylene fuel pellets left practically no residue, while the conventional fuel pellets left a carbonaceous residue.
  • the fuel pellets consisting only of thermoplastic material did not burn completely, but kept self-extinguishing. This was not a problem with the fuel pellets of the present invention. Therefore, fuel pellets prepared from cellulosic material and plastic material burn better than either the cellulosic material alone or the plastic material alone.
  • thermoplastic material in fuel pellets acts as a binder for the cellulosic materials.
  • Pellets containing at least 5% by weight thermoplastic material have been demonstrated to have sufficient toughness to withstand exposure to the shocks of transportation, storage, and stoking. When a pellet includes thermoplastic material, crumbling and excessive softening from weathering are avoided.
  • thermoplastic materials typically have a higher heating value than cellulosic material.
  • the pellets should contain at least 1% by weight of the thermoplastic material, and more preferably at least about 2.5% by weight, to obtain these advantages.
  • the fuel pellets contain from about 1 to about 10% by weight thermoplastic material, and more preferably from about 2.5 to about 10% by weight thermoplastic material.
  • Materials other than natural cellulosic material and synthetic thermoplastic materials can be included in the pellets.
  • materials such as comminuted tires, thermosetting ' resins and/or petroleum distillation residue can be added to improve the heating value of the pellets.
  • Oxidizing agents such as sodium perchlorate and ammonium nitrate to facilitate combustion can also be included in the pellets.
  • binding agents in addition to thermoplastic materials can be used.
  • Exemplary of such binding agents are paraffin slack wax, carnuba wax, and lignosulfonates, such as ammonium lignosulfonate, sodium lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, and magnesium lignosulfonate.
  • Certain cellulosic materials can be added to the pellets as a pelletizing or processing aid.
  • Preferred materials in this category are oil seeds and their products, which by their fatty acid content reduce wear on the dies of the pelletizing equipment.
  • Exemplary of such materials which can be included are coconut husks, 'soy beans, peanuts, sunflower seeds, corn cake, pressing residuals, and the like.
  • pellet refers to a discrete particle of any size or shape which contains both natural cellulosic material and synthetic thermoplastic material.
  • the pellet need not be symmetrical, but it is preferred that pellet 10 be substantially symmetrical in shape, such as cylindrical, parallelepiped, or the like, having a diameter within the range of from about 4.75 m.m. to about 25.4 m.m. While it is most practical to form the pellets in a cylindrical shape, the pellets can be in any suitable symmetrical configuration such as the shape of a cube.
  • the larger the diameter of the particles the slower their burning rate. This is because of the fact that as the diameter increases, the surface area to volume ratio of the particles decreases.
  • the optimum feed diameter for that boiler can vary within the range of about 4.75 m.m. to about 25.4 m.m.
  • the particulate cellulosic feed and particulate synthetic thermoplastic feed have a maximum particle size less than about 60% of the minimum dimension of the pellet to avoid crumbling of the pellet in storage.
  • the cellulosic feed and thermoplastic feed should have a maximum particle size of about 3.82 m.m. (0.6 x 6.35), i.e. about 5 mesh.
  • the bulk density of the particles can vary in the range of from about 482 to about 643 kilograms per cubic meter. It has been found that pellets 25.4 m.m. long and 6.3 m.m. in diameter made from about 90% sawdust and about 10% polyethylene thermoplastic can have a bulk density of about 611 kilograms per cubic meter.
  • FIG. 2A and 2B A process for preparing fuel pellets is shown schematically in Figures 2A and 2B.
  • Cellulosic feed material, plastic feed particles, and plastic feed sheet are delivered by trucks (not shown) and stored in storage bins 20a, 20b, and 20c, respectively. Additional feed storage bins can be provided for segregating different types of feed.
