DK158623B - TRIBOLOGICAL SYSTEM WITH FABRIC / FABRIC COUPLINGS, ISAER SLIDE BEARINGS - Google Patents

Description

DK 158623 B

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a tribological system of plastics / plastics pairings, consisting of two main guide partners and auxiliary guide partner, in particular guide bearings, wherein the plastics - optionally supported with lubricants - perform relative movements in gide friction and at least one of the main slide partners and / or an auxiliary agent partner is a polar polymer containing cyclic groupings, the cyclic group of the molecule being at least to one side directly bonded to nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and / or sulfur, or these atoms 10 being contained in the rings selected from a) (b) aromatic polyheterocycles ("semi-ladder polymers"), c) single-linked polyheterocycles, (d) aromatic chain polymers ("ladder polymers"), e) copolymers prepared from monomers contained in the polymers a) to d), mutually or with other monomers, f) mixtures of polymers a) to d) mutually or with other polymers, which system is peculiar to; that either of the main guide partners are polar and contain 20 different cyclic groupings and / or different atoms or groups attached to the cyclic grouping, and the auxiliary slide partner is an unpolar polymer, or both of the main guide partners are nonpolar polymers and the auxiliary slide partner is a polar polymer a) to f) containing cyclic groupings.

With regard to the names of the chain polymers used according to the invention, the classification and terminology of E. Behr: High Temperature Resistant Plastic Fairy, Carl Hauser Verlag, Munich, 1969 is followed.

30 Since the use of plastics in tribological systems, e.g. guide bearings or cogwheels, the main focus has been on a pairing of the plastic element together with a metallic machine element. A wealth of literature already exists on the 35 friction and abrasion problems that occur, as well as the resulting surface structures. Furthermore, it has also been proposed that 2

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incorporate dry lubricants, e.g. PE, PTFE or MoS2, in the resins or on their surfaces.

Only relatively late, and so far to a rather modest extent, pairings of molds against molds in tribological systems have become known. Thus, e.g. VDI guideline 2541 is the pairings PA / POM, PA / HDPE, PETP / POM, PBTP / PA, for some of these plastics also enumerate fill with glass fibers, glass balls, graphite or PE. According to such guidelines, it is also stated that plastics / -10 plastics pairings in relation to plastics / metal pairings tend to have a lower slip friction number which remains constant.

When investigating plastics / metal pairings, it has been found that in general, such polymers which, in their molecules, carry cyclic groups or are fully cyclic, exhibit particularly poor friction and wear properties when oxygen or sulfur are attached to their cyclic groups. . Thus, e.g. polyphenylene oxide and polyphenyl lens sulfide are not a good guide against steel. This 20 surprises because of the experience gained in metallic yaw pairings, namely that the accessibility of oxygen or the addition of elemental sulfur or sulfur-organo compounds has a positive effect on the slip zone.

In plastics / plastics slip matings, a surprising effect has now been found, namely that the just mentioned polyphenylene oxides or polyphenylene sulfides (sulfones, etc.) under certain conditions constitute excellent slip pairs. This has been particularly evident in yeast pairings against nitrogen-containing plastics, and furthermore, a positive effect has now been established when an unpolar medium runs into the yeast site. This does not appear to depend so much on the (usually detectable) lubricant-like effect of such nonpolar media, but on the electrostatic separation of the other two sliding parts.

35 Accordingly, tribological systems in which molds run against each other prove to be good when

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3 the two main guide partners are polar and additionally fulfill the conditions mentioned in the introduction. Furthermore, such systems also prove to be particularly good when there is an auxiliary guide partner running between the two main guide partners who, with respect to polarity, behaves differently from at least one of the main guide partners.

Specifically, such a triboligical system may consist in the two principal identity partners being polar, but the auxiliary identity partner being unpolar.

10 Conversely, the two main identity partners may also be unpolar, whereas the auxiliary identity partner is polar and contains cyclic groupings.

In this context, "unpolar" means that the substance in question is, in and of itself, unpolar (e.g., PE, PP, PS, 15 PIB) or acts externally unpolar by virtue of the inward mutual uplift of the polarities of the individual molecules (e.g. .g.

PTFE).

In addition to the requirement at least partially cyclical in the at least one sliding partner already mentioned at the outset, it should also be mentioned that different polarities produce favorable slip friction conditions and results (for example with respect to wear minimization). This effect is instantaneous and, moreover, completely surprising.

It is conceivable to design the aforementioned guide guide partner as an intermediate sleeve or intermediate film running between the main guide partners. This is particularly easy to accomplish in reality when one main guide partner is a sliding part bushing and the other main guide partner is a coated sheath on the shaft.

30 However, the auxiliary guide partner must not necessarily be an independent component within the meaning of machine elements. This can also be the case, for example. a dry lubricant (e.g., PE or PTFE), which is integrated into one or both of the main molding partners (e.g., incorporated in particle form) and is subsequently released into the sliding zone during the slide or wear operation. It is also theoretically possible - and 4

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already realized in yarn pairings between plastics and metals - that the auxiliary yarn partner is degraded as a result of the tribological operations or - possibly with the help of the yarn yarn partner's degradation products - 5 is transformed into transformation products, such degradation products or transformation products delivering or constituting the slip-causing substances, the stated sense can be referred to as an auxiliary partner. In any case, it is important that such degradation or conversion products are delivered in the sliding zone continuously.

Thus, according to the above indications, the auxiliary slip partner may consist entirely of a plastic material. But it is also theoretically possible that it is a very low molecular weight substance.

Materials for plastics guide partners exhibiting 15 cyclic groupings are the following chain polymers: a) single-linked aromatic polymers (examples see Table 2a below) b) aromatic polyheterocycles, so-called "semi-ladder polymers". (For examples, see Table 2b below).

C) single bonded polyheterocycles (for examples see Table 2c below).

d) aromatic chain polymers, so-called "Ladder polymers" (for examples see Table 2d below).

e) copolymers made from monomers included in polymers a) to d) or with other monomers; f) mixtures of polymers a) to d) with each other or with other polymers.

