DK180708B1 - Super efficient hydrogen generation by dynamic flow water electrolysis - Google Patents

Super efficient hydrogen generation by dynamic flow water electrolysis Download PDF

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Publication number
DK180708B1
DK180708B1 DKPA202070448A DKPA202070448A DK180708B1 DK 180708 B1 DK180708 B1 DK 180708B1 DK PA202070448 A DKPA202070448 A DK PA202070448A DK PA202070448 A DKPA202070448 A DK PA202070448A DK 180708 B1 DK180708 B1 DK 180708B1
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electrode
electrolyzer
logarithmic
core shaft
housing
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DKPA202070448A
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Danish (da)
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Dimitrov Draganov Bozhidar
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Dimitrov Draganov Bozhidar
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Priority to DKPA202070448A priority Critical patent/DK180708B1/en
Priority to PCT/DK2021/050217 priority patent/WO2022002335A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/034—Rotary electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/01—Electrolytic cells characterised by shape or form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/30—Cells comprising movable electrodes, e.g. rotary electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

An electrolyser for super-efficient hydrogen generation by dynamic flow water electrolysis with at least one electrode having a shape that is governed by a logarithmic spiral or a hybrid of a logarithmic spiral with one or more of other types of spirals, selected from Archimedean, parabolic, hyperbolic, root, Fermat, Fibonacci and nth order polynomials.