  • the feed either before or after introduction into the feed bins, can be treated to separate foreign materials such as metallic impurities and soil. This can be done by means of such equipment as pneumatic conveyers, screen, magnets, and combinations thereof. Magnets conventionally are built into the equipment, described below, used for comminuting the feed materials.
  • the feed from the cellulosic feed storage bin 20a is transferred via a belt conveyer 24a to a classifying device such as a vibrating screen 26 to separate oversize particles 28 from particles 30 which are suitable for direct feed to a pelletizing operation.
  • a classifying device such as a vibrating screen 26 to separate oversize particles 28 from particles 30 which are suitable for direct feed to a pelletizing operation.
  • the size of the holes in the screen depend upon the size of the pellets to be made, but in any case, the size of the holes is necessarily smaller than the minimum dimension of the pellets.
  • the feed cellulosic material is comminuted to a desired particle size.
  • the term "comminution” refers to any physical act of size reduction, including, but not limited to chopping, crushing, and grinding by suitable machinery.
  • chopping crushing
  • grinding grinding by suitable machinery.
  • a disk chipper can be used for solid scrap and round wood of various sizes. This chipper has knives set in radial slots.
  • a knife hog is similar in action to the chipper, but the knives are set in the sloping surfaces of a V-shaped drum.
  • the knife is suitable for solid wood and for scraps that may be somewhat smaller than the disk chipper can handle.
  • Exemplary of the operation of the hammermill 32 is comminuting cellulosic feed for making cylindrical pellets having a diameter of 9.5 m.m. and cylindrical pellets having a diameter of 6.35 m.m.
  • the comminuting equipment is operated so that substantially all of the particulate cellulosic material has a particle size greater than about 30 mesh. This is to avoid the presence of fines and dust in the feed to the pelletizer, and the explosion hazard associated with such small particles of cellulosic material.
  • the particles 30 not requiring comminution and the comminuted particles 34 from the hammermill 32 are collected on a belt conveyer 36 and passed via ducts 37 to two rotary driers 38 in parallel to reduce the moisture content of the cellulosic material.
  • free moisture there is meant moisture which can be removed by evaporation at normal temperatures and does not include any bound water such as chemically
  • the dryers reduce the moisture content of the feed to about 5% to about 15% by weight, the same as required for feed to the pelletizer.
  • the free moisture content of the feed to the pelletizer is from about 8% to about 12% by weight, and most preferably about 10% by weight.
  • dry slaked lime i.e. calcium carbonate
  • the calcium carbonate combines with water of the feed material and then releases moisture more easily in the dryer, thereby aiding more rapid drying of the feed material.
  • the preferred grade of calcium carbonate is a fine grade having a particle size of less than 100 mesh. When this drying technique is used, the product fuel pellets contain at least 1% by weight calcium.
  • the gases and water evolved in the dryers 38 are withdrawn from the dryers via lines 42 into two cyclones 44 in parallel, one for each dryer, by an exhaust fan 46.
  • the discharge from the fan 46 can be passed to a dust collector (not shown) or passed directly to the atmosphere.
  • Particulate matter withdrawn via line 42 is separated in the cyclones 44 and dropped into a fines bin 47.
  • the particulate matter in bin 47 is fed by a rotary valve 48 to a fines bin 77 ( Figure 2A).
  • the dried feed material is transferred by a storage bin tank feed conveyer 49 to one or more storage bins 52a or 52b ( Figure 2B).
  • the different storage bins are used for storing different types of feed material. More storage bins than the two storage bins shown in Figure 2A can be used.
  • the storage bins 52a and 52b preferably are tumbled bins to avoid compaction of the feed material and to maintain dehydration of the feed.
  • a rotary cooler (not shown) using ambient air to cool the material dis ⁇ charged by the dryer can be used if required to avoid caking of the feed material in storage.
