DK159857B - Pump for liquid and gases - Google Patents
Pump for liquid and gases Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DK159857B DK159857B DK466783A DK466783A DK159857B DK 159857 B DK159857 B DK 159857B DK 466783 A DK466783 A DK 466783A DK 466783 A DK466783 A DK 466783A DK 159857 B DK159857 B DK 159857B
- Authority
- DK
- Denmark
- Prior art keywords
- carriage
- pump
- valve
- piston
- drive piston
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B9/00—Piston machines or pumps characterised by the driving or driven means to or from their working members
- F04B9/08—Piston machines or pumps characterised by the driving or driven means to or from their working members the means being fluid
- F04B9/10—Piston machines or pumps characterised by the driving or driven means to or from their working members the means being fluid the fluid being liquid
- F04B9/103—Piston machines or pumps characterised by the driving or driven means to or from their working members the means being fluid the fluid being liquid having only one pumping chamber
- F04B9/105—Piston machines or pumps characterised by the driving or driven means to or from their working members the means being fluid the fluid being liquid having only one pumping chamber reciprocating movement of the pumping member being obtained by a double-acting liquid motor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B47/00—Pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for raising fluids from great depths, e.g. well pumps
- F04B47/02—Pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for raising fluids from great depths, e.g. well pumps the driving mechanisms being situated at ground level
- F04B47/04—Pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for raising fluids from great depths, e.g. well pumps the driving mechanisms being situated at ground level the driving means incorporating fluid means
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
- Details Of Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
Description
DK 159857 BDK 159857 B
- i -- i -
Den foreliggende opfindelse angår en pumpe for væske og gasser i et borehul eller en lignende åbning og af den i krav l's indledning angivne art, I mange områder med vandmangel er der vandfore-5 komster i dybe jord- eller bjerglag. Sådanne vandfore komster kan som regel nås forholdsvis let ved hjælp af passende boreudstyr. Det har imidlertid været vanskeligt at skaffe tilfredsstillende udstyr til at pumpe vandet op til jordoverfladen. Til pumpning fra større 10 dybder end 7-8 m med manuel eller animalsk drivkraft og 240 m med elektrisk drevne, seriekoblede pumper, findes der i dag ikke egnet pumpeudstyr. Der kendes ikke pumper, som kan pumpe fra snævre borehuller (32-101 mm0).The present invention relates to a pump for liquids and gases in a borehole or similar orifice and of the kind set forth in the preamble of claim 1. In many areas of water shortage, there are water bodies in deep soil or rock layers. Such water bodies can usually be reached relatively easily by means of suitable drilling equipment. However, it has been difficult to obtain adequate equipment to pump the water up to the soil surface. For pumping from 10 depths greater than 7-8 m with manual or animal driving force and 240 m with electrically driven, series-coupled pumps, no suitable pumping equipment is available today. There are no pumps known to pump from narrow boreholes (32-101 mm0).
Da de fleste områder på jorden mangler elektricitet, er 15 vandpumpning i praksis begrænset til dybder på ca. 8 m eller mindre.Since most areas of the earth lack electricity, in practice 15 water pumping is limited to depths of approx. 8 m or less.
Fra GB-PS 906.732 kendes en hydraulisk drevet pumpe af den indledningsvist omtalte type. Ved denne pumpe er styreventilen imidlertid placeret diametralt 20 ved siden af driv- og pumpestempelarrangementet. Dette begrænser diameteren på drivstemplet stærkt og sænker dermed pumpeeffekten ved en given huldiameter.From GB-PS 906.732 a hydraulically driven pump of the type mentioned above is known. However, at this pump, the control valve is located diametrically 20 next to the drive and pump piston arrangement. This greatly reduces the diameter of the drive piston, thereby lowering the pumping power at a given hole diameter.
Fra GB-PS 595.223 kendes en pumpe med cylindersystem og en hjælpeventil anbragt aksialt efter hinanden.GB-PS 595.223 discloses a pump with a cylinder system and an auxiliary valve arranged axially one after the other.
