DK152983B - PROCEDURE FOR WRAPPING MOUNTS AND A DISABILITY FOR EXERCISING THE PROCEDURE - Google Patents
PROCEDURE FOR WRAPPING MOUNTS AND A DISABILITY FOR EXERCISING THE PROCEDURE Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DK152983B DK152983B DK576384A DK576384A DK152983B DK 152983 B DK152983 B DK 152983B DK 576384 A DK576384 A DK 576384A DK 576384 A DK576384 A DK 576384A DK 152983 B DK152983 B DK 152983B
- Authority
- DK
- Denmark
- Prior art keywords
- coin
- coin body
- wrapping
- outer edge
- edge portions
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D71/00—Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans or pop bottles; Bales of material
- B65D71/06—Packaging elements holding or encircling completely or almost completely the bundle of articles, e.g. wrappers
- B65D71/08—Wrappers shrunk by heat or under tension, e.g. stretch films or films tensioned by compressed articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
- B65B53/00—Shrinking wrappers, containers, or container covers during or after packaging
- B65B53/02—Shrinking wrappers, containers, or container covers during or after packaging by heat
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D9/00—Counting coins; Handling of coins not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- G07D9/06—Devices for stacking or otherwise arranging coins on a support, e.g. apertured plate for use in counting coins
- G07D9/065—Devices for wrapping coins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2571/00—Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans, pop bottles; Bales of material
- B65D2571/00006—Palletisable loads, i.e. loads intended to be transported by means of a fork-lift truck
- B65D2571/00012—Bundles surrounded by a film
- B65D2571/00018—Bundles surrounded by a film under tension
- B65D2571/00024—Mechanical characteristics of the shrink film
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D75/00—Packages comprising articles or materials partially or wholly enclosed in strips, sheets, blanks, tubes, or webs of flexible sheet material, e.g. in folded wrappers
- B65D75/52—Details
- B65D75/58—Opening or contents-removing devices added or incorporated during package manufacture
- B65D75/5827—Tear-lines provided in a wall portion
Description
iin
DK 152983BDK 152983B
5 Nærværende opfindelse vedrører en fremgangsmåde til indpakning af mønter, hvilken fremgangsmåde er af den i krav l's indledning angivne art.The present invention relates to a method of wrapping coins which is of the kind set forth in the preamble of claim 1.
Det amerikanske patentskrift 3.491.507 beskriver 10 brugen af varmekrympende materiale til indpakning af mønter, idet materialet bliver viklet omkring et kompakt, cylindrisk legeme af mønter, som aksialt er lagt på linie med flade-mod-flade kontakt. Det varmekrympende materiale bliver opvarmet i hele 15 møntlegemets længde, så det krymper ind i intim kontakt med møntlegemets cylindriske overflade.U.S. Patent 3,491,507 discloses the use of heat shrinkable material for wrapping coins, the material being wrapped around a compact, cylindrical body of coins axially aligned with face-to-face contact. The heat shrinking material is heated throughout the length of the coin body to shrink into intimate contact with the cylindrical surface of the coin body.
I den pakning, som frembringes på denne måde, har krympematerialet tilbøjelighed til at gå i stykker ved kanterne af møntlegemets ender, og herudover 20 er det vanskeligt at påføre et tilfredsstillende tryk på indpakningen, fx til identifikation af den møntkategori, som findes i indpakningen eller af den bank eller andet pengeinstitut, der har fremstillet pakken, fordi trykket bliver forvrænget ved 25 krympningen af krympematerialet. Den pakning, som opnås, er hård og stiv, og den er vanskelig at åbne.In the package produced in this way, the shrinkage material tends to break at the edges of the ends of the coin body, and in addition 20 it is difficult to apply a satisfactory pressure on the package, for example to identify the coin category contained in the package or by the bank or other financial institution that made the package because the pressure is distorted by the shrinkage of the shrinkage material. The gasket obtained is hard and rigid and difficult to open.
Formålet med opfindelsen er at tilvejebringe en fremgangsmåde til indpakning af mønter, som overvin-30 der ovennævnte ulemper.The object of the invention is to provide a method of wrapping coins which overcomes the above disadvantages.
