EP0000841B1 - Improvements in or relating to friction materials - Google Patents
Improvements in or relating to friction materials Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0000841B1 EP0000841B1 EP78300260A EP78300260A EP0000841B1 EP 0000841 B1 EP0000841 B1 EP 0000841B1 EP 78300260 A EP78300260 A EP 78300260A EP 78300260 A EP78300260 A EP 78300260A EP 0000841 B1 EP0000841 B1 EP 0000841B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- friction material
- friction
- material according
- composition
- volume
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000002783 friction material Substances 0.000 title claims description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012764 mineral filler Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical group [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000276489 Merlangius merlangus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NVWBARWTDVQPJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony(3+);trisulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[Sb+3].[Sb+3] NVWBARWTDVQPJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trichloroethylene Chemical group ClC=C(Cl)Cl XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroethylene Natural products ClCC(Cl)Cl UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;phenol Chemical compound O=C.OC1=CC=CC=C1 SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009747 press moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004636 vulcanized rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
- F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
- F16D69/025—Compositions based on an organic binder
- F16D69/026—Compositions based on an organic binder containing fibres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
- C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
- C08K7/04—Fibres or whiskers inorganic
- C08K7/06—Elements
Definitions
- This invention relates to friction materials, and more particularly to friction materials of the kind used for brake pads, brake linings, clutch facings and similar uses.
- Friction materials of this kind are generally composed of a thermoset binder, and asbestos fibre reinforcement and various fillers and other additives and are used against cast iron brake discs, drums etc.
- French Patent Specification No. 1,575,746 describes a friction material containing steel wool, but this material is for use against steel counter members, as in railway brake blocks, and is formulated from materials those function includes embrittlement of the steel so that it will break up at the surface of the brake block.
- Proposals have also been made of compositions containing non-asbestos inorganic fibrous reinforcement for brake pads and linings of automotive types but such materials have so far had limited commercial acceptance.
- a friction material suitable for moulded brake pads or linings comprises a thermoset binder a steel fibre reinforcement, and other fillers and additives and is characterised in that the composition consists of, in combination,
- the inert mineral filler is present in an amount between 10 and 35 per cent by volume, and is most important from a cost point of view when comparing these materials, since asbestos is a cheap raw material being replaced by relatively expensive man-made fibre. Hence it is necessary to find a friction material having satisfactory properties but able to carry a loading of cheap filler material.
- the fibrous reinforcement consists of fine steel fibres having a length of the order of 1 to 5mm, preferably having a diameter of the order of 0.125mm.
- the steel may be a mild steel.
- the fibrous reinforcement preferably constitutes at least 9% by volume of the friction material.
- the thermoset binder includes a thermoset resin based on a phenol-formaldehyde material but may also include a heat and chemical resistant vulcanized rubber, such as a nitrile rubber.
- a mixture of such materials is used in which the phenol-formaldehyde resin material is preferably the major constituent i.e. more than 50% of said mixture.
- a rubber When a rubber is used it may be incorporated into the friction material in the form of a solution in an organic solvent such as trichloroethylene, or in the form of a powder, and a vulcanizing agent such as sulphur can be also used.
- friction materials It is usual in the manufacture of friction materials to include various other material as friction and wear modifiers the proportions of which can be varied to adjust to the friction and other properties of the materials.
- friction and wear modifiers are carbon, graphite, antimony trisulphide and molybdenum disulphide and metals in a finely divided form.
- suitable metals are copper, brass and tin. A mixture of such materials may be used, and the total amount of such materials may be up to 40 per cent by volume.
- the invention provides friction materials which contain no asbestos and yet which have friction properties comparable to conventional asbestos-reinforced materials.
- Sample disc brake pads were made using the formulation given below in Table I. The ingredients were compounded together the nitrile rubber being introduced as a powder and the resulting dry mix was disintegrated and press-moulded in a die into the shape of disc-brake pads. The mouldings so produced were baked in an oven to cure the binder.
- sample disc-brake pads were tested and their friction properties found to be comparable to materials containing asbestos as the fibre reinforcement.
- This example illustrates a formulation with a higher loading of steel fibres.
- Disc brake pads were manufactured to the formulation given below in Table II by the same method as used in Example 1 except that the nitrile rubber in the present example was introduced as a 16% (by weight) solution in trichloroethylene.
- This example illustrates the use of lower binder content and higher loading of inert filler (Barytes).
- the assembly shear strengths measured were 15237 and 13031 kN/m 2.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
Description
- This invention relates to friction materials, and more particularly to friction materials of the kind used for brake pads, brake linings, clutch facings and similar uses.
