DK168099B1 - Udfyldende afstivningsmateriale og hydraulisk fraktureringsmetode - Google Patents
Udfyldende afstivningsmateriale og hydraulisk fraktureringsmetode Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DK168099B1 DK168099B1 DK005383A DK5383A DK168099B1 DK 168099 B1 DK168099 B1 DK 168099B1 DK 005383 A DK005383 A DK 005383A DK 5383 A DK5383 A DK 5383A DK 168099 B1 DK168099 B1 DK 168099B1
- Authority
- DK
- Denmark
- Prior art keywords
- stiffening material
- weight
- particles
- material according
- stiffening
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 83
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000287 alkaline earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010434 nepheline Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052664 nepheline Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010435 syenite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910018404 Al2 O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003351 stiffener Substances 0.000 description 30
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 28
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(i) oxide Chemical compound [Al]O[Al] BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005029 sieve analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethenol Chemical compound OC=C IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017344 Fe2 O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000012868 Overgrowth Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007771 core particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005243 fluidization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001679 gibbsite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009863 impact test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001935 peptisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229940048086 sodium pyrophosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019818 tetrasodium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003371 toe Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/80—Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
- B01J2/16—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic by suspending the powder material in a gas, e.g. in fluidised beds or as a falling curtain
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/30—Preparation of aluminium oxide or hydroxide by thermal decomposition or by hydrolysis or oxidation of aluminium compounds
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/267—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures reinforcing fractures by propping
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/30—Particle morphology extending in three dimensions
- C01P2004/32—Spheres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/50—Agglomerated particles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/51—Particles with a specific particle size distribution
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/10—Solid density
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/21—Attrition-index or crushing strength of granulates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/32—Thermal properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
- Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
- Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
- Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
- Display Devices Of Pinball Game Machines (AREA)
- Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK003682A DK155781C (da) | 1982-01-07 | 1982-01-07 | Fremgangsmaade til fremstilling af sintrede smaakugler af bauxit eller bauxitholdig bjergart, samt middel til udoevelse af fremgangsmaaden |
| DK3682 | 1982-01-07 | ||
| US06/437,206 US4522731A (en) | 1982-10-28 | 1982-10-28 | Hydraulic fracturing propping agent |
| US43720682 | 1982-10-28 |
Publications (4)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DK5383D0 DK5383D0 (da) | 1983-01-07 |
| DK5383A DK5383A (da) | 1983-07-08 |
| DK168099C DK168099C (da) | 1994-02-07 |
| DK168099B1 true DK168099B1 (da) | 1994-02-07 |
Family
ID=26063162
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK005383A DK168099B1 (da) | 1982-01-07 | 1983-01-07 | Udfyldende afstivningsmateriale og hydraulisk fraktureringsmetode |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0087852B1 (fr) |
| AR (1) | AR241543A1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU551409B2 (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR8300045A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA1191020A (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE3362729D1 (fr) |
