DK174529B1 - Structural element and method of manufacturing said element - Google Patents
Structural element and method of manufacturing said element Download PDFInfo
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- DK174529B1 DK174529B1 DK200001918A DKPA200001918A DK174529B1 DK 174529 B1 DK174529 B1 DK 174529B1 DK 200001918 A DK200001918 A DK 200001918A DK PA200001918 A DKPA200001918 A DK PA200001918A DK 174529 B1 DK174529 B1 DK 174529B1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C3/06—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
- E04C3/07—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web at least partly of bent or otherwise deformed strip- or sheet-like material
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/28—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of materials not covered by groups E04C3/04 - E04C3/20
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
- E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
- E04C2003/043—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the hollow cross-section comprising at least one enclosed cavity
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
- E04C2003/0439—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the cross-section comprising open parts and hollow parts
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
- E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
- E04C2003/0473—U- or C-shaped
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49616—Structural member making
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24149—Honeycomb-like
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Sewage (AREA)
- Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
Abstract
Description
DK 174529 B1 iDK 174529 B1 i
Opfindelsen angår et konstruktionselement med et hovedsaglig U-formet tværsnit og en langsgående opbygning, omfattende et bundparti og to benpartier, der strækker sig i det væsentlige vinkelret fra nævn-5 te bundparti.The invention relates to a structural element having a substantially U-shaped cross-section and a longitudinal structure comprising a bottom portion and two leg portions extending substantially perpendicular to said bottom portion.
Sådanne konstruktionselementer bruges inden for et stort anvendelsesområde, og deres opbygning og materiale varierer i henhold til de fordringer, der stilles af det særlige område.Such structural elements are used in a wide field of application, and their structure and material vary according to the requirements of the particular area.
10 Eksempelvis er i international offentliggjort ansøgning nr. WO/03921 vist og beskrevet et støtteelement for paller, omfattende en kanal med et hovedsagligt U-formet tværsnit. Støtteelementet er fremstillet ud fra plane plader af metal, så som stål el-15 ler aluminium. For at forøge stivheden af støtteelementet er ribber presset ind i bunden og sidepanelerne med regelmæssige mellemrum langs længden af støtteelementet. Støtteelementet, som er vist og beskrevet i dette skrift, udviser en god bæreevne kombine-20 ret med en forholdsvis lav vægt.For example, in International Published Application No. WO / 03921, a support element for pallets comprising a channel having a substantially U-shaped cross section is shown and described. The support element is made from flat sheets of metal, such as steel or aluminum. To increase the stiffness of the support member, ribs are pressed into the bottom and side panels at regular intervals along the length of the support member. The support member shown and described in this specification exhibits a good carrying capacity combined with a relatively low weight.
I andre anvendelsesområder er det ikke kun bæreevnen, som er væsentlig. For at undgå problemer med dimensionsstabilitet i tyndvæggede strukturer så som skålformede værktøj eller støbeforme, eller andre 25 konstruktioner så som skibsskrog eller flydele, er det velkendt at forsyne sådanne konstruktioner med forstærkende eller afstivende elementer. Disse elementer kan f.eks. omfatte stålrør eller stålstænger eller profiler med et vilkårligt tværsnit, hvoraf 30 forholdsvis korte dele svejses sammen for at tilpasse de forstærkende eller afstivende elementer til konstruktionens facon, som ofte kan have en ikke-plan overflade, f.eks. en overflade med dobbelt krumning.In other applications, it is not only the carrying capacity that is significant. In order to avoid dimensional stability problems in thin-walled structures such as bowl-shaped tools or molds, or other structures such as ship hulls or aircraft parts, it is well known to provide such structures with reinforcing or stiffeners. These elements can e.g. comprise steel tubes or steel bars or profiles of any cross section, 30 of which are relatively short welded together to adapt the reinforcing or stiffening elements to the shape of the structure, which can often have a non-planar surface, e.g. a double-curved surface.
Fra området for støbning af plast- eller kompo-35 sitmaterialer er det kendt at forsyne bagsiden af DK 174529 B1 2 værktøjet eller støbeformsfladen med et forstærkende afstivende element i form af et fleksibelt, kvadratisk spiralrør af fiberglas eller grafitstof, som tilpasses formen af skallen, der skal forstærkes og 5 efterfølgende dækkes af en måtte af glasfiber og udsættes for autoklavebehandling. Det fleksible rør er imidlertid forholdsvist dyrt og besværligt at håndtere.From the field of molding of plastic or composite materials, it is known to provide the back of the tool or mold surface with a reinforcing stiffening element in the form of a flexible, square spiral tube of fiberglass or graphite which is adapted to the shape of the shell, which must be reinforced and subsequently covered by a fiberglass mat and subjected to autoclave treatment. However, the flexible tube is relatively expensive and cumbersome to handle.
Det er hensigten med opfindelsen at tilveje-10 bringe et alternativ til de tidligere kendte elementer, der er beskrevet i det ovenstående.It is an object of the invention to provide an alternative to the prior art elements described above.