- Friction materials of this kind are generally composed of a thermoset binder, and asbestos fibre reinforcement and various fillers and other additives and are used against cast iron brake discs, drums etc. French Patent Specification No. 1,575,746 describes a friction material containing steel wool, but this material is for use against steel counter members, as in railway brake blocks, and is formulated from materials those function includes embrittlement of the steel so that it will break up at the surface of the brake block. Proposals have also been made of compositions containing non-asbestos inorganic fibrous reinforcement for brake pads and linings of automotive types but such materials have so far had limited commercial acceptance.
- According to the present invention a friction material suitable for moulded brake pads or linings comprises a thermoset binder a steel fibre reinforcement, and other fillers and additives and is characterised in that the composition consists of, in combination,
- i) a thermoset binder which comprises a phenol-formaldehyde resin and which up 20% to 45% by volume of the composition of which at least half is said resin,
- ii) as sole fibrous reinforcement staple steel fibre in an amount in the range 5% to 15% by volume of the composition said steel fibres having a length in the range 1 to 5mm,
- iii) an inert mineral filler not being a metal oxide in an amount in the range 10% to 35% by volume of the composition,
- iv) the balance of the composition being friction and wear modifiers in an amount up to 40% by volume of the composition.
- The inert mineral filler is present in an amount between 10 and 35 per cent by volume, and is most important from a cost point of view when comparing these materials, since asbestos is a cheap raw material being replaced by relatively expensive man-made fibre. Hence it is necessary to find a friction material having satisfactory properties but able to carry a loading of cheap filler material.
- The fibrous reinforcement consists of fine steel fibres having a length of the order of 1 to 5mm, preferably having a diameter of the order of 0.125mm. The steel may be a mild steel. The fibrous reinforcement preferably constitutes at least 9% by volume of the friction material.
- The thermoset binder includes a thermoset resin based on a phenol-formaldehyde material but may also include a heat and chemical resistant vulcanized rubber, such as a nitrile rubber. Preferably a mixture of such materials is used in which the phenol-formaldehyde resin material is preferably the major constituent i.e. more than 50% of said mixture. When a rubber is used it may be incorporated into the friction material in the form of a solution in an organic solvent such as trichloroethylene, or in the form of a powder, and a vulcanizing agent such as sulphur can be also used.
- It is usual in the manufacture of friction materials to include various other material as friction and wear modifiers the proportions of which can be varied to adjust to the friction and other properties of the materials.
- Examples of friction and wear modifiers are carbon, graphite, antimony trisulphide and molybdenum disulphide and metals in a finely divided form. Examples of suitable metals are copper, brass and tin. A mixture of such materials may be used, and the total amount of such materials may be up to 40 per cent by volume.
- The friction materials of the present invention are particularly suited to be manufactured by a press-moulding technique in which all the ingredients of the material are compounded together, the compounded mix disintegrated and (optionally) dried and then moulded into a component such as a brake pad in a die under pressure. The moulded component is then removed from the die and baked to cure the binder.
- The invention provides friction materials which contain no asbestos and yet which have friction properties comparable to conventional asbestos-reinforced materials.
- The invention will now be illustrated by way of example only, by means of the following example.
- Sample disc brake pads were made using the formulation given below in Table I. The ingredients were compounded together the nitrile rubber being introduced as a powder and the resulting dry mix was disintegrated and press-moulded in a die into the shape of disc-brake pads. The mouldings so produced were baked in an oven to cure the binder.
- The sample disc-brake pads were tested and their friction properties found to be comparable to materials containing asbestos as the fibre reinforcement.
- This example illustrates a formulation with a higher loading of steel fibres.
- Disc brake pads were manufactured to the formulation given below in Table II by the same method as used in Example 1 except that the nitrile rubber in the present example was introduced as a 16% (by weight) solution in trichloroethylene.
- In tests, on a dynamometer, of the pads produced the coefficient of friction varied from 0.32 (cold) to 0.44 (hot) and wear was less than that of many conventional asbestos reinforced materials at this level of friction.
- The assembly shear strength of two pads was measured, the values obtained being 9722 and 9377 KN/m 2
-
- This example illustrates the use of lower binder content and higher loading of inert filler (Barytes).
- Disc brake pads were made by the same method as Example 2 to the formulation given in Table III.
- The wear of these pads was similar to those of Example 2 and coefficient of friction varied from 0.27 (cold) to 0.48 (hot).
- The assembly shear strengths measured were 15237 and 13031 kN/m2.
- This example illustrates the use of an even lower binder content at the same loading of barytes.
