Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L35/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical, and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/745—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
  • C07K14/755—Factors VIII, e.g. factor VIII C (AHF), factor VIII Ag (VWF)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
  • C08F8/44—Preparation of metal salts or ammonium salts
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S530/00—Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof
  • Y10S530/827—Proteins from mammals or birds
  • Y10S530/829—Blood
  • Y10S530/83—Plasma; serum

Definitions

• This invention relates to blood fractionation and more particularly to the fractionation of blood coagulation factors with certain unique polyelectrolytes.
• the process of blood coagulation is a complicated physiological activity that involves the interaction of numerous substances found in normal whole blood. It is known that certain factors associated with the blood coagulation mechanism are absent or seriously deficient in certain individuals. Thus, in those patients suffering from classical hemophilia, antihemophilic factor A (AHF, Factor VIII) is deficient. In those patients suffering from hemophilia B, plasma thromboplastin component (PTC, Factor IX) is missing from the blood. A small percentage of hemophiliacs also are lacking in the so-called Von Willebrand's Factor which is related to Factor VIII.
• Several other factors which are important in the coagulation mechanism, the absence of which can also lead to bleeding disorders are, for example, Factors II, VII and X. The latter three factors together with Factors IX are frequently referred to as the prothrombin complex factors.
• the hemophiliac needing certain blood coagulation factors ideally should be given only those factors required or at least a purified concentrate of those factors.
• fractionation of blood coagulation factors is well-known, as can be seen from U.S. Patent 3,682,881 and numerous other patents and publications.
• Various materials used in such fractionation are, for example, barium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, polyethylene glycol, rivanol (6,9-diamino 2-ethoxy- acridine lactate),glycine, DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex.
• Another group of substances which have been found useful in the fractionation of blood components are the water-insoluble, cross-linked polyelectrolyte copolymers described in U.S. Patent 3,554,985. These substances are described as cross-linked copolymers of an (a) unsaturated monomer of 2 to 12 carbon atoms and (b) a monomer selected from the group consisting of (1) a mixture of an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride and an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid amine- iimide, and (2) an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid amine-imide, the polymeric units containing a defined minimum percentage of an amine-imide group which is a diloweralkylaminoloweralkylimide group wherein loweralkyl has 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
• Each of the polymeric units contains reactive sites in the form of an anhydride group or two carboxyl groups or derivatives of these groups. At least 3 percent of these reactive sites are converted to the diloweralkyla
• polyelectrolyte copolymers are known to be useful for preparation of various blood components such as albumin, gamma globulin, lipoproteins, hemoglobin and anti-trypsin factor as described in U.S. Patent 3,555,001.
• IEpH iscelectric pH
• the polyelectrolyte copolymer may include the following polymeric structural units: crosslinking group
• the pre-formation of the salt form of this type of polyelectrolyte for example the hydrochloride salt, further accentuates the aforesaid pre-activation.
• the salt form of the polyelectrolyte is preferred from the standpoint of stability and the processing ability to remove water soluble extractable material which could find its way into the fractionated blood component.
• Factor VIII may be due, in part, to the presence of plasma zymogens or enzymes resulting from zymogen activation in the separated Factor VIII fraction.
• zymogens are known to be activated by negatively charged surfaces or hydroxylated surfaces capable of hydrogen bonding'such as collagen.
• the aforesaid polymers having the free hydroxyl are capable of intra- and interchair hydrogen bonding with proteins with resultant areas of partial negative charge.
• the present inventors have synthesized new polyelectrolytes of the foregoing general type in which the aforesaid hydroxyl group is blocked (thereby minimizing hydrogen bonding capability).
• the polyelectrolyte of the present invention is a water-insoluble, cross-linked polyelectrolyte copolymer characterized by (a) an unsaturated monomer having from 2 to about 18 carbon atoms and (b) a monomer selected from the group consisting of unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride having from 4 to about 12 carbon atoms, said copolymer having from 2-100% of its carboxyl groups substituted with amine-imides selected from the group consisting of diloweralkylaminoloweralkylimide and loweralkyliminodi(loweralkylimide), and said copolymer further having substantially all of its free anhydrides blocked whereby said polyelectrolytes can be used for the separation of specific blood coagulation factor from other blood proteins in a fluid medium without thereby causing any substantial pre-activation of said coagulation factor.