25 Ved denne pumpe forudsættes imidlertid, at den egent lige styreventil er placeret over det hul, som pumpen skal sænkes ned i. Dette kræver bl.a. ekstra tilførsels ledning og gør pumpen mere kompliceret og kostbar end ønskeligt.25 However, this pump assumes that the actual straight control valve is located above the hole into which the pump is to be lowered. extra supply cord and makes the pump more complicated and expensive than desired.
30 Formålet med opfindelsen er at anvise en pumpe, som kan bruges i snævre borehuller og på vilkårlige dybder. Den skal endvidere kunne drives manuelt, når der er behov for dette.The object of the invention is to provide a pump which can be used in narrow boreholes and at any depth. It should also be able to be operated manually when needed.
Dette opnås ifølge opfindelsen ved den i krav 1 35 anviste udformning.This is achieved according to the invention in the embodiment of claim 1 35.
DK 159857 BDK 159857 B
- 2 -- 2 -
En sådan pumpe vil kunne drives med håndkraft og kunne bruges ned til forholdsvis store borehulsdybder, såsom 3000-4000 m. Den vil dermed gøre det muligt på en rimelig måde at hente vand op i områder, hvor man tidligere ikke har 5 haft mulighed for dette.Such a pump can be operated by hand and can be used down to relatively large borehole depths, such as 3000-4000 m. It will thus enable a reasonable way to retrieve water in areas where previously this was not possible 5 .
Opfindelsen skal i det følgende forklares nærmere under henvisning til tegningen, hvor fig. 1 viser skematisk et vandforsyningsanlæg med en pumpe ifølge opfindelsen nedsænket i et borehul, 10 fig. 2 et aksialsnit langs linien A-A i fig. 4 gennem en udførelsesform af en pumpe ifølge opfindelsen, fig. 3 et aksialsnit langs linien B-B i fig. 4 af en del af pumpen i fig. 2, og 15 fig. 4 et snit langs linien C-C gennem pumpen i fig. 2.The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to the drawing, in which 1 schematically shows a water supply system with a pump according to the invention immersed in a borehole; FIG. 2 shows an axial section along line A-A in FIG. 4 through an embodiment of a pump according to the invention; FIG. 3 shows an axial section along line B-B in FIG. 4 of a portion of the pump of FIG. 2, and FIG. 4 is a section along line C-C through the pump of FIG. 2nd
I fig. 1 er vist en pumpe 11, som er nedsænket i et borehul 12. Pumpen 11 har forbindelse op til overfladen gennem en tilførselsledning 13 og en udløbsledning 14. Disse er fortrinsvis fremstillet i ét af plast.In FIG. 1, a pump 11 is shown which is submerged in a borehole 12. The pump 11 is connected to the surface through a supply line 13 and an outlet line 14. These are preferably made of one of plastics.
20 For tilførsel af trykmedium, i dette tilfælde vand, er der i eksemplet brugt en hånddrevet fødepumpe 15 med et håndtag 16, som driver et enkeltvirkende stempel 17 i en cylinder 18. Påfyldningsåbningen for opstartningsvand og de nødvendige ventiler kan være af kendt udformning og er ikke vist. Sammen 25 med håndpumpen 15 er der anbragt en opsamlingstank 19 for op- pumpet vand, idet denne tømmes gennem et udløbsrør 20. I tanken 19 er placeret en skillevæg 21 for at sikre vand for tilførsel til fødepumpen 15.For the supply of pressure medium, in this case water, in the example, a hand-operated feed pump 15 is used with a handle 16 which drives a single-acting piston 17 in a cylinder 18. The filling opening for start-up water and the necessary valves may be of known design and are not shown. Along with the hand pump 15, a collection tank 19 for pumped-up water is disposed, which is emptied through an outlet pipe 20. In the tank 19 is a partition 21 to ensure water for supply to the feed pump 15.
