DK150608B - ELECTRICALS FOR BLYA CUMULATORS AND PROCEDURES FOR THEIR PREPARATION - Google Patents

ELECTRICALS FOR BLYA CUMULATORS AND PROCEDURES FOR THEIR PREPARATION Download PDF

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DK150608B
DK150608B DK529677AA DK529677A DK150608B DK 150608 B DK150608 B DK 150608B DK 529677A A DK529677A A DK 529677AA DK 529677 A DK529677 A DK 529677A DK 150608 B DK150608 B DK 150608B
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lead
cadmium
accumulator
approx
cell
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DK529677AA
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DK150608C (en
DK529677A (en
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Rudolf Hradcovsky
Otto R Kozak
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Solargen Electronics
Otto R Kozak
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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  • Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)

Description

o 150608o 150608

Opfindelsen angår elektroder til blyakkumulatorer.The invention relates to lead accumulator electrodes.

Kendte pladetyper er Planté-plader og pastabelagte plader.Well-known plate types are Planté plates and pasta coated plates.

Kendt blyakkumulatorer har en for ringe kapacitet og en for høj indre modstand. Dertil kommer, at lade- og 5 afladningshastigheden er for lav.Known lead accumulators have too little capacity and too high internal resistance. In addition, the charge and discharge rates are too low.

Det er formålet med opfindelsen at tilvejebringe en elektrode, med hvilken problemerne med de kendte elektroder elimineres, og hvormed der kan fremstilles en akkumulator, der udviser en højere kapacitet samt en lavere indre 10 modstand og kan oplades betydelig hurtigere.It is an object of the invention to provide an electrode by which the problems of the prior art electrodes are eliminated and by which an accumulator which exhibits a higher capacity as well as a lower internal resistance can be produced and can be charged much faster.

Dette formål opfyldes ifølge opfindelsen med en elektrode til bly-akkumulatorer, bestående af en ledende bærer, der er belagt med blydioxid, hvilken elektrode er ejendommelig ved, at der foruden den gængse krystalform af bly-15 dioxid foreligger blydioxid i krystaller med forskellige vækst- og udviklingsstadier.This object is fulfilled according to the invention with an lead accumulator electrode consisting of a conductive carrier which is coated with lead dioxide, which electrode is characterized in that in addition to the usual crystal form of lead dioxide, lead dioxide is present in crystals of different growth. and developmental stages.

Denne elektrode anvendes som positiv elektrode i blyakkumulatorer. Den negative elektrode fremstilles ved formation af denne positive elektrode.This electrode is used as a positive electrode in lead accumulators. The negative electrode is produced by formation of this positive electrode.

20 Formålet opfyldes ifølge opfindelsen endvidere med en fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af den omhandlede elektrode, hvilken fremgangsmåde er ejendommelig ved, at en bærer belægges med en bly-cadmium-legering, hvorefter blyet i legeringen ved anodisk oxidation i svovlsyre omdannes til bly-25 dioxid, hvorved cadmium i det væsentlige opløses i svovlsyren, og der som katode anvendes bly.The object according to the invention is further fulfilled by a method for producing the present electrode, which is characterized in that a carrier is coated with a lead-cadmium alloy, after which the lead in the alloy by anodic oxidation in sulfuric acid is converted to lead dioxide. whereby cadmium is essentially dissolved in the sulfuric acid and lead is used as a cathode.

Ved denne fremgangsmåde opnås den ovenfor nævnte blanding af forskellige krystalformer af blydioxid, der giver de nævnte fordele ved opfindelsen.By this method, the above-mentioned mixture of various crystal dioxide crystal forms is obtained, conferring the said advantages of the invention.

30 Til fremstilling af den aktive masse anbringes en blanding af bly og cadmium som et ensartet, vedhæftende lag på en bæreplade af bly, en legering af bly og antimon eller et egnet, indifferent og ikke-ledende materiale, der er belagt med bly eller med en legering af bly med antimon.To prepare the active mass, a mixture of lead and cadmium is applied as a uniform, adherent layer to a lead plate, an alloy of lead and antimony or a suitable, inert and non-conductive material coated with lead or with an alloy of lead with antimony.

35 Bly-cadmium-blandingen kan afsættes på bærepladen ved varm-påsprøjtning, ved pulvermetallurgiske metoder eller galvanisk.The lead-cadmium mixture can be deposited on the support plate by hot spraying, by powder metallurgical methods or galvanically.

