EP0001103B1 - Liquid developer and appropriate charge control agent - Google Patents

Liquid developer and appropriate charge control agent Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0001103B1
EP0001103B1 EP78100815A EP78100815A EP0001103B1 EP 0001103 B1 EP0001103 B1 EP 0001103B1 EP 78100815 A EP78100815 A EP 78100815A EP 78100815 A EP78100815 A EP 78100815A EP 0001103 B1 EP0001103 B1 EP 0001103B1
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Prior art keywords
liquid developer
copolymer
weight
percent
control agent
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0001103A1 (en
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Heinz Dr. Herrmann
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Hoechst AG
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Hoechst AG
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00Developers
    • G03G9/08Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/12Developers with toner particles in liquid developer mixtures
    • G03G9/13Developers with toner particles in liquid developer mixtures characterised by polymer components
    • G03G9/131Developers with toner particles in liquid developer mixtures characterised by polymer components obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a liquid developer for the development of positively charged electrostatic charge images consisting of an electrically insulating carrier liquid in which pigment, resinous binder, charge control agent from a copolymer with a methacrylic ester component and additives are dispersed or dissolved and to a charge control agent.
  • Liquid developers are used in electrophotographic or electrographic copying processes to make latent electrostatic charge images visible. They basically consist of colored particles which are dispersed in a solution of resinous binders and charge control agent in a carrier liquid. In the electric field of the charge image, the colored particles with charge control agent and binder are deposited electrophoretically.
  • the resins which can also be polymers, are combined with the pigment particles physically or also chemically, for example by graft polymerization (US Pat. No. 3,968,044, DE-OS 25 38 581). This results in particularly stable dispersions.
  • the charge control substance which is soluble in the aliphatic solvent, is generally absorbed by the pigment particles out of the solution and determines the amount and sign of their charge.
  • the charge control agent also acts as a dispersant. If this is not the case, the liquid developer also contains dispersing agents.
  • Most known charge control agents impart a positive charge to the pigment particles. They can be used for the deposition on negatively charged electrostatic charge images; these include in particular metal soaps.
  • Negative charging of the pigment particles is caused by charge control agents, such as lecithin, alkylated polyvinylpyrrolidones, metal salts of long-chain alkylbenzenesulfonic acids or like metal salts of long-chain dialkylsulfosuccinic acid (DE-OS 19 30 784, DE-OS 24 02 953).
  • charge control agents such as lecithin, alkylated polyvinylpyrrolidones, metal salts of long-chain alkylbenzenesulfonic acids or like metal salts of long-chain dialkylsulfosuccinic acid
  • an electrophotographic liquid developer which contains in a carrier liquid as a negative charge control agent a soluble copolymer which has a methacrylic acid ester as the solubility-controlling component and sulfonic acid salts as the charge-controlling component and optionally compounds containing amino groups.
  • graft copolymers As charge control agents, the use of graft copolymers as charge control agents is also known (US Pat. No. 3,876,610), the core component of which consists of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone building blocks and the charge-controlling effect of which is achieved by the grafted-on monomer.
  • the object was achieved by a liquid developer of the type mentioned at the outset, which is characterized in that the charge control agent is a copolymer which is soluble in the carrier liquid and consists of 1-50% by weight of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 50-99% by weight of methacrylic acid ester.
  • the copolymer contains 15-40 percent by weight of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 60-80 percent by weight of methacrylic acid ester.
  • the liquid developers mixed with the charge control agents according to the invention develop positively charged, latent electrostatic charge images in a clean and fog-free manner.
  • Such copolymers with methacrylic acid esters with alcohol components which carry at least 6 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain are particularly suitable.
  • 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate and octadecyl methacrylate are used as methacrylic acid esters.
  • control substance according to the invention is readily soluble in the carrier liquid and, at the same time, is an excellent dispersant, by means of which the liquid developer is given good stability.
  • Control materials according to the invention advantageously have a low electrical conductivity. They can therefore be added to the liquid developer in high concentration without reaching disturbing conductivity values. On the other hand, they do not attack photoconductor layers which consist of or contain selenium.
  • Monomers are suitable here which represent acrylic monomers with a polar side group, such as methacrylic acid, acrylic acid amide or hydroxyalkyl methacrylate. They are polymerized in amounts of up to 5 percent by weight. isized.
  • methacrylic acid esters with an alcohol component having at most 6 carbon atoms are also suitable as a further monomer component, the copolymer containing up to 30 percent by weight of the short-chain methacrylic acid ester.
  • the copolymers can be prepared by heating a solution of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and the methacrylic acid ester component in a nitrogen atmosphere with stirring in the presence of a polymerization initiator.
  • a starter z. B. azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) can be used as a starter z. B. azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) can be used.
  • the polymerization temperature depends on the type of starter. AIBN is preferably used in the range from about 70 to 90 ° C.
  • the polymerization takes place in a solvent, which is preferably the same aliphatic hydrocarbon that is later the main component of the carrier liquid. If a polymerization component does not dissolve here, the polymerization can of course also be carried out in another solvent, e.g. B. toluene, drain. The solvent used is then stripped off and the remaining polymer is dissolved in the aliphatic hydrocarbon.
  • a solvent which is preferably the same aliphatic hydrocarbon that is later the main component of the carrier liquid. If a polymerization component does not dissolve here, the polymerization can of course also be carried out in another solvent, e.g. B. toluene, drain. The solvent used is then stripped off and the remaining polymer is dissolved in the aliphatic hydrocarbon.
  • the charge control agent according to the invention is suitable for the production of all types of liquid developers. So you can z. B. disperse bare carbon blacks in the polymer solution, then add fixing agents - such as soluble resins or polymer organosols - and possibly add a further amount of charge control agent. Instead of the carbon black, you can also use resinated, flushed or polymer grafted carbon blacks or other pigments. In any case, the control agents according to the invention bring about clear negative charging of the pigment particles.
  • the liquid developers can contain, for example, waxes as additives which have a favorable influence on the sedimentation behavior of the liquid developer or the smudge resistance of the developed images. These additives are generally used in amounts corresponding to the pigment content.
  • Highly chlorinated or fluorinated paraffins are particularly suitable as halogen-containing waxes, the latter being obtained by thermal degradation of polytetrafluoroethylene and being soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons.
  • Examples 1-8 describe the preparation of the charge control substance according to the invention.
  • Examples 9 to 12 relate to liquid developers produced with it.
  • a 2 I 4-necked flask equipped according to Example 1 is charged with 600 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range about 160-180 ° C, 390 g of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 90 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 1.8 g of AIBN. After flushing with nitrogen for ten minutes, the mixture is polymerized at 80 ° C. for 5 hours. The resulting viscous polymer solution is cloudy.
  • Example 1 is repeated with the following mixture: 100 g of the aliphatic hydrocarbon, 62.5 g of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 17.5 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 0.3 g of AIBN.
  • the polymerization time is 5 hours. The result is a cloudy polymer solution.
  • Example 1 100 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range about 160-180 ° C, 65 g of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 15 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 0.3 AIBN are stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at an increasing temperature. The heating bath is kept at 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 ° C for 1 hour each. The resulting polymer solution has almost the same properties as the solution according to Example 2.
  • the following mixture is polymerized in the apparatus according to Example 1 for 5 hours at 80 ° C. under nitrogen.
  • a slightly cloudy polymer solution is formed.
  • the polymerization is stopped by slowly cooling the container to about 30 ° C.
  • the suspension of the grafted carbon black is finally diluted with a further 450 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range 175-190 ° C.
  • Example 2 60 g of the graft black suspension produced are mentioned with 20 g of that in Example 1 organic polymer dispersion and stirred with a further 10 g of polymer solution according to Example 2. Dilution with 2.5 liters of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range 160-180 ° C, yields a good negative liquid developer.
  • 1350 g of the soot dispersion obtained are stirred with 60 g of the above-mentioned commercial terpolymer solution, 1350 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon with a boiling range of 160-180 ° C. and 12 g of saturated solution of a chlorinated paraffin with 70% chlorine in the same hydrocarbon.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Liquid Developers In Electrophotography (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen Flüssigentwickler für die Entwicklung positiv geladener elektrostatischer Ladungsbilder bestehend aus einer elektrisch isolierenden Trägerflüssigkeit, in welcher Pigment, harzförmiges Bindemittel, Ladungssteuerstoff aus einem Copolymerisat mit Methacrylsäureesterbestandteil und Zusätze dispergiert oder gelöst sind und auf einen Ladungssteuerstoff.The invention relates to a liquid developer for the development of positively charged electrostatic charge images consisting of an electrically insulating carrier liquid in which pigment, resinous binder, charge control agent from a copolymer with a methacrylic ester component and additives are dispersed or dissolved and to a charge control agent.