Description

DK 180708 B1 1 Super efficient hydrogen generation by dynamic flow water electrolysis Field of the Invention The present invention relates to improving electrolysers for hydrogen generation by electrolysis of water, by providing one or more electrodes with a shape substantially following a logarithmic spiral or its hybrid and, thus, improving gas bubbles departure from a surface of an electrode, and, hence, reducing the energy required for the hy- drogen generation.
The bubble departure is improved by a synergetic effect of the 3D logarithmic spiral shape of at least one electrode or an assembly of electrodes and ro- tational movement of one or more log spiral electrodes, turning inside the liquid, caus- ing a vortex-like motion.
Without movement, the shape of the electrode itself would not produce the desired effect.
Background of the Invention CN 110644015 A (UNIV ZHEJIANG TECHNOLOGY), 2020-01-03 discloses hy- drogen production by water electrolysis, comprising an electrode shaped by bending a metal (copper) sheet into the form of an Archimedean spiral, roughening the copper sheet, thereby introducing a nanostructured pattern in the electrode surface, and apply- ing a super hydrophilic coating to all parts of the electrode surface.
Still, the energy balance for the process (comprising nucleation, formation and de- tachment of hydrogen bobbles steps) could be improved.
The invention at issue differs from CN 110644015 in shaping one or more electrodes as 3-dimensional logarithmic spirals or hybrids of 3-d log spirals and other mathemat- ical functions.
The technical effect of this novel shape is reduction of energy required for the process of hydrogen production by water electrolysis. “The Natural 3D Spiral” article by Gur Harary and Ayellet Tal in EUROGRAPHICS 2011, volume 30 2011 number 2, discloses all the current mathematical models of 3D log spirals, and suggests new mathematical models to compliment the existing defini- tions.
It also clearly explains the difference between 2D log spiral models (prior art in
DK 180708 B1 2 the technical field of the hydrogen production electrode shapes) and 3D log spirals that are the subject matter of this invention. The use of spiral or helical electrodes, positioned coaxially and substantially parallel to each other, is disclosed for example in US2018163313 AA, presenting an electro- lytic process of decomposing water to hydrogen and oxygen in a spiral magnetic elec- trolyser under the surface of a water environment, where the dynamization of the wa- ter environment in the water supply electrolyser of the spiral magnetic electrolyser is induced by negative pressure resulting from water being decomposed at the outlet of the spiral magnetic electrolyser.
JP57185992A discloses smaller in size and higher in electric power efficiency electro- lysers, where the ferromagnetic fields are created by a cylindrical magnet with the decomposing currents of spiral electrodes arranged in multiple stages, thereby accel- erating the agitation of an electrolyte and ion speeds.
US4105528A discloses an apparatus for decomposition of liquid in which vortical negative and positive electrodes are arranged in a closed relation and these two elec- trodes are supplied with a power through external terminals. The electrolyte is placed to flow between the negative and positive electrodes under the function of the poten- tial magnetic field formed by the coil current, which is generated by the electrodes with active movement of an electrolytic ion, so that the electrolysis of water takes place smoothly under the spin functions of the atom and electron. Object of the Invention The object of the invention is to provide an electrolyser that improves the art of elec- trolysers. Description of the Invention None of the prior art in the field of hydrogen generation by electrolysis of water sug- gests or points in the direction of spiral electrodes being logarithmic spirals, or a hy- brid of a logarithmic spiral. This invention discloses this specific selection under possible spirals, and the technical benefits of in particular logarithmic spirals or hy- brids of logarithmic spirals, and a synergetic effect of the log spiral shape of an elec-
DK 180708 B1 3 trode when combined with a rotational movement of said electrode, efficiently reduces the energy required for generation of gas bubbles at said electrode. The shape and rotational movement of electrodes for hydrogen generation improves departing of the gas bubbles from the electrode surface already in the nucleation or early growth phase by reducing the critical bubble size required for detaching of gas bubbles, thus, reducing the amount of electrical energy required for generating hydro- gen.
The logarithmic or hybrid logarithmic spiral 3D shapes of electrodes significantly reduce the critical size of bubbles necessary for their separation from the electrodes, because: - Bubbles are detached from electrodes as soon as they begin to form, due to the kinetic energy of water flow through and around the cathode and anode using extremely efficient design pattern (logarithmic spiral centrip- etal movement) of an impeller-shaped at least one electrode or an assem- bly of two coaxial and essentially parallel electrodes.
- Super-strong directed magnetic fields, nanoelectrode assemblies, super- hydrophilic and super-hydrophobic coatings (e.g. naflon), electromagnet- ic energy stimulation in e.g. the infrared and other spectrums may in- crease the efficiency of the process even further. The bubble departure is improved by a synergetic effect of the 3D logarithmic spiral shape of at least one electrode or an assembly of electrodes and rotational movement of one or more log spiral electrodes, turning inside the liquid, causing a vortex-like motion.
Without movement, the shape of the electrode itself would improve the efficiency some but would not produce the synergetic effect that can be achieved by combining log spiral shape of at least one electrode and rotational movement of said at least one electrode.
In one aspect, an electrolyser for producing hydrogen from water by electrolysis is disclosed, comprising at least one electrode, at least one electrode being cathode or
DK 180708 B1 4 anode, wherein that said at least one electrode has a 3-dimensional shape that is gov- erned by a logarithmic spiral or a hybrid of a logarithmic spiral with one or more of other types of spirals, selected from Archimedean, parabolic, hyperbolic, root, Fermat, Fibonacci and n® order polynomials.