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150603 2 Bærepladen, der er blevet belagt med bly og cadmium som ovenfor nævnt, nedsænkes derefter i en beholder, der indeholder fortyndet svovlsyre og en blyplade, der tjener som katode. Bærepladen forbindes derefter til den 5 positive pol af en spændingskilde, og blypladen forbindes til den negative pol af denne spændingskilde. Passagen af den elektriske strøm gennem pladerne bevirker oxidation af bly (i bly-cadmium-laget) til blydioxid i form af en krystallinsk og polykrystallinsk masse, medens cadmium 10 reagerer med svovlsyre til dannelse af cadmiumsulfat, der afsættes på blypladen som et svampeformigt materiale.The carrier plate, which has been coated with lead and cadmium as mentioned above, is then immersed in a container containing dilute sulfuric acid and a lead plate serving as a cathode. The support plate is then connected to the positive pole of a voltage source and the lead plate is connected to the negative pole of that voltage source. The passage of the electrical current through the plates causes the oxidation of lead (in the lead-cadmium layer) to lead dioxide in the form of a crystalline and polycrystalline mass, while cadmium 10 reacts with sulfuric acid to form cadmium sulfate deposited on the lead plate as a fungal material.

Bærepladen fjernes derefter fra opløsningen, skylles ren med vand og tørres.The support plate is then removed from the solution, rinsed clean with water and dried.

Tre bæreplader, der er fremstillet som ovenfor 15 beskrevet, nedsænkes derefter i en anden beholder, der indeholder fortyndet svovlsyre. Den midterste bæreplade forbindes til den positive pol af en spændingskilde, medens de to andre bæreplader i fællesskab forbindes til den negative pol af den samme spændingskilde. Ved passagen af 20 den elektriske strøm vil den midterste bæreplade blive positivt opladet, og blydioxidet vil forblive uændret, medens blydioxidet på de to andre bæreplader reduceres til bly og bliver negativt ladet.Three carrier plates prepared as described above are then immersed in another container containing dilute sulfuric acid. The middle carrier plate is connected to the positive pole of a voltage source, while the other two carrier plates are jointly connected to the negative pole of the same voltage source. Upon passage of the electric current, the middle carrier plate will be positively charged and the lead dioxide will remain unchanged while the lead dioxide on the other two carrier plates will be reduced to lead and will be negatively charged.

Efter nogle få minutter fjernes spændingskilden, 25 og cellens elektromotoriske kraft falder fra 2,9 volt til ca. 2,4 volt og forbliver i det væsentlige konstant ved denne værdi. Cellen er nu opladet.After a few minutes, the voltage source is removed, and the cell's electromotive power drops from 2.9 volts to approx. 2.4 volts and remains essentially constant at this value. The cell is now charged.

Tre eller flere af disse celler kan forbindes i serie.Three or more of these cells can be connected in series.

30 Opfindelsen beskrives næremere i det følgende un der henvisning til den vedføjede tegning.The invention is described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawing.

Fig. 1 viser skematisk fremgangsmåden til fremstilling af den aktive masse, dvs. blandingen af krystallinsk og polykrystallinsk blyoxid ifølge opfindelsen.FIG. 1 schematically shows the process for preparing the active mass, i.e. the mixture of crystalline and polycrystalline lead oxide according to the invention.

35 Fig. 2 viser skematisk fremstillingen af den po sitive og negative plade og cellen indeholdende sådanneFIG. 2 schematically shows the preparation of the positive and negative plate and the cell containing such

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150608 3 plader.150608 3 plates.

Pig. 3 viser to kurver til sammenligning af afladningsegenskaberne af en blyakkumulator, der er fremstillet med elektroder ifølge opfindelsen, og en konventionel 5 blyakkumulator.Pig. 3 shows two curves for comparing the discharge characteristics of an lead accumulator made with electrodes according to the invention and a conventional lead accumulator.

Ved udtrykket "polykrystallinsk" forstås der sædvanligvis en uensartet ophobning af små krystaller, se f.eks. Rompps Chemie-Lexikon, 7. oplag, side 1871.The term "polycrystalline" is usually understood to mean a disparate accumulation of small crystals, see e.g. Rompp's Chemistry Lexicon, 7th edition, page 1871.

Udtrykket polykrystallinsk, som det anvendes i den 10 foreliggende beskrivelse, betegner derimod et aggregat af enkelte krystallinske masser af blydioxid, hvori krystallerne findes i forskellige stadier af vækst og udvikling, dvs. hvori krystallerne endnu ikke er udvoksede. Den aktive masse i elektroden ifølge opfindelsen er således en 15 blanding af enkelte krystallinske masser af blyoxid sammen med sådanne polykrystallinske aggregater.The term polycrystalline, as used in the present disclosure, on the other hand, denotes an aggregate of single crystalline masses of lead dioxide in which the crystals are found in various stages of growth and evolution, i.e. in which the crystals have not yet grown. Thus, the active mass of the electrode of the invention is a mixture of single crystalline masses of lead oxide together with such polycrystalline aggregates.