• the method of the invention is one for separating specific blood coagulation factor from admixture with other blood proteins in a fluid medium characterized by contacting said medium with a water-insoluble, cross-linked polyelectrolyte copolymer of (a) unsaturated monomer having from 2 to about 18 carbon atoms and (b) a monomer selected from the group consisting of unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride having from 4 to about 12 carbon atoms, in which 2-100% of the carboxyl sites are substituted with amine-imides and substantially all the free anhydrides are blocked, to thereby selectively adsorb said specific coagulation factor to the substantial exclusion of said other blood proteins without producing any substantial pre-activation of said coagulation factor.
• polyelectrolytes of the general type described hereinbefore are modified in structure whereby they can be used for the fractionation of coagulation factors, especially Factor VIII, which are not pre-activated.
• this modification consists in blocking the above-described hydroxyl groups introduced onto the polymer backbone. This blocking can be carried out by alkylation, acylation, esterification and the like procedures known for blocking hydroxyl groups in general.
• An alternative and preferred method of accomplishing the same end result is to convert unreacted anydride units during synthesis to alkoxyalkylimide units using an alkoxyalkylamine such as, for example, methoxypropylamine.
• This anhydride blocking can be carried out in any sequence of the polyelectrolyte synthesis.
• polyelectrolytes which can be modified by blocking of the anhydride groups on the polymer backbone in accordance with this invention include those disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Patents 3,554,985 and 3,555,001.
• EMA-type polymers ethylene/maleic anhydride or acid
• the polycarboxylic acid polymers can be of the nonvicinal-type including those containing monomer units, such as acrylic acid, acrylic anhydride, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid or their respective derivatives, including partial salts, amides and esters or of the vicinal type, including maleic, itaconic, citraconic, ⁇ -dimethyl maleic, d-butyl maleic, ⁇ -phenyl maleic, fumaric, aconitic, ⁇ -chloromaleic, ⁇ -bromomaleic, and ⁇ -cyanomaleic acids including their salts, amides and esters.
• Anhydrides of the foregoing acids are also advantageously employed.
• Co-monomers suitable for use with the above polycarboxylic acid monomers include ⁇ -olefins, such as ethylene, 2-methylpentene-l, propylene, isobutylene, 1- or 2-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, I-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-octadecene, and other vinyl monomers, such as styrene, ⁇ -methyl styrene, vinyltoluene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinyl formate, vinyl alkyl ethers, e.g.
• methylvinyl-ether alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, acrylamides and alkylacrylamides, or mixtures of these monomers.
• Reactivity of some functional groups in the copolymers resulting from some of these monomers permits formation of other useful functional groups in the formed copolymer, including hydroxy, lactone, amine and lactam groups.
• any of the said carboxylic acids or derivatives may be copolymerized with any of the other monomers described above, and any other monomer which forms a copolymer with unsaturated carboxylic acids or derivatives.
• these copolymers can be prepared by direct polymerization of the various monomers, frequently they are more easily prepared by an after-reaction modification of an existing copolymer. Copolymers are conveniently identified in terms of their monomeric constituents. The names so applied refer to the molecular structure and are not limited to the polymers prepared by the copolymerization of the specified monomers.
• EMA-type carboxylic acid or anhydride-olefin polymers especially maleic acid or anhydride- olefin polymers of the foregoing type are known, for example, from U.S. Pats. 2,378,629; 2,396,785; 3,157,595; and 3,340,680.
• the copolymers are prepared by reacting ethylene or other unsaturated monomer, or mixtures thereof, with the acid anhydride in the presence of a peroxide catalyst in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent for the monomers but nonsolvent for the interpolymer formed.
• Suitable solvents include benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorinated benzene and the like.
• the copolymer preferably contains substantially equimolar quantities of the olefin residue and the anhydride residue. Generally, it will have a degree of polymerization ⁇ of about 8 to 100,000, preferably about 100 to 5,000 and a molecular weight of about 1,000 to 1,000,000 preferably about 10,000 to 500,000.
