EA043141B1 - METHOD FOR RESTORATION OF SOIL NATURAL FERTILITY AND DEVICE FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to agricultural production, namely the production of agricultural (agricultural) crops.

Recently, one of the problems of obtaining a high and high-quality harvest of agricultural crops is not only the problem of their timely sowing, moisture retention in the soil, weed control, but also the preservation and restoration of natural soil fertility.

It is known that at first the productivity of virgin and fallow lands is much higher than the same lands in subsequent years. This happens, among other things, due to the negative impact of agricultural production technology on its natural fertility, for example, due to soil compaction. According to existing technologies for growing crops, the number of operations (car passes) in one field ranges from 10-15 to 20-25 times. As a result, the compaction area exceeds the area of the sowing field by 2-3 times. For example, the compaction area of 1 hectare when growing winter wheat is 22-26 thousand m ² . Only in spring, during three operations, up to 84-91% of the field area is covered with passages of machine-tractor units.

Overconsolidation of the soil negatively affects the water-physical properties. Porosity decreases, water filtration, aeration, conditions for the development of the root system of plants deteriorate sharply. As a result, crop yields are reduced by 10-30%. In the experiments of the Institute of Agriculture and the Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of the UAAS (1982-1985), a decrease in yield was established with a three-time pass of the tractor: winter wheat grains by 4-18%, oats - 2-13, green mass of corn - by 414%. Soddy-podzolic sandy loamy soils are less resistant to machine compaction. The shortage of barley grain due to overcompaction of these soils was 2.1-5.6 c/ha (9-24%), on chernozems 1.7-4.6 c/ha (4-12%) (Chernigov Experimental Station). Compaction of the soil of page - x. machines in technological processes increases traction resistance by 10-17% and reduces the productivity of units by 8-12%, worsens the quality of processing as a whole (Malienko A.M., Kolomiets M.V.).

In addition, the conditions for the development of microbioganisms are sharply deteriorating. The lack of bacteria in the soil leads to the fact that nitrogen and carbon in the atmosphere (as well as gases released during the decomposition of organic residues present in the soil) are not converted into forms that are assimilated by plants, but in the form of oxides and compounds with hydrogen, for example, methane is released into the atmosphere. A sharp deterioration in the quality of arable land began at the beginning of the 20th century, in connection with the appearance of tractors in agricultural production, and aggravated in the second half of it due to the huge use of herbicides, pesticides, mines. fertilizers, which led to a catastrophic decrease in soil microbioorganisms, worms and other beneficial living creatures. (In good chernozem, there should be four tons of earthworms per hectare, i.e., a plot of 100x100m !!).

A known method for the production of crops, including loosening the soil, the formation of a ridged soil profile, sowing the seed by laying and pressing, followed by mulching (see RF patent No.

A known method for the production of crops, including the operation of autumn and spring loosening the soil, sowing seeds in the treated soil and compacting the seed furrow (see Technology and technical means for strip sowing of grass seeds in the turf. Recommendations N.V. Rudnitsky Research Institute of Agriculture of the North-East - Kirov, 2000 - 58s - prototype).

A common disadvantage of the known methods is the low efficiency of the technology of agricultural work, tk. even the performance of work on physically mature soils with existing traditional agricultural units and equipment with traditional energy and technological means leads to significant soil compaction, which negatively affects its fertility and productivity of both sown crops and crops of the future agricultural period.

Known agricultural units (see RF patent No. 2227966 dated May 10, 2004; or RF patent No. 2297126 dated April 20, 2007, IPC A01B49V06)

A common disadvantage of the known devices is high weight and size characteristics, and as a result, a significant compaction of the cultivated soil.

Known agricultural unit (see RF patent No. 2594532 dated April 23, 2013, IPC A01V49 \ 06 - prototype). In this unit, as an energy-technological means, a device of the Bars271 type is used, capable of operating on ultra-low pressure tires of 5-60 kPa and with ground pressure of less than 60 kPa.

However, the known device, used non-systemically, in single operations, aggregated with agricultural equipment on conventional tires, is not able to make a significant contribution to reducing soil compaction and somehow significantly contribute to the restoration of natural soil fertility.

The objective of the invention is to reduce the negative impact of agricultural technology and agricultural equipment used for its implementation on the soil, reduce soil compaction up to the natural density of uncultivated soil (soil density of a meadow, forest edge, etc.) and restore natural soil fertility .