Ifølge en udførelsesform for opfindelsen (se især fig. 1) nedsænkes en bæreplade 1, der er fremstillet af rent bly eller en legering af bly med antimon, og som er 20 belagt med et lag af bly og cadmium, i fortyndet svovlsyre i en beholder 3. Den anvendte bæreplade er hensigtsmæssigt en folie med en tykkelse på ca. 0,2 mm og er fremstillet af en legering af bly og antimon. Bærepladens tykkelse kan imidlertid variere noget afhængigt af akkumulatorens 25 særlige konstruktion og tilsigtede anvendelse.According to one embodiment of the invention (see in particular Fig. 1), a carrier plate 1 made of pure lead or an alloy of lead with antimony and coated with a layer of lead and cadmium is immersed in dilute sulfuric acid in a container. 3. The carrier used is conveniently a foil having a thickness of approx. 0.2 mm and is made of an alloy of lead and antimony. However, the thickness of the support plate may vary somewhat depending on the particular construction and intended use of the accumulator 25.

Før nedsænkningen af bærepladen 1 i svovlsyren sprøjtes en varm smelte af bly og cadmium på.foliens overflade ved hjælp af en konventionel sprøjtepistol eller et andet hensigtsmæssigt sprøjteapparat, således at der afsæt-30 tes et ensartet og vedhæftende lag af bly og cadmium på begge sider af folien. Påsprøjtningen af den varme smelte på foliens overflade sker i en reducerende gas, f.eks. hydrogen, og sprøjtningen afbrydes, når tykkelsen af det afsatte lag er ca. 0,5 mm på begge overflader. Denne tykkel-35 se kan igen variere noget afhængigt af akkumulatorens særlige opbygning, den ønskede modstand og den tilsigtede an- 150608 0 4 vendelse. Tykkelsen af laget af bly og cadmium på hver o-verflade kan sædvanligvis være fra ca. 0,1 til 2 mm, fortrinsvis fra ca. 0,5 til 1,2 mm og er især ca. 1 mm.Prior to immersing the carrier plate 1 in the sulfuric acid, a hot melt of lead and cadmium is sprayed onto the surface of the foil by means of a conventional spray gun or other appropriate spraying apparatus, so that a uniform and adherent layer of lead and cadmium is deposited on both sides. of the foil. The hot melt is sprayed onto the film surface in a reducing gas, e.g. hydrogen and spraying is interrupted when the thickness of the deposited layer is approx. 0.5 mm on both surfaces. This thickness can again vary somewhat depending on the accumulator's particular structure, the desired resistance and the intended application. The thickness of the layer of lead and cadmium on each o-surface can usually be from approx. 0.1 to 2 mm, preferably from ca. 0.5 to 1.2 mm and in particular is approx. 1 mm.

Bly-cadmium-smelten fremstilles ved at belægge 5 en cadmiumtråd med et blylag med en tykkelse på ca. 1 mm galvanisk eller ved plettering til opnåelse af et vægtforhold mellem bly og cadmium på ca. 1:1, og den fremkomne tråd smeltes derefter og sprøjtes på overfladen af den ovenfor beskrevne folie ved en temperatur, der er højere 10 end smeltepunkterne af bly og cadmium, men lavere end den temperatur, der vil bevirke væsentlig smeltning af den legering af bly og antimon, hvoraf bærepladen er fremstillet, således at der fås en påsintring af bly-cadmium-blandingen på overfladen af bærepladen.The lead-cadmium melt is prepared by coating a cadmium wire with a lead layer having a thickness of approx. 1 mm galvanic or by plating to obtain a weight ratio of lead to cadmium of approx. 1: 1, and the resulting wire is then melted and sprayed onto the surface of the film described above at a temperature higher than the melting points of lead and cadmium but lower than the temperature which will cause substantial melting of the alloy of lead and antimony, from which the support plate is made, so as to obtain a sintering of the lead-cadmium mixture on the surface of the support plate.

15 For at forbedre vedhæftningen af bly-cadmium-la- get til overfladen af bærepladen 1, kan man først sandblæse bæreplåden (bærefolien) i flere minutter til dannelse af ru overflade, således at den påsintrede bly-cadmium--blanding bindes bedre til foliens overflade. Betegnelser-20 ne folie og bæreplade refererer i det følgende til bly--antimon-bærepladen.15 In order to improve the adhesion of the lead cadmium layer to the surface of the support plate 1, one can first sandblow the support plate (carrier foil) for several minutes to form a rough surface so that the sintered lead cadmium mixture is better bonded to the foil. surface. The labels and foil and carrier plate hereinafter refer to lead - the antimony carrier plate.