- Disc brake pads were made as in Example 2 to the formulation given in Table IV.
- The wear of these pads was slightly higher than that of Examples 2 and 3 and the coefficient of friction varied from 0.30 (cold) to 0.40 (hot).
- The assembly shear strengths measured were 9377 and 7929 KN/m2.
By "inert mineral filler" in this specification we mean a particulate filler whose presence does not substantially affect the friction properties of the material and which is an inexpensive mineral such as barytes, whiting or silica. We exclude metal oxides from this class of fillers since they are used for other purposes in friction materials.
Claims (9)
1. A friction material suitable for moulded brake pads or linings comprises a thermoset binder a steel fibre reinforcement, and other fillers and additives and is characterised in that the composition consists of, in combination,
i) a thermoset binder which comprises a phenol-formaldehyde resin and which makes up 20% to 45% by volume of the composition of which at least half is said resin,
ii) as sole fibrous reinforcement staple steel fibre in an amount in the range 5% to 15% by volume of the composition said steel fibres having a length in the range 1 to 5mm,
iii) an inert mineral filler not being a metal oxide in an amount in the range 10% to 35% by volume of the composition,
iv) the balance of the composition being friction and wear modifiers in an amount up to 40% by volume of the composition.
2. A friction material according to claim 1 in which the steel fibres have a diameter of the order of 0.125 mm.
3. A friction material according to claim 1, or 2, in which not more than 7% by volume (based on total composition) of the friction and wear modifiers is metal.
4. A friction material according to claim 1, 2 or 3, in which the friction and wear modifiers are substantially wholly inorganic.
5. A friction material according to any one of Claims 1 to 4 in which the thermoset binder comprises also a heat and chemical resistant vulcanised rubber.
6. A friction material according to Claim 5 in which said rubber is a nitrile rubber.
7. A friction material according to any one of the preceding claims in which the inert mineral filler is barytes, whiting or silica or a mixture thereof.
8. A friction material according to any one of the preceding claims in which the inert mineral filler makes up between 10 and 30% by volume of the friction material.
9. A friction material according to any one of the preceding claims in which the friction and wear modifiers are selected from carbon, graphite, antimony trisulphide, molybdenum disulphide and copper, brass and tin in finely divided form.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB33485/77A GB1604828A (en) | 1977-08-10 | 1977-08-10 | Friction materials |
| GB3348577 | 1977-08-10 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0000841A1 EP0000841A1 (en) | 1979-02-21 |
| EP0000841B1 true EP0000841B1 (en) | 1981-07-29 |
Family
ID=10353584
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP78300260A Expired EP0000841B1 (en) | 1977-08-10 | 1978-08-08 | Improvements in or relating to friction materials |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4226759A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0000841B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5434351A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU3875678A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7805106A (en) |
| CS (1) | CS216921B2 (en) |
| DD (1) | DD138220A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2860882D1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1604828A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN148771B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1157152B (en) |
| SU (1) | SU890983A3 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA784380B (en) |
Families Citing this family (24)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4178278A (en) * | 1978-03-01 | 1979-12-11 | Johns-Manville Corporation | Friction material for railroad service |
| FR2429066A1 (en) * | 1978-06-20 | 1980-01-18 | Roulements Soc Nouvelle | PRODUCT, PARTICULARLY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF FRICTION TRIMS |
| JPS55157672A (en) * | 1979-04-26 | 1980-12-08 | Kureha Chem Ind Co Ltd | Organic friction material |
| AU6662381A (en) * | 1980-02-28 | 1981-09-03 | Goodyear Aerospace Corp. | Elimination of asbestos in organic-type brake linings |
