DK154992B - Apparatus for making chocolate molds - Google Patents

Apparatus for making chocolate molds Download PDF

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Publication number
DK154992B
DK154992B DK150280AA DK150280A DK154992B DK 154992 B DK154992 B DK 154992B DK 150280A A DK150280A A DK 150280AA DK 150280 A DK150280 A DK 150280A DK 154992 B DK154992 B DK 154992B
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DK
Denmark
Prior art keywords
mold
chocolate
cavity
injection
holding
Prior art date
Application number
DK150280AA
Other languages
Danish (da)
Other versions
DK154992C (en
DK150280A (en
Inventor
Guenther Kaupert
Original Assignee
Guenther Kaupert
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Guenther Kaupert filed Critical Guenther Kaupert
Publication of DK150280A publication Critical patent/DK150280A/en
Priority claimed from US06/407,057 external-priority patent/US4426402A/en
Publication of DK154992B publication Critical patent/DK154992B/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DK154992C publication Critical patent/DK154992C/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C45/26—Moulds
    • B29C45/37—Mould cavity walls, i.e. the inner surface forming the mould cavity, e.g. linings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G1/00—Cocoa; Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
    • A23G1/04—Apparatus specially adapted for manufacture or treatment of cocoa or cocoa products
    • A23G1/20—Apparatus for moulding, cutting, or dispensing chocolate
    • A23G1/201—Apparatus not covered by groups A23G1/21 - A23G1/28
    • A23G1/205—Apparatus in which the material is shaped at least partially in a mould, in the hollows of a surface, a drum, an endless band or by drop-by-drop casting or dispensing of the material on a surface, e.g. injection moulding, transfer moulding
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G1/00—Cocoa; Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
    • A23G1/04—Apparatus specially adapted for manufacture or treatment of cocoa or cocoa products
    • A23G1/20—Apparatus for moulding, cutting, or dispensing chocolate
    • A23G1/22—Chocolate moulds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C45/40—Removing or ejecting moulded articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C45/40—Removing or ejecting moulded articles
    • B29C2045/4068—Removing or ejecting moulded articles using an auxiliary mould part carrying the moulded article and removing it from the mould

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Confectionery (AREA)

Description

iin

DK 154992 BDK 154992 B

oisland

Den foreliggende opfindelse angår et apparat til fremstilling af chokoladeformdele og bestående af en fler-partet form, som kan lukkes til alle sider med undtagelse af mundingen af en indsprøjtningsboring til dannelse af et 5 hulrum, der svarer til chokoladeformdelen, samt et sprøjte-værktøj, med hvilket smelteflydende chokolademasse under tryk kan indsprøjtes gennem indsprøjtningsboringen i hulrummet, hvorhos et til chokoladeformdelen, der skal fremstilles, tilpasset holde- og transportelement er indrettet 10 til at kunne indspændes mellem to massive formparter, der er gennemtrængt af kølekanaler og indsprøjtningsboringer.The present invention relates to an apparatus for making chocolate mold parts and consisting of a multi-part mold which can be closed to all sides with the exception of the mouth of an injection bore to form a cavity corresponding to the chocolate mold part, and a syringe tool, with which melt-flowing chocolate mass under pressure can be injected through the injection bore into the cavity, wherein a holding and transport member adapted to the chocolate mold member is arranged to be confined between two solid mold portions penetrated by cooling ducts and injection bores.

Et apparat af denne konstruktion kendes fra DE-AS 1.180.613. I dette trykskrift beskrives en forsøgsindretning og dermed gennemførte forsøg, hvis resultater viser, 15 at legemer af chokolademasse kan fremstilles således ved sprøjtestøbning, at man opnår godt udseende og ved formåbningen tilstrækkeligt hårde formemner. Herved indsprøjtes under tryk stående, smelteflydende chokolademasse i lukkede hulforme afkølede til en temperatur på fra -5 til -15°C.An apparatus of this construction is known from DE-AS 1,180,613. This publication describes a test device and thus conducted tests, the results of which show that bodies of chocolate pulp can be made by injection molding to achieve good appearance and at the mold opening sufficiently hard moldings. In this way, pressurized, melt-flowing chocolate mass in closed hollow molds is injected cooled to a temperature of -5 to -15 ° C.