I fig. 1 er der vist en beholder 3, der er fremstillet af ikke-ledende materiale (f.eks. glas, plast) og indeholder fortyndet svovlsyre (elektrolyt) med omtrent 25 samme vægtfylde som de svovlsyreopløsninger, der anvendes i konventionelle blyakkumulatorer. Beholderen 3 er også forsynet med en blyplade eller en blyfolie 5, der tjener som negativ elektrode (katode). Bærepladen 1, der er fremstillet som ovenfor beskrevet, nedsænkes i elektrolytten 30 som vist i fig. 1 og forbindes til den positive pol af en spændingskilde 7 med en elektromotorisk kraft på 3 volt (f.eks. en akkumulator), medens blyfolien 5 forbindes til den negative pol af den nævnte spændingskilde. Selv om mere end en bæreplade kan nedsænkes i elektrolytten og på 35 passende måde forbindes med spændingskilden, vil opfindelsen i det følgende for nemheds skyld blive beskrevet medIn FIG. 1, there is shown a container 3 made of non-conductive material (e.g., glass, plastic) and containing dilute sulfuric acid (electrolyte) of about the same density as the sulfuric acid solutions used in conventional lead accumulators. The container 3 is also provided with a lead plate or lead foil 5 which serves as a negative electrode (cathode). The support plate 1 prepared as described above is immersed in electrolyte 30 as shown in FIG. 1 and connected to the positive pole of a voltage source 7 with an electromotive force of 3 volts (e.g., an accumulator), while the lead foil 5 is connected to the negative pole of said voltage source. Although more than one support plate can be immersed in the electrolyte and suitably connected to the voltage source, the invention will be described below for convenience.

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150608 5 henvisning til fremstillingen af kun én positiv plade.Reference to the manufacture of only one positive plate.

Når kredsløbet sluttes som ovenfor beskrevet, reagerer det i bly-cadmium-laget på bærepladen tilstedeværende cadmium med svovlsyren til dannelse af cadmiumsulfat, der 5 afsættes som en porøs, svampeformig masse på blyfolien 5.When the circuit is closed as described above, in the lead cadmium layer on the support plate, the cadmium present with the sulfuric acid reacts to form cadmium sulfate which is deposited as a porous, fungal mass on the lead foil 5.

Vand spaltes i hydrogen og oxygen. Hydrogenet fremkommer som gasbobler ved overfladen af den negative elektrode, medens oxygenet reagerer hurtigt og kontinuerligt med blyet til dannelse af blydioxid i form af en krystallinsk og po-10 lykrystallinsk masse. Dannelsen af den aktive masse er således tilendebragt i løbet af få minutter, og bærepladen fjernes, skylles ren og tørres. Den er nu parat til anvendelse ved fremstilling.af en bly-akkumulator eller -celle.Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen appears as gas bubbles at the surface of the negative electrode, while the oxygen reacts rapidly and continuously with the lead to form lead dioxide in the form of a crystalline and polycrystalline mass. Thus, the formation of the active mass is completed in a few minutes and the support plate is removed, rinsed clean and dried. It is now ready for use in the manufacture of a lead accumulator or cell.

Den krystallinske og polykrystallinske, aktive 15 masse af blydioxid er et mørkebrunt til sort materiale.The crystalline and polycrystalline, active 15 mass of lead dioxide is a dark brown to black material.

Det er hårdt, homogent, meget porøst og har en bemærkelsesværdig lav, indre modstand.It is hard, homogeneous, very porous and has a remarkably low, internal resistance.

Ved fremstillingen af en bæreplade, der indeholder krystallinsk og polykrystallinsk blydioxid som den aktive 20 masse, er det kritisk for dannelsen åf en sådan masse, at bly-antimon-pladen belægges med bly-cadmium, der er påsin-tret. Det må således påses, at der undgås en dannelse af bly-cadmium-legering under påsintringen eller varmpåsprøjt-ningen på bærepladen. Tilstedeværelsen af cadmium i den 25 påsintrede masse er også kritisk, da den fremmer dannelsen af krystaller og polykrystaller af blydioxid. Desuden skal det bemærkes, at selv om cadmium reagerer med svovlsyren i beholderen 3 til dannelse af cadmiumsulfat og fjernes fra denne beholder, forbliver spor af cadmium ikke des-30 to mindre i den aktive masse.In the preparation of a support plate containing crystalline and polycrystalline lead dioxide as the active mass, it is critical for the formation of such a mass that the lead antimony plate is coated with lead cadmium which is sintered. Thus, care must be taken to avoid the formation of lead-cadmium alloy during the sintering or hot spraying on the support plate. The presence of cadmium in the 25 sintered mass is also critical as it promotes the formation of crystals and polycrystals of lead dioxide. In addition, it should be noted that although cadmium reacts with the sulfuric acid in vessel 3 to form cadmium sulfate and is removed from this vessel, traces of cadmium do not remain less in the active mass.