• the properties of the polymer are regulated by suitable choice of the catalyst and control of one or more of the variables such as ratio of reactants, temperature, and catalyst concentration or the addition of regulating chain transfer agents, such as diisopropyl benzene, propionic acid, alkyl aldehydes, and the like. Numerous of these polymers are commercially available.
• the polymer is preferably aggregated by heating in inert organic solvent at a temperature of from about 155°C to 160°C but lower than the softening point of the polymer for at least about 15 minutes.
• This aggregation improves the filterability, drying characteristics and physical form of the polymer used in making the polyelectrolyte without significantly diminishing the protein adsorption capacity of the polyelectrolyte.
• said aggregation is not essential to the present invention.
• the aforesaid initially prepared polymer is cross-linked and substituted with the amine-imide groups in whatever sequence optimizes the properties being sought by tailoring the distribution of specific groups within the particles.
• These groups are essentially basic groups which can be aliphatic straight chain groups or can be alicyclic or aromatic groups.
• the aliphatic straight chain groups preferably are diloweralkylaminoloweralkylimide groups or loweralkyliminodi (loweralkylimide), ⁇ linkages as described previously in U.S. Patents 3,554,985 and 3,55,001.
• Such products are further illustrated by the general examples in the following section II: II
• the initial copolymers of anhydrides and another monomer can be converted to carboxyl-containing copolymers by reaction with water, and to ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth metal and alkylamine salts thereof by reaction with alkali metal compounds, alkaline earth metal compounds, amines or ammonia.
• alkyl or other esters examples include the alkyl or other esters, alkyl amides, dialkyl amides, phenylalkyl amides or phenyl amides prepared by reacting carboxyl groups on the polymer chain with the selected amines or alkyl or phenylalkyl alcohol, as well as amino esters, amino amides, hydroxy amides and hydroxy esters, wherein the functional groups are separated by.alkylene, phenyl, phenylalkyl, phenylalkylphenyl, or alkylphenylalkyl or other aryl groups.
• Moieties bearing amine or amine salts including quaternary salt groups are conveniently formed by reaction of the carboxyls of their anhydride precursors where applicable with polyfunctional amines such as dimethylaminopropylamine at higher temperatures forming an imide linkage with vicinal carboxyls. Such pendant free amine groups can then be converted, if desired, to their simple or quaternary salts.
• Partial imides of a starting carboxyl or carboxylic acid anhydride containing polymer e.g. EMA, are produced by:
• Partial secondary or tertiary aminoloweralkyl- amides of the starting carboxyl or carboxylic acid anhydride- containing polymer are obtained by contacting the polymer with a limiting amount of the selected amine in suspension in a solvent such as benzene or hexane, resulting in formation of a partial amide-acid anhydride derivative of the polymer, or a corresponding amide- carboxylate derivative thereof.
• the number of amide groups is dependent upon the quantity of the amine used as compared with the quantity of polymer employed.
• Such amide-polymer products typically comprise 2-100% amide groups, with remaining carboxyl groups being present as acid or anhydride groups.
• Suitable blocking and unblocking of the amine moiety of the reactant employed in preparing amines or imides may be effected when required.
• Residual, non-modified polymer units or anhydrides may optionally be converted to neutral grcups or units by reaction with certain nonfunctional compounds including alkylamines, aminoalcohols and alcohols.
• additional cationic character can be provided in the polymer through incorporation of monomers which impart a basic or cationic character such as C-vinyl pyridines, vinyl amine, the several amino- substituted vinyl benzenes (or toluenes and the like), amine-bearing acrylates (or methacrylates and the like), vinyl imidazole and such similar monomers.
• monomers which impart a basic or cationic character such as C-vinyl pyridines, vinyl amine, the several amino- substituted vinyl benzenes (or toluenes and the like), amine-bearing acrylates (or methacrylates and the like), vinyl imidazole and such similar monomers.
• the polymer product will have residual active or reactive groups which can be of various types, including mixtures, but these residual active or reactive groups or residual "reactive sites" in the polymer will in one way or another comprise a certain percentage which are of a basic nature, so as to impart the requisite basic nature to the polymer product.