Dette anlæg er beregnet til brug på steder, hvor det 30 tekniske og/eller økonomiske grundlag for motordrift af føde pumpe mangler. Dette er tilfældet i mange økonomisk svage landområder i verden. Pumpen 11 kan imidlertid også drives med tilførselsvand fra en motordrevet fødepumpe.This system is intended for use in locations where the 30 technical and / or economical basis for engine operation of the feed pump is lacking. This is the case in many economically weak areas of the world. However, the pump 11 can also be operated with supply water from a motor-driven feed pump.
I fig. 2 er vist et aksialsnit gennem en udførelsesform 35 af pumpen 11. Denne er beregnet for nedsænkning i et borehul med diameter 45-60 mm. Pumpen i eksemplet har et i det - 3 -In FIG. 2 is an axial section through an embodiment 35 of the pump 11. This is intended for immersion in a borehole with a diameter of 45-60 mm. The pump in the example has one in it - 3 -
DK 159857 BDK 159857 B
væsentlige rørformet pumpehus 22 med en cylinderboring 23.substantial tubular pump housing 22 with a cylinder bore 23.
Ved underkanten er pumpehuset 22 forsynet med en indgangssi, som er indskruet i pumpehuset. Indgangssien er forsynet med sideboringer 25. Med en endevæg 26, som har en envejsventil 5 27, er der afgrænset et indgangskammer 28 i indgangssien 24.At the lower edge, the pump housing 22 is provided with an inlet screen which is screwed into the pump housing. The inlet sieve is provided with side bores 25. An end wall 26 having a one-way valve 5 27 defines an inlet chamber 28 in the inlet sieve 24.
Ved en side af pumpehuset er der i væggen udformet en langsgående kanal 29, der strækker sig ned fra overkanten. Plads til kanalen 29 er i eksemplet skaffet ved at placere cylinderboringen 23 lidt uden for husaksen, således at der 10 dannes et vægparti 30 med større tykkelse. Kanalen 29 er væsentlig snævrere end cylinderboringen 23, på samme måde som tilførselsledningen 13 er tyndere end udløbsledningen 14. Arealforholdet mellem ledningstværsnittene kan f.eks. være 1:6 ved grunde huller og 1:1,5 ved dybe. De to ledninger 13 15 og 14 er koblet til henholdsvis kanalen 29 og cylinder boringen 23 med hver sin skruenippel, henholdsvis 31 og 32.At one side of the pump housing, a longitudinal channel 29 extending downwardly from the top edge is formed in the wall. In the example, space for the channel 29 is provided by positioning the cylinder bore 23 slightly outside the housing axis, so that a wall portion 30 of greater thickness is formed. The duct 29 is substantially narrower than the cylinder bore 23, in the same way that the supply conduit 13 is thinner than the outlet conduit 14. The area ratio of the conduit cross sections may e.g. be 1: 6 at shallow holes and 1: 1.5 at deep. The two conduits 13 15 and 14 are connected to the duct 29 and the cylinder bore 23 respectively with their respective screw nipples 31 and 32 respectively.
Hovedelementet i pumpen 11 i eksemplet er et kombineret driv- og pumpestempel nedenfor benævnt slædestempel 33, som vil blive beskrevet nærmere. Tilførsel af trykmedium fra til-20 førselsledningen 13 til slædestemplet 33 gennem kanalen 29 styres i eksemplet af en slædeventil 34, som virker som omkoblingsventil, og som også vil blive beskrevet nærmere.The main element of pump 11 in the example is a combined drive and pump piston referred to below as carriage piston 33, which will be described in more detail. The supply of pressure medium from the supply line 13 to the carriage piston 33 through the channel 29 is controlled in the example by a carriage valve 34 which acts as a switching valve and which will also be described in more detail.