These polymers are tribologically paired so that either of the main guide partners are polar and contain different 30 cyclic groupings and / or different atoms or groups attached to the cyclic group whereby the auxiliary partners are unpolar, or both the main guide partners are unpolar and the auxiliary slide partner is polar of polymers a) to f).

35 As already mentioned at the outset, it appears that the stocks of sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus appear to be

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5 of importance. Good results have been obtained in the paired investigations: a) when one of the slide partners contains sulfur atoms in its molecule and one of the other slide partners contains 5 oxygen atoms, b) when one of the slide partners contains sulfur atoms in its molecule and one of the other sliding partners contain nitrogen atoms; (c) when one of the sliding partners contains oxygen atoms in its molecule and the other sliding partner contains nitrogen atoms; d) when one or more of the sliding partners in their molecule contains 2, 3 or 4 of the atomic sulfur, oxygen. , nitrogen, phosphorus.

Among the tested plastics / plastics slip matings tested, the following systems have been found to be good sliding partners: a) one of the main guide partners is a polyphenylene oxide, preferably a poly-2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide (optionally in admixture with other polymers, e.g. ), and the other main guide partner is either an aromatic polyamide or a polyimide or a polyamidimide or a polybenzimidazole or a polyalkylene terephthalate, and the auxiliary guide partner consists of polyalkylene - preferably polyethylene - or polytetrafluoroethylene.

B) one of the main guide partners is a sulfur-containing polymer, preferably a polyarylsulfone or a polyarylsulfide or a polyarylsulfonate, and the other main guide partner is either an aromatic polyamide or a polyimide or a polyimide or a polyamidimide or a polybenzimidazole or a polyalkylene, e.g. . polyethylene terephthalate or polybutylene terephthalate, and the auxiliary partner consists of polyalkylene - preferably polyethylene - or polytetrafluoroethylene.

The glyide moieties included in the tribological system 35 of the invention may be either pure-state polymers or also polymers containing known additives.

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e fabrics, lubricants and reinforcements. Such additives may be crystallization germs, processing aids, aging stabilizers, heat stabilizers, inorganic and organic dry lubricants, fibers of e.g. glass, boron or carbon, talc, glass beads, graphite, etc.

According to some of the embodiments described, an auxiliary guide partner must run as an independent element or at least be integrated into one of the main guide partners in such a way that a portion thereof - or degradation products or conversion products thereof - is continuously delivered to the guide zone.

In the course of the test series, the following combinations have proved to be suitable:

15 Main Guide I Main Guide II

polar, cyclic A_polar cyclic B_ 1.1 with auxiliary unpolar no auxiliary, - 1.2 no auxiliary - with auxiliary unpolar 20 2.0 auxiliary, (a), unpolar auxiliary (a), unpolar 3.1 auxiliary, (a), unpolar auxiliary (b), unpolar 3.2 auxiliary partner, (b), unpolar auxiliary partner (a), unpolar

Main slide- Help- Main slide- Help- 25 partner I_partner_partner II partner_ 4.1 unpolar (a) pol.cyc. A nonpolar (a)

4.2 unpolar (a) - unpolar (a) pol.cyc. A

5.1 unpolar (a) pol.cyc. A nonpolar (a) pol.cyc. B

30 5.2 unpolar (a) pol.cyc. B unpolar (a) pol.cyc. A

6.1 unpolar (a) pol.cyc. A nonpolar (b)

6.2 unpolar (a) - unpolar (b) pol.cyc. A

7.1 unpolar (a) pol.cyc. A nonpolar (b) pol.cyc. B

7.2 unpolar (a) pol.cyc. B unpolar (b) pol.cyc. A

Looking at the above table, at first glance, the inversion of the pairings may seem unnecessary. Here, however, reference is made to Tribotechnical 35

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7, a pairing X / Y usually results in very different results depending on whether X or Y is the standing or moving guide friction partner.

In addition, in the case of the pair of ideas according to the invention, a difference has been found, depending on e.g. partner A contains component (a) and partner B contains component (b), that is, when Aa / Bb is paired, or if the opposite is the case, ie when component exchange is completed and the pairing is now called Ab / Ba.

10 In summary, the main possibilities must therefore be maintained that - a cyclic main partner can contain an unpolar auxiliary partner and its other main partner does not contain any auxiliary partner, 15 - that both cyclic main partners can contain an uneducated auxiliary partner, - that these auxiliary partners are the same, - that they are different, - that one unpolar auxiliary can contain a polar, cyclic auxiliary partner, and the other main partner contains no auxiliary partner, - that both contain a cyclic polar auxiliary partner, - that these auxiliaries are the same, - that they are different, or, in so far as the auxiliary guide partner runs as an independent bearing structure part, this is then analogous to the above or paired in combination with the above.

Furthermore, it should be mentioned that an unpolar partner can also consist of several substances, e.g. of a mixture of two or more of the plastics PE, PP, PIB, PS, PTFE, PVDC, which in turn may again be available in various forms such as e.g. powder, grain, fiber, felt, tissue, braid.

Another admixture of these forms to form a structural member is also possible, e.g. a felt of PTFE fibers which are bonded together by PS powder

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8 is sprinkled between the fibers and then fused or a PP film containing grains of UHMWPE, PIB or PVDC.

These latter modes of construction may be especially conceivable when the auxiliary partner is not integrated into one or both of the main partners, but on the other hand exists as a design part of its own design such as an intermediate sleeve or intermediate foil running between the main guide partners, or even constitutes all or part of the main guide partner.

Of course, the above-mentioned form combinations in unpolar 10 partners also apply to the polar partners.

Thus, e.g. a PPS shaped member contains powder or fibers of PAN (polyacrylonitrile) and / or PETP, and an opposite running member formed of PI or PAI may contain such powders or fibers of PAA and / or PA.

It is appropriate at this point again to refer to the fact that the guide partners included in the tribological system according to the invention may be of pure-state plastic, but also of plastic which, according to state of the art 20, may contain known additives, fillers , lubricants and reinforcements.

Such additives must be selected so that they preferably promote the difference important to the invention in the chemical composition of the guide partner or their polarity difference or at least do not significantly influence it.

This is consistently the case in the above examples.