A logarithmic spiral or a hybrid logarithmic spiral in this aspect, also called equiangu- lar spiral or growth spiral, is a self-similar spiral curve that often appears in nature. The logarithmic spiral was first described by Descartes and later extensively investi- gated by Jacob Bernoulli, who called it Spira mirabilis, "the marvellous spiral”.
The logarithmic spiral is distinguished from the Archimedean spiral by the fact that the distances between the turnings of a logarithmic spiral increase in geometric pro- gression, while in an Archimedean spiral the distances are constant.
In another aspect of the invention, the fabrication of a logarithmic spiral or its hybrid shape of at least one electrode is disclosed, by casting, 3D printing or micro fabricat- ing, or the at least one electrode is shaped into a logarithmic spiral or its hybrid shape by bending, or said electrode is assembled into a logarithmic spiral shape or its hybrid from prefabricated elements.
In a further aspect of the invention, the electrolyser further comprises a centre core shaft made of electrically non-conductive material, one or more electrodes being coax- ially attached to the centre core shaft.
In a further aspect of the invention, the electrolyser further comprises a liquid-tight housing around the electrodes, and, optionally, the housing has liquid inlet and liquid outlet arrangements, and said housing is preferably designed after golden ratio and Fibonacci number sequence, most preferably, the housing is an egg-shaped vessel.
The Golden Ratio in this aspect is its definition in mathematics. Two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. Expressed algebraically, for quantities a and b witha > b > 0,
udb a der eee AD — SS GR, mn p where the Greek letter p represents the golden ratio. It is an irrational number that is a solution to the quadratic equation a"—t—i= 0 with a value of: øm — I 1.8180839887.… 5 The golden ratio is also called the golden mean or golden section (sectio aurea in Lat- in). Other names include extreme and mean ratio, medial section, divine proportion (Latin: proportio divina), divine section (Latin: sectio divina), golden proportion, golden cut, and golden number. In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted Fn, form a sequence, called the Fibonacci sequence, such that each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1. The beginning of the sequence is thus: 0,1, 1,2,3,5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, ... The Fibonacci spiral is an approximation of the golden spiral created by drawing cir- cular arcs connecting the opposite corners of squares in the Fibonacci tiling. Fibonacci numbers are related to the golden ratio: Binet's formula expresses the n™ Fibonacci number in terms of n and the golden ratio, and implies that the ratio of two consecu- tive Fibonacci numbers tend to the golden ratio as n increases. In yet another aspect of the invention, the centre core shaft is attached to the housing, with or without protruding the centre core shaft, most preferably, said centre core shaft is positioned at the bottom of the housing extending upwards.
In a further aspect of the invention, the electrolyser further comprises an electrical motor or a manual rotating gear attached to said centre core shaft to allow rotation of said centre core shaft while maintaining electrical contact with at least one electrode, and the electrolyser further comprises a DC power supply, providing power to at least one electrode, and, optionally, to the rotation of the centre core shaft.
DK 180708 B1 6 In a further aspect of the invention, the electrolyser further comprises one or more of permanent magnets and/or one or more of electromagnets within the centre core shaft and one or more of permanent magnets and/ or one or more of electromagnets at- tached to the walls of the housing. Preferably, one or more permanent magnets com- prising NdFeB are attached to the housing of the vessel and one or more magnetically opposing permanent magnets comprising NdFeB are placed within the centre core shaft. In case the permanent magnets are used, all magnets in the assembly of the ves- sel and the neodymium core of the centre core shaft are arranged in such a way that, upon rotation of the centre core shaft, a very strong electromagnetic flux is created that helps 1) the separation of gas bubbles from cathode and anode, and 2) rotating the centre core shaft with a minimum or no electrical input. The target is to use opposing and/or sequential magnetic pole changes that facilitate the rotation of the impeller as well as the growth and detachment of gas bubbles on the electrodes.
In a further technical aspect of the invention, at least one electrode has one or more surfaces patterned with Nano-sized structures or patterns, having at least one feature dimension below one micrometre, or at least one electrode is a Nano-sized structure, having at least one feature dimension below one micrometre.
In a further aspect of the invention, at least one electrode comprises one or more areas covered with one or more coatings selected from the group comprising super hydro- philic and super hydrophobic coatings in order to stimulate the water flow and accel- erate departure of hydrogen bubbles from the coated one or more areas or at its boundaries, further reducing the energy consumption.
In a further aspect of the invention, the electrolyser further comprises an electromag- netic source emitting energy for stimulation of the electrolysis in various spectrums, such as UV, visible, infrared, preferably, in infrared spectrum in order to stimulate the hydrogen bubbles departure from an electrode surface, further reducing the energy consumption.
Description of the Drawing An embodiment of the invention is described in figures 1 and 2.
DK 180708 B1 7 Fig. 1 illustrates an electrolyser (1), partially filled with water (2), with a coaxial as- sembly of electrodes (3 and 4) both electrodes having logarithmic spiral (6) shapes (5) positioned at the bottom of the housing in a vertical orientation of the axis.
Fig. 2 illustrates the top and front view of the coaxial electrode (3 and 4) assembly around the centre core shaft (8). Detailed Description of the Invention Coen osm | fc LA Ahm