• Especially preferred polymers subject to the previously referred to requirements are selected from the group consisting of ethylene/maleic acid or anhydride copolymers, styrene/maleic acid or anhydride copolymers, methylpentene/maleic acid or anhydride copolymers, and . isobutylene/maleic acid or anhydride copolymers.
• the essential basic groups of the polycationic or polyampholy- tic polyelectrolyte (PE) employed are of an imide nature involving diloweralk ylaminoweralkylimide groupings, e.g., as produced by reacting a diloweralkylaminoloweralkylamine with the carboxyl groups of a pre-formed polymer or by polymerizing an unsaturated olefin with an unsaturated .anhydride or acid having such pre-formed imide groups in at least a portion of the unsaturated polycarboxylic acid reactant. According to the invention, such groups are preferred for purposes of the invention.
• imide groups can be provided by cross- linking the polymer with a loweralkyliminobis (loweralkyl- amine) which in the process of crosslinking by reaction between the terminal amine groups of the crosslinker and carboxyl groups in the polymer chain is productive of imido groups at both ends of the crosslinking chain with formation of the desired loweralkyliminobis (loweralkylimide) linkages.
• a loweralkyliminobis loweralkyl- amine
• Other groups such as diloweralkyminoloweralkylamide. groups, from which the desired imide groups can be obtained by heating at elevated temperatures, can also be present.
• diloweralkylaminoloweralkyl ester groups can be present, as well as other groups, so long as the prescribed percentages of imide groups of the prescribed type are also present in the polyelectrolyte molecule as well as the residual acid-groups of the starting unsaturated acid or anhydride when the polyelectrolyte is a polyampholyte.
• both the acid groups and the imide groups need not necessarily be present in the polyelectrolyte as such, but can be present in the form of their simple derivatives, e.g. salts, as already indicated.
• the alicyclic or aromatic groups which can be substituted on the EMA-type polymers are for example, aminoloweralkyl-pyridine, piperidine, piperazine, picoline, pyrrolidine, morpholine and imidazole. These groups can be substituted on the polymer in a manner analogous to the aliphatic chain amines but by using, instead, cyclic amines such. as, for example:
• the anhydride blocking groups can be introduced in any desired sequence during the production of the aforesaid polyelectrolytes. However, they are preferably introduced after the cross-linking and substitution with the desired functional amine-imide group. Any free anhydride groups will thus be blocked by employing an excess of the blocking agent.
• Preferred anhydride blocking agents are alkoxy- alkylamines having from about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkoxy group.
• the most preferred blocking agents are methoxypropylamine and methoxyethylamine.
• anhydride-blocking agents such as hydroxypropylamine and hydroxyethylamine are ineffective for preventing the pre-activation of the coagulation factors fractionated with the polyelectrolytes.
• alkylating e.g. diazomethane
• acylating e.g. acetylchloride
• esterifying agents e.g. acetic acid
• the product was recovered as the free amine form using the following procedure.
• the final slurry from above was filtered hot (100°C.) and the product cake was reslurried in 2700 ml. of a 3:1 mixture of xylene and ethanol, stirred at reflux temperature for one hour and filtered. This step was repeated a second time using a 3:1 xylene-alcohol extraction mixture.
• the product cake was reslurried in xylene (2700 ml.) and stirred 1 hour at reflux and filtered.
• the xylene extraction was repeated a second time and the final product cake was reslurried in 2700 ml. hexane for 1 hour at room temperature and filtered.
• the final reaction slurry from Example 1 was filtered hot and the product cake reslurried at reflux in 3:1 xylene-alcohol two times, reslurried at reflux in xylene two times as in Example 1, and followed by two 1-hour room temperature extractions with 2700 ml. acetone.
• the filtered product was converted to the hydrochloride by reslurrying in 2700 ml. acetone and gradually adding with stirring (over 10 min.) 14 ml. conc. (12M) hydrochloric acid and stirring at room temperature for two hours.
• the filtered product was subsequently washed (slurry with stirring) three consecutive times with 1C liters of water (deionized) for 12 hours each time and finally filtered.