Finally, the auxiliary guide partner may also be incorporated into the main guide partner's macro structure.

For further elucidation of the tribological system according to the invention, the drawing in which FIG. 1-12 show various examples and embodiments, in which fig. 1 shows a bearing half bowl in which block (1) the various auxiliary guide partners (2) and (3) are inserted as 35 strips across the direction of travel of the shaft (not shown).

FIG. 2 shows an auxiliary guide partner (4) which is inward 9

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figured as a spiral twist in a sheath (5) pressed on a shaft (6); 3 is a schematic side view of a mating or assembly of a guide sponge (7) with a slide plate (8); FIG. 4 from above shows the running surface of the guide sponge (7) consisting of the main guide partner I (9) and an auxiliary slide partner (10) arranged cross-shaped and diagonally in relation to the running direction, the surface of the main slide partner (9) further stand out as islands in the sliding surface; however, the reverse is also possible, in that case the auxiliary slip partner will project like islands in the gide surface, fig. 5 is a top view of the id plate (8) towards its running surface showing grooves (11); FIG. 6 is a plan view of a sliding plate (13) with oily, round 15 washers (12) of a partner material; FIG. 7 shows the guide plate of FIG. 6, but in section, FIG. Fig. 8 is a plan view of an annular disc for receiving axially acting guide friction loads and provided with slots which may be both parallel (14 ', 20 ") and radically restricted (15', 15"); 9 shows the annular disc of FIG. 8 is a side view and a sectional view showing that in FIG. 9 is one-piece molded; FIG. 10 shows a similar disc, but formed in 25 several pieces, namely a bottom body (20) and several of the slots 14 and 15, separated by separate segments, which, to clarify the manufacturing possibility, are shown as consisting of 2 or 4 different materials, and which therefore also are provided with various names (17), (18), (19) and (20), FIG. Figure 11 shows a principle sketch of a cross bearing using some details important to the invention, with a shaft (21) pressed on with a sheath (22), which acts as the main guide partner I and which carries some protruding strips in the slide surface (23). of another material, and the auxiliary guide partner in the present example acts as an intermediate sleeve (24) composed of

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10 of two materials, which are schematically shown in the drawings by sections (25) and (26), while the main guide partner II is designed as an external bushing or bearing housing (27) which carries some slots (28) across the direction of rotation; and FIG. 12 schematically shows one of the numerous possibilities for the production of plastic multi-bearing sliding partners, in which a pre-injection molded or pressed bushing (30) is pressed or molded into an intermediate bushing (31) following a shaft cover (32) and the slots (33) and (34) 10 arise from the solidification and cooling shrinkage of the successive bushings and sheaths upon their provision in the bearing housing.

Similar embodiments as shown in FIG.

1-11 are known from the state of the art, though those which are, however, carried out with other materials and other purpose or purpose. However, it is to be noted that the material combination prescribed by the invention achieves other objectives. This is a tear-off of electric charges or polarizations which are produced by the sliding friction action between moldings in alternating material pairings or by the material exchange in the gide surfaces, respectively. in the slots, leading to charge separations, which is one of the possibilities of an electrostatic charge.

Thus, according to the invention, one or some of the auxiliary guide partners are included in one or some of the main guiding partners in the macro-structure, the auxiliary sliding partners being preferably shaped, spiral or cruciform or arranged as islands, projecting into the sliding surface, and / or some or more or all of the sliding surfaces are interrupted by slits which preferably run as strips across the gid direction or are arranged helically or cross-shaped. These slots may also be filled with moldings of a different material which conform to the mating requirements of the invention. Also, the main donation partners can be on their surfaces or all through 11

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be subdivided by such slits or alternating material choices.

Furthermore, it should be added that in tribological systems, mechanical, energetic and chemical causes and effects are closely superimposed. Thus, e.g. It is known that certain processes do not proceed in autoclave, but nevertheless occur fully under the same pressure and temperature as tribochemical phenomena. Thus, it is fully conceivable that in a tribological system at micro-sites and at microtimes, release of the atoms mentioned in the above description (or molecular bridges or conversion products containing such atoms), which act positively for the slip friction process occurs.

The above description is mainly directed to 15 sliding bearings, wherein the plastic sliding bearing sleeve is located in some housing in which rotates a shaft coated with or when pressed with a plastic sheath. However, it should be mentioned that the system thus described is applicable to all tribological slip friction matings, ie e.g. also on axle / wheels, axle / rod, rod / tab, loading guides, cogwheels, roller bearing applications, roller bearing cages, guide seals, etc.

25 Summary of used (mostly standard) abbreviations.

CF = Carbon fiber GF = Glass fiber HDPE = High density polyethylene 30 PA = Polyamide PA 6 = Polyamide of caprolactam PA 66 = Polyamide of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid PA 11 = Polyamide of aminoundecanoic acid PA 12 = Polyamide of laurine lactam 35 PAA-F = Polyacrylamide fibers PATP = Polyalkylene terephthalate (eg PBTP, PBTP) PBTP = Polybutylene terephthalate

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12 PC = Polycarbonate PE = Polyethylene PETP = Polyethylene and te eph th al at POM = Polymoxymethylene (polyacetal) 5 POM hp = Polymoxymethylene homopolymerize POM cp = Polymoxymethylene copolymer PPO = Polyphenylene oxide PPO / PS = Polyphenylene oxide (for polyphenylene oxide) 2,6-dimethyl-phenylene oxide) blend with polystyrene Polypropylene PS = Polystyrene PVDC = Polyvinylidene chloride PE-F = PE fibers PTFE-F = PTFE fibers PAI = Polyamidimide PES = Polyethersulfone PBIA = Polybenzimidazole

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13 ri © o ©

P

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H · <D

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H © -ri tn

ft h ri (UP

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tn φ -P -P

g ri Λ o) ri ri -ri O 'ri ,.