Claims (11)

DK 180708 B1 PATENTKRAVDK 180708 B1 PATENTKRAV 1. Elektrolysator (1) til fremstilling af hydrogen fra vand (2) ved hjælp af elektrolyse, hvilken elektrolysator omfatter mindst én elektrode, idet nævnte mindst ene elektrode er — en katode (3) eller anode (4), kendetegnet ved, at nævnte mindst ene elektrode har en 3- dimensionel form af en elektrode (5), der er formet som en 3-dimensionel logaritmisk spiral (6) eller en 3-dimensionel logaritmisk hybridspiral (6), hvor den 3-dimensionelle logaritmiske spiral er kombineret med en eller flere andre typer spiraler, som er valgt blandt arkimedisk, parabolsk, hyperbolsk, rod, Fermat, Fibonacci og polynomier af n'te grad.Electrolyzer (1) for producing hydrogen from water (2) by means of electrolysis, which electrolyzer comprises at least one electrode, said at least one electrode being - a cathode (3) or anode (4), characterized in that said at least one electrode has a 3-dimensional shape of an electrode (5) shaped as a 3-dimensional logarithmic spiral (6) or a 3-dimensional logarithmic hybrid spiral (6), the 3-dimensional logarithmic spiral being combined with one or more other types of spirals selected from Archimedean, parabolic, hyperbolic, root, Fermat, Fibonacci, and nth degree polynomials. 2. Elektrolysator (1) ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at den logaritmiske spiral (6) eller de logaritmiske hybridformer af mindst én elektrode er opnået ved en eller flere fremstillingsmetoder, der er valgt blandt støbning, 3D-printning, mikrofremstilling, eller — formet til en logaritmisk spiral eller en logaritmisk hybridspiral ved bøjning, eller nævnte mindst ene elektrode er samlet til en logaritmisk spiralform eller til en logaritmisk hybrid- spiral af præfabrikerede elementer.Electrolyzer (1) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the logarithmic coil (6) or the logarithmic hybrid forms of at least one electrode are obtained by one or more manufacturing methods selected from casting, 3D printing, micro-manufacturing, or - formed into a logarithmic coil or a logarithmic hybrid coil by bending, or said at least one electrode is assembled into a logarithmic coil shape or into a logarithmic hybrid coil of prefabricated elements. 3. Elektrolysator (1) ifølge krav 1 eller 2, kendetegnet ved, at den endvidere omfatter en midterkerneaksel (8), der er fremstillet af elektrisk ikke-ledende materiale, idet den mindst ene elektrode er fastgjort koaksialt til midterkerneakslen (8).Electrolyzer (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it further comprises a center core shaft (8) made of electrically non-conductive material, the at least one electrode being fixed coaxially to the center core shaft (8). 4. Elektrolysator (1) ifølge krav 3, kendetegnet ved, at den endvidere omfatter et væske- tæt hus (9) omkring den mindst ene elektrode, og nævnte hus (9) er fortrinsvis designet — efter gyldent snit og Fibonacci-talfølge, især er huset en æggeformet beholder.Electrolyzer (1) according to claim 3, characterized in that it further comprises a liquid-tight housing (9) around the at least one electrode, and said housing (9) is preferably designed - according to golden section and Fibonacci number sequence, in particular the housing is an egg-shaped container. 5. Elektrolysator (1) ifølge krav 4, hvor huset endvidere omfatter flydende indløbs- og flydende udløbsarrangementer.The electrolyzer (1) according to claim 4, wherein the housing further comprises liquid inlet and liquid outlet arrangements. 