• the filtered salt cake was reslurried four times in 2700 ml. acetone (1 hour each time) to remove the water, filtered, air dried for 30 minutes and vacuum oven dried at 55°C.
• the final dried product was screened without igrinding with 95% of the product going through a 100 mesh screen before bottling for use.
• the product analysed for 7.79% nitrogen and 2.62% chlorine as ionic chloride.
• 186 g. of salt form product (through 100 mesh) was obtained. It was dispersed in 0.04M saline (5 g. per 120 ml.) and the dispersion had a pH of 3.85.
• Example 1 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated wherein The product composition was changed by adding different proportions of the amines employed in Example 1 .
• the same amine reaction secuence was used as in Example 1 and in no case was any water added to the amines to facilitate reaction. All of the products were finished as the free amine derivatives as in Example 1.
• the initial 1-hour reflux period of EMA in xylene slurry was performed under total reflux as in Example 1 (no water removal) or as noted in the table with acectropic reflux removing any water which may have been endogenous to the EMA.
• Example 1 The equipment used in Example 1 was charged with 193.05 g. (1.5 mole) EMA and 2700 ml. xylene and the charge was brought to reflux (137°C.) with stirring at 200 rpm and refluxing was maintained for 1 hour during which time any water in the mixture was continuously removed by azeotropic distillation. A total of 1.6 ml. water was collected in the Dean Stark trap. After 1 hour the slurry was cooled to 125°C. and 7.66 g. (0.075 mole) DMAPA was added and this mixture was maintained for 1 hour at 125°C., after which a mixture of 21. 70 g. (0.15 mole) MIBPA and 1.5 ml. water was added. After an additional hour at 125°C.
• the slurry was heated to reflux (136°C.) and maintained at reflux while continuously removing water in the Dean Stark trap for 15 hours, thereby removing a total of 6.3 ml. water at a final temperature of 138°C.
• the slurry was cooled to 120°C. and 113.65 g. (1.25 moles) MOPA was added and the resulting slurry held at 120° for an additional hour. The temperature was then raised to 136°C. and reflux with azeotropic removal of water continued for 6 hours to collect 21.5 ml. water.
• the product was converted to the hydrochloride salt following the procedure of Example 2. A total of four runs were made using varying amounts of concentrated hydrochloric acid (12N) in order to test the effect of both deficient and excess HC1 on the final product properties.
• Example 5 The procedure of Example 5 was repeated except that after reaction of DMAPA and MIBPA there was added 95.77 7g. (1.27 moles ) methoxyethylamine(MOEA) instead of the methoxypropylamine (MOPA). Two products were prepared. one as the free amine by the work-up procedures of Example 1 and the other as the HCI. salt by the work-up procedure of Example 2.
• Example 1 The procedure oT Example 1 was used to prepare products in which excess anhydride groups remaining after the reaction of DMAPA and MIBPA were totally reacted with either hydroxyethylamine, 3-hydroxypropylamine or 2-hydroxypropyl amine as shown in the following table.
• the products were prepared both as the free amine forms using the procedure in Example 1 and as the HCl salt using the prccedure in Example 2.
• the initial hour aggregation period of EMA-xylene reflux was carried out under azeotropic removal of water and in each case the MIBPA was added as a mixture with 1.5 ml. water.
• a series of polyelectrolytes were prepared in which the crosslinker (MIBPA) was maintained at 5 mole% and the blocking amine to react with excess anhydride groups was always ethanolamine at the 85 mole % level.
• the functional moiety that which provided potential caitionic function, was maintained at 5 mole % but the nature and structure of the functional moiety was altered by use of sixteen different reactive amines as set forth in the following table.
• a general procedure was used as follows:
• the amines in runs 1 through 7 are examples of dialkylaminoalkylimide substitution, on the polyelectrolyte while those in runs - 8 through 15 are examples of heterocyclic aminoalkylimide substitution.
• Three of the above were also then prepared as preformed hydrochloride salts for evaluation.
• the preparative method of Example 1 was followed and the conversion to the salt followed the procedure in Example 2.
