EP0000596A1 - Particules électrophotosensibles pour des procédés de formation d'images par migration électrophorétique - Google Patents

Particules électrophotosensibles pour des procédés de formation d'images par migration électrophorétique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0000596A1
EP0000596A1 EP78200078A EP78200078A EP0000596A1 EP 0000596 A1 EP0000596 A1 EP 0000596A1 EP 78200078 A EP78200078 A EP 78200078A EP 78200078 A EP78200078 A EP 78200078A EP 0000596 A1 EP0000596 A1 EP 0000596A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrically photosensitive
photosensitive particles
particles
electrophoretic migration
benzo
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EP78200078A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Frank Glenn Webster
Michael Thomas Regan
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Eastman Kodak Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G17/00—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process
    • G03G17/04—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process using photoelectrophoresis

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrography and, in particular, to certain electrically photosensitive pigment particles for use in electrophoretic migration imaging processes.
  • each of the foregoing electrophoretic migration imaging processes typically employs a layer of electrostatic charge- bearing photoconductive particles, i.e., electrically photosensitive particles, positioned between two spaced electrodes, one of which may be transparent.
  • the electrically photosensitive particles positioned between the two spaced electrodes are subjected to an applied electric field and exposed to radiation to which the particles are light-sensitive.
  • the electrically photosensitive particles are caused to migrate electrophoretically to the surface of one or the other of the spaced electrodes, and an image pattern is formed on the surface of these electrodes.
  • a negative image is formed on one electrode
  • a positive image is formed on the opposite electrode.
  • Image discrimination occurs in the various electrophoretic migration imaging processes as a result of a net change in charge polarity of either the exposed electrically photosensitive particles (in the case of conventional electrophoretic migration imaging), or the unexposed electrically photosensitive particles (in the case of the electrophoretic migration imaging process described in the above-noted Groner patent), so that the image formed on one electrode surface is composed ideally of electrically photosensitive particles of one charge polarity, either negative or positive polarity, and the image formed on the opposite polarity electrode surface is composed ideally of electrically photosensitive particles having the opposite charge polarity, either positive or negative respectively.
  • the object of the invention is to extend the diversity of particles available as electrically photosensitive particles for use in electrophoretic migration imaging processes by resorting to materials which, to the applicant's knowledge, have not been previously identified as photoconductors.
  • electrically photosensitive particles for electrophoretic migration imaging processes comprise a compound having one of the following formulas : or wherein
  • a 2 is an aryl group, it may represent phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl group etc.
  • Alkyl refers to aliphatic hydrocarbon groups of generally 1-20 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, heptyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, etc.
  • Aryl refers to aromatic ring groups of generally 6-20 carbon atoms such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl or to alkyl or aryl substituted aryl groups such as tolyl, ethylphenyl, biphenylyl, etc.
  • the electrically photosensitive particles which are useful in electrophoretic migration imaging processes comprise compounds which have the structure according to Formulas I and II wherein :
  • the particles which comprise compounds of Formulas I and II and which have been found to be electrically photosensitive tend to exhibit a maximum absorption wavelength, A max, within the range of from about 420 nm to about 750 nm.
  • a variety of different particles which comprise the compounds defined by Formulas I and II have been tested and found to exhibit useful levels of electrical photosensitivity in electrophoretic migration imaging processes.
  • electrically photosensitive particles useful in electrophoretic migration imaging processes have an average particle size within the range of from about .01 micron to about 20 microns, preferably from about .01 to about 5 microns. These particles are colorants.
  • These electrically photosensitive particles may also contain various non- photosensitive materials such as electrically, insulating polymers, charge control agents, various organic and inorganic fillers, as well as various additional dyes or pigments to change or enhance various colorant and physical properties of the electrically photosensitive particles.
  • electrically photosensitive particles may contain other photosensitive materials such as various sensitizing dyes and/or chemical sensitizers to alter or enhance their response characteristics to radiation to which they are light-sensitive.
  • the electrically photosensitive . particles which comprise compounds described in Tables I through III, hereinabove, are typically positioned between two or more spaced electrodes, one or both typically being transparent to radiation to which the electrically photosensitive particles are light-sensitive, i.e., activating radiation
  • the electrically photosensitive particles may be dispersed simply as a dry powder between two spaced electrodes and then subjected to a typical electrophoretic migration imaging operation such as that described in U.S. Patent 2,758,939 by Sugarman.
  • an electrically insulating carrier such as an electrically insulating liquid, or an electrically insulating, liquefiable matrix, such as a heat- and/or solvent-softenable polymer or a thixotropic polymer.
  • an electrically insulating carrier such as an electrically insulating liquid, or an electrically insulating, liquefiable matrix, such as a heat- and/or solvent-softenable polymer or a thixotropic polymer.
  • an electrically insulating carrier such as an electrically insulating liquid, or an electrically insulating, liquefiable matrix, such as a heat- and/or solvent-softenable polymer or a thixotropic polymer.
  • the carrier can comprise an electrically insulating liquid such as decane, paraffin, Sohic O der- less Solvent 3440 (a kerosene-fraction marketed by the Standard Oil Company, Ohio), various isoparaffinic hydrocarbon liquids such as those sold under the trademark Isopar G by Exxon Corporation and having a boiling point in the range of 145°C to 186°C, various halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, trichloromonofluoromethane, and the like, various alkylated aromatic hydrocarbon liquids such as the alkylated benzenes, for example, xylenes, and other alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons such as are described in U.S. Patent 2,899,335.