For at nå ovennævnte formål er fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen ejendommelig ved, at den hinde, som er viklet omkring møntlegemet, kun opvarmes således 2In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the method according to the invention is peculiar in that the membrane wound around the coin body is heated only thus 2
DK 152983BDK 152983B
1 i lokale områder i hver ende af møntlegemet, at den krymper på møntlegemets endedele.1 in local areas at each end of the coin body that it shrinks on the coin body end portions.
Opfindelsen angår også en hinde af plastmateriale, 5 til brug ved fremgangsmåden ifølge krav 1, hvilken hinde har form som en aflang strimmel og denne hinde er ejendommelig ved, at strimlens yderste kantdele er mere varmeabsorberende end den mellemliggende del af strimlen. Hermed opnås, at varme absorberes 10 hurtigere i strimmelens endedele end i den mellemliggende del, når hinden bliver opvarmet, så den krymper lokalt i de yderste kantdele.The invention also relates to a plastic material web 5 for use in the method according to claim 1, which web is in the form of an elongated strip and this web is characterized in that the outer edge parts of the strip are more heat absorbing than the intermediate part of the strip. Hereby, heat is absorbed 10 more rapidly in the end portions of the strip than in the intermediate portion as the web is heated so that it shrinks locally in the outer edge portions.
Den vedlagte tegning viser de forskellige trin i 15 fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen og den dertil anvendte hinde og tjener sammen med beskrivelsen til at forklare opfindelsens principper.The accompanying drawing shows the various steps in the method according to the invention and the membrane used for this purpose and together with the description serves to explain the principles of the invention.
I tegningen er: 20 fig. 1 en sideprojektion på et kompakt, cylindrisk møntlegeme i et indledende trin i fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen, 25 fig. 2 en sideprojektion på et følgende trin, hvori hinden bliver opvarmet til lokal krympning ved møntlegemets kant, 30 fig. 3 en perspektivtegning af den færdige pakke, fig. 4 en projektion fra oven på en del af en aflang strimmel af en hinde ifølge 3In the drawing: FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a compact cylindrical coin body in an initial step of the method of the invention; FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a subsequent step in which the hammer is heated for local shrinkage at the edge of the coin body; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the finished package; FIG. 4 is a top view of a portion of an elongated strip of a membrane according to 3
DK 152983BDK 152983B
1 opfindelsen, fig. 5 et forstørret, skematisk tværsnit gennem en lamineret hinde med tryk, 5 og fig. 6 en skematisk tegning, som illustrerer fremstillingen af en lamineret hinde.1; FIG. 5 is an enlarged schematic cross-section through a laminated film of print; 5; 6 is a schematic drawing illustrating the preparation of a laminated film.
10 Med henvisning til figur ene 1 til 3 er et kompakt, cylindrisk legeme 10 af mønter, der aksialt er lagt på linie med flade-mod-flade kontakt, indesluttet af en aflang strimmel 11 af en hinde af plast, der er viklet omkring møntlegemet, for at danne en ind-15 pakning. Hinden kan være fremstillet af et hvert af de kendte materialer, der anvendes som indpakningsfolier, fx polyethylen eller polypropylen. Indpakningen udføres ved, at møntlegemet holdes mellem støtteorganer 12 og drejes i den retning, som angives 2o af pilen 13, medens en aflang strimmel af materialet med en afpasset længde vikles omkring møntlegemet. Møntlegemet bør have en sådan bredde, at yderste kantdele 14 af folien rager ud over møntlegemets 10 kant.Referring to Figures 1 to 3, a compact cylindrical body 10 of coins axially aligned with face-to-face contact is enclosed by an elongated strip 11 of a plastic film wrapped around the coin body , to form a package 15. The web may be made of any of the known materials used as wrapping films, for example polyethylene or polypropylene. The wrapping is carried out by holding the coin body between support members 12 and rotating in the direction indicated 2o by arrow 13 while wrapping an elongated strip of the material of a matched length around the coin body. The coin body should have a width such that outer edge portions 14 of the foil extend beyond the edge of the coin body 10.