The problem is solved by the fact that in a known method of restoring the natural fertility of the soil in agricultural production, based on reducing the negative impact on the soil of agricultural production technology, for example, through the use of a power transport technological tool (TTS) with /x works of the TTC on ultra-low pressure tires with an intra-tire pressure of not more than 60 kPa, aggregated with agricultural equipment, according to the invention, agricultural equipment is installed only on ultra-low pressure tires with an intra-tire pressure of not more than 60 kPa, while the agricultural equipment is driven an additional internal combustion engine is put into operation, which is equipped with a device for adjusting the speed and torque, the output shaft of which is kinematically connected to agricultural equipment, and a sowing machine, or a tillage machine, such as a plow, or a cultivator, is used as agricultural equipment , or a harrow, or a milling machine, or a planting machine, or an irrigation machine, or a forage harvester, or a grain harvester, or a machine for cultivating and / or harvesting potatoes, or a machine for cultivating or harvesting sugar beet, or a machine for processing and sorting the collected products, or a sprayer, or a fertilizer spreader, or a mower, or technological equipment. Moreover, an additional engine is installed on the frame of agricultural equipment or on the TTS frame, and a diesel engine is used as an additional engine.

The proposed method is implemented using an agricultural complex containing a transport and technological tool (TTS) on ultra-low pressure tires with an intra-tire pressure of not more than 60 kPa, aggregated with agricultural equipment, in which, according to the invention, agricultural equipment is equipped with ultra-low pressure tires with tire pressure of not more than 60 kPa, while the agricultural equipment is equipped with a speed and torque control device, the output shaft of which is kinematically connected to the agricultural equipment, and the input shaft is connected to the shaft of the additional engine, and the agricultural equipment is used sowing machine or tillage machine, such as a plough, or a cultivator, or a harrow, or a milling machine, or a planting machine, or an irrigation machine, or a fodder machine, or a grain harvester, or a machine for cultivating and/or harvesting potatoes, or a machine for cultivation or harvesting of sugar beets, or a machine for processing and sorting the collected products, or a sprayer, or a fertilizer spreader, or a mower, or technological equipment, and a diesel engine mounted on agricultural equipment or on a TTC frame is installed as an additional engine.

The specified set of features exhibits new properties, namely that due to their use, there is a significant reduction in the negative impact on the soil of agricultural technology and the agricultural equipment used for its implementation, a decrease in soil compaction occurs up to its natural density (uncultivated soil).

The principal effect is that if the equipment that compacts the soil does not work on the field at all, then in a few years the soil will acquire its natural density, comfortable for the existence of all types of necessary bacteria and other living creatures in it, which leads to the restoration of its ecosystem and increase in fertility. down to natural.

Thus, the proposed set of features exhibits new properties, namely, that due to their use, soil compaction is significantly reduced, which generally leads to an increase in the efficiency of agricultural work, an increase in yield with a decrease in the amount of chemicals introduced, an increase in environmental friendliness and fertility, up to natural.

Therefore, the present invention meets the criteria of Novelty and Inventive Step.

The figure schematically shows the proposed technical solutions for the implementation of the proposed method, where:

- self-propelled transport and energy vehicle on ultra-low pressure tires,

- low pressure tire,

- trailer equipment on ultra-low pressure tires (milling cutter),

- additional engine,

- a device for adjusting the speed and torque,

- output shaft

- cutter.

The agricultural complex for implementing the method according to claim 1 contains a self-propelled energy-technological tool 1 capable of operating on tires 2 of ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa with a ground pressure of less than 60 kPa. Trailer equipment 3 is equipped with ultra-low pressure tires 5-60 kPa with ground pressure less than 60 kPa. Trailer equipment 3 is driven by an additional internal combustion engine 4 located on its frame, which is equipped with a speed and torque control device 5, the output shaft 6 of which is kinematically connected to the cutter 7.

Approbation of the proposed method was carried out in NPF Belagrospecmash, which is the developer and manufacturer of agricultural equipment on ultra-low pressure tires. NPF Belagrospecmash is also seriously engaged in research of both the equipment itself and the technologies of agricultural production based on it.