  • an electrically insulating liquid such as decane, paraffin, Sohic O der- less Solvent 3440 (a kerosene-fraction marketed by the Standard Oil Company, Ohio), various isoparaffinic hydrocarbon liquids such as those sold under
  • Solvesso 100 made by Exxon Corporation. Solvesso 100 has a boiling point in the range of about 157°C to about 177 0 C and is composed of 9 percent xylene, 16 percent of other monoalkyl benzenes, 34 percent dialkyl benzenes, 37 percent trialkyl benzenes, and 4 percent aliphatics. Typically, whether solid or liquid at normal room temperatures, i.e., about 22°C, the electrically insulating carrier used in the present invention has a resistivity greater than about 10 9 ohm-cm, preferably greater than about 10 12 ohm-cm.
  • various other addenda may also be incorporated in the resultant imaging suspension.
  • various charge control agents may be incorporated in such a suspension to improve the uniformity of charge polarity of the electrically photosensitive particles'dispersed in the liquid suspension.
  • charge control agents are well known in the field of liquid electrographic developers where they are employed for purposes substantially similar to that described herein. These charge control agents are typically polymers incorporated by admixture thereof into the liquid carrier of the suspension.
  • the charge control agents often provide more stable suspensions, i.e., suspensions which exhibit substantially less settling out of the dispersed electrical- ly photosensitive particles.
  • various polymeric binders such as various natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic resins, may be dispersed or dissolved in the electrically insulating carrier to fix the final photosensitive particle image formed on one of the spaced electrodes used in electrophoretic migration imaging systems.
  • fixing addenda is conventional and well known in the closely related art of liquid electrographic developers.
  • Electrode 1 may be composed of a layer of optically transparent material, such as glass or an electrically insulating, transparent polymeric support such as polyethylene terephthalate, covered with a thin, optically transparent, conductive layer such as tin oxide, indium oxide, nickel, and the like.
  • the surface of electrode 1 may bear a "dark charge exchange" material, such as a solid solution of an electrically insulating polymer and 2,4,7,trinitro-9-fluorenone as described in the above-described Groner U.S. Patent 3,976,485 issued August 24, 1976.
  • Electrode 5 Spaced opposite electrode 1 and in pressure contact therewith is a second electrode 5, an idler roller which serves as a counter electrode to electrode 1 for producing the electric field used in the electrophoretic migration imaging process.
  • electrode 5 has on the surface thereof a thin, electrically insulating layer 6.
  • -Electrode 5 is connected to one side of the power source 15 by switch 7.
  • the opposite side of the power source 15 is connected to electrode 1 so that as an exposure takes place, switch 7 is closed and an electric field is applied to the electrically photosensitive particles 4 which are positioned between electrodes 1 and 5.
  • electrically photosensitive particles 4 are dispersed in an electrically insulating carrier such as described hereinabove.
  • the electrically photosensitive particles 4 may be positioned between electrodes 1 and 5 by applying the particles 4 to either or both of the surfaces of electrodes 1 and 5 prior to the imaging process or by injecting the electrically photosensitive particles 4 between electrodes 1 and 5 during the electrophoretic migration imaging process.
  • exposure of electrically photosensitive particles 4 takes place by use of an exposure system consisting of light source 8, an original image 11 to be reproduced, such as a photographic transparency, a lens system 12, and any necessary or desirable radiation filters 13, such as color filters, whereby electrically photosensitive particles 4 are irradiated with a pattern of activating radiation corresponding to original image 11.
  • the electrophoretic migration imaging system represented in the drawing shows electrode 1 to be transparent to activating radiation from light source 8, it is possible to irradiate electrically photosensitive particles 4 in the nip 21 between electrodes 1 and 5 without either of electrodes 1 or5 being transparent.
  • the exposure source 8 and lens system 12 is arranged so that particles 4 are exposed in the nip or gap 21 between electrodes 1 and 5.
  • electrode 5 is a roller electrode having a conductive core 14 connected to power source 15.
  • the core is in turn covered with a layer of insulating material 6, for example, baryta paper.
  • Insulating material 6 serves to prevent or at least substantially reduce the capability of electrical- ly photosensitive particles 4 to undergo a radiation induced charge alteration upon interaction with electrode 5.
  • the term "blocking electrode” may be used, as is conventional in the art of electrophoretic migration imaging, to refer to electrode 5.
  • electrode 5 is shown as a roller electrode and electrode 1 is shown as essentially a flat plate electrode in the drawing, either or both of these electrodes may assume a variety of different shapes such as a web electrode, rotating drum electrode, plate electrode, and the like as is well known in the field of electrophoretic migration imaging.
  • electrodes 1 and 5 are spaced such that they are in pressure contact or very close to one another during the electrophoretic migration imaging process, e.g., less than 50 microns apart.
  • Electrodes 1 and 5 may be spaced more than 50 microns apart during the imaging process.
  • the strength of the electric field applied between electrodes 1 and 5 during the electrophoretic migration imaging process of the present invention may vary considerably; however, it has generally been found that optimum image density and resolution are obtained by increasing the field strength to as high a level as possible without causing electrical breakdown of the carrier in the gap between the electrodes.
  • the applied voltage across electrodes 1 and 5 typically is within the range of from about 100 volts to about 4 kilovolts or higher.
  • an image is formed in electrophoretic migration imaging processes as the result of the combined action of activating radiation and electric field on the electrically photosensitive particles 4 disposed between electrodes 1 and 5 in the attached drawing.
  • field application and exposure to activating radiation occur concurrently.
  • process parameters such as field strength, activating radiation intensity, incorporation of suitable light sensitive addenda in or together with the electrically photosensitive particles by incorporation of a persistent photoconductive material, and the like, it is possible to alter the timing of the exposure and field application so that one may use sequential exposure and field application rather than concurrent field application and exposure.