Slædestemplet 33 består i princippet af to adskilte stempler, et øvre 35 og et nedre 36, som er forbundet med en 25 fælles rørformet stempelstang. Stempelstangen 37 er ført tæt- nende gennem en skillevæg 38, således at der dannes et arbejdskammer på hver side af denne, henholdsvis et øvre og et nedre kammer 39,40. Det øvre kammer 39 er forbundet med slædeventilen 34 over en kanal 41 og det nedre kammer 40 over 30 en kanal 42, idet kanalerne 41 og 42 går gennem vægpartiet 30.The carriage piston 33 consists in principle of two separate pistons, an upper 35 and a lower 36, which are connected to a common tubular piston rod. The piston rod 37 is sealed through a partition 38 so that a working chamber is formed on each side thereof, an upper and a lower chamber 39,40, respectively. The upper chamber 39 is connected to the sliding valve 34 over a channel 41 and the lower chamber 40 above a channel 42, the channels 41 and 42 passing through the wall portion 30.
Ved tilførsel af trykmedium gennem skiftevis kanalen 41 og 42 vil slædestemplet 33 bevæges op og ned i cylinderboringen 23. Styringen af tryktilførslen vil blive beskrevet 35 nærmere nedenfor. Ved denne bevægelse vil slædestemplet 33 virke som et pumpestempel. Ved overkanten af en aksial, centralt placeret boring 43 gennem slædestemplet 33 er anbragt - 4 -When supplying pressure medium through alternate channels 41 and 42, the carriage piston 33 will move up and down the cylinder bore 23. The control of the pressure supply will be described in greater detail below. In this movement, the carriage piston 33 will act as a pump piston. At the upper edge of an axially centrally located bore 43 through the carriage piston 33 is disposed - 4 -
DK 159857 BDK 159857 B
en tilbageslagsventil 44. Tilbageslagsventilen 44 slipper vand igennem, når slædestemplet 33 bevæger sig nedover.a check valve 44. The check valve 44 permits water as the carriage piston 33 moves downward.
Omkoblingsventilen eller slædeventilen 34 omfatter en slæde 45 med et ringspor 46, som kan forbinde tilførsels-5 kanalen 29 med kanalen 41 i en nedre stilling og kanalen 42 i en øvre stilling. Den anden af de to kanaler 41 og 42 munder da frit ud i cylinderboringen 23 med udløb til udløbsledningen 14. Dette betyder, at trykvand tilført til kamrene 39 og 40 slippes ud sammen med vand, som pumpes op gennem slæde-10 stemplet 33.The bypass valve or carriage valve 34 comprises a carriage 45 with a ring groove 46 which can connect the supply channel 29 with the channel 41 in a lower position and the channel 42 in an upper position. The second of the two ducts 41 and 42 then flows freely into the cylinder bore 23 with outlet to the outlet conduit 14. This means that pressurized water supplied to the chambers 39 and 40 is discharged together with water which is pumped up through the carriage 10 piston 33.
Slæden 45 skal bevæges et kort stykke opad ved enden af slædestemplets 33 bevægelse opad og tilsvarende nedad ved enden af slædestemplets 33 bevægelse nedad. Bevægelsen opad sker ved direkte anslag mellem de to dele, hvorhos en skrue-15 fjeder 49 er placeret imellem for at dæmpe slag.The carriage 45 must be moved a short distance upwardly at the end of the carriage of the carriage piston 33 upwards and correspondingly at the end of the carriage of the carriage piston 33 downwards. The upward movement is effected by direct impact between the two parts, with a screw spring 49 being positioned therebetween to dampen impact.