• the dimethylaminopropylamine (run 3 above) was selected as representative of the dialkylaminoalkylimide substitution and the 3-amino-N-ethyl piperidine and N-3-aminopropyl morpholine (runs 9 and 13 above) were selected as representative of the heterocyclic aminoalkylimide substitution.
• poly- electrolytes in the salt form were prepared using both hydroxyethylamine and methoxypropylamine as the third amine to react with all excess anhydride groups. These preparations are given in Example 9. run preparations are given in Example 9.
• Examples 1 and 2 were used to prepare preformed hydrochloride salts of polyelectrolytes having the general composition of 5 mole % crosslink as MIBPA, 5 mole % of three different functional aminoalkylimide moieties and 85 mole% of non-functional imide moieties as shown in the table below.
• This example illustrates the preparation of methoxypropylimide derivatives of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer following the procedure of Example 5.
• Equipment utilized was the same as in Example 1.
• the initial charge of 101.1 g. (0.5 mole) styrene-maleic anhydride and 2.7 liters xylene was refluxed at 135°C. with aseotropic distillation of water for 1 hour and then cooled to 125°C. whereupon 2.55 g. (0.025 mole) DMAPA was added and the mixture heated without reflux for 1 hour. After 1 hour a mixture of 2.91 g. (0.025 mole) hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) and 1.0 ml.
• HMDA hexamethylene diamine
• the product was obtained as the hydrochloride salt using the procedure of Example 2 employing 5.0 ml. concentrated (12N) hydrochloric acid. The final washed and dried product collected was 113.0 g. and analysed 5.27% nitrogen and 1.00% chlorine.
• This example illustrates the preparation of methoxypropylimide derivatives of isobutylene- maleic anhydride copolymer following the procedure of Example 5 and using the equipment of Example 1.
• the initial charge of 154.16 g. (1.0 mole) of isobutylene-maleic anhydride and 2.7 liters was refluxed at 135°C. under azeotropic removal of water for 1 hour and then cooled to 125°C. 5.11 g. (0.05 mole) DMAPA was then added and the slurry was heated at 120-125°C. without refluxing for 1 hour.
• To this slurry 7.26 g. (0.05 mole) MIBPA and 1.0 ml. water was added and again the mixture was heated for 1 hour at 120-125°C.
• EMA ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer
• the charge was stirred at 200 n.p.m.. with a 6.5 inch blade-type stirrer while it was heated to the reflex temperature.
• the slurry was maintained at total reflux for 60 minutes under total reflux return at a temperature of 135°C. After 1 hour the reactor was coolec to 125°C. under nitrogen and a solution mixture of 13.8 3 g.
• the above slurry was filtered hot and the product cake was reslurried in 2700 ml. of a 3:1 mixture of xylene and alcohol, stirred at reflux for one hour and then filtered hot. This was repeated a second time for a two hour period and a third time for a three hour refluxing period, in each case followed by hot filtration.
• the resulting extracted product was reslurried in 2700 ml. acetone for 1 hour at room temperature and filtered and the cake was again slurried in 2700 ml. acetone for 1 hour at room temperature and filtered. This extracted cake was slurried in 2700 ml.
• Example 2 Using the same equipment and essentially the same procedure as in Example 1, a sample of poly- electrolyse was prepared containing only MIBPA crosslinker and MOPA (methoxypropylimide) moieties, i.e. no DMAPA or other functional amines.
• MIBPA MIBPA crosslinker
• MOPA methoxypropylimide
• This example illustrates the methods used for adsorbing Factor VIII clotting factor from human plasma to various pclyelectrolytes described in Examples 1 through 13, eluting and recovering the Factor VIII from the polymer - Factor VIII ccmplex for assay of (1) recovery or yield of Factor VIII, and (2) content of activating enzymes which influence (shorten) the clotting time properties of the Factor VIII.
• the methods of assay are given in Example 15.
• the human plasma used for fractionation studies was fresh frozen plasma from whole blood donations, obtained from the St. Louis Red Cross.
• the total protein content of such plasmas varied from 60 to 80 grams per liter, higher concentrations being observed in the summer than in the winter.
• the units received were either O positive or A positive in type.
• clotting Factor IX was removed from the plasma as an initial step prior to adsorbing Factor VIII. The following steps describe the over all process.