Til opnåelse heraf er konstruktionselementet ifølge opfindelsen ejendommeligt ved, at konstruktionselementet omfatter mindst én tynd plade eller fo-15 lie, som er korrugeret i en kontinuerlig bølgeform i elementets længderetning, og at hvert benparti indbefatter et første afsnit, der danner en indervæg af benpartiet, og et andet afsnit, der er parallelt med nævnte første afsnit og slutter sig til nævnte første 20 afsnit langs en første forbindelseslinie og til bundpartiet langs en anden forbindelseslinie.To achieve this, the structural element according to the invention is characterized in that the structural element comprises at least one thin plate or foil which is corrugated in a continuous waveform in the longitudinal direction of the element, and that each leg portion includes a first section forming an inner wall of the leg portion. and a second section parallel to said first section joining said first section 20 along a first connecting line and to the bottom section along a second connecting line.
Ved at udforme det U-formede konstruktionselement af et korrugeret materiale og ved tilvejebringelsen af de dobbeltvæggede benpartier er konstrukti-25 onselementet fleksibelt, således at det kan tilpasses overfladen, til hvilket det skal fastgøres men er efter fastgørelse til overfladen modstandsdygtigt over for bøjnings-, vridnings-, træk- og trykkræfter og udgør et godt underlag for placering af lastbærende 30 kompositmateriale, først og fremmest på bundpartiet.By forming the U-shaped structural member of a corrugated material and by providing the double-walled leg portions, the structural member is flexible so that it can be adapted to the surface to which it is to be attached but is resistant to bending after attachment to the surface. torsional, tensile and compressive forces and provides a good base for the placement of load bearing 30 composite material, primarily on the bottom portion.
Den korrugerede konstruktion gør det muligt at bruge materiale med en væsentligt reduceret tykkelse i forhold til andre elementer med tilsvarende egenskaber med hensyn til stivhed og styrke, hvorved der tilve-35 jebringes et letvægtsprodukt.The corrugated construction makes it possible to use material of substantially reduced thickness relative to other elements having similar properties in stiffness and strength, thereby providing a lightweight product.
3 DK 174529 B1 I en foretrukken udførelsesform er korrugerin-gerne i hvert første afsnit låst sammen med korruge-ringerne i bundpartiet i området ved nævnte anden forbindelseslinie. De indbyrdes låsende korrugeringer 5 mellem de dobbeltvæggede benpartier og bundpartiet giver en sikkerhed mod utilsigtet frigørelse af benpartiets afsnit.In a preferred embodiment, the corrugations in each first section are locked together with the corrugations in the bottom portion of the region at said second connection line. The interlocking corrugations 5 between the double-walled leg portions and the bottom portion provide security against the unintentional release of the leg portion.
Med henblik på at lette fremstillingen af elementet og for at forbedre tilbageholdelsen af det in-10 dre benafsnit kan der dannes en not i området ved nævnte anden forbindelseslinie på indersiden af konstruktionselementet.In order to facilitate the fabrication of the element and to improve retention of the inner leg section, a groove may be formed in the region of said second connecting line on the inside of the structural element.
Korrugeringerne på ydersiden af konstruktionselementet kan være delvis afskåret i området ved den 15 første forbindelseslinie. På denne måde forhindres eller i det mindste reduceres deformationer i området ved den anden forbindelseslinie.The corrugations on the outside of the structural member may be partially cut off in the region of the first connecting line. In this way, deformations in the region of the second connecting line are prevented or at least reduced.
Konstruktionselementet kan omfatte mindst én folie eller plade af metal- eller plastmateriale el-20 ler en kombination heraf.The structural member may comprise at least one sheet or sheet of metal or plastic material or a combination thereof.
Konstruktionselementet omfatter fortrinsvis mindst én folie eller plade af aluminium eller en aluminiumlegering.The structural member preferably comprises at least one aluminum foil or sheet or aluminum alloy.
Nævnte mindst ene plade eller folie har en tyk-25 kelse, der kan ligge i området 0,01 - 0,5 mm.Said at least one sheet or foil has a thickness which may range from 0.01 to 0.5 mm.
Det første og det andet afsnit af benpartiet kan være klæbende forbundet med hinanden. Ved den klæbende forbindelse mellem benafsnittene opnås en forbedret fastholdelse mellem disse afsnit.The first and second sections of the leg portion may be adhered to one another. The adhesive connection between the leg sections results in improved retention between these sections.
30 Ifølge et andet aspekt ved opfindelsen tilveje bringes en fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af et konstruktionselement, omfattende følgende trin: bukning af et første afsnit af mindst én længde af et korrugeret plade- eller foliemateriale svarede til nævnte 35 første afsnit af benpartiet langs nævnte første for- DK 174529 B1 4 bindelseslinie i det væsentlige 180° til anlæg mod et andet afsnit af nævnte mindst ene længde af materiale svarende til nævnte andet afsnit af benpartiet, og bukning af nævnte første og andet afsnit langs nævnte 5 anden forbindelseslinie i det væsentlige 90°.According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a structural member comprising the steps of: bending a first section of at least one length of a corrugated sheet or film material corresponding to said first section of the leg portion along said first front portion. DK 174529 B1 4 bond line substantially 180 ° to abut a second portion of said at least one length of material corresponding to said second portion of the leg portion, and bending said first and second sections along said 5 second bond line substantially 90 °.