Bevægelsen nedad opnås ved hjælp af en rørformet styrestang 47, som er skruet ind i enden af en central boring gennem slæden 45. Styrestangen 47 rager ned gennem boringen 43 og er ved den fri ende forsynet med en udragende flange 20 51. For at skabe indgreb mellem denne flange 51 og slæde stemplet 33 har boringen 43 en flange 52 ved den øvre ende, som rager ind over flangen 51. Ved enden af styrestangen 47 er placeret en skruefjeder 50, som dæmper slaget, når der skal overføres en kraft mellem de to flanger 51 og 52.The downward movement is achieved by a tubular guide rod 47 which is screwed into the end of a central bore through the carriage 45. The guide rod 47 projects down through the bore 43 and is provided at the free end with a protruding flange 20 51. For engaging engagement between this flange 51 and the slide piston 33, the bore 43 has a flange 52 at the upper end which projects over the flange 51. At the end of the guide rod 47 is a coil spring 50 which dampens the stroke when a force is to be transferred between the two flanges 51 and 52.
25 For at holde slæden 45 i bestemte endestillinger er den forsynet med en fjederbelastet kugle 53 i en radial boring 54. Denne rager ud på siden af slæden 45 og raster ind i det ene eller det andet af et øvre og et nedre ringspor henholdsvis 55 og 56, som befinder sig i samme afstand, som slæden 45 30 skal bevæge sig. Kuglen 53 kan have en anden elastisk støtte.In order to hold the carriage 45 at certain end positions, it is provided with a spring-loaded ball 53 in a radial bore 54. This protrudes on the side of the carriage 45 and protrudes into one or the other of an upper and a lower ring groove 55 and 55 respectively. 56 which is at the same distance as the carriage 45 30 is to move. Ball 53 may have another resilient support.
For at slippe vand fra kanalen 42 ud i cylinderboringen 23 er slæden 45 forsynet med et ringspor 57 med åbninger 58 radialt ind i boringen 48 gennem slæden.To release water from the channel 42 into the cylinder bore 23, the carriage 45 is provided with a ring groove 57 with apertures 58 radially into the bore 48 through the carriage.
Skillevæggen 38, som kan være fremstillet af plast, kan 35 være indsat mellem en øvre og en nedre del af pumpehuset 22, som er gevindforbundet med hinanden. Det nedre stempel 36, hvor ventilen 44 kan være indsat, er hensigtsmæssigt genvind-The partition 38, which may be made of plastic, 35 may be inserted between an upper and a lower part of the pump housing 22, which are threaded together. The lower piston 36, in which the valve 44 may be inserted, is suitably recovered.
DK 159857 BDK 159857 B
- 5 - forbundet med den nedre ende af stempelstangen 37.- 5 - connected to the lower end of the piston rod 37.
Pumpen ifølge opfindelsen kan fremstilles af forskellige materialer. De fleste dele kan støbes eller bearbejdes af plast. For pumpning fra lidt større dybder er det imidlertid 5 hensigtsmæssigt at bruge metal, f.eks. aluminium, til nogle dele.The pump according to the invention can be made of various materials. Most parts can be molded or machined from plastic. However, for pumping from slightly greater depths, it is convenient to use metal, e.g. aluminum, for some parts.
Pumpen i eksemplet er desuden forsynet med pakninger og andre tætningsmidler af kendt art.The pump in the example is additionally provided with gaskets and other sealants of known kind.
Forskellige detaljer i eksemplet kan modificeres. Om-10 stillingsventilen kan i stedet for slædeventilen 34 bestå af en trykstyret ventil anbragt i vægpartiet 30 eller oppe ved tilførselspumpen 15. I det sidste tilfælde kræves en ekstra tilførselsledning til slædestemplet 33.Various details of the example can be modified. The adjustment valve may instead of the carriage valve 34 consist of a pressure controlled valve located in the wall portion 30 or up at the feed pump 15. In the latter case, an additional supply line for the carriage piston 33 is required.
Pumpen kan også udstyres med en anden type slædeventil 15 34, som er forsynet med tre ringspor, som medfører, at man kan tilkoble en ekstra returtilkobling for drivmediet. Ved en sådan ventil vil man være i stand til at drive slædens stempel med et andet medium, end det man pumper op.The pump can also be equipped with another type of sled valve 15 34, which is provided with three ring grooves, which means that an additional return connection can be made for the drive medium. With such a valve one will be able to drive the piston of the carriage with a different medium than the one pumped up.