  • electrically photosensitive particles 4 When disposed between electrodes 1 and 5 of the drawing, electrically photosensitive particles 4 exhibit an electrostatic charge polarity, either as a result of triboelectric interaction of the particles or as a result of the particles interacting with the carrier in which they are dispersed, for example, an electrically insulating liquid, such as occurs in conventional liquid electrographic developers composed of toner particles which acquire a charge upon being dispersed in an electrically insulating carrier liquid.
  • Image discrimination occurs in the electrophoretic migration imaging process of the present invention as a result of the combined application of electric field and activating radiation on the electrically photosensitive particles dispersed between electrodes 1 and 5 of the apparatus shown in the drawing. That is, in a typical imaging operation, upon application of an electric field between electrodes 1 and 5, the electrically photosensitive particles 4 are attracted in the dark to either electrodes 1 or 5, depending upon which of these electrodes has a polarity opposite to that of the original charge polarity acquired by the electrically photosensitive particles. And, upon exposing particles 4 to activating radiation, it is theorized that there occurs neutralization or reversal of the charge polarity associated with either the exposed or unexposed particles.
  • the images which are formed on the surface of electrodes 1 and 5 of the apparatus shown in the drawing may be temporarily or permanently fixed to these electrodes or may be transferred to a final image receiving element.
  • Fixing of the final particle image can be effected by various techniques, for example, by applying a resinous coating over the surface of the image bearing substrate. For example, if electrically photosensitive particles 4 are dispersed in a liquid carrier between electrodes 1 and 5, one may fix the image or images formed on the surface of electrodes 1 and 5 by incorporating a polymeric binder in the carrier liquid.
  • binders which are well known for use in liquid electrophotographic liquid developers
  • binders are known to acquire a change polarity upon being admixed in a carrier liquid and therefore will, themselves, electrophoretically migrate to the surface of one or the other of the electrodes.
  • a coating of a resinous binder (which has been admixed in the carrier liquid), may be formed on the surfaces of electrodes 1 and 5 upon evaporation of the liquid carrier.
  • the electrically photosensitive particles comprising compounds of Formulas I & II may be used to form monochrome images, or the particles may be admixed with other electrically photosensitive particles of proper color and photosensitivity and used to form polychrome images. Said electrically photosensitive particles of the present invention also may be used as a sensitizer for other electrically photosensitive materials in the formation of monochrome images. When admixed with other electrically photosensitive particles, selectively the electrically photosensitive particles of the present invention may act as a sensitizer and/or as an electrically photosensitive particle.
  • electrically photosensitive particles comprising compounds having Formulas I or II have especially useful hues which make them particularly suited for use in polychrome electrophoretic migration imaging processes which employ a mixture of two or more differently colored electrically photosensitive particles.
  • a mixture of multicolored electrically photosensitve particles is formed, for example, in an electrically insulating carrier liquid, this liquid mixture of particles exhibits a black coloration.
  • the specific cyan, magenta, and yellow particles selected for use in such a polychrome electrophoretic migration imaging process are chosen so that their spectral response curves do not appreciably overlap whereby color separation and subtractive multicolor image reproduction can be achieved.
  • An imaging apparatus was used in each of the following examples to carry out the electrophoretic migration imaging process described herein.
  • This apparatus was a device of the type illustrated in the drawing.
  • a film base having a conductive coating of 0.1 optical density cermet (cr SiO) served as electrode 1 and was in pressure contact with a 10 centimeter diameter aluminum roller 14 covered with dielectric paper coated with poly(vinyl butyral) resin which served as electrode 5.
  • Electrode 1 was supported by two 2.8 cm. diameter rubber drive rollers 10 positioned beneath electrode 1 such that a 2.5 cm. opening, symmetric with the axis of the aluminum roller 14, existed to allow exposure of electrically photosensitive particles 4 to activating radiation.
  • the original transparency 11 to be reproduced was taped to the back side of electrode 1.
  • the original transparency to be reproduced consisted of adjacent strips of clear (WO), red (W29), green (W61) and blue (W47B) Wratten filters.
  • the light source consisted of a projector with a 1000 watt Xenon Lamp. The light was modulated with an eleven step 0.3 neutral density step tablet. The residence time in exposure zone was 10 milliseconds.
  • the log of the light intensity (Log I) was as follows: The voltage between the electrodes 1 and 5 was about 2 kV. Electrode 1 was negative polarity in the case where electrically photosensitive particles 4 carried a positive electrostatic charge, and electrode 1 was positive in the case where electrically photosensitive particles 4 were negatively charged. The translational speed of electrode 1 was about 25 cm. per second.
  • an image was formed on the surfaces of electrodes 1 and 5 after simultaneous appli-, cation of light exposure and electric field to electrically photosensitive ⁇ particles 4 admixed with a liquid carrier as described below to form a liquid imaging dispersion and which dispersion had been placed in nip 21 between the electrodes 1 and 5. If the compounds being evaluated for use as particles 4 possessed a useful level of electrical photosensitivity, one obtained a negative-appearing image reproduction of original 11 on electrode 5 and a complementary image on electrode 1.
  • Imaging dispersions were prepared to evaluate each of the compounds in Tables I through III as electrically photosensitive particles.
  • the dispersions were prepared by first making a stock solution of the following components. The stock solution was prepared simply by combining the components. A 5 g. aliquot of the stock solution was combined in a closed container with 0.045 g. of the Table I compound to be tested and 12 g. of Hamber 440 stainless steel balls. The dispersion was then milled for three hours on a paint shaker.
  • Each of the 28 compounds described in Tables I through III were tested according to the just outlined procedures. Each of the compounds were found to be electrically photosensitive as evidenced by obtaining a negative appearing image of the original on one electrode and a complementary image on the other electrode.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
EP78200078A 1977-07-25 1978-07-03 Particules électrophotosensibles pour des procédés de formation d'images par migration électrophorétique Pending EP0000596A1 (fr)