Flüssigentwickler werden bei elektrophotographischen oder elektrographischen Kopierprozessen eingesetzt zum Sichtbarmachen latenter elektrostatischer Ladungsbilder. Sie bestehen prinzipiell aus gefärbten Partikeln, die in einer Lösung von harzartigen Bindemitteln und Ladungssteuerstoff in einer Trägerflüssigkeit dispergiert sind. Im elektrischen Feld des Ladungsbildes werden die mit Ladungssteuerstoff und Bindemittel behafteten, gefärbten Partikeln elektrophoretisch abgeschieden.Liquid developers are used in electrophotographic or electrographic copying processes to make latent electrostatic charge images visible. They basically consist of colored particles which are dispersed in a solution of resinous binders and charge control agent in a carrier liquid. In the electric field of the charge image, the colored particles with charge control agent and binder are deposited electrophoretically.

Es ist bekannt, die Pigmente vor dem Dispergieren mit einem Harzüberzug zu versehen. Die Harze, die auch Polymere sein können, werden physikalisch oder auch chemisch, etwa durch Pfropfpolymerisation, mit den Pigmentpartikefn verbunden (US-Patent 3,968,044, DE-OS 25 38 581). Hierdurch erhält man besonders stabile Dispersionen.It is known to provide the pigments with a resin coating prior to dispersion. The resins, which can also be polymers, are combined with the pigment particles physically or also chemically, for example by graft polymerization (US Pat. No. 3,968,044, DE-OS 25 38 581). This results in particularly stable dispersions.

Die auf die Pigmentoberfläche aufgebrachten Harze üben eine gewisse Wirkung als Ladungssteuerstoff aus, die so erheblich sein kann, daß man bei solchen Pigmentdispersionen keinen Zusatz an Ladungssteuerstoff benötigt. So sind aus der britischen Patentschrift 1,016,072 Pigmentteilchen bekannt, welche mit Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidon beschichtet sind und eine positive Aufladung bewirken.The resins applied to the pigment surface exert a certain effect as a charge control agent, which can be so considerable that no addition of charge control agent is required in the case of such pigment dispersions. For example, British Patent 1,016,072 pigment particles are known which are coated with poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone and cause a positive charge.