Fordelagtige udførelsesformer for fremgangsmåden er genstand for afhængige krav 10-15.Advantageous embodiments of the method are subject to dependent claims 10-15.
I det følgende vil opfindelsen blive forklaret nærmere med henvisning til den skematiske tegning, 10 hvor fig. 1 er et perspektivbillede af et konstruktionselement i en udførelsesform for opfindelsen, fig. 2 et perspektivbillede af konstruktions-elementet i fig. 1, men i udfoldet tilstand, 15 fig. 3 et perspektivbillede af to konstrukti onselementer monteret på en overflade, fig. 4 et endebillede i større målestok af et konstruktionselement ifølge opfindelsen, der bærer et separat forbindelseselement, 20 fig. 5 et billede svarede til fig. 4 af to kon struktionselementer, der er forbundet af det separate forbindelseselement, og fig. 6 en skematisk illustration af en fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af konstruktionselementet 25 ifølge opfindelsen.In the following, the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the schematic drawing, wherein FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a structural element in an embodiment of the invention; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the structural element of FIG. 1, but in the unfolded state, FIG. 3 is a perspective view of two structural elements mounted on a surface; FIG. 4 is a larger-scale end view of a structural element according to the invention carrying a separate connecting element; FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 of two structural members connected by the separate connector, and FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a method of manufacturing the structural element 25 of the invention.
Det hovedsageligt U-formede konstruktionselement l, som vist i fig. 1, omfatter et bundparti 2 og to benpartier 3, der strækker sig i det væsentlige retvinklet fra bundpartiet 2. Hvert benparti 3 er 30 dobbeltvægget og omfatter et første afsnit 3a, som udgør indervæggen og et andet afsnit 3b, som udgør ydervæggen af benpartiet 3.The substantially U-shaped structural element 1, as shown in FIG. 1, a bottom portion 2 and two leg portions 3 extending substantially at right angles to the bottom portion 2. Each leg portion 3 is double-walled and comprises a first section 3a constituting the inner wall and a second section 3b constituting the outer wall of the leg portion 3. .
Konstruktionselementet 1 er udformet i et stykke af mindst én plade eller folie af ethvert egnet 35 plast- eller metalmateriale eller en kombination her- 5 DK 174529 B1 af. Tykkelsen af pladen eller folien ligger i området fra 0,01 til 0,5 mm, og et eksempel er en aluminium folie med en tykkelse på 0,1 mm. Materialet i pladen eller folien afhænger af det tilsigtede anvendelses-5 område for konstruktionselementet. For anvendelser, hvor de termiske egenskaber så som varmeledningsevnen er ønskelig, foretrækkes en metalplade eller foliemateriale. Yderligere kan to eller flere folier eller plader, muligvis af forskellige materialer, 10 placeres oven på hinanden for at tilvejebringe et laminat, og en belægning af i og for sig kendt art kan påføres den ene eller begge sider af pladen eller pladerne eller folien eller folierne. Dimensionerne af konstruktionselementet kan ligeledes variere, hvor 15 typiske eksempler er med en bredde på ca. 45 mm og en højde på ca. 28 mm for et element fremstillet af en aluminium folie med en tykkelse på 0,1 mm. Bredden, højden og tykkelsen kan imidlertid varieres alt efter anvendelsen for konstruktionselementet, fortrinsvis 20 ved opretholdelse af højde/bredde forholdet.The structural element 1 is formed in a piece of at least one sheet or foil of any suitable plastic or metal material or a combination thereof. The thickness of the sheet or foil is in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 mm, and an example is an aluminum foil having a thickness of 0.1 mm. The material in the sheet or foil depends on the intended application area of the structural element. For applications where the thermal properties such as the thermal conductivity are desirable, a metal plate or foil material is preferred. Further, two or more sheets or sheets, possibly of different materials, may be placed on top of each other to provide a laminate, and a coating of a kind known per se may be applied to one or both sides of the sheet or sheets or sheet or sheets. . The dimensions of the structural element may also vary, with 15 typical examples having a width of approx. 45 mm and a height of approx. 28 mm for an element made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 0.1 mm. However, the width, height and thickness can be varied according to the application of the structural element, preferably 20 by maintaining the aspect ratio.