O φri Φ-ri + ++ + + + t ri O »ri g t ri

φ -ri * ri „ri N · - · N

i_ | rt NW

-H ^^^ H ri (BfBfBW '-'- ritao3P4

φ φ * ri ri H ft ww ft I

_n 4J i ri N 0 0 0 + M + ¾ (Ctd ΦΦ'- 'ft ft ft ft ft ft cqpq ^^ - ftft -. <q ri 4J Piri dririririririi eh ηη · η · ηιινα H η -P · »φ t φ · © (1) H ft ftft '- ^' - 'UH' —'Λ-

ri fBrir-s ft> ft> tn> tnft + ++ Q ft CO

A -n ni -ri ri-Hri-Hri-HriEn w ftftHtn> B hu a) 'a ft ^ - ή d -ri d -ri t) -ri ft i ifti iftftftftftft ftft u -P Φ m tn ri O' η Ό © ri

fyi i — l .—> ri -H

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ri Λ ri ift · pq ri Λ © c * I © ri! ft gH-Hg> td Ori i i i i i S! + ft ©

O + J Φ-P ft ft ft H + riH

tn> ri ri! = Η c = ri! = + E ^ E ^ O ft w <U H

+) © O © rii <J H rii UUOWHUUUftU Eh ft ri 0) ft> Kft ft i ft i ft! ft I ftftftftftftftftftft ftft -Pg

• ri ©. 7 P

ro ri -4-J (tS -P

rift tn ft Φ

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> © r * it · P S

π τη tri M ^ ft υ0) H fttriftO © ij h i + m ω

© ri O 'ri ri! H · PQ

, —I Oj rj © ft ft ft g Η II II

µ> -ri Ori ϋ iiiiiiiiii ft + ft rj jj ri © -P + D + ft H + - ^ r- '© i ri> ri co = = = = = w = tns =. = = oo <dcnEH ft ~ -pn ri i © O © ft ftft ft ft rij ft PQ Eh ft ^ w

And ft ftft ft I I I 1 I ft I ft I I I I ft ft ft ft ft ftft ft ft ___—-

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14

Table II

Division of polymers containing cyclic constituents according to their bond structure; a) Single-bonded cyclic chain polymers 5 ^ -0χ2-0'χ3-0— b) Chain polymers as polyheterocycles ("semi-ladder polymers") 12 4

X X X

#> o 15 or e.g. p 20 c) Chain polymers such as single-bonded polyheterocycles 25 or e.g. Ί XI X1 vi X1 X-N X X N-N XX N- * * * *> lli X1 X XX Xx 30 d) Full cyclic (at least double bonded) chain polymers.

("Ladder / Polymers") dOcGO-C.

35 i1 x2 15

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Table Ila

Examples of single bonded cyclic chain polymers Polyaryloxides e.g. polyphenylene oxide s -o- e.g. polyaryl ether 10 'ch2'O "°' O'CH2-0" O'0 · e.g. poly-2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide, ch, _CH 3

Polyarylsulfides e.g. polyphenylene sulfide 20's

Polyarylsulfones Polyarylethersulfones Polyarylsulfonates e.g. of the formula -CHO'0 "0 O CH3 O CH3 -Q ° -O-SO2-O ^ -SO2- or 0 _ 0 CH ~ -§OfoOrO-0- 0 o CH3

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16

Table Ila (continued)

/ T \ H

Polyarylamines Principle Formula (γ-N-5 -

Po ly az ophenylene r P r in cip f o me 1 ^) - N = N- 10 H A H / ΓΛ

Polyazomethines Principle Formula-C-R) -C = N-r y-N = 15

Polyaryl carbonates Example Formula-Q-) - C

Polyaryl esters (polyarylates) exemplary formulas: 25 0 0? H 3 _a-fya-0- (y-c-f) -o- CH 3 ~ 30 (see in detail "Behr, High Temperature Fixing Plastics, Hanser-Verlag, 1969).

Polyarylamides Example Formula 35 ι-0-γΌ · 2 ·

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17

Table Ilb

Examples of chain polymers in the form of polyheterocycle ("semi-ladder polymers")

Polyimides 5 Polyesterimides Polyamide Irides Polythiodiazopyrazineimides Polyimidazoles Polyoxazoles 10 Polythioazoles For some examples

Polyborimidazoles clay on polyimides and polyamides.

Polytetrazopyrenes azo compounds and theirs

Polyhydrazide copolymerisates are referred to

Polyoxidazoles also for "Behr, Hochtem- Polydiazoles perature fixing Plastics /

Polytriazoles Hanser-Verlag 1969 ".

Polyoxazolines Some examples of such

Polyoxazolidones and compounds are listed

Polypyrazoles in the continuation of Table 20 Polytetrazoles IIb (leaves 1 and 2).

Polyhydric anions Polydiketone piperazines Polyquinoxalines Polychinoxalinedions 25 Polychinoxalones

Polyoxazines Polyoxazinones Polyimidazopyroions Polyimidazobenzophenanthrolines 30 Polyisoindolochinazoline indions

Polybenzimidazoles Polyborimidazoles Polyoxazoles Polythioazoles 35 Polytetrazopyrenes

Table Ilb (continued) leaf 1

Structural Examples of Some Polyimide Groups 18

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o o <XX> + before XXX> OK>

</ H I H O

Usually polyimide ° \ * 0 IHJ ° * V N r ^ ° i'Wi

// \\ „/ V Y \ J V

U T? + -► 1 11 / c-c hydrogen-free polyimide s »w w Vf

No o polybismaleinimide -;! Χ> ι ° · ο ^ · ζΧ> -

II

o polyesterimide

Table IIb (continued) leaf 2

Structural examples of some polybenzimidazoles 19

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Η Η H

%, XXK> X / UC / lQl ^ f N- τχχ> -σ χχζχ *> - ζΡ

H H N ^ CvNH

-ΝΥΥΓΤ \ / \ '1 Ί Η Γ I cfYr ^

-TT TxST I Jl J

H H

^ \ XV-r ^^ N \ ^ υΧΛΑ / τΟγ h h JL U L · Ji s i— \

Ν χν / -¾. χΝ XN X ^ X V ^ N N NH

vøO ^ Q-

Br H

Λ Λ B

Η H ./ W ^ YS- ^ YYYfY \ 0- · \ ΤΤΤΤΤ ^% -Ύ Ύ-Μ ^ ° Fe / ν ', ^ -CY TT T> kAY "/ Nvi ^ rr ^ VN ^ VAT -c T ij Ti 7 c-chsch- N \ ^ x ^ TAn ^ <XTCCXX> r ^ h -c I Γi i c-YTr