Til fremstilling af en bly-celle ifølge opfindelsen nedsænkes tre identiske bæreplader la, lb og lc, der er fremstillet ved den ovenfor beskrevne procedure, i en beholder 9 som vist i fig. 2. Beholderen 9 har omtrent sam-35 me struktur som cellen i en gængs blyakkumulator og indeholder fortyndet svovlsyre, der sædvanligvis anvendes i sådanne 150603To produce a lead cell according to the invention, three identical support plates 1a, 1b and 1c made by the above-described procedure are immersed in a container 9 as shown in FIG. 2. The container 9 has approximately the same structure as the cell of a conventional lead accumulator and contains dilute sulfuric acid which is usually used in such

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6 akkumulatorer. Bærepladerne la og lc forbindes indbyrdes med en leder 11 og forbindes med hjælp af en leder 13 til den negative pol af en strømkilde 15 med en elektromotorisk kraft på 3 volt (f.eks. en akkumulator, en akkumula-5 toroplader), medens bærepladen lb forbindes med den positive pol af strømkilden 15 via en ledning 17. Når kredsløbet på denne måde sluttes, reduceres blydioxidet på bærepladerne la og lc til bly, og pladerne bliver negativt ladede, medens blydioxidet på bærepladen lb forbliver ke-10 misk uændret og bliver positivt ladet. Blypladerne tjener således som negative elektroder (katoder), og blydioxid-pladen tjener som positiv elektrode (anode).6 accumulators. The support plates 1a and 1c are interconnected with a conductor 11 and connected with the aid of a conductor 13 to the negative pole of a power source 15 with an electromotive force of 3 volts (eg an accumulator, an accumulator plate), while the support plate 1b is connected to the positive pole of the power source 15 via a wire 17. When the circuit is closed in this way, the lead dioxide on the support plates 1a and 1c is reduced to lead and the plates become negatively charged, while the lead dioxide on the support plate 1b remains chemically unchanged and remains positively charged. The lead plates thus serve as negative electrodes (cathodes), and the lead dioxide plate serves as positive electrode (anode).

Efter nogle få minutter, når cellen er fuldt opladet, fjernes strømkilden 15, og den elektromotoriske 15 kraft i cellen falder derved fra 2,9 volt til ca. 2,4 volt og forbliver i det væsentlige konstant ved denne værdi.After a few minutes, when the cell is fully charged, the power source 15 is removed and the electromotive force in the cell decreases from 2.9 volts to approx. 2.4 volts and remains essentially constant at this value.

Cellen er nu opladet og oplagrer energi til senere afgivelse.The cell is now charged and stores energy for later delivery.

Når en celle, der er fremstillet som ovenfor be-20 skrevet, forbindes i serie med andre celler (f.eks. ialt 3 celler), der hver indeholder flere plader (sædvanligvis 17 eller 19) forbundet parallelt, dannes der en blyakkumulator, der kan indeholde 51 eller 57 plader afhængigt af antallet af celler og antallet af pladerne i hver celle.When a cell prepared as described above is connected in series with other cells (e.g., a total of 3 cells), each containing several plates (usually 17 or 19) connected in parallel, a lead accumulator is formed which may contain 51 or 57 plates depending on the number of cells and the number of plates in each cell.

25 Det er imidlertid indlysende, at mere end 3 celler (f.eks.However, it is obvious that more than 3 cells (e.g.

6 celler osv.) kan forbindes i serie, såfremt det ønskes.6 cells, etc.) can be connected in series if desired.

Blyakkumulatorerne fremstillet med elektroder ifølge opfindelsen udviser en bedre ydelses-karakteristik end gængse blyakkumulatorer. På grund af dens lavere indre 30 modstand kan en blyakkumulator af den omhandlede art, der indeholder 51 eller 57 plader, tåle ca. 10 til ca. 15 gange så stor en elektrisk strøm som en gængs blyakkumulator.The lead accumulators made with electrodes according to the invention exhibit a better performance characteristic than conventional lead accumulators. Because of its lower internal resistance, a lead accumulator of the kind in question containing 51 or 57 plates can withstand approx. 10 to approx. 15 times as large an electric current as a conventional lead accumulator.

Som følge heraf kan en blyakkumulator af den omhandlede art oplades meget hurtigere end en gængs blyakkumulator.As a result, a lead accumulator of the kind in question can be charged much faster than a conventional lead accumulator.

35 På lignende måde forbedres afladningen af en blyakkumulator af den omhandlede art betydeligt, da den kan afgive35 Similarly, the discharge of a lead accumulator of the kind in question is greatly improved as it can give off

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7 150600 elektrisk strøm med en betydelig større hastighed end en gængs blyakkumulator.7 150600 electric current at a significantly greater speed than a conventional lead accumulator.