Af den udfoldede tilstand af konstruktionselementet 1, som er vist i fig. 2 fremgår, at med henblik på at opnå den foldede tilstand af konstruktionselementet som vist i fig. 1, foldes det første af-25 snit 3a af hvert benparti 3 langs en første bukkeeller forbindelseslinie 4 (stiplet linie) i en bukningsoperation på i det væsentlige 180°. Efterfølgende bukkes det første og det anden afsnit 3a og 3b langs en anden bukke- eller forbindelseslinie 5 (stiplet 30 linie) i en anden bukningsoperation på i det væsentlige 90°. I den viste udførelsesform sikres det, at korrugeringerne i det første afsnit 3a under denne anden bukningsoperation placeres i indbyrdes låsende forhold med korrugeringerne af bundpartiet 2 i over-35 gangsområdet mellem hvert først afsnit 3a og bundpar- DK 174529 B1 6 tiet 2, dvs, i området ved hver anden forbindelseslinie 5, dvs. at bølgetoppene 6 af det første afsnit 3a er placeret i bølgedalene mellem på hinanden følgende bølgetoppe 7, 8 af bundpartiet 2. Som et alternativ 5 eller som en yderligere sikkerhed over for utilsigtet frigørelse mellem det første og det andet afsnit 3a og 3b af benpartiet kan disse afsnit være klæbende forbundet med hinanden ved hjælp af en dobbeltsidet selvklæbende tape eller ved ethvert andet egnet klæ-10 bemiddel.Of the unfolded state of the structural element 1 shown in FIG. 2 shows that in order to achieve the folded state of the structural element as shown in FIG. 1, the first section 3a of each leg portion 3 is folded along a first bending or connecting line 4 (dotted line) in a bending operation of substantially 180 °. Subsequently, the first and second sections 3a and 3b are bent along a second bending or connecting line 5 (dashed line 30) in a second bending operation of substantially 90 °. In the embodiment shown, during the second bending operation, the corrugations of the first section 3a are ensured to be mutually locking with the corrugations of the bottom portion 2 in the transition region between each first section 3a and the bottom pair 2, i.e., in the region of each other connection line 5, i.e. that the wave peaks 6 of the first section 3a are located in the wave valleys between successive wave peaks 7, 8 of the bottom portion 2. As an alternative 5 or as an additional security against accidental release between the first and second sections 3a and 3b of the leg portion, these sections are adhesively bonded to each other by a double-sided adhesive tape or by any other suitable adhesive agent.
Konstruktionselementet 1 kan yderligere være forsynet med en not (ikke vist), der strækker sig langs hver anden bukkelinie 5 på oversiden af elementet, som vist i fig. 2. Denne not bidrager til en 15 forbedret låsevirkning mellem benpartierne 3 og bundpartiet 2 og letter den anden bukningsoperation. Under denne operation flades ydersiden af bundpartiet 2 ud, således at den kan udgøre en god base for placering af et lastbærende kompositmateriale.The structural member 1 may further be provided with a groove (not shown) extending along each other bending line 5 on the upper side of the member, as shown in FIG. 2. This groove contributes to an improved locking effect between the leg portions 3 and the bottom portion 2 and facilitates the second bending operation. During this operation, the outer surface of the bottom portion 2 is flattened out so that it can provide a good base for placing a load-bearing composite material.
20 Under fremstilling skæres undersiden af elemen tet som vist i fig. 2 yderligere til langs hver første bukkelinie 4, således at bølgetoppene afskæres i dette område, og det første afsnit 3a og det andet afsnit 3b er således kun forbundet med hinanden i de 25 partier, der er vist ved 9 og 10 i fig. 1, idet disse partier 9, 10 omgiver et mellemrum 11. Det skal be mærkes, at de betegnelser, der definerer orienteringen af konstruktionselementet kun bruges til at definere de relative beliggenheder af delene. Opfindelsen 30 er ikke begrænset til nogen særlig orientering af konstruktionselementet under brug eller fremstilling.20 During manufacture, the underside of the element is cut as shown in FIG. 2 further along each first bend line 4 so that the wave peaks are cut off in this region and thus the first section 3a and the second section 3b are only interconnected in the 25 portions shown at 9 and 10 in FIG. 1, these portions 9, 10 surrounding a space 11. It should be noted that the designations defining the orientation of the structural element are used only to define the relative locations of the parts. The invention 30 is not limited to any particular orientation of the structural element during use or manufacture.
Konstruktionselementet 1 kan nu forbindes med en konstruktion, der skal forstærkes eller med henblik på at tilvejebringe eksempelvis opvarmning eller 35 ventilering. Konstruktionselementet 1 kan yderligere 7 DK 174529 B1 forbindes med andre lignende elementer ved separate forbindelsesprofiler af et egnet materiale.The structural element 1 can now be connected to a structure to be reinforced or to provide, for example, heating or ventilation. The structural element 1 can further be connected to other similar elements by separate connection profiles of a suitable material.
I fig. 3 er et eksempel på en brugsstilling vist, hvor 100 angiver en overflade af en konstrukti-5 on, som i det følgende vil blive beskrevet som en i det væsentlige skålformet støbeform, der definerer overfladen af et produkt, der skal støbes, idet overfladen 100 således er bagsiden af støbeformen. Produktet kan omfatte sådanne artikler som flydele, båd-10 og skibsskrog, vindmøllerotorer etc. men ethvert andet produkt er tænkeligt. Som et alternativ kan konstruktionselementerne ifølge opfindelsen være i form af forstærkningsstøttebjælker eller -stræbere og udgøre en del af den forstærkende konstruktion af et 15 sådant produkt eller udgøre en del af selve støbeformen, som det vil blive forklaret nærmere i det følgende .In FIG. 3, an example of a position of use is shown, wherein 100 denotes a surface of a structure which will be described hereinafter as a substantially bowl-shaped mold defining the surface of a product to be cast, the surface 100 so is the back of the mold. The product may include such articles as aircraft parts, boat-10 and ship hulls, wind turbine rotors etc. but any other product is conceivable. Alternatively, the structural elements of the invention may be in the form of reinforcing support beams or beams and form part of the reinforcing structure of such a product or form part of the mold itself, as will be explained in more detail below.