| DK (1) | DK168099B1 (fr) |
| NO (1) | NO161139C (fr) |
| PH (1) | PH18450A (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7825053B2 (en) | 2004-09-14 | 2010-11-02 | Carbo Ceramics Inc. | Sintered spherical pellets |
Families Citing this family (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4427068A (en) * | 1982-02-09 | 1984-01-24 | Kennecott Corporation | Sintered spherical pellets containing clay as a major component useful for gas and oil well proppants |
| AU547407B2 (en) * | 1982-07-23 | 1985-10-17 | Norton Co. | Low density proppant for oil and gas wells |
| US4944905A (en) * | 1984-01-18 | 1990-07-31 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Particulate ceramic useful as a proppant |
| US4680230A (en) * | 1984-01-18 | 1987-07-14 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Particulate ceramic useful as a proppant |
| US4713203A (en) * | 1985-05-23 | 1987-12-15 | Comalco Aluminium Limited | Bauxite proppant |
| US4632876A (en) * | 1985-06-12 | 1986-12-30 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Ceramic spheroids having low density and high crush resistance |
| US5425994A (en) * | 1992-08-04 | 1995-06-20 | Technisand, Inc. | Resin coated particulates comprissing a formaldehyde source-metal compound (FS-MC) complex |
| US7036591B2 (en) | 2002-10-10 | 2006-05-02 | Carbo Ceramics Inc. | Low density proppant |
| MX2007000072A (es) | 2004-07-09 | 2007-03-27 | Carbo Ceramics Inc | Metodo para producir particulas ceramicas solidas utilizando un proceso de secado por pulverizacion. |
| BRPI0609373A2 (pt) | 2005-03-01 | 2010-03-30 | Carbo Ceramics Inc | métodos para produzir partìculas sinterizadas de uma lama de um material bruto contendo alumina |
| DE102005045180B4 (de) | 2005-09-21 | 2007-11-15 | Center For Abrasives And Refractories Research & Development C.A.R.R.D. Gmbh | Kugelförmige Korundkörner auf Basis von geschmolzenem Aluminiumoxid sowie ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| US7828998B2 (en) | 2006-07-11 | 2010-11-09 | Carbo Ceramics, Inc. | Material having a controlled microstructure, core-shell macrostructure, and method for its fabrication |
| CN101563525A (zh) | 2006-08-30 | 2009-10-21 | 卡博陶粒有限公司 | 低堆积密度支撑剂及其制备方法 |
| US8562900B2 (en) | 2006-09-01 | 2013-10-22 | Imerys | Method of manufacturing and using rod-shaped proppants and anti-flowback additives |
| WO2009009370A1 (fr) | 2007-07-06 | 2009-01-15 | Carbo Ceramics Inc. | Agents de soutènement pour le nettoyage de gel |
| CN103320115B (zh) * | 2013-06-24 | 2016-06-01 | 昆明冶金研究院 | 一种由高铝粉煤灰制备石油压裂支撑剂的方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3437148A (en) * | 1967-01-06 | 1969-04-08 | Union Carbide Corp | Method and article for increasing the permeability of earth formations |
| US3976138A (en) * | 1974-08-01 | 1976-08-24 | Union Carbide Corporation | Method of increasing permeability in subsurface earth formation |
| CA1045027A (fr) * | 1975-09-26 | 1978-12-26 | Walter A. Hedden | Methode hydraulique de fractionnement a l'aide d'un agent d'activation a la bauxite frittee |
| AU521930B2 (en) * | 1978-06-12 | 1982-05-06 | Norton Co. | Proppants |
-
1983
- 1983-01-04 AU AU10014/83A patent/AU551409B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1983-01-05 NO NO830020A patent/NO161139C/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-01-06 EP EP83300072A patent/EP0087852B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1983-01-06 BR BR8300045A patent/BR8300045A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-01-06 CA CA000419013A patent/CA1191020A/fr not_active Expired
- 1983-01-06 DE DE8383300072T patent/DE3362729D1/de not_active Expired
- 1983-01-06 PH PH28352A patent/PH18450A/en unknown
- 1983-01-07 AR AR83291816A patent/AR241543A1/es active
- 1983-01-07 DK DK005383A patent/DK168099B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7825053B2 (en) | 2004-09-14 | 2010-11-02 | Carbo Ceramics Inc. | Sintered spherical pellets |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA1191020A (fr) | 1985-07-30 |
| DK168099C (da) | 1994-02-07 |
| DK5383D0 (da) | 1983-01-07 |
| EP0087852B1 (fr) | 1986-04-02 |
| AU551409B2 (en) | 1986-05-01 |
| DE3362729D1 (en) | 1986-05-07 |
| AR241543A1 (es) | 1992-08-31 |
| AU1001483A (en) | 1983-07-14 |
| DK5383A (da) | 1983-07-08 |
| NO161139B (no) | 1989-03-28 |
| PH18450A (en) | 1985-07-08 |
| NO161139C (no) | 1989-07-05 |
| NO830020L (no) | 1983-07-08 |
| BR8300045A (pt) | 1983-09-13 |
| EP0087852A1 (fr) | 1983-09-07 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| B1 | Patent granted (law 1993) | ||
| PUP | Patent expired |