Afladningskurven for en bly-celle, der er fremstillet med elektroder ifølge opfindelsen, sammenlignes i 5 fig. 3 med en afladningskurve for en gængs bly-celle. Den optrukne kurve i denne figur viser afladningskurven for den her omhandlede bly-celle, -og den stiplede kurve viser afladningskurven for en gængs bly-celle. Det fremgår af disse to kurver, at den elektromotoriske kraft af den her 10 omhandlede bly-celle forbliver konstant i de første 16 minutter (dvs. i ca. 80% af afladningsperioden) og derefter falder ganske svagt fra 2,32 til ca. 2,3 volt, medens den elektromotoriske kraft af den gængse bly-celle falder konstant i den samme periode fra 2,1 til ca. 2,0 volt.The discharge curve for a lead cell made with electrodes according to the invention is compared in FIG. 3 with a discharge curve for a conventional lead cell. The drawn curve in this figure shows the discharge curve for the lead cell in question, and the dotted curve shows the discharge curve for a conventional lead cell. It is apparent from these two curves that the electromotive force of the lead cell referred to herein remains constant for the first 16 minutes (i.e., for about 80% of the discharge period) and then decreases quite weakly from 2.32 to ca. 2.3 volts, while the electromotive force of the conventional lead cell decreases constantly over the same period from 2.1 to approx. 2.0 volts.

15 Denne forskel er af særlig betydning ved akkumulatorer, der er fremstillet af sådanne celler, og viser, at den her omhandlede blyakkumulator kan holde en højere elektromotorisk kraft end den gængse blyakkumulator og derfor kan overlegne anvendelsesegenskaber.15 This difference is of particular importance for accumulators made from such cells, and shows that the lead accumulator in question can hold a higher electromotive force than the conventional lead accumulator and therefore can have superior application properties.

20 Desuden har den her omhandlede blyakkumulator en ca. 25 til ca. 30% højere kapacitet end konventionelle blyakkumulatorer. Endvidere kan den her omhandlede bly-celle oplades og aflades langt mere fuldstændigt uden nogen ef-terreaktion eller selvopladning i sammenligning med en gængs 25 bly-celle. Som følge heraf udviser den her omhandlede blyakkumulator en langt større oplagringskapacitet end en gængs blyakkumulator med tilsvarende vægt og volumen. Celler, der er fremstillet med elektroder ifølge opfindelsen, kan frembringe en elektromotorisk kraft der er ca. 0,1 til ca. 0,2 30 volt højere end hos konventionelle akkumulatorceller.In addition, the lead accumulator in question has an approx. 25 to approx. 30% higher capacity than conventional lead accumulators. Furthermore, the lead cell in question can be charged and discharged far more completely without any back-reaction or self-charging compared to a conventional lead cell. As a result, the lead accumulator in question has a far greater storage capacity than a conventional lead accumulator of similar weight and volume. Cells made with electrodes according to the invention can produce an electromotive force which is approx. 0.1 to approx. 0.2 30 volts higher than in conventional accumulator cells.

Der er beskrevet ovenfor, hvorledes sintret bly og cadmium anbringes på overfladen af bærepladerne ved varmsprøjtning, således at der afsættes en homogent, ensartet og vedhæftende lag af bly-cadmium derpå. I det følgende 35 beskrives to yderligere metoder til afsætning af et sådant lag af bly-cadmium på overfladen af bly-antimon-bærepladen.It is described above how sintered lead and cadmium are applied to the surface of the support plates by heat spraying, so that a homogeneous, uniform and adherent layer of lead cadmium is deposited thereon. The following 35 describe two additional methods for depositing such a layer of lead cadmium on the surface of the lead antimony support plate.

δ 15060 οδ 15060 ο

Ifølge en anden udførelsesform for fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen forarbejdes en blød, kornformig blanding af bly og cadmium i forholdet 1:1, hvor størrelsen af kornene er ca. 100 til omtrent 500 jx, i en egnet, organisk væs-5 ke, f.eks. methanol (eller ethanol), til en pasta, der derefter afsættes på overfladen af bærepladen ved hjælp af en egnet sigte. Derefter afdampes methanolen, pladen tørres, og bly-cadmium-blandingen sintres i en presse ved en temperatur på ca. 300 til ca. 400°C i ca. 3 sekunder. Igen må 10 temperaturen og trykket under sintringen kontrolleres omhyggeligt for at forhindre en dannelse af bly-cadmium-legering.According to another embodiment of the process according to the invention, a soft, granular mixture of lead and cadmium is processed in a ratio of 1: 1, the size of the grains being about 1: 1. 100 to about 500 µx, in a suitable organic liquid, e.g. methanol (or ethanol), to a paste which is then deposited on the surface of the support plate by a suitable sieve. Then the methanol is evaporated, the plate is dried and the lead-cadmium mixture is sintered in a press at a temperature of approx. 300 to approx. 400 ° C for approx. 3 seconds. Again, the temperature and pressure during sintering must be carefully controlled to prevent the formation of lead-cadmium alloy.

Tykkelsen af bly-cadmium-laget på bærepladen kan reguleres ved at vælge en passende sigte og ved at afsætte 15 en passende mængde af pastaen ensartet på overfladen af pladen. Der kan således afsættes et bly-cadmium-lag på ca.The thickness of the lead cadmium layer on the support plate can be controlled by selecting an appropriate sieve and by depositing an appropriate amount of the paste uniformly on the surface of the plate. Thus, a lead cadmium layer of approx.