20 Til den seriemæssige anvendelse af denne fremgangs måde foreslås i samme trykskrift at indføre to parallelt på hinanden forløbende, tynde, termoplastiske folier med indformede skåle i sprøjtestøbeapparatet efter forudgående gennemhulning til indsprøjtning. Denne metode har imidler-25 tid ikke vundet indpas i praksis. Dels forsinker de termoplastiske folier varmebortledningen fra chokolademassen og dermed den spontane størkning af formemnerne, som både er nødvendig for opnåelse af den fornødne kvalitet og for et stort cyklustal. Dels stivner chokolademassen i indsprøjt-30 ningskanalen til en stiv prop, der påvirker indsprøjtningsprocessen.For the serial application of this method of application, it is proposed in the same imprint to introduce two parallel, thin, thermoplastic films with molded bowls into the injection molding apparatus after prior injection holes for injection. This method, however, has not come into practice in practice. On the one hand, the thermoplastic foils delay the heat dissipation from the chocolate mass and thus the spontaneous solidification of the moldings, which is necessary both to achieve the necessary quality and for a large cycle number. In part, the chocolate mass in the injection channel solidifies into a rigid plug affecting the injection process.

Formålet for opfindelsen er derfor at forbedre et apparat af denne konstruktion til sprøjtestøbning af chokoladeformdele således, at der dermed kan opnås et stort 35 cyklustal under fuld hensyntagen til den nødvendige kvalitet af de fremstillede chokoladeformdele samt en problemfri og simpel udtagning af disse fra sprøjtestøbeapparatet.The object of the invention is therefore to improve an apparatus of this design for injection molding of chocolate mold components so that a large cycle number can be obtained, taking full account of the necessary quality of the chocolate mold parts produced and a trouble-free and simple removal of these from the injection molding apparatus.

22

OISLAND

DK 154992 BDK 154992 B

Til opnåelse af dette formål foreslås de i den kendetegnende del af krav 1 angivne, konstruktive foranstaltninger. Herved opnås ved siden af en spontan underkøling af chokolademassen og en stor varmebortledning, at 5 chokoladeformdelene umiddelbart efter åbning af formen kan udtages fra denne ved hjælp af holde- og transportelementet, idet dette kompenserer for den i dette stadium endnu ikke tilstrækkelige, samlede styrke af chokoladeformdelene .For this purpose, the constructive measures specified in the characterizing part of claim 1 are proposed. Hereby, besides a spontaneous subcooling of the chocolate mass and a large heat dissipation, the chocolate mold parts can be removed from it immediately after opening the mold by the holding and transport element, which compensates for the insufficient overall strength of chocolate mold parts.

10 Opfindelsen skal i det følgende beskrives nærmere,' idet der henvises til tegningen, på hvilken fig. 1 viser i snit et topartet, lukket formværktøj med indlagt holde- og transportplade til fremstilling af skål- eller trugagtige chokoladehullegemer, 15 fig. 2 et snit gennem et formværktøj med en git- terformet holde- og transportplade til fremstilling af massive chokoladeformdele, og fig. 3 i snit indsprøjtningsdysen ved enden af indsprøj tningskanalen.The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the drawing, in which 1 is a sectional view of a two-part, closed molding tool with inlaid holding and transporting plate for the preparation of bowl-like or trough-like chocolate cavities; FIG. 2 is a section through a molding tool with a grating-shaped holding and transport plate for producing solid chocolate mold parts; and FIG. 3 in section, the injection nozzle at the end of the injection channel.