N? N ^ N- ^ X Y ^ X

hIYI ^) η ζ} ΐ1_ιΥ (^ Γ

Table IIb (continued) leaf 2

Structural Examples of Some Polybenzylidazoles 20

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UQ étjUEw γ-

VrTTHir <3 “0 ^ HN _!> J L U_NH k = y N- '

Η H

t * y ^ W "vCW> ^ XXX> <0.2, <- HN_H LU_NH ^ = 7 ^ = - /

^ ΝχίίΤ ~ 0 ~ ΤΐΓ H H

HN-1 * J Ljl-NH \ -7 CH ^ -7 / y \ / \ vNn _CV I f C- (CF) -

HN-H

Table Ile

Examples of chain polymers in the form of single bonded polyethylene cycles

polyhydrazides

Polyoxdiazoler

polythiadiazoles

Polytriazoler

Polytetrazoler

Polyhydantioner

Polypyrazoler

polyoxazolines

Polydiketopiperazines 21

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Table Fire

Examples of Whole Cyclic Chain Polymers ("Ladder Polymers") 5 Polychinoxalines

Polychinoxalindioner

Polychinoxaloner

Polyoxaziner

Polyoxazinones 10 Polyimidazobenzophenanthroline Polyisoindalochinazolidions Polyimidazopyolions cyclized Polyacrylonitrile certain Polyimides 15 certain Polyesterimides certain polyamideimides Polybenzimidazoles Polyoxazoles Polythiazoles 20 Polyborimidazoles Polytetrazopyrenes Polypyrazoles Polyhydrazoles Polyhydrazoles Polyhydrazoles

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22

Table III

Explanations of the "Abbreviation List" as well as the tables and designations in the text.

A) General 5 Particularly in the patent literature in the United States, it is customary for the plastics used to be defined chemically accurately and, as far as possible, also to indicate which chemical starting materials they are made from.

Because of the many materials mentioned in the present disclosure, this is not possible here.

Therefore, it should generally be stated that the chemical designations indicated, insofar as they characterize a broad chemical class, must be understood to mean that: (a) the main sliding partners are understood to mean the products out of 15 from the class indicated at any time, which are usually used in the plastics technique and suitable for the manufacture of moldings according to conventional molding methods; (b) the auxiliary sliding partner generally also means the products described in (a) above. But in particular, these may also be monomeric or oligomeric.

B) Standardized and Industry Abbreviations 25 The short terms listed above under the "Abbreviation List" as well as the chemical word names used therein and in the description text shall a) all relate to the plastics which in the standards according to DIN, ASTM and ISO are characterized by these short 30 designations and the corresponding chemical word designations or commonly used under this terminology in plastics processing; (b) and further characterize those constituents whose short designations are not standardized, but are used as short designations or chemical designations among those skilled in the art of plastics.

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23 in common use for the groups of materials used in the plastics technique for the manufacture of plastics articles.

5 C) Trade names

For further explanation of the abbreviations and chemical word names used, the following (incomplete) list of some trade names for the constituents hereby serves: 10 HDPE. = High density polyethylenes: "MARLEX", "HOSTALEN", "LUPOLEN" PA 6 = Caprolactam polyamide: "GRILON", "ULTRAMID-B" PA 66 = Hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid polyamide: "ZYTEL", "ULTRAMID" A "," NYLON 66 "PA 11 = Aminoundecanoic Acid Polyamide:" RILSAN "PA 12 = Laurine Lactam Polyamide:" GRILAMID "," VESTAMID "PAA-F = Polyarylamide Fiber:" KEVLAR "," NOMEX "," ARENKA " PBTP = Polybutylene terephthalate: "ARNITE-T", "CELANEX", 20 "ULTRADUR" * PC = Polycarbonate: "MACROLON", "LEXAN" PE = Polyethylenes: "LUPOLEN", "HOSTALEN", "ALTHON" PETP = Polyethylene terephthalate: " ARNITE-A "POM hp = Polymoxymethylene homopolymerate:" DELRIN "POM cp = Polymoxymethylene copolymerate:" HOSTAFORM-C "," KEMATAL ", PPO = Polyphenylene oxide:" PPO "(General Electric) PPO / PS = Polyphenylene oxide (most poly-2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) in admixture with polystyrene: "NORYL" 30 PPS = Polyphenylene sulfide: "RYTON" PPSU = Polyphenylene sulfone: "BAKELITE-P-1700", "POLYMER - 360", "UDEL", PU = Polyurethane: "ELASTOLLAN", "DESMOPAN" PTFE = Polytetrafluoroethylene: "TEFLON", "HOSTAFLON", 35 "FLUON" UHMWPE = Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes: "HOSTALEN - GUR"

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24 PAA = Polyarylamide: "NOMEX", "Q-2", "TROGAMID-T", PI = Polyimide: "VESPEL", "SP-POLYMER", "POLYMER-XPE", "KINEL" PIB = Polyisobutylene: 5 PP = Polypropylene: "HOSTALEN PP", "DAPLEN", PS = Polystyrene: "STYRON", "HOSTYREN", "BASP-POLY__ STYROL", PVDC = Polyvinylidene Chloride: "SARAN", PAI = Polyamidimide: "TORLON", "AI -POLYMER ", 10 PES = Polyether sulfone:" VICTREX "

Poly-p-xylylene: "PARYLEN"

Polyimidazopyrolones: "PYRONE"

Polybenzimidazoles: "IMIDITE", "AF-R-100".

15. Table IV

For a clearer understanding of the claims according to the invention, some examples of tribological pairings according to the invention are mentioned below.

A) Variant Polar / Unpolar / Polar Requirements according to the invention:

Both main sliding partners are polar chain polymers and contain different cyclic compounds and / or different atoms or chemical groups attached to the cyclic moiety.

In the cyclic part of the molecule or directly connected to the cyclic part, at least in one of the main guide partners are atoms from the group V and / or VI of the periodic system.