In the agricultural season 2017 The following tests were carried out on the NPF's own experimental field. The field was divided into two sections. On one agricultural work was carried out in the traditional way and traditional agricultural equipment, and on the other - according to the proposed invention. The raft was measured

- 2 043141 soil density in the field (1.6 g/cm ³ ) and on its uncultivated outskirts near the forest belt (1.15 g/cm ³ ).

A legume, lupine, was chosen as the test crop. In the spring, after the snow cover melted and the beginning of the formation of the rudiments of the root system of weeds, with an absolute soil moisture of about 65%, the operation of surface loosening of the soil and removal of the rudiments of weeds was carried out. For this operation, a self-propelled energy-technological tool capable of operating on ultra-low pressure tires of 5-60 kPa and with a ground pressure of less than 60 kPa UTES-271 Bars manufactured by NPF Belagrospecmash was used, which was aggregated with a cutter (also developed by NPF Belagrospecmash) on ultra-low pressure tires operating at pressures from 5 to 60 kPa with the possibility of adjusting the processing width. (When the cutter is moved to the transport position, including during the turn, the tire pressure changes from 5 to 55 kPa, the contact patch increases, and the soil compaction does not increase.)

On the frame of the cutter 3, an engine 4 was installed, equipped with a device for adjusting the speed and torque, the output shaft of which is kinematically connected to the agricultural equipment (cutter 7). This arrangement of the engine more evenly distributed its weight throughout the complex, and reduced the local specific pressure on the soil.

As a result of the agricultural operation, all the weeds that had begun to grow were destroyed, and thanks to the use of a transport and technological complex, including a self-propelled transport and energy vehicle on ultra-low pressure tires, operating, including at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, exerting on the soil pressure less than 60 kPa, aggregated equipment on ultra-low pressure tires, operating, including at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, exerting pressure on the soil of less than 60 kPa, at this stage, no significant soil compaction occurred, despite very high humidity soil.

The next operation for the implementation of the claimed method was sowing, which was carried out when the soil temperature warmed up to the minimum value for this crop. For sowing, a self-propelled energy-technological tool was also used, capable of operating on ultra-low pressure tires of 5-60 kPa and with a ground pressure of less than 60 kPa, and as a seeder, the Lyubava seeder (designed and manufactured by NPF Belagrospecmash on ultra-low pressure tires, functioning in including at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, exerting a pressure on the soil of less than 60 kPa). Soil moisture during sowing was very high, about 70%. Also, it was raining heavily. However, due to the use of the proposed complex and the ability to operate at high humidity with a minimal soil compaction effect, productivity increased due to an increase in speed (moisture became a lubricant, soil density decreased, the negative effect of friction on the coulters decreased). Thanks to the practically absent (compared to traditional technology) soil compaction and sowing in waterlogged soil, lupine seedlings were strong and friendly (in the mud you will be a prince, says a Russian proverb).

The next operation for the implementation of the claimed method was the operation of harrowing on seedlings. after the lupine sprouts, the weeds of the second wave began to sprout. For this operation, UTES-271 Bars manufactured by NPF Belagrospecmash was also used, which was aggregated by a harrow (also developed by NPF Belagrospecmash) on ultra-low pressure tires, operating, including at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, exerting a pressure on the soil of less than 60 kPa.

This operation was repeated twice more during the agricultural season - to destroy the weeds of the third and fourth waves. Despite the fact that it was carried out on seedlings, but due to the low pressure on the soil, the plants were slightly damaged and quickly recovered.

The final step in the implementation of the proposed technology was cleaning. However, due to the fact that at present there are no mass-produced harvesting units based on self-propelled transport and energy vehicles on ultra-low pressure tires, including those operating at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, exerting a pressure of less than 60 kPa on the soil, and prototypes are not able to work in the field with full load, the main part of the crop was harvested with traditional harvesting equipment with a pressure on the soil of more than 60 kPa. Harvesting was carried out at an absolute soil moisture of 22%, which made it possible to minimize the harmful effect on the soil, i.e. its compaction (because with such moisture the soil is quite hard and does not perceive increased pressure so sensitively).

The main result, to which the proposed invention was directed, was a decrease in its compaction due to the impact of agricultural technology and agricultural devices for its implementation (the density of the soil of the experimental field was 1.25 g/cm ³ .)