25 I det næste trin, som er vist i fig. 2, bliver områder af den aflange strimmel ved møntlegemets ender herunder de udragende, ydre kantdele 15 opvarmet til en passende temperatur til at fremkalde krympning 30 af hinden ved endedelene. I fig. 2 er der vist opvarmningsorganer 15, der begrænser opvarmningen til endeområderne, og sådanne opvarmningsorganer kan være elektriske strålevarmere eller dyser, hvorfra der strømmer varm luft ud mod møntlegemets ender.In the next step shown in FIG. 2, regions of the elongated strip at the ends of the coin body including the protruding outer edge portions 15 are heated to a suitable temperature to induce shrinkage 30 of the web at the end portions. In FIG. 2, heating means 15 are shown which limit the heating to the end regions, and such heating means may be electric radiant heaters or nozzles from which hot air flows out towards the ends of the coin body.
44
DK 152983BDK 152983B
1 Møntlegemet, som er indesluttet af den aflange strimmel, der er viklet omkring legemet, roteres under opvarmningen. Resultatet vises i fig. 3, ifølge hvilken de yderste kantdele 15 ved opvarmning af folien 5 er krympet ind over møntlegemets endeflader.1 The coin body enclosed by the elongated strip wound around the body is rotated during heating. The result is shown in FIG. 3, according to which the outer edge portions 15, when heated by the foil 5, are shrunk over the end faces of the coin body.
Et tryk på hinden, såfremt der er et sådant, vil ikke være forvrænget, når fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen er blevet udøvet som beskrevet ovenfor, 10 fordi den del af pakken, som findes mellem de afgrænsede endedele, der bliver opvarmet lokalt, overhovedet ikke vil blive opvarmet og derfor heller ikke vil krympe på møntlegemet. Møntpakken, som er fremstillet på denne måde, kan let åbnes, og pakken er 15 på^ samme tid tilstrækkeligt sikker til at modstå den grove håndtering, som pakken kan være udsat for under transport i en sæk eller en kasse. Imidlertid kan pakken åbnes lettere, såfremt man i den aflange strimmel af plastfolie udformer en langsgåen-20 de perforering 16 i midten. På grund af denne perforering vil det være lettere at brække pakken i dennes midte, og indholdet deles ved perforeringen. Fordi plasthinden ikke er krympet på den største del af møntlegemets længde, kan mønterne let udtages af 25 indpakningens to halvdele.Pressure on the web, if there is one, will not be distorted when the method of the invention has been practiced as described above, because the portion of the package which exists between the bounded end portions being heated locally will not be at all heated and therefore will not shrink on the coin body. The coin package made in this way can be easily opened, and the package is at the same time sufficiently secure to withstand the rough handling to which the package may be subjected during transport in a sack or box. However, the package can be opened more easily if the elongated strip of plastic film forms a longitudinal perforation 16 in the middle. Because of this perforation, it will be easier to break the package in the middle of it and the contents will be shared at the perforation. Because the plastic membrane is not shrunk on most of the length of the coin body, the coins can easily be removed from the two halves of the package.
Til udøvelse af fremgangsmåden som beskrevet ovenfor beskriver opfindelsen en plastfolie i form af en aflang strimmel, som er fremstillet på en særlig 30 måde som vist i fig. 4.For practicing the method as described above, the invention discloses a plastic film in the form of an elongated strip which is manufactured in a particular manner as shown in FIG. 4th
Den aflange strimmel vist i fig. 4 kan være fremstillet af ethvert, kendt plastmateriale, der anvendes til emballageformål, som fx polyethylen eller poly-The elongated strip shown in FIG. 4 may be made of any known plastic material used for packaging purposes such as polyethylene or polyethylene.
DK 152983BDK 152983B
5 1 propylen. De yderste kantdele 17 af strimlen, hvilke kantdele i en typisk udformning kan have en bredde på 5 til 7 mm, er gjort mere varmeabsorberende end den mellemliggende del 18, idet et varmeabsorberende 5 materiale er indblandet i eller påført på de yderste kantdele 17. Et sådant varmeabsorberende materiale kan omfatte fx et metal- eller metaloxidpigment.5 1 propylene. The outer edge portions 17 of the strip, which in a typical configuration may have a width of 5 to 7 mm, are made more heat absorbent than the intermediate portion 18, a heat absorbing material being incorporated into or applied to the outer edge portions 17. such heat-absorbing material may comprise, for example, a metal or metal oxide pigment.