• TGT The Thromboplastin Generation Test
• Standard curves were prepared using a plasma of known AHF cement standardized against a Squibb preparation distributed through the Bureau of Biologics which contained 1 unit of AHF per ml. The standard curves plotted clotting time in seconds against units of AHF activity per ml. (dilutions cf above plasma centrol on log-log paper. AHF content in units/ml. fer test samples were obtained from these standard curves. Standard curves were prepared for each days run of AHF determinations.
• the entire assay was time and Temperature controlled using a BBL Fibrometer "Fibro SystemTM ,, , distributed by the BBL Division of Becton, Dickinson and Co. , Cockeysville, Maryland, equipped with two Thermal Prep Block heating units and a time controlling automatic pipette.
• BBL Fibrometer "Fibro SystemTM , distributed by the BBL Division of Becton, Dickinson and Co. , Cockeysville, Maryland, equipped with two Thermal Prep Block heating units and a time controlling automatic pipette.
• the assay was designed to measure relative activation times of AHF (Factor VIII) outside the plasma environment as a modification of the above partial thromboplastin time test. In this test only phospholipid and CaCl 2 were added to the platelet poor plasma substrate. Clotting times were measured on the BBL Fibrometer by adding proper test AHF dilutions to the plasma substrate. A non-activated plasma control in this test consistently gave clotting times of over 190 seconds.
• AHF Regen VIII
• Faster clotting times below 150 seconds are indicative of activation or the presence of activating enzymes.
• Two controls of fast clotting time preparations as well as a plasma and blank buffer control were run with each series of activation determinations.
• Example 14 The wide variety of materials prepared by Examples 1 through 13 were evaluated for Factor VIII fractionation and activation by the procedure in Example 14 and assayed for these parameters by Example 15 assays. The results given below are for fractionations using 10 ml. plasma and using from 0.1 to 0.8 g. PE per 10 ml. plasma. Pre-pHing, for PEs prepared and used as the amine form (see Step 7, Example 14) formed the "in situ" salt during the fractionation procedure and was done either with HC1 or citric acid as noted.
• Example 14 varied from batch-to-batch, and winter to summer in total protein content. Likewise the various units of plasma used for these studies varied in AHF (Factor VIII) content from 0.8 to 1.3 units per ml. as assayed under Example 15 - Assay - 1.
• AHF Regener VIII
• AHF Regener VIII
• Polyelectrolytes from Example 1 and Example 7 run 2 Two samples of AHF (Factor VIII) prepared using polyelectrolytes from Example 1 and Example 7 run 2 were compared for toxic manifestations by I.V. injection into beagle dogs. Dogs of 8-9 kg. weight were used and the AHF was prepared in sterile water at 10 units per ml. Single doses of 100 units (10 ml.) were given to each dog. The following results were noted.

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• Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)

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• 1978
  • 1978-07-19 ES ES471858A patent/ES471858A1/es not_active Expired
  • 1978-07-21 JP JP8930878A patent/JPS5464623A/ja active Granted
  • 1978-07-21 AU AU38242/78A patent/AU519848B2/en not_active Expired
  • 1978-07-21 IT IT26003/78A patent/IT1097335B/it active
  • 1978-07-21 MX MX787272U patent/MX5386E/es unknown
  • 1978-07-21 DE DE7878300176T patent/DE2861003D1/de not_active Expired
  • 1978-07-21 HU HU78MO1021A patent/HU182537B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1978-07-21 RO RO7894743A patent/RO74902A/fr unknown
  • 1978-07-21 PT PT68336A patent/PT68336B/pt unknown
  • 1978-07-21 AT AT0531678A patent/AT363189B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1978-07-21 BR BR7804728A patent/BR7804728A/pt unknown
  • 1978-07-21 EP EP78300176A patent/EP0000650B1/fr not_active Expired
  • 1978-07-21 IL IL55192A patent/IL55192A0/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1978-07-24 SU SU782640948A patent/SU1082338A3/ru active
  • 1978-07-24 CA CA308,000A patent/CA1133191A/fr not_active Expired
  • 1978-08-15 US US05/933,698 patent/US4157431A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

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