0,5 mm's tykkelse på begge sider af bærepladerne. Efter afsætning af en belægning med den ønskede tykkelse nedsænkes bærepladen i en beholder, der indeholder fortyndet svovl-20 syre og en blyplade som ovenfor beskrevet i forbindelse med fig. 1, og der dannes igen krystallinsk og polykrystallinsk blydioxid på overfladen af bærepladen på samme måde.0.5 mm thickness on both sides of the support plates. After depositing a coating of the desired thickness, the support plate is immersed in a container containing dilute sulfuric acid and a lead plate as described above in connection with FIG. 1, and crystalline and polycrystalline lead dioxide is again formed on the surface of the support plate in the same way.

Det i bly-cadmium-laget tilstedeværende cadmium reagerer med svovlsyre og udskilles i form af cadmiumsulfid, fra 25 hvilket cadmium kan genvindes og genanvendes, og bærepladen eller -pladerne anvendes derefter til fremstilling af en blyakkumulatorcelle som ovenfor beskrevet i forbindelse med fig. 2.The cadmium present in the lead cadmium layer reacts with sulfuric acid and is excreted in the form of cadmium sulfide, from which cadmium can be recovered and reused, and the carrier plate (s) is then used to prepare a lead accumulator cell as described above in connection with FIG. 2nd

Ved en anden udføreisesform for fremgangsmåden 30 ifølge opfindelsen afsættes en hård, kompakt legering af bly og cadmium på bærepladen ved elektroplettering i et fluorboratbad. Til dette formål anbringes to elektroder, en fremstillet af en legering af bly og antimon (katode) og en fremstillet af en legering af bly og cadmium i forholdet 35 1:1 (anode), i et fluoroboratbad med følgende sammensæt ning:In another embodiment of the method 30 of the invention, a hard, compact alloy of lead and cadmium is deposited on the support plate by electroplating in a fluoroborate bath. For this purpose, two electrodes, one made of an alloy of lead and antimony (cathode) and one made of an alloy of lead and cadmium in the ratio of 35: 1 (anode), are placed in a fluoroborate bath having the following composition:

OISLAND

9 1508089 150808

Blyfluoroborat, Pb (BF^^ 3370 gLead fluoroborate, Pb (BF ^^ 3370 g

Bly, Pb 1840 gLead, Pb 1840 g

Fluoroborsyre HBF^ 28 gFluoroboric acid HBF ^ 28 g

Borsyre 227 g 5 Cadmiumfluoroborat Cd(BF^) 921 gBoric Acid 227 g 5 Cadmium Fluoroborate Cd (BF ^) 921 g

Cadmium, Cd 340 gCadmium, Cd 340 g

Ammoniumfluoroborat 227 gAmmonium fluoroborate 227 g

Vand 3,78 liter 10 Elektroderne forbindes derefter med de positive og negative poler af en spændingskilde med en elektromotorisk kraft på 5 volt i 1 time, indtil der er dannet et ens-artetlag af bly og cadmium med en tykkelse på ca. 0,1 mm på begge overflader af katoden. Spændingskilden fjernes der-15 efter, og katoden fjernes fra badet, skylles ren med vand og tørres.Water 3.78 liters 10 The electrodes are then connected to the positive and negative poles of a voltage source with an electromotive force of 5 volts for 1 hour until a uniform layer of lead and cadmium with a thickness of approx. 0.1 mm on both surfaces of the cathode. The voltage source is then removed and the cathode is removed from the bath, rinsed clean with water and dried.

Til fremstilling af tre bæreplader med krystallinsk og polykrystallinsk blydioxid på overfladerne nedsænkes tre katode-bæreplader, der er fremstillet ved denne pro-20 cedure, i fortyndet svovlsyre og underkastes den samme proces som beskrevet ovenfor i forbindelse med fig. 1. De fremkomne bæreplader anvendes til fremstilling af en blyakkumu-latorcelle som ovenfor beskrevet i forbindelse med fig. 2.For the preparation of three support plates with crystalline and polycrystalline lead dioxide on the surfaces, three cathode support plates made by this procedure are immersed in dilute sulfuric acid and subjected to the same process as described above with respect to FIG. 1. The resulting support plates are used to prepare a lead accumulator cell as described above in connection with FIG. 2nd