20 Det i fig. 1 viste formværktøj består i det væ sentlige af en overpart 1 og en underpart 2. Underparten har skål- eller trugagtige fordybninger 3 og er formmæssigt tilsluttende beklædt med en holde- og transportplade 4. Overparten 1 har fremspring 5, der rager således ind i for-25 dybningerne 3, at der ved lukket værktøj med mellem værktøj sparterne 1 og 2 indspændt holde- og transportplade 4 fremkommer skål- eller trugformede hulrum 6, i hvilke den smelteflydende chokolademasse indsprøjtes. Hertil er der i overparten 1 indført sprøjtekanaler 7 og 8, der ved den 30 nedre, til hulrummene 6 grænsende ende udmunder i fine dyser 9, som kan lukkes. Dyserne 9 er udstyret med en varme-patron 10 (fig. 3). Dyserne 9 og kanalerne 8 er desuden beklædt med et isoleringslag 14.20 The FIG. The molding tool shown in Fig. 1 consists essentially of an upper part 1 and a lower part 2. The lower part has bowl or trough-like recesses 3 and is formally connected to a holding and transport plate 4. The upper part 1 has projections 5 which protrude into -25 the depressions 3, that in closed tool with the retaining and transport plate 4 inserted between the tool spars 1 and 2, bowl- or trough-shaped cavities 6 appear in which the melt-flowing chocolate mass is injected. To this end, injection channels 7 and 8 are introduced into the upper part 1, which at the lower end adjacent to the cavities 6 open into fine nozzles 9 which can be closed. The nozzles 9 are provided with a heat cartridge 10 (Fig. 3). The nozzles 9 and ducts 8 are additionally lined with an insulating layer 14.

Over- og underparten 1 og 2 har kanaler 11, gen-35 nem hvilke der kan ledes et flydende kølemiddel, f.eks.The upper and lower part 1 and 2 have channels 11 through which a liquid refrigerant can be conducted, e.g.

ammoniak. Desuden er overparten 1 udstyret med stavformede udkastere 12, der er aksialt bevægelige og med deres nedre 3ammonia. In addition, the upper part 1 is provided with rod-shaped ejectors 12 which are axially movable and with their lower 3

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ender grænser til hulrummet 6. Alle de til hulrummet 6 græn-sende dele er beklædt med et skillemiddel, f.eks. tetra-fluorpolyethylen.end boundaries to cavity 6. All of the portions adjacent to cavity 6 are lined with a separator, e.g. tetra-fluorpolyethylen.

Efter indlægning af holde- og transportpladen 4 5 og lukning af formværktøjet 1, 2 indsprøjtes med et sprøjteværktøj (antydet ved sprøjtehovedet 18) smelteflydende chokolademasse under højt tryk (indtil 30 bar) i sprøjtekanalen 7, hvorfra massen fordeler sig på kanalerne 8. Gennem de åbnede dyser 9 kommer massen ind i hulrummet 6 for at 10 udfylde dette fuldstændigt. Den herved fortrængte luft kan undvige på grund af overfladeruheder mellem skillefladerne. Under og efter denne proces køles formværktøjet med en gennem kanalerne 11 ledet væske, idet underparten 2 holdes på ca. 20°C og overparten 1 på ca. -5°C. Efter størkning 15 af den til overparten 1 grænsende chokoladeformdeloverflade åbnes formværktøjet 1,2, idet udkasterne 12 først forbliver ved den størknede chokoladeformdel. Efter tilbagetrækning af udkasterne 12 kan pladen 4 sammen med de heri hvilende chokoladeformdele udtages og videretransporteres 20 til slutkøling. Før den næste indsprøjtning opvarmes dyserne 9 og ligeledes alle sprøjtekanalerne 7,8, for igen at gøre den deri indeholdte, størknede masse flydende. Pladen 4 kan bestå af en formbestandig, præget metalfolie eller af plast, og kan samtidig forblive som emballage på chokola-25 deformdelene.After insertion of the holding and transport plate 45 and closure of the molding tool 1,2 is injected with a spraying tool (indicated by the spray head 18) high-flow melting chocolate mass (up to 30 bar) into the spraying channel 7, from which the mass is distributed on the channels 8. opened nozzles 9, the pulp enters the cavity 6 to fill it completely. The displaced air thereby can evade due to surface roughness between the partitions. During and after this process, the molding tool is cooled with a liquid passing through the channels 11, the lower part 2 being kept at approx. 20 ° C and the upper part 1 of approx. -5 ° C. After solidifying 15 of the chocolate mold portion surface adjacent to the upper portion 1, the molding tool 1,2 is opened, the ejectors 12 first remaining at the solidified chocolate mold portion. After withdrawal of the ejectors 12, the plate 4 together with the chocolate molding parts therein may be removed and re-transported 20 for final cooling. Prior to the next injection, the nozzles 9 and also all of the spray channels 7,8 are heated to again liquefy the solidified mass contained therein. The plate 4 may consist of a mold-resistant, embossed metal foil or of plastic, and may at the same time remain as packaging on the chocolate mold parts.