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US81869877A 1977-07-25 1977-07-25
US818698 1977-07-25

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19519989C2 (de) * 1995-05-29 2002-11-14 Klaus Miller Netzfilter

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TWI313079B (en) 2004-11-05 2009-08-01 Sony Corporatio Battery and electronic apparatus
JP4999269B2 (ja) * 2004-12-21 2012-08-15 ソニー株式会社 バッテリーおよび電子機器
JP2012077064A (ja) 2010-09-08 2012-04-19 Fujifilm Corp 光電変換材料、該材料を含む膜、光電変換素子、光電変換素子の製造方法、光電変換素子の使用方法、光センサ、撮像素子
US8900785B2 (en) * 2010-09-14 2014-12-02 Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd. Charge control agent and toner using the same

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3976485A (en) * 1974-09-30 1976-08-24 Eastman Kodak Company Photoimmobilized electrophoretic recording process

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3976485A (en) * 1974-09-30 1976-08-24 Eastman Kodak Company Photoimmobilized electrophoretic recording process

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
RESEARCH DISCLOSURE, no. 150, October 1976, art. 15028, Hampshire, U.K.: H.E. WRIGHT et al.: "Photosensitive colorant materials", pages 39-44 *
RESEARCH DISCLOSURE, no. 150, October 1976, art. 15029, Hamsphire, U.K.: H.E. WRIGHT et al.: "Electrophoretic migration imaging process", pages 51-52 *
RESEARCH DISCLOSURE, no. 163, November 1977, art. 16323. Hamsphire, U.K.: F.G. WEBSTER et al.: "Electrophotosensitive materials for migration imaging processes", pages 19-21 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19519989C2 (de) * 1995-05-29 2002-11-14 Klaus Miller Netzfilter

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