Det fremgår af det ovenfor anførte, at den her om-25 handlede blyakkumulator har overlegne egenskaber i forhold til en gængs blyakkumulator. Foruden de særlige fordele, der er beskrevet ovenfor, har den her omhandlede blyakkumulator sædvanligvis en ca. 15 til ca. 30% lavere vægt end en gængs blyakkumulator med tilsvarende størrelse og kapa-30 citet og har en ca. 25 tilca. 30% større kapacitet end en gængs blyakkumulator med tilsvarende størrelse og vægt. Evnen til at afgive væsentlig større mængder energi i løbet af betydeligt kortere tidsrum som følge af den væsentlig lavere indre modstand og den højere aktivitet gør den her omhandlede ak-35 kumulator særlig anvendelig i køretøjer der kræver hurtig acceleration, f.eks. elektriske køretøjer og automobiler, og 150601 ίο o andre elektrisk drevne maskiner.It will be apparent from the foregoing that the lead accumulator disclosed herein has superior properties over a conventional lead accumulator. In addition to the particular advantages described above, the lead accumulator of this invention usually has an approx. 15 to approx. 30% lower weight than a conventional lead accumulator of similar size and capacity and has an approx. 25 tilca. 30% greater capacity than a standard lead accumulator of similar size and weight. The ability to deliver substantially greater amounts of energy over a considerably shorter period of time due to the substantially lower internal resistance and higher activity makes the present accumulator particularly useful in vehicles requiring rapid acceleration, e.g. electric vehicles and automobiles, and 150601 or other electrically powered machines.

Desuden udviser blyakkumulatorerne, der fremstilles med elektroderne ifølge opfindelsen, ringe eller ingen sulfater ing. Dette Jsetyder i praksis, at disse akkumulatorer 5 kan aflades til et punkt nær en elektromotorisk kraft på 0.In addition, the lead accumulators produced with the electrodes of the invention exhibit little or no sulfation. This indicates in practice that these accumulators 5 can be discharged to a point near an electromotive force of 0.

I modsætning hertil er sulfatering et sædvanligt fænomen i gængs blyakkumulatorer, og som følge heraf kan gængse blyakkumulatorer ikke aflades under en elektromotorisk kraft på 1,5-1,8 volt, da der eller vil foregå en næsten irreversi-10 bel sulfatering i blygitrene, der holder pastaen af den aktive masse.In contrast, sulfation is a common phenomenon in conventional lead accumulators and, as a result, conventional lead accumulators cannot be discharged under an electromotive force of 1.5-1.8 volts, as there is or will be almost irreversible sulfation in the lead grids. which holds the paste of the active mass.

I stedet for bly-antimon-bæreplader kan der anvendes indifferente, ikke-ledende bæreplader (f.eks. fremstillet af et egnet plastmateriale, såsom polypropylen, eller 15 et cellulosemateriale), hvorpå der afsættes bly eller en blanding af bly og antimon som ovenfor beskrevet. Sådanne bæreplader har en betydelig lavere vægt end bly-antimon--bæreplader, og som følge heraf vil de fremstillede akkumulatorer blive tilsvarende lettere.Instead of lead antimony carriers, inert non-conductive carriers (e.g., made of a suitable plastic material such as polypropylene, or a cellulose material) may be used, on which lead or a mixture of lead and antimony is deposited as above. described. Such carriers have a significantly lower weight than lead antimony carriers, and as a result, the accumulators produced will be correspondingly lighter.

20 Selv om opfindelsen i det foregående er beskrevet med anvendelse af et vægtforhold mellem bly og cadmium på 1:1, kan dette forhold varieres fra ca. 30 til ca. 70 vægtprocent og fortrinsvis fra ca. 45 til ca. 55 vægtprocent.Although the invention has been described above using a weight ratio of lead to cadmium of 1: 1, this ratio can be varied from ca. 30 to approx. 70% by weight and preferably from approx. 45 to approx. 55% by weight.

Der opnås imidlertid optimale resultater, når der anvendes 25 et omtrent lige vægtforhold mellem de to komponenter. Hvis blandingen overvejende består af bly, f.eks. indeholder 70 vægtprocent bly, vil bly-cadmium-laget være blødere og mindre porøst, medens det resulterende bly-cadmium-lag vil være mere hårdt og porøst, når cadmium er den overvejende kom-30 ponent, f.eks. til stede i en mængde på 70 vægtprocent. Der opnås optimal og hårdhed og porøsitet af bly-cadmium-laget, når blandingen har et vægtforhold på ca. 1:1.However, optimum results are obtained when an approximately equal weight ratio is used between the two components. If the mixture consists predominantly of lead, e.g. containing 70% by weight of lead, the lead cadmium layer will be softer and less porous, while the resulting lead cadmium layer will be more hard and porous when cadmium is the predominant component, e.g. present in an amount of 70% by weight. Optimal and hardness and porosity of the lead cadmium layer is obtained when the mixture has a weight ratio of approx. 1: 1.

DK529677A 1977-02-15 1977-11-29 ELECTRICALS FOR BLYA CUMULATORS AND PROCEDURES FOR THEIR PREPARATION DK150608C (en)

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US76890977 1977-02-15
US78176377 1977-03-28
US05/781,763 US4126715A (en) 1977-03-28 1977-03-28 Method and apparatus for reinking typing ribbon cartridges

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DK150608C (en) 1988-04-05
DK529677A (en) 1978-08-16
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