Et første konstruktionselement 1 placeres på overfladen 100 i den ønskede stilling og fastgøres 20 til overfladen 100, enten ved hjælp af et klæbende materiale eller ved separate forbindelsesprofiler, som angivet i fig. 4.A first structural member 1 is placed on the surface 100 in the desired position and secured 20 to the surface 100, either by means of an adhesive material or by separate connection profiles, as indicated in FIG. 4th
Det klæbende materiale omfatter fortrinsvis samme matrixmateriale, dvs. harpiks og hærdemiddel, 25 som overfladen 100. Dvs. at i tilfælde af en støbeform til glasfiberforstærket polyester bruges polyester som klæbemiddel og i tilfælde af en støbeform af glasfiber- eller kul fiberforstærket epoxy bruges et epoxybaseret klæbemiddel. Det er ligeledes tænke-30 ligt at bruge samme materiale i støbeformen og som klæbemiddel. Med henblik på at forbedre fastgørelsen af konstruktionselementet 1 på overfladen 100 kan en strimmel af vlies eller åndende materiale vædes med polyester eller epoxy og placeres ovenpå overfladen i 35 det mindste under benpartierne af konstruktionsele- DK 174529 B1 8 mentet. På denne måde sikres en sikker fastgørelse af konstruktionselementet 1 til overfladen 100, selvom overfladen omfatter ujævnheder, og samtidig opnås en forbedret fastholdelse af benpartierne af konstrukti-5 onselementet på overfladen 100 under positioneringen af konstruktionselementet på overfladen. Efterfølgende placeres et andet konstruktionselement 1' på overfladen 100. I området ved skæringen mellem det første og det andet konstruktionselement 1 og 1' skæres et 10 område svarende til bredden af konstruktionselementet 1 bort i hvert benparti 3' af det andet konstruktionselement 1', således at bundpartiet 2' af det andet konstruktionselement 1' overlapper bundpartiet 2 af det første konstruktionselement 1 i skæringsområdet.The adhesive material preferably comprises the same matrix material, i.e. resin and curing agent, such as the surface 100. that in the case of a glass fiber reinforced polyester mold, polyester is used as an adhesive and in the case of a glass fiber or carbon fiber reinforced epoxy mold, an epoxy based adhesive is used. It is also conceivable to use the same material in the mold and as an adhesive. In order to improve the attachment of the structural element 1 to the surface 100, a strip of nonwoven or breathable material may be wetted with polyester or epoxy and placed on the surface at least below the leg portions of the structural element. In this way, a secure attachment of the structural element 1 to the surface 100 is ensured, although the surface comprises unevenness, and at the same time an improved retention of the leg portions of the structural element on the surface 100 is achieved during the positioning of the structural element on the surface. Subsequently, a second structural member 1 'is placed on the surface 100. In the region of intersection of the first and second structural members 1 and 1', a region corresponding to the width of the structural member 1 is cut away in each leg portion 3 'of the second structural member 1', thus the bottom portion 2 'of the second structural member 1' overlaps the bottom portion 2 of the first structural member 1 in the intersection area.
15 Det bortskårne område er fortrinsvis lidt mindre end bredden af elementet, således at materialet i bundpartiet strækkes for at fjerne korrugeringerne. Andre konstruktionselementer kan nu fastgøres til overfladen 100 på i det væsentlige samme måde. Takket være 20 fleksibiliteten af elementet kan konstruktionselementerne placeres langs i det væsentlige enhver krum bane, og elementerne kan placeres i eksempelvis T-formet eller Y-formet opbygning. Efter fastgørelsen af det ønskede antal konstruktionselementer ifølge 25 opfindelsen i enhver facon kan konstruktionselementerne og overfladen dækkes af eksempelvis en måtte af glasfiber.Preferably, the cut area is slightly smaller than the width of the element so that the material in the bottom portion is stretched to remove the corrugations. Other structural members can now be attached to the surface 100 in substantially the same manner. Thanks to the flexibility of the element, the structural elements can be placed along virtually any curved path, and the elements can be placed in, for example, a T-shaped or a Y-shaped structure. After attaching the desired number of structural elements according to the invention in any shape, the structural elements and the surface can be covered by, for example, a fiberglass mat.
Som vist i fig· 4 kan et separat forbindelsesprofil 50 med et i det væsentlige H-formet tværsnit , 30 placeres på hvert benparti af konstruktionselementet for at tilvejebringe en alternativ fastgørelsesmåde. Forbindelsesprofilet 50 kan fremstilles af et termoplastisk materiale, så som f.eks. polypropylen, som er forbundet med hvert benparti 3 af konstruktions-35 elementet 1 ved opvarmning af termoplastmaterialet 9 DK 174529 B1 til dets smeltepunkt og efterfølgende afkøling heraf. Konstruktionselementet 1 og forbindelsesprofilet 50 placeres i den ønskede stilling, og termoplastmateri-alet i forbindelsesprofilet opvarmes lokalt til sit 5 smeltepunkt, hvorefter konstruktionselementet 1 og forbindelsesprofilet 50 trykkes mod overfladen 100.As shown in Fig. 4, a separate connection profile 50 having a substantially H-shaped cross-section 30 may be placed on each leg portion of the structural member to provide an alternative method of attachment. The connection profile 50 may be made of a thermoplastic material such as e.g. polypropylene, which is connected to each leg portion 3 of the structural member 1 by heating the thermoplastic material 9 to its melting point and subsequently cooling it. The structural element 1 and the connecting profile 50 are placed in the desired position and the thermoplastic material in the connecting profile is locally heated to its melting point, after which the structural element 1 and the connecting profile 50 are pressed against the surface 100.