30 The auxiliary slide partner is unpolar.

Examples of such pairings are listed below on pages 1-10 of the present table.

B) Variant unpolar / polar / nonpolar Claims according to the invention:

Both main sliding partners are unpolar. The auxiliary slip partner is a polar chain polymer and 25

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contains cyclic compounds.

In the cyclic part of the molecule or directly connected to the cyclic part there are atoms of group V and / or VI of the periodic system.

Examples of such pairings are listed below in sheets 10 to 12 of the present table.

Sheet 1 to Table IV

A) Examples of pairing polar / nonpolar / polar 10 Main guide partners,

Both main sliding partners consist of homopolymer or copolymer or polymer blends and may also contain lubricants, fillers (e.g., organic and inorganic powders) and / or reinforcing agents (e.g., organic and inorganic fibers, felt, tissue).

In this context, according to the idea of the invention, the following basic materials have proved suitable for the main sliding partners: Table IVa

Group "CS": PPS, PPS + PES, PPS + PPSU, PES, PES + PPSU, PPSU,

Group "CO": PPO, PPO + PS, PC, PATP 25 Group "NCO" ·: PU with cyclic parts in the chain, PU with cyclic parts in the chain + linear PU, PU with cyclic parts in the chain + POM Group "CN" : 30 PAA, PAA + PA, PAI, PAI: + PA, PI, PI + PAI, PI + PAA, PI + PA, PBIA, PBIA + PI,

The following results are obtained:

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Sheet 2 to Table IV

Table IVb

Main sliding partner 1 Main sliding partner 2 Result

A plastic from A plastic from 5 gr "CS" gr "CN" very fine gr "CO" gr "CN" very fine gr "NCO" gr "CN" good gr "CS" gr " CO "good gr" CS "gr" NCO "good / very fine 10 gr" CO "gr" NCO "good

A plastics material from another mold according to the requirements of these groups of fabric from one good to the same group sufficient 15 It has also been found to give good results to combine the above mentioned plastic groups or a few different plastics from one of these groups or some of these plastics together with linear plastics in one or both main sliding partners. It is advantageous to perform this combination in macro structure. This is accomplished - having regard to known constructions in the prior art - by incorporating in one or both of the main sliding partners chemically differently, but with respect to polarity, similar to the main sliding partner's base material in its macrostructure, these materials being preferably placed as strips, spirals or crosses or islands projecting into the sliding surface, or embedded as particles, fibers, felt, tissue. Examples of this are listed below in Table IVc.

Sheet 3 to Table IV

• 27

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Table IVc

Examples of multi-substance combinations of polar moldings, which a main guide partner can consist of.

(The meaning of the short names CS, CO, NCO and CN 5 must be understood in the manner set out in Table IVa): In a matrix of a mold ingested or embedded substance of the group is a plastic substance (or several forms of substances) of the group ( or the groups) CS CS, however, in a chemical structure other than the matrix resin, CO, NCO, CN, PA, POM, PVC, PAN,

PMMA

CO CO, however, in a chemical structure other than the matrix resin, CS, NCO, CN, PA, POM, PVC, PAN,

PMMA

NCO NCO, however, in a chemical structure other than the matrix resin, CS, CO, CN, PA, POM, PVC, PAN,

PMMA

CN CN, however, in a chemical structure other than the matrix resin, 25 CS, CO, NCO, PA, POM, PVC, PAN,

PMMA

PA or POM or PVC or PAN or PMMA CS, CO, NCO, CN.

It will be appreciated that, for reasons of space, it is practically impossible to review or simply enumerate all of the multi-substance combinations listed in Table IVc, or simply to mention all of the mating options when one or both of the main guide partners comprise such multi-compound combinations. Therefore, only a few such examples are discussed in Table IVd below.

Sheet 4 to Table IV

28

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Table IVd

Examples of pairings of polar main sliding partners, at least one of which is a multi-substance combination.

(c) = full-cycle chain polymer or chain polymer containing cyclic groups.

(1) = linear polymer which does not contain cyclic groups.

Main sliding partner 1 Main sliding partner 2 10 Matrix Embedding Matrix Embedding consists of consists of consists of and and and and and the group is group is_ group is group is

CS PPSU CS PPS-P CN PI CN PAA-F

(C) (c) (C) (c) CS PPS CN PAA-F CN PI CN PA 12 (c) (c) (C) (1)

CS PPS fiberglass CN PI NCO PU-R

(c) (c) (c)

20 CS PES CN PA66-R CO PPO CO PETP-R

(c) (1) (c) (c)

CS PES CN PAI-R CO POM CO PBTP-R

(c) (c) (1) (c)

CN PAll CN PAA-F CO POM CO PETP-F

(1) (c) (1) (C) NCO PU-1 CN PAA plus -R CS PES - ---- (c) CO POM-1 (c)

CN PA6-R

30 CN PBIA plus CO PC CS PPS-K

(c) CN PAA-F (c) (c)

CO PC CO PBTP-R CS PPS CN PAA-F

(c) (c) (c) (c)

CO PBTP CC1 PVC-R CN PAN CS PPS-K

35 (c) (1) (1) (c)

CO PPO CO PMMA-R NCO PU CN PA12-R

(c) (1) (c) (1)

Sheet 5 to Table IV

29

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The abbreviations used in Table IVd and not already explained have the following meaning: F denotes fibers, felt, mats, tissues and knitwear K denotes grains having a size in the range of approx. 0.1 to approx. 3 mm P denotes powder having a size in the range of approx. 0.001 to approx. 0.1 mm R denotes space fillings, where the open spaces in the main sliding partner are preferably filled with strips, spirals, crosses or islands.

In addition, in Table IV, it should be further mentioned that the requirement that the principal moieties must contain different cyclic compounds and / or different atoms or chemical groups attached to the cyclic moiety is also fulfilled when the main moiety partners contain several such connections and at least two of these are different and their surface parts on both sliding parts are sufficient to fulfill triboligic effect. For this, a proportion of the surface 20 of one-fifth will often suffice. In the preferred constructions, they constitute half and more. Examples include the following pairings:

Table -IVe 25 Tribologically significant surface area-

Main sliding partner 1 Main sliding partner 2 parts for___

PI with PAA-F PPS with PAA-F PI PPS

30 PPO with PA12-R PPO with PES-R PA12 PES

petp-f contents

the PETP

PPA without combination PAA with PPSU-R ON PPSU

ti on 35 30

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Sheet 6 to Table IV Help Slide Partner

The auxiliary slide partner is unpolar.