Udover eller som et alternativ til et sådant pigment kan de yderste kantdele 17 være gjort uigennemsigti-10 ge, fx ved påføring af en mørk (sort) farve på kantdelene. Pigmentet kan påføres fx ved påtrykning af et sådant pigment på den aflange strimmel. Mellemdelen 18 kan gives et passende tryk med ønsket information. Bredden af de yderste kantdele 17 afpas-15 ses efter længden af møntlegemet således, at disse dele, når den aflange strimmel bliver placeret med sin midte på møntlegemets midte og bliver viklet omkring dette legeme, dækker de yderste endedele af møntlegemet og rager ud over dettes ender. På 20 grund af den omstændighed, at de yderste endedele 17 er mere varmeabsorberende end mellemdelen 18, vil de yderste kantdele blive opvarmet hurtigere, når foliens endedele bliver opvarmet lokalt, således at folien vil krympe hurtigere lokalt ved endedelene, 25 fordi den mellemliggende del 18 i hovedsagen vil være upåvirket af opvarmningen. De yderste kantdele 17 vil krympe omkring møntlegemets ender og vil blive bøjet ind over møntlegemets endeflader, fx 3 til 5 mm som vist i fig. 3. Så snart dette er sket, kan varme-30 strålen afbrydes med mellemdelen 18 intakt.In addition to or as an alternative to such a pigment, the outer edge portions 17 may be rendered opaque, for example by applying a dark (black) color to the edge portions. The pigment can be applied, for example, by applying such a pigment to the elongated strip. The intermediate portion 18 can be given a suitable print with desired information. The width of the outer edge portions 17 is adjusted to the length of the coin body such that, when the elongated strip is positioned with its center on the center of the coin body and is wound around this body, the outermost end portions of the coin body cover and protrude beyond it. ends. Due to the fact that the outer end portions 17 are more heat absorbing than the intermediate portion 18, the outer edge portions will be heated faster as the film end portions are heated locally, so that the film will shrink faster locally at the end portions 25 because the intermediate portion 18 essentially will be unaffected by the heating. The outer edge portions 17 will shrink around the ends of the coin body and will be bent over the end faces of the coin body, e.g., 3 to 5 mm as shown in FIG. 3. Once this has happened, the heat jet may be interrupted with the intermediate member 18 intact.
På foretrukken måde er den aflange strimmels folie transparent for at udelukke muligheden for bedrageri ved i pakken at indlægge jernskiver eller en jern- 6Preferably, the film of the elongated strip is transparent to exclude the possibility of fraud by inserting iron discs or an iron into the package.
DK 152983 BDK 152983 B
1 stang i stedet for mønter. Den transparente pakke muliggør kontrol af indeholdet i pakken ved visuel inspektion af pakkens indhold uden behov for opbrydning af indpakningen.1 rod instead of coins. The transparent package enables the contents of the package to be checked by visual inspection of the contents of the package without the need for breaking the package.
55
Folien kan være lamineret på den måder som er vist i fig. 5 med et inder lag 19, som er udformet med et tryk, der antydes skematisk med linier 20 på den ene side, og denne side af inderlaget bliver afdækket 10 af et yderlag 21, der derfor skal være transparent således, at læsning af de trykte informationer gennem dette lag er mulig. Inderlaget 19 er af de ovenfor anførte grunde på foretrukken måde transparent, men det er ikke nødvendigt med denne egenskab. Den lami-15 nerede folie vikles omkring møntlegemet med laget 21 vendende udad, idet laget beskytter trykket således, at trykket ikke bliver beskadiget eller fjernet.The film may be laminated in the manner shown in FIG. 5 with an inner layer 19 formed with a print which is indicated schematically by lines 20 on one side, and this side of the inner layer is covered 10 by an outer layer 21, which must therefore be transparent so that reading of the printed matter information through this layer is possible. The inner layer 19 is, for the reasons stated above, preferably transparent, but this property is not necessary. The laminated film is wound around the coin body with the layer 21 facing outwardly, the layer protecting the pressure so that the pressure is not damaged or removed.
Den udformning, som er vist i fig. 6, er en videreud-20 vikling af den i fig. 5 viste udformning. I udformningen ifølge fig. 6 holdes de to folier, der udgør inderlaget og yderlaget 19 og 21, sammen, idet folien 19 er forstrakt, således at den laminerede folie har tilbøjelighed til at krumme som vist i fig. 6.The embodiment shown in FIG. 6 is a further development of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the two foils constituting the inner layer and the outer layer 19 and 21 are held together, the foil 19 being pre-stretched so that the laminated foil tends to curl as shown in FIG. 6th
25 Som følge heraf vil den aflange strimmel, der er fremstillet af en sådan lamineret folie krumme omkring møntlegemet, når den skal vikles omkring dette legeme, således at omviklingsoperationen bliver lettet.As a result, the elongated strip made of such a laminated foil curves around the coin body as it is to be wrapped around this body so that the wrapping operation is facilitated.