| US4373037A (en) * | 1981-05-29 | 1983-02-08 | Engelhard Corporation | Asbestos-free friction material incorporating attapulgite clay |
| JPS60139932A (en) * | 1983-12-28 | 1985-07-24 | Komatsu Ltd | Wet frictional member |
| GB8405645D0 (en) * | 1984-03-03 | 1984-04-04 | Ferodo Ltd | Friction materials |
| US4775705A (en) * | 1984-10-20 | 1988-10-04 | T&N Plc | Friction materials and their manufacture |
| US4722950A (en) * | 1986-07-07 | 1988-02-02 | Allied Corporation | Friction material |
| US5248301A (en) * | 1987-12-03 | 1993-09-28 | Medfusion, Inc. | Transcutaneous infusion apparatus and methods of manufacture and use |
| GB9020070D0 (en) * | 1990-09-14 | 1990-10-24 | Ferodo Ltd | Improvements in or relating to brake pads |
| US5122550A (en) * | 1990-11-21 | 1992-06-16 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Cellulose ester fibrils: a molding aid for friction materials |
| DE4039636A1 (en) * | 1990-12-12 | 1992-06-17 | Beiersdorf Ag | HOT-STIFF ADHESIVE |
| GB2268502B (en) * | 1992-07-03 | 1995-11-01 | Ferodo Ltd | Improved friction materials |
| JP3421364B2 (en) * | 1992-07-14 | 2003-06-30 | 曙ブレーキ工業株式会社 | Friction material |
| DE4224759C2 (en) * | 1992-07-27 | 2002-04-18 | Ina Schaeffler Kg | Tensioning system, friction damped for belt or chain drives |
| JPH06346932A (en) * | 1993-06-08 | 1994-12-20 | Akebono Brake Ind Co Ltd | Frictional material |
| US5413194A (en) * | 1994-07-25 | 1995-05-09 | Pneumo Abex Corporation | Brake friction pad assembly |
| DE29724077U1 (en) * | 1997-06-28 | 1999-11-11 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Brake unit |
| US6161659A (en) * | 1998-09-29 | 2000-12-19 | Inertia Dynamics, Inc. | Electromagnetic disk brake with rubber friction disk braking surface |
| JP2002226834A (en) * | 2001-01-30 | 2002-08-14 | Nisshinbo Ind Inc | Nonasbestos friction material |
| JP2003113253A (en) * | 2001-07-30 | 2003-04-18 | Nisshinbo Ind Inc | Non-asbestos-based friction material |
| MD86Y (en) * | 2006-10-04 | 2009-09-30 | Владимир КЛЕЙМЕНОВ | Composition of friction material |
| MD20060243A (en) * | 2006-10-04 | 2008-06-30 | Владимир КЛЕЙМЕНОВ | Composition of friction material |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3007890A (en) * | 1959-05-07 | 1961-11-07 | Chrysler Corp | Friction elements and method of making the same |
| FR1575746A (en) * | 1968-04-26 | 1969-07-25 | ||
| DE1780271A1 (en) * | 1968-08-23 | 1971-12-30 | Jurid Werke Gmbh | Brake pad for vehicle disc brakes |
| US4051097A (en) * | 1972-01-31 | 1977-09-27 | The Bendix Corporation | Carbon metallic friction composition |
| US3835118A (en) * | 1973-05-14 | 1974-09-10 | Bendix Corp | Sponge iron friction material |
| US4119591A (en) * | 1977-07-05 | 1978-10-10 | The Bendix Corporation | Friction material reinforced with steel and cellulose fibers |
-
1977
- 1977-08-10 GB GB33485/77A patent/GB1604828A/en not_active Expired
-
1978
- 1978-07-31 US US05/929,533 patent/US4226759A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1978-08-01 IN IN567/DEL/78A patent/IN148771B/en unknown
- 1978-08-02 ZA ZA00784380A patent/ZA784380B/en unknown
- 1978-08-08 DE DE7878300260T patent/DE2860882D1/en not_active Expired
- 1978-08-08 EP EP78300260A patent/EP0000841B1/en not_active Expired
- 1978-08-09 BR BR7805106A patent/BR7805106A/en unknown
- 1978-08-09 AU AU38756/78A patent/AU3875678A/en active Pending
- 1978-08-09 IT IT50667/78A patent/IT1157152B/en active
- 1978-08-10 CS CS785245A patent/CS216921B2/en unknown
- 1978-08-10 SU SU782649255A patent/SU890983A3/en active
- 1978-08-10 JP JP9774978A patent/JPS5434351A/en active Pending
- 1978-08-10 DD DD78207210A patent/DD138220A5/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT1157152B (en) | 1987-02-11 |
| CS216921B2 (en) | 1982-12-31 |
| EP0000841A1 (en) | 1979-02-21 |
| IT7850667A0 (en) | 1978-08-09 |
| BR7805106A (en) | 1979-04-24 |
| US4226759A (en) | 1980-10-07 |
| AU3875678A (en) | 1980-02-14 |
| GB1604828A (en) | 1981-12-16 |
| DD138220A5 (en) | 1979-10-17 |
| ZA784380B (en) | 1979-07-25 |
| IN148771B (en) | 1981-06-06 |
| SU890983A3 (en) | 1981-12-15 |
| JPS5434351A (en) | 1979-03-13 |
| DE2860882D1 (en) | 1981-10-29 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): BE CH DE FR GB LU NL SE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed | ||
| GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): BE CH DE FR GB LU NL SE |
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