Pumpen ifølge opfindelsen kan også udformes med flere 20 drivenheder koblet sammen. F.eks. kan to slædestempler som vist i eksemplet placeres efter hinanden i pumpehuset 22, idet kanalerne 41 og 42 er ført frem til henholdsvis det nedre og det øvre drivkammer for et sådant slædestempel.The pump according to the invention can also be designed with several 20 drive units coupled together. Eg. For example, two carriage pistons as shown in the example may be placed one after the other in the pump housing 22, the ducts 41 and 42 being advanced to the lower and upper drive chambers for such a carriage piston respectively.
25 30 3525 30 35
Claims (6)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO820431A NO150371C (en) | 1982-02-15 | 1982-02-15 | PUMP FOR LIQUID AND GAS |
| NO820431 | 1982-02-15 | ||
| NO8300005 | 1983-02-15 | ||
| PCT/NO1983/000005 WO1983002805A1 (en) | 1982-02-15 | 1983-02-15 | Pump for liquids and gases |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DK466783A DK466783A (en) | 1983-10-11 |
| DK466783D0 DK466783D0 (en) | 1983-10-11 |
| DK159857B true DK159857B (en) | 1990-12-17 |
Family
ID=19886432
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK466783A DK159857B (en) | 1982-02-15 | 1983-10-11 | Pump for liquid and gases |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0105877B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS59500179A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU1159283A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3373517D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK159857B (en) |
| FI (1) | FI72784C (en) |
| NO (1) | NO150371C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1983002805A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZA836613B (en) * | 1982-09-09 | 1984-04-25 | Donald Ian Guy Macleod | Hydraulically actuated bore and well pump |
| JP6661337B2 (en) * | 2015-11-19 | 2020-03-11 | 株式会社川本製作所 | Combined pump |
| CN106869234A (en) * | 2017-01-18 | 2017-06-20 | 瑞安市智造科技有限公司 | A kind of macromechanical is fetched water device |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB595223A (en) * | 1944-07-22 | 1947-11-28 | Alco Valve Co | Liquid pressure operated pump |
| GB906732A (en) * | 1960-04-22 | 1962-09-26 | Kobe Inc | Improvements in or relating to well pumps |
| GB1023444A (en) * | 1962-10-24 | 1966-03-23 | Kobe Inc | Control system for a hydraulically operated engine |
-
1982
- 1982-02-15 NO NO820431A patent/NO150371C/en unknown
-
1983
- 1983-02-15 JP JP83500659A patent/JPS59500179A/en active Granted
- 1983-02-15 EP EP83900580A patent/EP0105877B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-02-15 DE DE8383900580T patent/DE3373517D1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-02-15 WO PCT/NO1983/000005 patent/WO1983002805A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1983-02-15 AU AU11592/83A patent/AU1159283A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1983-10-11 DK DK466783A patent/DK159857B/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1983-10-14 FI FI833737A patent/FI72784C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0105877A1 (en) | 1984-04-25 |
| WO1983002805A1 (en) | 1983-08-18 |
| FI72784C (en) | 1987-07-10 |
| DK466783A (en) | 1983-10-11 |
| FI833737A0 (en) | 1983-10-14 |
| NO150371B (en) | 1984-06-25 |
| JPS59500179A (en) | 1984-02-02 |
| DK466783D0 (en) | 1983-10-11 |
| NO150371C (en) | 1984-10-03 |
| NO820431L (en) | 1983-08-16 |
| FI72784B (en) | 1987-03-31 |
| JPH0380993B2 (en) | 1991-12-26 |
| EP0105877B1 (en) | 1987-09-09 |
| AU1159283A (en) | 1983-08-25 |
| DE3373517D1 (en) | 1987-10-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PHB | Application deemed withdrawn due to non-payment or other reasons |