Denne opvarmning kan udføres ved hjælp af en varmeblæser eller ved ethvert andet egnet opvarmningsmid-del. Alternativt kan hele konstruktionselementet 1 10 inklusive forbindelsesprofilet 50 opvarmes til over smeltetemperaturen for termoplastmaterialet og efterfølgende placeres og trykkes mod overfladen 100 i en enkelt operation.This heating may be carried out by means of a heat blower or by any other suitable heating means. Alternatively, the entire structural member 110, including the connecting profile 50, may be heated above the melting temperature of the thermoplastic material and subsequently placed and pressed against the surface 100 in a single operation.
Det samme forbindelsesprofil 50 kan, som vist i 15 fig. 5, bruges til forbindelse af to konstruktionselementer 1 og 1'', som er forbundet med hinanden ved hjælp af svejsning af profilet 50 til de modsatte benpartier af hvert af konstruktionselementerne 1 og 1'' på i det væsentlige samme måde, som beskrevet i 20 det ovenstående. Elementet omfattende de to konstruktionselementer 1, 1'' og forbindelsesprofilerne 50 kan deformeres manuelt ved bøjning i det lodrette plan i fig. 5, medens elementet er forholdsvis stift i en retning vinkelret på dette plan. Takket være si-25 ne selvbærende egenskaber kan dette element nu udgøre en del af skelettet for oplægning af kompositmateria-ler.The same connection profile 50, as shown in FIG. 5 is used to connect two structural members 1 and 1 '' which are connected to one another by welding the profile 50 to the opposite leg portions of each of the structural members 1 and 1 '' in substantially the same manner as described in 20 the above. The member comprising the two structural members 1, 1 '' and the connecting profiles 50 can be deformed manually by bending in the vertical plane of FIG. 5, while the element is relatively rigid in a direction perpendicular to this plane. Thanks to its self-supporting properties, this element can now form part of the skeleton for composite material laying.
Fremstilling af konstruktionselementet 1 kan udføres som vist skematisk i fig. 6, hvor pladen el-30 ler foliematerialet afvikles fra en rulle 13 og udsættes for en valseoperation ved A for at tilvejebringe en materialelængde, som er korrugeret i en kontinuerlig bølgeform. Den nøjagtige facon, bølgelængde og højde af korrugeringerne kan varieres. Ef-35 terfølgende skæres korrugeringerne delvis i området 10 DK 174529 B1 ved den første forbindelseslinie 4 ved B ved hjælp af et skæreværktøj og et anlæg i form af et endeløst bånd af elastisk materiale, og noten langs den anden forbindelseslinie 5 dannes ved C ved hjælp af et rul-5 lepar (ikke vist), som trykker mod længden af materialet, som også på dette sted understøttes af et endeløst elastisk bånd. Ved hjælp af et antal føringer (ikke vist) , som kan være i form af et antal ruller eller skinner ved D og E, bukkes den korrugerede me-10 talplade eller -folie, og korrugeringerne i hvert første afsnit 3a placeres mellem korrugeringerne af bundpartiet 2. Ved F kan den nu U-formede metalplade eller -folie skæres til passende længder til dannelse af et antal konstruktionselementer 1 ifølge opfindel-15 sen, hvor typiske værdier for længden af elementerne ligger i området fra 500-3000 mm. Hvis det første og det andet afsnit af hvert benparti 3 skal forbindes klæbende med hinanden, placeres en dobbeltsidet selvklæbende tape på det første eller det andet afsnit 20 forud for valseoperationen ved A, eller som et alternativ påføres et passende klæbemiddel på bølgetoppene af det første og/eller det andet afsnit efter denne valseoperation.Preparation of the structural element 1 can be carried out as shown schematically in FIG. 6, wherein the sheet or foil material is unwound from a roll 13 and subjected to a roll operation at A to provide a material length which is corrugated in a continuous waveform. The exact shape, wavelength and height of the corrugations can be varied. Subsequently, the corrugations are partially cut in the area 10 by the first connecting line 4 by B by means of a cutting tool and a system in the form of an endless band of elastic material, and the groove along the second connecting line 5 is formed by C of a roller pair (not shown) which presses against the length of the material which is also supported at this point by an endless elastic band. By means of a plurality of guides (not shown) which may be in the form of a plurality of rolls or rails at D and E, the corrugated sheet metal or foil is bent and the corrugations in each first section 3a are placed between the corrugations of the bottom portion. 2. At F, the now U-shaped metal sheet or foil can be cut to suitable lengths to form a plurality of structural members 1 according to the invention, with typical values for the length of the members ranging from 500-3000 mm. If the first and second portions of each leg portion 3 are to be bonded together, a double-sided adhesive tape is placed on the first or second portions 20 prior to the roll operation at A, or alternatively an appropriate adhesive is applied to the wave peaks of the first and second portions. / or the second section after this roller operation.