It can either be an independent structural part in the sense common to machine elements and e.g. constitute an intermediate sleeve or an intermediate foil or intermediate plate running between the main sliding partners.

This is possible with radial, axial and flat guide bearings. In the case of gear sprockets or by sliding between cam and rod, the auxiliary guide partner 10 can hardly be construed as an independent structural part in the sense of machine elements. In these applications, but also in most of the fabric / fabric / slip bearing matings of the invention, the unpolar auxiliary slide partner is integrated into one or both of the main guide partners.

Table IVf

Nonpolar carriers which preferably serve as auxiliary sliding partners:

20 PE

UHMWPE

PP

PIB

PS

25, if the unpolarity is maintained PTFE PVDC

Table IVg 30 Morphological form in which the moldings listed in Table IV may be present:

Single macromolecule Macromolecule clumps

Powder (with a size of, for example, between 0.001 and 0.1 mm) 35 Bowl (with a size of, for example, between 0.1 and 3 mm)

fibers

Felt 31

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Sheet 7 to Table IV

Mats Tissue

Basketry

Sheets 5 Sheets, bushes and other moldings (eg strips, spirals).

Table IVh

Chemical and morphological form combinations: 10 Each of the substances listed in Table IVf can only constitute the unpolar partner and in a single morphological form according to IVg above.

Examples: PE or UHMWPE Powder 15 PTFE Fiber PP Tissue Cross-linked PS Bushings

Each of the moldings listed in Table IVf may constitute the unpolar partner alone, but may be formed in different morphological forms (according to IVg).

Examples: Tissues of PTFE fibers with compressed PTFE powder, fibers and powder of PE mixed therein.

Each of the moldings listed in Table IVf can be combined with one or more of the other moldings mentioned in the same table, although it is a different chemical form but the morphological form is the same.

Examples: 30 Mixtures of PE with PP or PE with PIB or PP with PIB or PE with PP and PIB, joining then to a single macromolecule or at least to small macromolecule clumps, Mixture fibers of fibers of PTFE and PVDC, 35 Powder mixtures of UHMWPE and PTFE.

32

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Sheet 8 to Table IV

Each of the moldings mentioned in Table IVf may be combined with one or more of the other moldings mentioned in the same table, in that both the chemical form and the morphological form are different for at least one of the moldings.

Examples: Loose mixture of PTFE fibers with PE powder, PS film with embedded PP fibers or tissues, PP - bushings with embedded UHMWPE grains, granules 10 of mixtures of PE with PIB with PVDC embedded fibers and powder of UHMWPE, felt of a felt mixture PP / PE with compressed PTFE layer, fibers of PVDC or PS or PP or PE with embedded or surface-enclosed 15 powders of PTFE and / or UHMWPE, exchanging the chemical form in the above examples with others plastics from Table IVf, other combinations of two or more plastics (according to Table IVf) in two or more 20 structural designs (according to Table IVg).

Table IV i

Examples of the design capability of unpolar 25 auxiliary guide partners forming independent machine elements:

Made from a single of the moldings listed in Table IVf.

examples; 30 Preparation of films, sheets, bushings and other moldings according to known processing methods in the field of plastics engineering (eg casting, pressing, injection molding, extrusion, sintering, etc.) 35 Of combinations of chemical and morphological form.

33

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Sheet 9 to Table IV Table IV i (continued)

examples; Table IVh lists several opportunities for directly arriving at independent form bodies.

Furthermore, there are also mentioned several intermediates which can be processed alone or in admixture with one or more of the plastics according to Table IVf according to known processing methods in the plastics technique for the manufacture of 10 independent molds.

Table IV j

Examples of options for integrating the non-polar auxiliary slide partner (s) into one or both main slide partner (s): 15 The one or both main guide partner (s) constructed according to the structures listed in Tables IVa to IVe - or analogously thereto - contains the auxiliary slide partner in their entire volume - or at least on their slide surfaces. This consists, for example. of the 20 plastics of Example IVf formed according to Table IVg and the combinations of Table IVh.

Here, too, it is not possible to enumerate or combine options. However, the following examples should suffice, it should also be noted that: (a) both main guide partners may contain the specified guide partners; (b) only one of the listed principal guide partners may contain the listed guide partner, but 30 the other does not contain any , (c) that both of the designated guide partners may be united in a single principal guide partner; (d) to make this table brief, it must also be emphasized that the pairings may be interchangeable.

35 34

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Sheet 10 to Table IV

Main guide partner 1 inside- Main guide partner 2 contains as auxiliary slide partner: holder as auxiliary slide partner: UHMWPE powder PTFE powder 5 PE powder + PTFE powder PS strips (Macro structure) PTFE tissue PIB grain PP and PVDC short fibers PS- cross-linked grid + UHMWPE powder PS, filled with UHMWPE powder- Rough knit knitwear (invert, like spiral bearing!) filled with PTFE powder.

A partner according to table ivh ver of PVDC

Other partner according to table ivh 15 B) Examples of pairing unpolar / polar / unpolar Main guide partners

Both of the nonpolar main guide partners consist of one or more of the moldings listed in Table IVf.

Each of the main guide partners may be made of a single resin or a mixture of these resins. The moldings of Table IVf may also be available in the various forms of Table IVg and in combinations of Table IVh.

The information set out in Table ivi can be taken analogously while retaining references to the design of unpolar main guide partners.

Within the scope of these regulations or their analogous laying on additional material combinations, the nonpolar principal guide partners may consist of the same material (of the same material combination) or different material (of different material combinations).

Table IV k

Examples of options for designing polar auxiliary sliding partners that constitute independent machine elements:

Refer to Tables IVa to iVe. each

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35

Bald 11 to Table IV

of the molding materials listed and each of the multiple molding combinations mentioned may also serve to produce a polar auxiliary sliding partner, using the processing methods known in the molding technique.