Fig. 2 viser et lignende apparat som fig. 1 men imidlertid til fremstilling af massive chokoladeformdele. Elementer med de samme funktioner som i fig. 1 er derfor angivet ved de samme henvisningsbetegnelser.FIG. 2 shows a device similar to FIG. 1, however, for the manufacture of solid chocolate molds. Elements with the same functions as in FIG. 1 is therefore indicated by the same reference numerals.

30 I denne udførelsesform har holde- og transport pladen 4 form af en hul- eller gitterplade, hvis mellemstykker 15 er indspændt mellem parterne 1 og 2. De hullerne omgivende endekanter 16 af gittermellemstykkerne 15 slutter sig nøjagtig til fordybningerne 3 og fuldstændiggør 35 disse. Herved hælder endekanterne 16 konisk imod skillefladen 17 mellem parterne 1 og 2, således at de i hulrummene 6 fremkomne chokoladeformdele ikke ved udtagning af formen 1,-In this embodiment, the holding and transporting plate 4 is in the form of a hollow or grating plate whose spacers 15 are clamped between the parts 1 and 2. The holes surrounding the end edges 16 of the grid spacers 15 adhere exactly to the recesses 3 and complete them. In this way, the end edges 16 are tapered against the partition surface 17 between the parts 1 and 2, so that the chocolate mold parts obtained in the cavities 6 do not, when removing the mold 1,

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4 2 og ved videretransport kan falde ud af holde- og trans-portpladen 4.4 2 and may be dropped out of the holding and transport plate 4 by a further transport.

5 10 15 20 25 30 355 10 15 20 25 30 35

Claims (5)

1. Apparat til fremstilling af chokoladeformdele og bestående af en flerpartet form, som kan lukkes til alle sider med undtagelse af mundingen af en indsprøjtningsbo- 5 ring (7,8) til dannelse af et hulrum (6), der svarer til chokoladeformdelen, samt et sprøjteværktøj (18), med hvilket smelteflydende chokolademasse under tryk kan indsprøjtes gennem indsprøjtningsboringen (7,8) i hulrummet (6), hvorhos et til chokoladeformdelen, der skal fremstilles, 10 tilpasset holde- og transportelement (4) er indrettet til at kunne indspændes mellem to massive formparter (1,2), der er gennemtrængt af kølekanaler (11) og indsprøjtningsboringer (7,8), kendetegnet ved, a) at holde- og transportelementet (4) formmæssigt tilslut-15 tende beklæder eller flugtende fuldender formværktøjets underpart (formparten 2), mens hulrummets overpart (formparten 1) forbliver fri, og b) at indsprøjtningsboringen (7,8) ved sin til hulrummet (6) grænsende munding er udformet som tillukkelig dyse (9), on hvorhos c) indsprøjtningsboringerne (8) er beklædt med et isolationslag (14) .An apparatus for making chocolate mold parts and consisting of a plurality of molds which can be closed to all sides with the exception of the mouth of an injection drill (7,8) to form a cavity (6) corresponding to the chocolate mold part, and a syringe tool (18), by which melt-flowing chocolate mass can be injected under pressure through the injection bore (7,8) into the cavity (6), wherein a holding and transport element (4) adapted for the chocolate mold part to be manufactured can be is clamped between two solid mold portions (1,2) penetrated by cooling ducts (11) and injection bores (7,8), characterized by: (a) the holding and conveying element (4) formably connecting the lining or flushing the molding of the molding tool; the lower part (the mold part 2), while the upper part of the cavity (the mold part 1) remains free, and b) the injection bore (7,8) at its mouth adjacent to the cavity (6) is formed as a closed nozzle (9), on which c ) the injection bores (8) are lined with an insulation layer (14). 2. Apparat ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at formparten (2) har fordybninger (3) som er form- 25 mæssigt tilsluttende beklædt med holde- og transportelementet (4), og at den anden formpart (overparten) har fremspring (5), som ved lukket form raget ind i fordybningerne (3) under dannelse af en skål- eller trugagtige hulrum (6) . 30Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the mold part (2) has recesses (3) which are formally connected to the holding and transport element (4) and that the other mold part (upper part) has projections (5). , which in closed form protrudes into the recesses (3) to form a bowl or trough-like cavity (6). 30 3. Apparat ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at holde- og transportelementet (4) er udformet som mellem formparterne (1,2) indspændt hulplade eller gitter (15), idet de hullet eller gittergennembruddene begrænsende kantflader (16) hælder imod formparternes (1,2) skille- 35 flade (17) .Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the holding and conveying element (4) is formed as a hollow plate or grille (15) which is inserted between the mold parts (1,2), the limiting edge surfaces (16) of the hole or grating piercing inclined against the mold parts (16). 1,2) separating surface (17). 4. Apparat ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at dyselukkenålen (13) er opvarmelig. DK 154992 B OApparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the nozzle cap needle (13) is heatable. DK 154992 B O 5. Apparat ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at de i berøring med chokolademassen kommende formparter (1,2) er forsynet med et skillemiddel. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the molding parts (1,2) coming into contact with the chocolate mass are provided with a separating means. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
DK150280A 1979-04-09 1980-04-08 Apparatus for making chocolate molds DK154992C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2914281 1979-04-09
DE19792914281 DE2914281A1 (en) 1979-04-09 1979-04-09 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING CHOCOLATE MOLDED PARTS
US40705782 1982-08-11
US06/407,057 US4426402A (en) 1979-04-09 1982-08-11 Method for rapidly producing chocolate forms