Die in der Trägerflüssigkeit löslichen, harzartigen Bindemittel dienen, zusammen mit den auf die Pigmentoberfläche aufgebrachten Harzen oder Polymerüberzügen, zur Fixierung der Pigmentpartikeln auf dem Ladungsbild oder, nach Transfer, zur Fixierung auf einem entsprechenden Kopiermedium, wie zum Beispiel Papier.The resin-like binders which are soluble in the carrier liquid, together with the resins or polymer coatings applied to the pigment surface, serve to fix the pigment particles on the charge image or, after transfer, to fix them on a suitable copying medium, such as paper.

Bei Pigmentpartikeln, welche von der Photoleiterschicht auf blankes Papier übertragen werden, muß de Anteil an fixierendem Harz besonders hoch liegen. Solche Pigmentpartikeln lassen sich nicht gut mit in aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen löslichen Harzen herstellen, da die erforderliche Menge an Harz die Viskosität der Trägerflüssigkeit auf Werte anhebt, bei denen die elektrophoretische Abscheidung erschwert wird. Die Herstellung entsprechender Flüssigentwickler gelingt dagegen bei Verwendung von Dispersionen von Polymeren in aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, sogenannten Organosolen oder Dispersimeren. Mit ihnen werden bindemittelreiche, niedrigviskose Flüssigentwickler erhalten, die sich elektrophoretisch gut abscheiden. Flüssigentwickler dieser Art sind aus DE-OS 25 32 282, DE-OS 26 00 200 und DE-OS 21 14 773 bekannt.In the case of pigment particles which are transferred from the photoconductor layer to bare paper, the proportion of fixing resin must be particularly high. Such pigment particles cannot be produced well with resins soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons, since the amount of resin required raises the viscosity of the carrier liquid to values at which the electrophoretic deposition is made more difficult. In contrast, appropriate liquid developers can be produced by using dispersions of polymers in aliphatic hydrocarbons, so-called organosols or dispersimers. They are used to obtain binder-rich, low-viscosity liquid developers that separate well electrophoretically. Liquid developers of this type are known from DE-OS 25 32 282, DE-OS 26 00 200 and DE-OS 21 14 773.

Der im aliphatischen Lösungsmittel lösliche Ladungssteuerstoff wird in der Regel aus der Lösung heraus von den Pigmentpartikeln absorbiert und bestimmt Höhe und Vorzeichen ihrer Aufladung. Vielfach wirkt der Ladungssteuerstoff gleichzeitig als Dispergiermittel. Falls das nicht der Fall ist, enthält der Flüssigentwickler zusätzlich Dispergiermittel. Die meisten bekannten Ladungssteuerstoffe vermitteln den Pigmentpartikein positive Ladung. Sie sind zur Abscheidung auf negativ geladene elektrostatische Ladungsbilder brauchbar; hierzu zählen insbesondere Metallseifen. Negative Aufladung der Pigmentpartikeln wird durch Ladungssteuerstoffe, wie Lecithin, alkylierte Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Metallsalze langkettiger Alkylbenzolsulfonsäuren oder wie Metallsalze langkettiger Dialkylsulfobernsteinsäure hervorgerufen (DE-OS 19 30 784, DE-OS 24 02 953).The charge control substance, which is soluble in the aliphatic solvent, is generally absorbed by the pigment particles out of the solution and determines the amount and sign of their charge. In many cases, the charge control agent also acts as a dispersant. If this is not the case, the liquid developer also contains dispersing agents. Most known charge control agents impart a positive charge to the pigment particles. They can be used for the deposition on negatively charged electrostatic charge images; these include in particular metal soaps. Negative charging of the pigment particles is caused by charge control agents, such as lecithin, alkylated polyvinylpyrrolidones, metal salts of long-chain alkylbenzenesulfonic acids or like metal salts of long-chain dialkylsulfosuccinic acid (DE-OS 19 30 784, DE-OS 24 02 953).

Es ist auch ein elektrophotographischer Flüssigentwickler bekannt (FR-OS 2.196.498), welcher in einer Trägerflüssigkeit als negativer Ladungssteuerstoff ein lösliches Mischpolymerisat enthält, das als löslichkeitssteuernde Komponente einen Methacrylsäureester und als Ladungen steuernde Komponente sulfonsaure Salze und gegebenenfalls Aminogruppen enthaltende Verbindungen besitzt.There is also known an electrophotographic liquid developer (FR-OS 2.196.498) which contains in a carrier liquid as a negative charge control agent a soluble copolymer which has a methacrylic acid ester as the solubility-controlling component and sulfonic acid salts as the charge-controlling component and optionally compounds containing amino groups.