  • the plastic feed is passed from the plastic feed bins 20b and 20c via belt conveyers 24b and 24c, respectively, to comminution devices such as granulators 56a and 56b, respectively.
  • the smaller the particle size of the thermoplastic feed the stronger the fuel pellets and the more even and uniform their burning characteristics, and the less plastic required in the fuel pellets.
  • the granulators are operated so that substantially all of the particulate thermoplastic material is minus 5 mesh.
  • the bulk, i.e. at least 50% by weight of the particulate thermoplastic material is minus 10 mesh, and more preferably substantially all is minus 10 mesh. It is believed that optimumly substantially all of the plastic is -20 mesh.
  • the comminuted plastic feed discharged by the granulators 56a and 56b passes to belts 57a and 57b, respectively, for transport to plastic feed storage bins 52c and 52d, respectively. More than two plastic storage bins can be used if required.
  • Each of the storage bins has associated with it a weigh belt conveyer 62a, 62b, 62c, or 62d.
  • the four conveyers 62a, 62b, 62c, and 62d are used to provide the proper weight ratios of the feed materials to a pellet mill 70.
  • the four conveyers drop their feed onto a belt conveyer 64 which carries it to a chamber 65 for preheating of the feed with dry steam, if desired. From the chamber 65 the feed passes into a mixer 66
  • OMPI W1P0 such as a combination mill to obtain uniform mixing of the different types of feed material.
  • the mixer discharges mixed feed onto a belt conveyer 67 which lifts the feed to a pellet mill feed bin 68.
  • the feed is gravity fed from the bin 68 to a conveyer 69 which drops the feed into the pellet mill 70 in which the pellets of the present invention, such as a pellet shown in Figure 1, are formed.
  • Any suitable pelletizing machin can be used.
  • the material is fed into a hopper and pressed into dies having the desired configuration and shape.
  • the pellet mill must be capable of producing a pressure in the die during compression which causes the temperature of the feed material to increase so that the pellets have a temperature of from about 66°C. to about 122°C. where they are discharged from the pellet mill, i.e. where the pressure is released.
  • the discharged pellets are at a temperature in excess of abou 122°C. , degradation and carbonization of the thermoplastic material can occur, and when the discharged pellets are at a temperature of less than about 66°C. , the pellets can have insufficient cohesiveness.
  • the discharge temperature of the pellets is from about 88 to about 123°C. to produce pellets with excellent burning properties and good cohesion. As the discharge temperature of the pellets increases, their density increases.
  • Supplemental heat and moisture for the pellet mill 70 can be provided by steam 71 which can be generated in a boiler 72 fueled by pellets produced by this process or reject fines.
  • the steam can be used for drying the feed in the dryers 38.
  • Pellet mills can produce a high pressure at the impact point of the rollers to produce the desired temperature during pelletizing.
  • a portion of the thermoplastic material forms a surface skin on the pellet at these temperatures. This skin protects the pellets from shattering and from significant changes in moisture content.
  • a binding agent such as an aqueous solution of sodium silicate.
  • the material can be sprayed with about 5% by weight based on the total feed of 40 Bau e alkali stabilized sodium silicate solution added to the mixer 66.
  • the moisture content needs to be adjusted to compensate for the water added by spraying with the silicate solution. It is believed that destabilized alkali sodium silicate solubilizes lignin of the cellulosic feed and the lignin then polymerizes, resulting in a stronger pellet.
  • the formed pellets are cooled in a cooler 72 by ambient air supplied by a blower 73, and transferred to a screen 74 for separation of any fines 75 which are carried by a conveyer 76 to a fines storage bin 77.
  • the fines are transferred from the storage bin 77 by a rotary valve 78 and a blower 79 for feed to the boiler 72 used to generate steam for the pellet mill.
  • the product pellets 80 can be sent to storage, bagged, or transferred to trucks or railroad cars for shipment.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
  • Glanulating (AREA)