3030
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE8301878 | 1983-04-06 | ||
| SE8301878A SE455935B (en) | 1983-04-06 | 1983-04-06 | COAT PACKAGING AND CREAM WRAP FOR EXTENDING THE SET |
| SE8400124 | 1984-04-06 | ||
| PCT/SE1984/000124 WO1984003872A1 (en) | 1983-04-06 | 1984-04-06 | A method in packaging coins and a film of plastic material for practising the method |
Publications (4)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DK576384D0 DK576384D0 (en) | 1984-12-04 |
| DK576384A DK576384A (en) | 1984-12-04 |
| DK152983B true DK152983B (en) | 1988-06-06 |
| DK152983C DK152983C (en) | 1988-10-17 |
Family
ID=20350672
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK576384A DK152983C (en) | 1983-04-06 | 1984-12-04 | PROCEDURE FOR WRAPPING THE MOUNTS AND A DISORDER FOR EXERCISING THE PROCEDURE |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0139717B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS60501355A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8406509A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3465281D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK152983C (en) |
| FI (1) | FI844800A0 (en) |
| SE (1) | SE455935B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1984003872A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FI97357C (en) * | 1994-10-11 | 1996-12-10 | Datalab Oy | Procedure for shrink shrink film |
| DE19531717A1 (en) * | 1995-08-29 | 1997-03-06 | Willy Dipl Ing Bartels | Process for the production of plastic packaging |
| SE0402867L (en) * | 2004-11-25 | 2006-05-26 | Nordisk Plaatindustri Benetec | Packaging device for packaging a plurality of items in a common package |
| CN105894657B (en) * | 2016-04-29 | 2017-08-25 | 武汉理工大学 | Integral type membrane seals packing device |
| KR102429571B1 (en) * | 2022-04-13 | 2022-08-04 | 허영무 | Auxiliary headrest apparatus |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1278327B (en) * | 1964-11-07 | 1968-09-19 | Restello Ab | Device for stacking and wrapping coins, tokens or the like in a film |
| US3491507A (en) * | 1964-11-17 | 1970-01-27 | Bank Of America National Trust | Coin package forming method |
| US3847721A (en) * | 1971-04-02 | 1974-11-12 | Raychem Corp | Heat recoverable articles and methods therefor |
| JPS5065380A (en) * | 1973-10-15 | 1975-06-03 | ||
| JPS5246990A (en) * | 1975-10-09 | 1977-04-14 | Hideyuki Ogata | Thermal contraction sealing device for packaging film |
-
1983
- 1983-04-06 SE SE8301878A patent/SE455935B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1984
- 1984-04-06 EP EP19840901639 patent/EP0139717B1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-04-06 WO PCT/SE1984/000124 patent/WO1984003872A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1984-04-06 JP JP50163084A patent/JPS60501355A/en active Granted
- 1984-04-06 DE DE8484901639T patent/DE3465281D1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-04-06 BR BR8406509A patent/BR8406509A/en unknown
- 1984-12-04 DK DK576384A patent/DK152983C/en active
- 1984-12-05 FI FI844800A patent/FI844800A0/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0139717B1 (en) | 1987-08-12 |
| DK576384D0 (en) | 1984-12-04 |
| DK152983C (en) | 1988-10-17 |
| FI844800L (en) | 1984-12-05 |
| BR8406509A (en) | 1985-03-12 |
| SE8301878L (en) | 1984-10-07 |
| WO1984003872A1 (en) | 1984-10-11 |
| EP0139717A1 (en) | 1985-05-08 |
| SE8301878D0 (en) | 1983-04-06 |
| SE455935B (en) | 1988-08-22 |
| DK576384A (en) | 1984-12-04 |
| DE3465281D1 (en) | 1987-09-17 |
| FI844800A0 (en) | 1984-12-05 |
| JPS60501355A (en) | 1985-08-22 |
| JPH0476846B2 (en) | 1992-12-04 |
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