Table IV 1

Examples of options for integrating one or more polar auxiliary sliding partners into a 10 or more polar main sliding partners:

Polar plastics, which preferably serve as auxiliary slip partners:

See the materials and polyester combinations listed in Tables IVa to IVe.

Morphological design in which these materials may be present:

See the forms listed in Table IVg, which here also have analogous validity for the polar substances.

20 Combinations between chemical design and morphological design:

All that listed in Table IVh on non-polar substances also applies here analogously to polar substances.

25 There is no need for much consideration to now use polar solvents instead of the examples of non-polar solvents listed.

Some examples:

Again, it is impossible to enumerate all the combination options. The following examples should suffice, however, it should also be noted that: (a) both of the main guide partners may agree to contain the specified guide slide partners; (b) only one of the specified main slide partners may contain the guide guide partner mentioned below, but the other none. , 36

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Sheet 12 to Table IV

(c) that both specified auxiliary slide partners may be united in one of the main guide partners; (d) it must also be established that the pairings may be interchangeable.

5

The Unpolar Main Sliding Part - The Unpolar Main Sliding Part 1 contains as polar down 2 which contains as polar auxiliary guide partner: _ auxiliary slide partner: _ PPS powder PAA spirals, islands (Macro structure) PES grain PAA fibers or felt, tissue PC strips, filled with Pi islands PPS powder PPO + PS - grid PAI film piece 15 pu (part-cycle) - strips PES strips alternating with PATP strips alternating with Pi strips PBIA powder PPS- powder

Claims (18)

37 DK 158623B PATENT REQUIREMENT. 1. Tribological system of plastics / plastics pairings, consisting of two main guide partners and an auxiliary guide member, in particular sliding bearings, wherein the plastics - optionally supported by lubricants - perform relative movements in mutual sliding friction and at least one of the main guide partners and / or an auxiliary guide partner is a polar polymer containing cyclic groupings, the cyclic group of the molecule being, at least to one side, directly bonded to nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and / or sulfur or these atoms contained in the rings selected from a) single bonded aromatic (b) aromatic polyheterocycles ("semi-ladder polymers"), ua & c) single-bonded polyheterocycles, (d) aromatic chain polymers ("ladder polymers"), e) copolymers prepared from monomers included in polymers a) to d), mutually or with other monomers, f) mixtures of polymers a) to d) mutually or with other polymers, characterized in that either e the main guide partners are polar and contain different cyclic groupings and / or different atoms or groups attached to the cyclic group, and the auxiliary guide partner is an unpolar polymer, or both of the main guide partners consist of unpolar polymers and the auxiliary guide partner is a polar polymer a) to (f) containing cyclic groupings. Tribological system according to claim 1, characterized in that the auxiliary guide partner in the form of an intermediate bushing or intermediate foil runs between the main guide partners. Tribological system according to claim 1, characterized in that the auxiliary guide partner is integrated into one of the main guide partners such that a part thereof - or a degradation product or conversion product thereof - is delivered in the guide zone. DK 158623 B 38 Tribological system according to claims 1-3, characterized in that one of the guiding partners contains sulfur and another guiding partner contains oxygen. Tribological system according to one of claims 1-3, characterized in that one of the guide partners contains sulfur and another slide partner contains nitrogen. Tribological system according to one of claims 1-3, characterized in that one of the guide partners contains oxygen and another slide partner contains nitrogen. Tribological system according to one of claims 1-6, characterized in that one of the main guide partners is a polyphenylene oxide, preferably a poly-2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide, and one of the other main guide partners is either an aromatic polyamide or a polyimide. or a polyamidimide or a polybenzimidazole or a polyalkylene terephthalate, and the auxiliary sliding partner consists of polyalkylene - preferably polyethylene - or polytetrafluoroethylene. Tribological system according to claims 1-6, characterized in that one of the main guide partners is a sulfur-containing polymer, preferably a polyarylsulfone or a polyarylsulfide or a polyarylsulfonate, and the other main glycerides is either an aromatic polyamide or a polyimide or a polyamidimide or a polybenzimidazole or a polyalkylene terephthalate, and the auxiliary slip partner consists of polyalkylene - preferably polyethylene - or polytetrafluoroethylene. Tribological system according to claims 1-8, characterized in that the polymers used also contain common additives, fillers, lubricants and / or reinforcing agents. Tribological system according to claims 1-9, characterized in that only one of the polar main guide partners contains the unpolar auxiliary guide partner or that both polar main guide partners contain the same or different auxiliary guide partners. 39 DK 158623B Tribological system according to claims 1-9, characterized in that only one of the unpolar main guide partners contains the polar auxiliary guide partner or that both unpolar main guide partners contain the same or different auxiliary guide partners. Tribological system according to claims 1-11, characterized in that polyethylene, polystyrene, polyisobutylene, polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene chloride are used as non-polar polymer. The tribological system according to claims 1-12, characterized in that an unpolar sliding partner consists of a mixture of several polymers, optionally present in different forms. Tribological system according to claims 1-13, characterized in that one or more main guide partners are incorporated in one or more macro guide members, preferably strip-shaped, helical, cross-shaped or island-shaped in the sliding surface. Tribological system according to claims 1-13, characterized in that in one or both of the main guide partners there are incorporated substances which are chemically different, but resemble the main guide partner in polarity, preferably strip-shaped, spiral, cruciform or island-shaped. giidefladen. 16. Tribological system according to claims 1-13, characterized in that in one or both main guiding partners there are embedded materials which are chemically different, but with respect to polarity similar to the main guiding partner, such as particles, fibers, felt, tissue or braid. Tribological system according to claim 14 or 15, characterized in that the materials embedded in the macro structure alternately consist of two or more moldings. The tribological system according to claims 1-17, characterized in that at least one of the sliding surfaces of the main sliding sections and / or the auxiliary guide partner is interrupted by slits which preferably extend stripwise across the sliding direction or are arranged helically. or cruciform, these slits may be filled with moldings of a different material which satisfy the mating conditions of the invention.