Udover eller som et alternativ til at give 25 stivhed eller forøget stabilitet til f.eks. en hul konstruktion kan et sådant element have andre formål.In addition or as an alternative to provide 25 stiffness or increased stability to e.g. a hollow construction, such an element may have other purposes.
F.eks. kan en flerhed af konstruktionselementer ifølge opfindelsen anvendes som et alternativ til honeycomb eller andre sandwichformede konstruktioner til 30 opvarmingsformål ved at tillade et opvarmet fluidum at strømme gennem passagerne, der er tilvejebragt i elementerne. Derudover kan det hulrum, der afgrænses mellem konstruktionselementet og en underlæggende overflade eller i mellemrummet mellem to med hinanden 35 forbundne konstruktionselementer, som vist i fig. 5, 11 DK 174529 B1 bruges til for eksempel ledningføring.Eg. For example, a plurality of structural elements of the invention can be used as an alternative to honeycomb or other sandwich-shaped structures for heating purposes by allowing a heated fluid to flow through the passages provided in the elements. In addition, the cavity bounded between the structural member and an underlying surface or in the space between two interconnected structural members, as shown in FIG. 5, 11 DK 174529 B1 is used, for example, for wiring.
Opfindelsen skal ikke anses som værende begrænset til de ovenfor beskrevne udfoldelsesformer, idet forskellige modificeringer og kombinationer af de vi-5 ste udførelsesformer kan udføres uden at afvige fra rammen for de efterfølgende krav.The invention is not to be considered as being limited to the embodiments described above, since various modifications and combinations of the five embodiments may be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
1010
Claims (15)
Priority Applications (14)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK200001918A DK174529B1 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2000-12-21 | Structural element and method of manufacturing said element |
| DE60106484T DE60106484T2 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | CONSTRUCTION SECTOR AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THE DUTY |
| PL01365106A PL365106A1 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | Structural member and a method of manufacturing said member |
| CNB018210112A CN1224767C (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | Structural member and method of mfg. said member |
| CA002431915A CA2431915C (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | Structural member and a method of manufacturing said member |
| CZ20031740A CZ20031740A3 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | Building element and process for producing thereof |
| AU1587602A AU1587602A (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | Structural member and a method of manufacturing said member |
| EP01271478A EP1343942B1 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | Structural member and a method of manufacturing said member |
| AT01271478T ATE279607T1 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | CONSTRUCTION LINK AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE LINK |
| AU2002215876A AU2002215876B2 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | Structural member and a method of manufacturing said member |
| PCT/DK2001/000854 WO2002050385A1 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | Structural member and a method of manufacturing said member |
| NZ526762A NZ526762A (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | Structural member and a method of manufacturing said member |
| ES01271478T ES2231388T3 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | STRUCTURAL MEMBER AND A METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THIS MEMBER. |
| US10/450,560 US7028441B2 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2001-12-20 | Structural member and a method of manufacturing said member |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK200001918 | 2000-12-21 | ||
| DK200001918A DK174529B1 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2000-12-21 | Structural element and method of manufacturing said element |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| DK200001918A DK200001918A (en) | 2002-06-22 |
| DK174529B1 true DK174529B1 (en) | 2003-05-12 |
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| DK200001918A DK174529B1 (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2000-12-21 | Structural element and method of manufacturing said element |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7028441B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1343942B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1224767C (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE279607T1 (en) |
| AU (2) | AU2002215876B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2431915C (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ20031740A3 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60106484T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK174529B1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2231388T3 (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ526762A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL365106A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2002050385A1 (en) |
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| US7574835B2 (en) * | 2005-04-07 | 2009-08-18 | The Boeing Company | Composite-to-metal joint |
| AU2012299933B2 (en) * | 2011-08-25 | 2017-08-24 | Alpha-E Aps | A solar collector unit and a method of providing such a solar collector unit |
| EP3002380A1 (en) * | 2014-09-30 | 2016-04-06 | Reuss-Seifert GmbH | Spacer and method of manufacturing |
| EP3081706B1 (en) * | 2015-04-18 | 2020-03-25 | HALFEN GmbH | Anchor rail for anchoring in concrete |