As a result of the work carried out on the use of the proposed invention, a serious economic effect was obtained, namely, the cost of the products obtained on the experimental field was more than two times lower than on the neighboring one, cultivated in the traditional way and with traditional equipment.

In addition, the consequence of the obtained technical result was:

reducing the loss of spring moisture reserves in the soil (because the work was carried out at a time when the absolute soil moisture is more than 2% higher than the upper limit of the soil physical ripeness moisture and most of it remains in the soil);

- 3 043141 optimization of the timing of sowing (because the work was carried out during the period when the absolute moisture content of the soil is more than 2% higher than the upper limit of the moisture content of the physical ripeness of the soil, i.e. during the period when it is optimal in terms of agrotechnical indicators);

obtaining energetically strong seedlings (due to the optimal sowing time and crop emergence at high soil moisture);

shifting the range of sowing works to an earlier period (because the works were carried out during the period when the absolute moisture content of the soil is more than 2% higher than the upper limit of the moisture content of the physical ripeness of the soil);

increasing the environmental friendliness of agricultural production, and, consequently, the produced crop crops (which is the result of an overall decrease for this method of using herbicides and mineral fertilizers with an increased yield of crop crops. In this experiment, no chemicals were used at all);

increasing the speed of sowing (which is facilitated by a weaker resistance of the soil to the working elements of the complex, due to more liquid soil);

increase in the period of vegetative development of crops (which is facilitated by earlier agricultural work);

reduction in specific fuel consumption (due to increased speeds of agricultural work and weaker soil resistance to the working elements of the complex);

reduction in the weight and size characteristics of the sowing complex (the possibility appears due to reduced loads on the elements of the complex);

reduction of the negative impact of the soil on the elements of the complex (due to the more liquid soil, the soil has a weaker effect on the elements of the complex).

Due to the decrease in the total total specific pressure on the soil, the soil, when using the proposed invention, is significantly less compacted, its density values are close to natural (as in an uncultivated area), and soil fertility is significantly closer to natural. The results of the soil analysis showed that its structure became ideal for sowing sugar beet on it in the next agricultural period.

Claims (8)

1. A method of restoring the natural fertility of the soil in agricultural production, based on reducing the negative impact on the soil of agricultural production technology through the use of TTS agricultural work on ultra-low pressure tires with an intra-tire pressure of not more than 60 kPa, aggregated agricultural equipment, characterized in that the agricultural equipment is installed on ultra-low pressure tires with an intra-tire pressure of not more than 60 kPa, while the agricultural equipment is driven by an additional internal combustion engine, which is equipped with a speed and torque control device, the output shaft of which is kinematically connected to agricultural equipment, and as agricultural equipment, a sowing machine, or a soil-cultivating machine, such as a plow, or a cultivator, or a harrow, or a cutter, or a planting machine, or an irrigation machine, or a forage harvester, or a grain harvester, or a machine for growing and/or harvesting potatoes, or a machine for growing or harvesting sugar beets, or a machine for processing and sorting harvested products, or a sprayer, or a fertilizer spreader, or a mower, or processing equipment. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the additional engine is installed on the frame of agricultural equipment. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the additional engine is installed on the TTS frame. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that a diesel engine is used as an additional engine. 5. A device for implementing the method according to claim 1, containing a transport and technological vehicle (TTS) on ultra-low pressure tires with an intra-tire pressure of not more than 60 kPa, aggregated by agricultural equipment, characterized in that the agricultural equipment is equipped with ultra-low pressure tires with an intra-tire pressure of not more than 60 kPa, while the agricultural equipment is equipped with a device for adjusting the speed and torque, the output shaft of which is kinematically connected to the agricultural equipment, and the input shaft is connected to the shaft of the additional engine, moreover, a sowing machine or a tillage machine, such as a plow, is used as an agricultural equipment, or a cultivator, or a harrow, or a milling machine, or a planter, or an irrigation machine, or a forage harvester, or a grain harvester, or a machine for cultivating and/or harvesting potatoes, or a machine for cultivating or harvesting sugar beet, or a machine for processing and sorting of the collected products, or a sprayer, or a fertilizer spreader, or a mower, or technological equipment. - 4 043141 6. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that a diesel engine is installed as an additional engine on the TTS. 7. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that the additional engine is mounted on agricultural equipment. 8. The device according to i.5, characterized in that the additional engine is mounted on the TTS frame.