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
DK150280A DK150280A (en) 1980-10-10
DK154992B true DK154992B (en) 1989-01-23
DK154992C DK154992C (en) 1989-06-19

Family

ID=25778625

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK150280A DK154992C (en) 1979-04-09 1980-04-08 Apparatus for making chocolate molds

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0017104B1 (en)
CA (1) CA1128813A (en)
DE (2) DE2914281A1 (en)
DK (1) DK154992C (en)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3262906D1 (en) * 1981-01-06 1985-05-15 Unilever Plc A process for the preparation of beads of fat and fat in the form of beads
US4979720A (en) * 1987-11-30 1990-12-25 Jeffrey Robinson Injection mold having interchangeable inscription plates
DE4008310C2 (en) * 1990-03-15 1994-10-06 Krauss Maffei Ag Device for removing injection molded parts
DE4207383A1 (en) * 1992-03-09 1993-09-16 Herberts Gmbh METHOD FOR RECOVERY OF THE OVERSPRAY OF AQUEOUS COATING AGENTS ON THE SPRAY APPLICATION IN SPRAYING CABINS
NZ256402A (en) * 1992-10-01 1996-02-27 Unilever Plc Confectionery: fat-containing product moulded at or below 0 degrees celcius to provide unforced demoulding
GB9504686D0 (en) * 1995-03-08 1995-05-03 Nestle Sa Moulding of chocolate
DE10305301B3 (en) * 2003-02-10 2004-10-21 Chocotech Gmbh Method and device for producing bowl-like hollow bodies from confectionery mass
EP3157351B1 (en) 2014-06-20 2019-06-05 Live-tech S.r.l. Injection molding system for a fat-containing product
WO2021069012A1 (en) * 2019-10-08 2021-04-15 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Damper device for a belt of a continuously variable transmission

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE489763A (en) *
DE462968C (en) * 1927-02-08 1928-07-20 Fred Bergere Method and machine for making chocolate cups
DE921551C (en) * 1951-07-14 1954-12-20 Wilhelm Heisig O H G Machine for the production of shaped bodies from chocolate or the like by injection molding
DE1081743B (en) * 1953-03-07 1960-05-12 Steenland S Brood En Banketfab Device for filling moldings, in particular cigarette tubes u. like with paste-like mass, such as chocolate and the like. like
DE1180613B (en) * 1961-06-27 1964-10-29 Wilhelm Schmitz Scholl Fa Injection molding process for the production of bodies from chocolate mass or chocolate-like masses

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0017104B1 (en) 1984-07-04
DK154992C (en) 1989-06-19
EP0017104A3 (en) 1982-12-29
DK150280A (en) 1980-10-10
EP0017104A2 (en) 1980-10-15
DE3068406D1 (en) 1984-08-09
DE2914281A1 (en) 1980-10-16
CA1128813A (en) 1982-08-03

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