Es hat sich jedoch gezeigt, daß die bekannten Ladungssteuerstoffe für negative Aufladung der Pigmentteilchen nicht ganz die gestellten Forderungen erfüllen. Polymerreiche, von der Photoleiterschicht auf Empfangsblätter transferierbare Pigmentpartikel werden vielfach zu schwach gesteuert. Oft ist auch die elektrische Leitfähigkeit des Ladungssteuerstoffs zu groß. Schwach steuernde Stoffe mit relativ großer Leitfähigkeit machen dann in der für gute Ladungssteuerung benötigten Menge den Flüssigentwickler zu leitfähig. Dies wirkt sich besonders störend nach wiederholtem Nachfüllen mit frischem Entwicklerkonzentrat aus. Gelegentlich besteht sogar der Nachteil, daß durch den Ladungssteuerstoff bei längerer Einwirkung die Photoleiterschichten in den Kopiergeräten angegriffen werden.However, it has been shown that the known charge control agents for negative charging of the pigment particles do not quite meet the requirements. Polymer-rich pigment particles that can be transferred from the photoconductor layer to receiving sheets are often controlled too weakly. The electrical conductivity of the charge control substance is often too great. Weakly controlling substances with a relatively high conductivity then make the liquid developer too conductive in the amount required for good charge control. This is particularly disruptive after repeated refilling with fresh developer concentrate. Occasionally there is even the disadvantage that the photoconductor layers in the copying machines are attacked by the charge control substance if they are exposed to them for a prolonged period.

Manche der bekannten Ladungssteuerstoffe zeigen mehrere der aufgeführten Nachteile gleichzeitig.Some of the known charge control agents show several of the disadvantages listed at the same time.

Zur Herstellung von Trockentonern ist auch die Verwendung von Pfropfmischpolymerisaten als Ladungssteuerstoff bekannt (US-PS 3,876,610), deren Kernbestandteil aus N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidonbausteinen besteht und deren Ladungen steuernde Wirkung durch das aufgepfropfte Monomer erzielt wird.For the production of dry toners, the use of graft copolymers as charge control agents is also known (US Pat. No. 3,876,610), the core component of which consists of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone building blocks and the charge-controlling effect of which is achieved by the grafted-on monomer.

Es war deshalb die Aufgabe der Erfindung, negativ aufladende Ladungssteuerstoffe zur Verfügung zu stellen, welche bei starker Steuerwirkung eine geringe elektrische Leitfähigkeit aufweisen und die Photoleiterschichten nicht angreifen.It was therefore the object of the invention to provide negative charge control agents To be available, which have a low electrical conductivity with a strong control effect and do not attack the photoconductor layers.

Die gestellte Aufgabe wurde durch einen Flüssigentwickler der eingangs genannten Art gelöst, welcher dadurch gekennziechnet ist, daß der Ladungssteuerstoff ein in der Trägerflüssigkeit lösliches Copolymerisat ist, welches aus 1-50 Gewichtsprozent N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidon und 50-99 Gewichtsprozent Methacrylsäureester besteht. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthält das Copolymerisat 15-40 Gewichtsprozent N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon und 60-80 Gewichtsprozent Methacrylsäureester.The object was achieved by a liquid developer of the type mentioned at the outset, which is characterized in that the charge control agent is a copolymer which is soluble in the carrier liquid and consists of 1-50% by weight of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 50-99% by weight of methacrylic acid ester. In a preferred embodiment, the copolymer contains 15-40 percent by weight of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 60-80 percent by weight of methacrylic acid ester.

Hierdurch wird erreicht, daß den in der Trägerflüssigkeit enthaltenen Pigmentpartikeln eine hohe negative Aufladung verliehen wird. Die mit den erfindungsgemäßen Ladungssteuerstoffen versetzten Flüssigentwickler entwickeln positiv geladene, latente elektrostatische Ladungsbilder sauber und schleierfrei.This ensures that the pigment particles contained in the carrier liquid are given a high negative charge. The liquid developers mixed with the charge control agents according to the invention develop positively charged, latent electrostatic charge images in a clean and fog-free manner.

Besonders geeignet sind solche Copolymerisate mit Methacrylsäureester mit Alkoholkomponenten, welche mindestens 6 Kohlenstoffatome in gerader oder verzweigter Kette tragen. Als Methacrylsäureester werden insbesondere 2 - Äthyl - hexylmethacrylat, Dodecylmethacrylat und Octadecylmethacrylat eingesetzt.Such copolymers with methacrylic acid esters with alcohol components which carry at least 6 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain are particularly suitable. In particular, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate and octadecyl methacrylate are used as methacrylic acid esters.

Hierdurch wird zusätzlich erreicht, daß der erfindungsgemäße Steuerstoff in der Trägerflüssigkeit_gut löslich ist und gleichzeitig ein ausgezeichnetes Dispergiermittel darstellt, durch welches dem Flüssigentwickler gute Stabilität verliehen wird.This additionally ensures that the control substance according to the invention is readily soluble in the carrier liquid and, at the same time, is an excellent dispersant, by means of which the liquid developer is given good stability.

Erfindungsgemäße Steuerstoffe haben eine vorteilhalft niedrige elektrische Leitfähigkeit. Sie können deshalb dem Flüssigentwickler in hoher Konzentration zugefügt werden, ohne daß störende Leitfähigkeitswerte erreicht werden. Sie greifen andererseits Photoleiterschichten, welche aus Selen bestehen oder dieses enthalten, nicht an.Control materials according to the invention advantageously have a low electrical conductivity. They can therefore be added to the liquid developer in high concentration without reaching disturbing conductivity values. On the other hand, they do not attack photoconductor layers which consist of or contain selenium.

Zur Herstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Ladungssteuerstoffes können neben den Komponenten der Methacrylsäureester und des N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidons auch kleinere Mengen anderer Monomerer mitverwendet werden. Hier sind Monomere geeignet, die Acrylmonomere mit polarer Seitengruppe darstellen, wie Methacrylsäure, Acrylsäureamid oder Hydroxyalkylmethyacrylat. Sie werden in Mengen bis zu 5 Gewichtsprozent einpolymer-. isiert.In addition to the components of the methacrylic acid ester and the N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, smaller amounts of other monomers can also be used to produce the charge control agent according to the invention. Monomers are suitable here which represent acrylic monomers with a polar side group, such as methacrylic acid, acrylic acid amide or hydroxyalkyl methacrylate. They are polymerized in amounts of up to 5 percent by weight. isized.