Abstract

Une boulette combustible comprend de 90 a 99% environ en poids de materiau cellulosique naturel et de 1 a 10% environ en poids de materiau thermoplastique polymere synthetique. La teneur en eau du materiau cellulosique est d'environ 5 a 25% en poids. Le materiau thermoplastique est generalement inferieur a 5 mesh. La maille du materiau thermoplastique synthetique est distribue dans toute la boulette combustible. Le materiau thermoplastique est solide a temperature ambiante et a une temperature de moulage par injection d'au moins 95 C. Une telle boulette combustible peut etre preparee dans un appareil a former les boulettes (70) ou la temperature de la boulette lorsqu'elle sort de la matrice est de 66 a 122 C environ.
EP79900410A 1978-04-26 1979-12-04 Boulettes combustibles Withdrawn EP0018372A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US90024078A 1978-04-26 1978-04-26
US900240 1978-04-26
US05/943,393 US4236897A (en) 1978-09-18 1978-09-18 Fuel pellets
US943393 1986-12-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0018372A1 true EP0018372A1 (fr) 1980-11-12

Family

ID=27129256

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP79900410A Withdrawn EP0018372A1 (fr) 1978-04-26 1979-12-04 Boulettes combustibles

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0018372A1 (fr)
AR (1) AR223339A1 (fr)
FI (1) FI791339A (fr)
NO (1) NO791383L (fr)
WO (1) WO1979000988A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
LU83339A1 (de) * 1980-05-08 1981-07-24 Akzo Nv Brennstoffbriketts
FR2544327B1 (fr) * 1983-04-18 1986-09-12 Bioland Gie Procede d'agglomeration en granules de particules lignocellulosiques
DE3630248C2 (de) * 1986-09-02 1995-10-12 Berlin Bio Heizstoffwerk Verfahren zur Herstellung eines festen Brennstoffs
DE8631195U1 (de) * 1986-11-21 1987-01-15 Bio-Heizstoffwerk Berlin GmbH, 1000 Berlin Brennstoffbrikett
GR1000341B (el) * 1989-10-20 1992-06-25 Alexis Stasinopoulos Στερεο καυσιμο απο μιγμα πλαστικων απορριματων με ξυλωδη & αδρανη υλικα & μεθοδος παραγωγης του.
SE511292C2 (sv) * 1997-10-21 1999-09-06 Zargham Niazi Förfarande och anordning vid framställning av bränslekropp
WO2006122405A1 (fr) 2005-05-16 2006-11-23 Evergreen Biofuels Inc. Pastilles de combustible en fibres agricoles
US20100116181A1 (en) * 2007-03-07 2010-05-13 Anton Rudolf Christoffel Method of making cellulose/plastic pellets having a low plastic content
JP4593657B2 (ja) * 2008-07-11 2010-12-08 株式会社クリエイティブ 固体燃料
EP2948533B1 (fr) * 2012-10-25 2017-12-13 Queston Inc. Procédé de production de carburant de biomasse de bois à combustion propre
EP3294847A1 (fr) * 2015-05-13 2018-03-21 Arc Applied Sciences Ltd Procédé et appareil de traitement de fibres de cellulose
RU2664548C1 (ru) * 2018-04-19 2018-08-20 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт химии нефти Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук (ИХН СО РАН) Способ конверсии гудронов

Family Cites Families (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1668643A (en) * 1926-04-22 1928-05-08 Hart Carbon Fuel Company Ltd Manufacture of fuel briquettes
FR933026A (fr) * 1946-08-28 1948-04-08 Nac Calvo Sotelo Empresa Procédé d'obtention de combustibles, de lubrifiants et de produits divers à l'aide de matières ligno-cellulosiques
GB901789A (en) * 1959-02-20 1962-07-25 Stamicarbon Improvements relating to agglomerated fuels and the production thereof
US3843336A (en) * 1972-08-31 1974-10-22 Kingsford Co Artificial fireplace log
US3947255A (en) * 1973-01-10 1976-03-30 American Can Company Method of extruding bark and of forming a solid synthetic fuel

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO7900988A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO791383L (no) 1979-10-29
FI791339A (fi) 1979-10-27
WO1979000988A1 (fr) 1979-11-29
AR223339A1 (es) 1981-08-14

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