6. Elektrolysator (1) ifølge krav 4 eller 5, kendetegnet ved, at centrumkerneakslen (8) er fastgjort til huset (9), med eller uden at rage frem fra det, navnlig er nævnte centrum- kerneaksel (8) placeret i bunden af huset (9) og strækker sig opad og rager gennem huset på en vandtæt måde.Electrolyzer (1) according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the center core shaft (8) is attached to the housing (9), with or without protruding from it, in particular said center core shaft (8) is located at the bottom of the housing (9) and extends upwardly and projects through the housing in a waterproof manner. DK 180708 B1DK 180708 B1 7. Elektrolysator (1) ifølge krav 6, kendetegnet ved, at elektrolysatoren endvidere omfatter en elektrisk motor (100) eller et manuelt roterende tandhjul (101), der er fastgjort til nævnte midterkerneaksel (8) med henblik på at muliggøre rotation af nævnte midterkerneaksel (8) under samtidig opretholdelse af elektrisk kontakt med mindst én elektrode, og elektrolysatoren omfatter endvidere en jævnstrømsforsyning (110) til tilvejebringelse af strøm til den mindst ene elektrode, og eventuelt til rotation af midter- kerneakslen (8).Electrolyzer (1) according to claim 6, characterized in that the electrolyzer further comprises an electric motor (100) or a manually rotating gear (101) attached to said center core shaft (8) in order to enable rotation of said center core shaft. (8) while maintaining electrical contact with at least one electrode, and the electrolyzer further comprises a direct current supply (110) for providing current to the at least one electrode, and optionally for rotation of the center core shaft (8). 8. Elektrolysator (1) ifølge et hvilket som helst af kravene 3-7, kendetegnet ved, at elektrolysatoren endvidere omfatter en eller flere magneter inde i midterkerneakslen (8) og en eller flere magneter fastgjort til husets vægge. Electrolyzer (1) according to any one of claims 3-7, characterized in that the electrolyzer further comprises one or more magnets inside the center core shaft (8) and one or more magnets attached to the walls of the housing. 9, Elektrolysator (1) ifølge et hvilket som helst af de foregående krav, kendetegnet ved, at mindst én elektrode har en eller flere overflader mønstret med strukturer eller mønstre — inanostørrelse, der har mindst én elementdimension under én mikrometer, eller mindst én elektrode er en struktur i nanostørrelse, der har mindst én elementdimension under én mikrometer.Electrolyzer (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one electrode has one or more surfaces patterned with structures or patterns - inanosize having at least one element dimension below one micrometer, or at least one electrode is a nano-sized structure having at least one element dimension below one micrometer. 10. Elektrolysator (1) ifølge et hvilket som helst af de foregående krav, kendetegnet ved, at mindst én elektrode omfatter et eller flere områder, der er belagt med en eller flere belægninger valgt blandt gruppen bestående af superhydrofile og superhydrofobiske belægninger (150).Electrolyzer (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one electrode comprises one or more areas coated with one or more coatings selected from the group consisting of superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic coatings (150). 11. Elektrolysator (1) ifølge et hvilket som helst af de foregående krav, kendetegnet ved, at elektrolysatoren endvidere omfatter en elektromagnetisk kilde (160), der udsender energi, såsom UV og/eller synlig og/eller infrarød, fortrinsvis i infrarødt spektrum, til stimulering af elektrolysen.Electrolyzer (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrolyzer further comprises an electromagnetic source (160) which emits energy such as UV and / or visible and / or infrared, preferably in infrared spectrum, for stimulation of the electrolysis.
DKPA202070448A 2020-07-01 2020-07-01 Super efficient hydrogen generation by dynamic flow water electrolysis DK180708B1 (en)

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DKPA202070448A DK180708B1 (en) 2020-07-01 2020-07-01 Super efficient hydrogen generation by dynamic flow water electrolysis
PCT/DK2021/050217 WO2022002335A1 (en) 2020-07-01 2021-06-29 An electrolyser for producing hydrogen from water by electrolysis comprising at least one electrode shaped as a 3-dimensional logarithmic spiral

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