Andererseits, so wurde gefunden, sind als weitere Monomerkomponente auch Methacrylsäureester mit einer Alkoholkomponente mit höchstens 6 Kohlenstoffatomen geeignet, wobei das Copolymer bis zu 30 Gewichtsprozent des kurzkettigen Methacrylsäureesters enthält.On the other hand, it has been found that methacrylic acid esters with an alcohol component having at most 6 carbon atoms are also suitable as a further monomer component, the copolymer containing up to 30 percent by weight of the short-chain methacrylic acid ester.

Die Copolymerisate lassen sich durch Erwärmen einer Lösung von N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon und der Methacrylsäureesterkomponente in Stickstoffatmosphäre unter Rühren in Gegenwart eines Polymerisationsstarters herstellen. Als Starter kann z. B. Azoisobuttersäuredinitril (AIBN) verwendet werden. Die Polymerisationstemperatur richtet sich nach der Art des Starters. So wird mit AIBN vorzugsweise im Bereich von etwa 70 bis 90°C gearbeitet.The copolymers can be prepared by heating a solution of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and the methacrylic acid ester component in a nitrogen atmosphere with stirring in the presence of a polymerization initiator. As a starter z. B. azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) can be used. The polymerization temperature depends on the type of starter. AIBN is preferably used in the range from about 70 to 90 ° C.

Die Polymerisation erfolgt in einem Lösungsmittel, das vorzugsweise der gleiche aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoff ist, der auch später Hauptbestandteil der Trägerflüssigkeit ist. Falls sich eine Polymerisationskomponente hierin nicht löst, kann man selbstverständlich die Polymerisation auch in einem anderen Lösungsmittel, z. B. Toluol, ablaufen lassen. Anschließend wird dann das verwendete Lösungsmittel abgezogen und das zurückbleibende Polymerisat in dem aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoff gelöst.The polymerization takes place in a solvent, which is preferably the same aliphatic hydrocarbon that is later the main component of the carrier liquid. If a polymerization component does not dissolve here, the polymerization can of course also be carried out in another solvent, e.g. B. toluene, drain. The solvent used is then stripped off and the remaining polymer is dissolved in the aliphatic hydrocarbon.

Die beste Steuerwirkung zeigen Polymerisate, die nur trüb löslich sind. Die Trübungen werden vermutlich verursacht durch hohes Molekulargewicht oder auch durch einsetzende Pfropfpolymerisation von unverbrachtem N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon auf die gebildete Mischpolymer-Kette.The best control effect is shown by polymers that are only cloudy soluble. The cloudiness is presumably caused by high molecular weight or also by the graft polymerization of unburned N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone which begins to form on the mixed polymer chain formed.

Der erfindungsgemäß Ladungssteuerstoff eignet sich zur Herstellung aller Arten von Flüssigentwicklern. So kann man z. B. in der Polymer-Lösung blanke Ruße dispergieren, anschließend Fixierstoffe - wie lösliche Harze oder Polymerorganosole - und eventuell eine weitere Menge an Ladungssteuerstoff zusetzen, Anstelle des Rußes kann man auch geharzte, geflushte oder mit Polymeren gepfropfte Ruße oder auch andere Pigmente einsetzen. In jedem Fall bewirken die erfindungsgemäßen Steuermittel klare negative Aufladung der Pigmentteilchen.The charge control agent according to the invention is suitable for the production of all types of liquid developers. So you can z. B. disperse bare carbon blacks in the polymer solution, then add fixing agents - such as soluble resins or polymer organosols - and possibly add a further amount of charge control agent. Instead of the carbon black, you can also use resinated, flushed or polymer grafted carbon blacks or other pigments. In any case, the control agents according to the invention bring about clear negative charging of the pigment particles.

Als Zusätze können die Flüssigentwickler zum Beispiel Wachse enthalten, die das Sedimentationsverhalten des Flüssigentwicklers oder die Wischfestigkeit der entwickelten Bilder günstig beeinflussen. Diese Zusätze werden im allgemeinen in dem Pigmentanteil entsprechenden Mengen eingesetzt.The liquid developers can contain, for example, waxes as additives which have a favorable influence on the sedimentation behavior of the liquid developer or the smudge resistance of the developed images. These additives are generally used in amounts corresponding to the pigment content.

Es hat sich gezeigt, daß zum Beispiel geringere Mengen an Wachs eingesetzt werden können und günstige Wirkungen in weiterer Hinsicht hervorrufen. So wird die Lebensdauer eines Flüssigentwicklers im Gebrauch wesentlich verbessert, wenn nur 0,1 bis 5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Pigment, an halogenhaltigen Wachsen anwesend sind.It has been shown that, for example, smaller amounts of wax can be used and can have beneficial effects in other respects. The life of a liquid developer in use is significantly improved if only 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the pigment, of halogen-containing waxes is present.

Als halogenhaltige Wachse eignen sich besonders hochchlorierte oder fluorierte Paraffine, wobei die letzteren durch thermischen Abbau von Polytetrafluoräthylen gewonnen werden und in aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen löslich sind.Highly chlorinated or fluorinated paraffins are particularly suitable as halogen-containing waxes, the latter being obtained by thermal degradation of polytetrafluoroethylene and being soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons.