| EP3081708B1 (en) | 2015-04-18 | 2020-09-02 | HALFEN GmbH | Anchor rail for anchoring in concrete |
| CN110397206A (en) * | 2019-07-30 | 2019-11-01 | 广州康普顿至高建材有限公司 | A kind of activity suspended ceiling |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1172710A (en) * | 1908-05-09 | 1916-02-22 | John E Howe | Insulating-block for building purposes. |
| US997382A (en) * | 1910-12-19 | 1911-07-11 | Charles A Foster | Culvert structure. |
| US1281452A (en) * | 1914-01-03 | 1918-10-15 | Alexander P White | Fibrous building material. |
| US1457303A (en) * | 1922-02-18 | 1923-06-05 | Higgins Thomas | Structural shape |
| US2076989A (en) * | 1928-03-20 | 1937-04-13 | Akers And Harpham Company | Building construction unit |
| US1987798A (en) * | 1931-05-19 | 1935-01-15 | Ruppricht Siegfried | Thermal insulating material |
| US2056349A (en) * | 1935-04-18 | 1936-10-06 | Preplan Inc | Flexible metal revetment |
| US2215241A (en) * | 1939-01-23 | 1940-09-17 | Weston Paper And Mfg Company | Insulating board and plaster base |
| US3247673A (en) * | 1961-06-06 | 1966-04-26 | Nat Gypsum Co | Laminated retaining wall and method of constructing same |
| AT238670B (en) * | 1961-07-28 | 1965-02-25 | Voest Ag | Process and facility for the production and possible connection of profiles |
| US3300912A (en) * | 1963-01-17 | 1967-01-31 | Robertson Co H H | Hanger means for sheet metal sectional roofing and flooring |
| AT242912B (en) * | 1963-02-25 | 1965-10-11 | Josef Linecker | Connection arrangement on components |
| US3397497A (en) * | 1966-11-28 | 1968-08-20 | Inland Steel Products Company | Deck system |
| DE2061064A1 (en) | 1970-12-11 | 1972-06-15 | Bahmueller Wilhelm | Method and device for point-wise joining of cardboard or paper parts |
| US3902288A (en) * | 1972-02-14 | 1975-09-02 | Knudson Gary Art | Arched roof self-supporting building |
| DE2441226A1 (en) * | 1973-08-31 | 1975-03-20 | Romillo Francisco De La Concha | PROTECTIVE COVERS MADE OF INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS |
| US4074495A (en) * | 1975-05-27 | 1978-02-21 | Bodnar Ernest R | Sheet metal panel |
| US4099359A (en) * | 1976-06-24 | 1978-07-11 | Sivachenko Eugene W | High strength corrugated metal plate and method of fabricating same |
| US4227356A (en) * | 1978-03-23 | 1980-10-14 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Composite foam roof insulation |
| US4455806A (en) * | 1978-06-12 | 1984-06-26 | Rice Donald W | Structural building member |
| JPS5812917U (en) * | 1981-07-17 | 1983-01-27 | 株式会社タムラ製作所 | Insulating paper for transformers |
| US4526565A (en) * | 1983-02-23 | 1985-07-02 | Linear Films, Inc. | Method of making flat bottom plastic bag |
| DE3346171C2 (en) * | 1983-12-21 | 1986-08-07 | Profil-Vertrieb Gmbh, 7560 Gaggenau | Profile strip designed as a lightweight construction profile, in particular ceiling support profile |
| US5215806A (en) * | 1988-06-08 | 1993-06-01 | The Carborundum Company | Fire barrier material |
| NZ230840A (en) * | 1988-10-07 | 1992-03-26 | John Silady | Support member for use as construction beam or pallet component; method of fabrication |
| IT1289309B1 (en) | 1996-08-06 | 1998-10-02 | Mario Tosoni | DOUBLE TAU PROFILE. |
| US5924760A (en) * | 1996-11-29 | 1999-07-20 | General Motors Corporation | One-piece corrugated anti-intrusion barrier and method |
| GB9705506D0 (en) | 1997-03-18 | 1997-05-07 | Northform Manchester | Shutters |
| US5958603A (en) * | 1997-06-09 | 1999-09-28 | Atd Corporation | Shaped multilayer metal foil shield structures and method of making |
| NO317828B1 (en) * | 1998-06-02 | 2004-12-13 | Volstad Energy As | Device of a structural element forming part of a building or plant structure and designed to comprise an air duct system |
-
2000
- 2000-12-21 DK DK200001918A patent/DK174529B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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2001
- 2001-12-20 AT AT01271478T patent/ATE279607T1/en active
- 2001-12-20 ES ES01271478T patent/ES2231388T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-12-20 AU AU2002215876A patent/AU2002215876B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-12-20 AU AU1587602A patent/AU1587602A/en active Pending
- 2001-12-20 DE DE60106484T patent/DE60106484T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-12-20 US US10/450,560 patent/US7028441B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-20 EP EP01271478A patent/EP1343942B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-12-20 PL PL01365106A patent/PL365106A1/en unknown
- 2001-12-20 CN CNB018210112A patent/CN1224767C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-12-20 CZ CZ20031740A patent/CZ20031740A3/en unknown
- 2001-12-20 WO PCT/DK2001/000854 patent/WO2002050385A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-12-20 NZ NZ526762A patent/NZ526762A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-12-20 CA CA002431915A patent/CA2431915C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| ES2231388T3 (en) | 2005-05-16 |
| WO2002050385A1 (en) | 2002-06-27 |
| EP1343942B1 (en) | 2004-10-13 |
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| CN1224767C (en) | 2005-10-26 |
| DE60106484T2 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
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| PL365106A1 (en) | 2004-12-27 |
| EP1343942A1 (en) | 2003-09-17 |
| AU1587602A (en) | 2002-07-01 |
| CZ20031740A3 (en) | 2004-03-17 |
| US7028441B2 (en) | 2006-04-18 |
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| CA2431915A1 (en) | 2002-06-27 |
| ATE279607T1 (en) | 2004-10-15 |
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| AU2002215876B2 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
| CA2431915C (en) | 2009-11-17 |
| NZ526762A (en) | 2004-10-29 |
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Effective date: 20151231 |