BeispieleExamples

In den Beispielen 1-8 wird die Herstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Ladungssteuerstoffs beschrieben. Die Beispiele 9 bis 12 betreffen hiermit hergestellte Flüssigentwickler.Examples 1-8 describe the preparation of the charge control substance according to the invention. Examples 9 to 12 relate to liquid developers produced with it.

Beispiel 1example 1

In einem mit Rührwerk, Rückflußkühler, Thermometer und Gaseinleitungsrohr versehenen 500 ml 4-Halskolben werden 100 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, Siedebereich 160-180°C, 70 g 2-Äthylhexylmethacrylat, 10 g N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon und 0,3 g AIBN eingefüllt. Die Mischung wird unter Rühren 10 Minuten lang bei Raumtemperatur mit Stickstoff gespült, dann in Stickstoffatmosphäre in einem Glycerinbad erwärmt. Die Polymerisationsdauer beträgt 6 Stunden bei einer Badtemperatur von 80°C. Die resultierende Copolymerisatlösung ist fast klar.100 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range 160-180 ° C, 70 g of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 10 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 0.3 g are placed in a 500 ml 4-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, reflux condenser, thermometer and gas inlet tube AIBN filled. The mixture is purged with nitrogen for 10 minutes at room temperature with stirring, then warmed in a nitrogen atmosphere in a glycerol bath. The polymerization time is 6 hours at a bath temperature of 80 ° C. The resulting copolymer solution is almost clear.

Beispiel 2Example 2

Ein nach Beispiel 1 ausgerüsteter 2 I 4-Halskolben wird beschickt mit 600 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, Siedebereich etwa 160-180°C, 390 g 2-Äthylhexylmethacrylat, 90 g N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon und 1,8 g AIBN. Nach zehnminütigem Spülen mit Stickstoff wird 5 Stunden lang bei 80°C polymerisiert. Die resultierende viskose Polymerlösung ist trüb.A 2 I 4-necked flask equipped according to Example 1 is charged with 600 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range about 160-180 ° C, 390 g of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 90 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 1.8 g of AIBN. After flushing with nitrogen for ten minutes, the mixture is polymerized at 80 ° C. for 5 hours. The resulting viscous polymer solution is cloudy.

Beispiel 3Example 3

Beispiel 1 wird wiederholt mit folgender Mischung: 100 g des aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, 62,5 g 2-Äthylhexylmethacrylat, 17,5 g N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon und 0,3 g AIBN. Die Polymerisationsdauer beträgt 5 Stunden. Es ergibt sich eine trübe Polymer- lösung.Example 1 is repeated with the following mixture: 100 g of the aliphatic hydrocarbon, 62.5 g of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 17.5 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 0.3 g of AIBN. The polymerization time is 5 hours. The result is a cloudy polymer solution.

Beispiel 4Example 4

In der in Beispiel 1 beschriebenen Apparatur werden 100 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, Siedebereich etwa 160-180°C, 65 g 2-Äthylhexylmethacrylat, 15 g N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon und 0,3 AIBN unter Stickstoffatmosphäre bei ansteigender Temperatur gerührt. Das Heizbad wird je 1 Stunde lang auf 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 und 90°C gehalten. Die entstehende Polymerlösung hat fast die gleichen Eigenschaften wie die Lösung nach Beispiel 2.In the apparatus described in Example 1, 100 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range about 160-180 ° C, 65 g of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 15 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 0.3 AIBN are stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at an increasing temperature. The heating bath is kept at 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 ° C for 1 hour each. The resulting polymer solution has almost the same properties as the solution according to Example 2.

Beispiel 5Example 5

In der Apparatur nach Beispiel 1 wird folgende Mischung 5 Stunden lang bei 80°C unter Stickstoff polymerisiert. 100 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, 65 g Dodecylmethacrylat, 15 g N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon und 0,3 g AIBN. Es entsteht eine schwachtrübe Polymerlösung.The following mixture is polymerized in the apparatus according to Example 1 for 5 hours at 80 ° C. under nitrogen. 100 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, 65 g of dodecyl methacrylate, 15 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 0.3 g of AIBN. A slightly cloudy polymer solution is formed.

Beispiel 6Example 6

100 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs. Siedebereich 160-180°C, 65 g 2-Äthylhexylmethacrylat, 13 g N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon, 2 g 2-Hydroxypropylmethacrylat und 0,3 g AIBN werden in der Apparatur nach Beispiel 1 4 1/2 Stunden lang bei 80°C polymerisiert. Die zur Gelatinierung neigende Polymerlösung wird noch warm mit dem verwendeten aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoff auf ein Gesamtvolumen von 400 ml aufgefüllt. Die Polymerlösung zeigt schwache Trübung.100 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon. Boiling range 160-180 ° C, 65 g of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 13 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 2 g of 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate and 0.3 g of AIBN are in the apparatus according to Example 1 for 4 1/2 hours at 80 ° C polymerizes. The polymer solution, which tends to gelatinize, is filled warm with the aliphatic hydrocarbon used to a total volume of 400 ml. The polymer solution shows slight turbidity.

Beispiel 7Example 7

100 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, 65 g 2-Äthylhexylmethacrylat, 14,5 g N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon, 0,5 g Methacrylsäure und 0,3 AIBN werden 4 1/2 Stunden lang bei 80°C polymerisiert. Es entsteht eine klare Polymerlösung.100 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, 65 g of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 14.5 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 0.5 g of methacrylic acid and 0.3 AIBN are polymerized at 80 ° C. for 4 1/2 hours. A clear polymer solution is created.

Beispiel 8Example 8

30 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, 68,2 g Stearylmethacrylat, 40 g N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon und 0,3 g AIBN werden 5 Stunden lang bei 80°C polymerisiert. Man erhält eine milchig-trübe Polymerlösung.30 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, 68.2 g of stearyl methacrylate, 40 g of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 0.3 g of AIBN are polymerized at 80 ° C. for 5 hours. A milky, cloudy polymer solution is obtained.

Beispiel 9Example 9

In einer Rührwerkskugelmühle Molinex PE 5 (Firma Netzsch, Selb) werden 36 g Russ mit 162 g Polymerlösung nach Beispiel 2 und 300 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, Siedebereich 175―190°C, 3 Stunden lang vermahlen. Gegen Ende des Mahlprozesses werden noch 450 g des Kohlenwasserstoffs hinzugefügt.In a Molinex PE 5 agitator ball mill (Netzsch, Selb), 36 g of carbon black are milled for 3 hours with 162 g of polymer solution according to Example 2 and 300 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range 175 ° -190 ° C. Towards the end of the grinding process, 450 g of the hydrocarbon are added.

300 g der so gewonnenen Rußdispersion werden verrührt mit 100 g einer organischen Polymerdispersion nach DT-AS 21 14 773, Beispiel 2, und mit weiteren 120 g Polymer- lösung nach Beispiel 2 dieser Anmeldung. Durch Verdünnen der Mischung mit 13 I eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, Siedebereich 160-180°C, wird ein Flüssigentwickler gewonnen, der positive Ladungsbilder sauber entwickelt.300 g of the carbon black dispersion obtained in this way are stirred with 100 g of an organic polymer dispersion according to DT-AS 21 14 773, Example 2, and with a further 120 g polymer solution according to Example 2 of this application. By diluting the mixture with 13 l of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range 160-180 ° C, a liquid developer is obtained, which develops positive charge patterns cleanly.

Beispiel 10Example 10 a) Herstellung eines gepfropften Russesa) Production of a grafted soot

In einer Rührwerkskugelmühle Molinex PE 5 mit abgedichtetem, mit Rückflußkühler, Tropftrichter und mit Gaseinleitungsrohr versehenem Mahlbehälter werden 36 g Russ in 43,8 g Polymerlösung aus Beispiel 2 und in 300 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, Siedebereich 175-190°C innerhalb 1/2 Stunde dispergiert. Die Suspension wird versetzt mit 109,5 g Dodecylmethacrylat, 9,6 g Vinylacetat, 6,3 g Styrol, 1,2 g Methacrylsäure und 0,23 g AIBN. Nach Verdrängen der Luft durch Stickstoff wird die Pfropfpolymerisation durch Erwärmen des Mahlbehälters auf 80°C eingeleitet. Nach 3 1/2 Stunden bei 80°C wird die Polymerisation durch langsames Abkühlen des Behälters auf ca. 30°C gestoppt. Die Suspension des gepfropften Russes wird schließlich mit weiteren 450 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, Siedebereich 175-190°C, verdünnt.36 g of carbon black in 43.8 g of polymer solution from Example 2 and in 300 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range 175-190 ° C. within 1/2 hour are in a Molinex PE 5 stirred ball mill with a sealed, with reflux condenser, dropping funnel and gas inlet tube dispersed. 109.5 g of dodecyl methacrylate, 9.6 g of vinyl acetate, 6.3 g of styrene, 1.2 g of methacrylic acid and 0.23 g of AIBN are added to the suspension. After the air has been displaced by nitrogen, the graft polymerization is initiated by heating the grinding vessel to 80.degree. After 3 1/2 hours at 80 ° C, the polymerization is stopped by slowly cooling the container to about 30 ° C. The suspension of the grafted carbon black is finally diluted with a further 450 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range 175-190 ° C.

b) Flüssigentwicklerb) liquid developer

60 g der hergestellten Pfropfrußsuspension werden mit 20 g der in Beispiel 1 erwähnten organischen Polymerdispersion und mit weiteren 10 g Polymerlösung nach Beispiel 2 verrührt. Durch Verdünnen mit 2,5 I eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, Siedebereich 160-180°C, -wird ein guter Negativflüssigentwickler gewonnen.60 g of the graft black suspension produced are mentioned with 20 g of that in Example 1 organic polymer dispersion and stirred with a further 10 g of polymer solution according to Example 2. Dilution with 2.5 liters of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range 160-180 ° C, yields a good negative liquid developer.

Beispiel 11 1Example 11 1

Man teigt 72 g Ruß an mit 600 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs, Siedebereich 175­19µ°C, und 100 g einer käuflichen 40 %igen Lösung eines Terpolymeren aus 76% Dodecylmethacrylat, 20% Methylmethacrylat und 4% N - Vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon in Neutralöl. Nach mehrstündiger Lagerung vermahlt man die Mischung bei 80°C in einer Rührwerkskugelmühle Molinex PE 5. Gegen Ende des dreistündigen Dispergierprozesses kühlt man auf Zimmertemperatur ab und fügt noch weitere 900 g des Kohlenwasserstoffes hinzu.72 g of carbon black are pasted on with 600 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, boiling range 17519μ ° C., and 100 g of a commercially available 40% solution of a terpolymer composed of 76% dodecyl methacrylate, 20% methyl methacrylate and 4% N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone in neutral oil . After storage for several hours, the mixture is ground at 80 ° C. in a Molinex PE 5 stirred ball mill. Towards the end of the three-hour dispersion process, the mixture is cooled to room temperature and a further 900 g of the hydrocarbon are added.

1350 g der gewonnenen Ruß-Dispersion werden verrührt mit 60 g der oben genannten käuflichen Terpolymer-Lösung, 1350 g eines aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs mit Siedebereich 160-180°C und 12 g gesättigten Lösung eines chlorierten Paraffins mit 70% Chloranteil im gleichen Kohlenwasserstoff.1350 g of the soot dispersion obtained are stirred with 60 g of the above-mentioned commercial terpolymer solution, 1350 g of an aliphatic hydrocarbon with a boiling range of 160-180 ° C. and 12 g of saturated solution of a chlorinated paraffin with 70% chlorine in the same hydrocarbon.

Beim Verdünnen des so hergestellten konzentrierten Toners mit aliphatischem Kohlenwasserstoff im Verhältnis 1:12 erhält man einen gut kopierenden Negativ-Entwickler.Diluting the concentrated toner thus produced with aliphatic hydrocarbon in a ratio of 1:12 gives a negative copying agent that copes well.

Beispiel 12Example 12

Figure imgb0001
Figure imgb0001

3 1/2 Stunden lang in einer Rührwerkskugelmühle Molinex PE 5 vermahlen. Gegen Ende des Mahlvorganges verdünnt man langsam mit weiteren

Figure imgb0002
Grind in a Molinex PE 5 agitator ball mill for 3 1/2 hours. Towards the end of the grinding process, slowly dilute with others
Figure imgb0002

Aus dem so gewonnenen Toner-Konzentrat erhält man durch Verdünnen mit der ca. 12- fachen Menge des letztgenannten aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffes einen Entwickler der mehr als 10.000 gute Kopien liefert; ohne Polytetrafluoräthylen-Wachs kopiert der Entwickler nach 1.000 Kopien nicht mehr ganz grundfrei.From the toner concentrate obtained in this way, a developer is obtained by dilution with about 12 times the amount of the latter aliphatic hydrocarbon, which gives more than 10,000 good copies; Without polytetrafluoroethylene wax, the developer no longer copies entirely without a reason after 1,000 copies.

Claims (16)

1. Liquid developer for the development of positively charged electrostatic charge images, which comprises an electrically insulating carrier liquid in which pigments, resinous binders, a polarity control agent comprising a copolymer with a methacrylic acid ester component, and additives are dispersed or dissolved, wherein the polarity control agent is a copolymer which is soluble in the carrier liquid and is composed of 1 to 50 percent by weight of N - vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidone and 50 to 99 percent by weight of a methacrylic acid ester.
2. A liquid developer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polarity control agent is a copolymer composed of 15 to 40 percent by weight of N - vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidone and 60 to 85 percent by weight of a methacrylic acid ester.
3. A liquid developer as claimed in claims 1 and 2, wherein the methacrylic acid ester has an alcohol component which comprises at least 6 carbon atoms.
4. A liquid developer as claimed in claims 1 to 3, wherein the copolymer contains 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate.
5. A liquid developer as claimed in claims 1 to 3, wherein the copolymer contains dodecyl methacrylate.
6. A liquid developer as claimed in claims 1 to 3, wherein the copolymer contains octadecyl methacrylate.
7. A liquid developer as claimed in claims 1 to 6, wherein the polarity control agent is a copolymer which additionally contains an acrylo monomer.
8. A liquid developer as claimed in in claim 7, wherein the polarity control agent is a copolymer which additionally contains an acrylo monomer with a polar side chain.
9. A liquid developer as claimed in claim 8, wherein the copolymer contains up to about 5 percent by weight of an acrylo monomer with a polar side chain.
10. A liquid developer as claimed in claims 8 and 9, wherein the acrylo monomer with the polar side chain is selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, acrylic acid amide and hydroxyalkyl methacrylate.
11. A liquid developer as claimed in claim 7, wherein the polarity control agent is a copolymer which additionally contains a methacrylic acid ester with an alcohol component which comprises not more than 6 carbon atoms.
12. A liquid developer as claimed in claim 11, wherein the copolymer contains up to about 30 percent by weight of a short-chain methacrylic acid ester.
13. A liquid developer as claimed in claims 1 to 12, which contains from 0.1 to 5 percent by weight, based on the weight of the pigment or dyestuff, of a halogen-containing wax.
14. A liquid developer as claimed in claim 13, wherein the halogen-containing wax is a highly chlorinated paraffin.
15. A liquid developer as claimed in claim 13, wherein the halogen-containing wax is a fluorinated paraffin.
16. Polarity control agent comprising a copolymer which is composed of 1 to 50 percent by weight of N - vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidone and 50 to 99 percent by weight of a methacrylic acid ester, for negatively charging pigment particles contained in liquid developers for the development of positively charged electrostatic charge images.
EP78100815A 1977-09-10 1978-09-04 Liquid developer and appropriate charge control agent Expired EP0001103B1 (en)

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DE19772740870 DE2740870A1 (en) 1977-09-10 1977-09-10 LIQUID DEVELOPER AND SUITABLE FOR CARGO CONTROLLERS

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JPS5451531A (en) 1979-04-23
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AU518690B2 (en) 1981-10-15

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