DK148006B - Maaleudstyr til indsaetning i en boreroerstreng for udfoerelse af maalinger samtidig med boringen - Google Patents

Maaleudstyr til indsaetning i en boreroerstreng for udfoerelse af maalinger samtidig med boringen Download PDF

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Publication number
DK148006B
DK148006B DK361373AA DK361373A DK148006B DK 148006 B DK148006 B DK 148006B DK 361373A A DK361373A A DK 361373AA DK 361373 A DK361373 A DK 361373A DK 148006 B DK148006 B DK 148006B
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Prior art keywords
valve
drilling
drill
torque
mud
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DK361373AA
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English (en)
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DK148006C (da
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Bobbie Joe Patton
Maurice Jack Prior
James Howard Sexton
Jr Vasel Roy Slover
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Mobil Oil Corp
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/14Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
    • E21B47/18Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/14Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
    • E21B47/18Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry
    • E21B47/20Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry by modulation of mud waves, e.g. by continuous modulation
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Description

i 148006
Opfindelsen angår et måleudstyr af den i krav l's indledning angivne art.
Behovet for et måleudstyr, som er i stand til at måle boreparametre nede i et hul og/eller geologiske formationsegenskaber og overføre dem til overfladen, mens boringen af et hul i jorden udføres, har længe været kendt. Mange sådanne systemer har været foreslået og bliver sædvanligvis angivet som systemer med kontinuerlig borehulskontrol. Ued systemer med kontinuerlig borehulskontrol er ét af de største problemer at finde et organ til at telemetrere informationen fra en lokalitet nede i et hul til overfladen og lade den tilflyde i en meningsfuld tilstand.
I denne henseende har det været foreslået at telemetrere den ønskede information ved hjælp af et trykbølgesignal, som bliver genereret i og overført gennem den cirkulerende borevæske, som normalt er knyttet til boreoperationen. Trykbølgesignalet, som er et udtryk for en bestemt oplysning^ bliver frembragt i borevæsken eller boremudderet i hullet nær ved borehovedet med en signal-frembringende ventil, og bølgen bevæger sig op af hullet gennem mudderet til et signalbehandlingsorgan ved overfladen. Et system med kontinuerlig borehulskontrol, som benytter denne telemetriteknik, er kendt fra beskrivelsen til U.S . A.-patent nr. 3 309 656.
I et apparat med kontinuerlig borehulskontrol og af den art, som er beskrevet i U.5. A.-patent nr. 3 309 656 er en signalfrembringende ventil anbragt i det cirkulerende boremudders bane nær borehovedet. Ventilen består af en stator og en rotor, gennem hvilke der er åbninger, som, når de er på linie, tillader, at en fuld strøm af boremudder passerer gennem ventilen. Når åbningerne ikke er på linie, bliver strømmen derigennem i det mindste 2 148006 delvis blokeret. En motor i apparatet bliver aktiveret som svar på en målt oplysning til åbning og lukning af ventilen med en hastighed, som frembringer en trykbølge i mudderet, som er et udtryk for den målte oplysning.
Imidlertid udvikler den signalfrembringende ventil ved apparater med kontinuerlig borehulskontrol af denne type normalt visse hydrauliske momentkarakteristikker som funktion af strømningshastigheden gennem ventilen, hvilket søger at tvinge ventilen til dens lukkede stilling.
Dette frembringer problemer, når boremudder bliver pumpet ned gennem borestrengen og gennem ventilen, før apparatet begynder boreoperationen, og motoren begynder at kraftforsyne ventilen. Som følge af sammensætningen af standardboremudder er der normalt fast materiale til stede, hvilket faste materiale har tilbøjelighed til at presses ud af mudderet, når dette tvinges gennem de indsnævrede ventilpassager, som er til stede, når ventilen er i sin lukkede stilling. Dette faste materiale kan fortsætte med at samles i ventilen og udgør et virkeligt problem ved, at det kan tilstoppe ventilen i en sådan udstrækning, at denne ikke kan åbnes af motoren, når apparatets operation påbegyndes.
Som følge af konstruktionen af denne type ventil kommer apparatets transmissionsforbindelse, som forbinder motoren med ventilen, desuden ud for væsentlige momentbelastninger, når apparatet er i funktion. Disse belastninger kan bevirke et væsentligt slid på transmissions-forbindelsen, hvilket med tiden fører til fejl på apparatet .
Opfindelsen har til formål at tilvejebringe et måleudstyr af den indledningsvis angivne art, som ikke er behæftet med de i det foranstående nævnte ulemper.
3 148006
Dette formål opnås ifølge opfindelsen ved, at måleud-styret er ejendommeligt ved det i krav l's kendetegnende del angivne.
Ventilens hydrauliske moment, der som nævnt før søger at tvinge ventilen til dens lukkede stilling, er en voksende funktion af strømningshastigheden gennem ventilen. Eftersom maksimal strømningshastighed normalt fremkommer under måleudstyret drift, er den magnetiske enheds moment, som søger at tvinge ventilen til dens åbne stilling, dimensioneret således, at det i grove træk er lig med det hydrauliske moment ved denne maksimale strømningshastighed. Herved vil det resulterende moment, som bliver tilført til drivforbindelsen, på et vilkårligt tidspunkt under driften være ubetydeligt.
Når måleudstyret ikke er i drift, er den magnetiske enheds moment større end det modsat rettede hydrauliske moment, hvorved ventilen holdes i sin åbne stilling, så ventilen ikke tilstoppes af fast materiale i boremudderet.
Opfindelsen skal i det følgende nærmere beskrives med henvisning til tegningen, hvorpå fig. 1 er et skematisk billede af et boreapparat inklusive et lodret snit gennem et hul, som indeholder en borestamme, hvori måleudstyret ifølge opfindelsen benyttes.
fig. 2 er et skematisk billede, delvis i snit, af en del af borestammen i fig. 1 med et måleudstyr til kontinuerlig borehulskontrol, som er monteret deri i overensstemmelse med opfindelsen, fig. 3 er et detaljeret snitbillede af en ændret udførelsesform for den øverste del i fig. 2, 4 148006 fig. 4 er et snit langs linien 4-4 i fig. 3, og fig. 5 er et snit langs linien 5-5 i fig. 3.
Fig. 1 viser måleudstyret ifølge opfindelsen i brug ved et system med kontinuerlig borehulskontrol, som er indbygget i et boreapparat. Et boretårn 21 er anbragt over et borehul 22, som bliver dannet i jorden 23 med et roterende bor. En borestamme 24 er ophængt inden i borehullet og har et borehoved 27 forneden og en medbringerstang 28 foroven. Et roterende bord 29 samvirker med medbringerstan-gen 28 til at dreje stammen 24 og hovedet 27. Et drejeled 33 er fastgjort til den øverste ende af medbringerstangen 28, som på sin side er båret af en krog 32 fra kranblokken (ikke vist). Dette arrangement bærer ikke alene bore-stammen 24 i funktionsstilling inden i borehullet 22, men danner også en roterende forbindelse mellem kilden for det cirkulerende borefluidum, såsom mudder, og borestammen 24.
Pumpen 36 overfører boremudder fra en kilde, såsom en grav 34, gennem en dæmper 37 ind i mudderrøret 38.
Dæmperen 37 er indrettet til at nedsætte den pulserende virkning fra pumpen 36, hvilket er velkendt. Mudderet strømmer gennem mudderrøret 38, en fleksibel slange 39, drejeleddet 33 og borestammen 24 og strømmer ud gennem åbninger (ikke vist) i borehovedet 27 og dernæst i borehullet 22. Mudderet cirkulerer så op og medfører boremateriale gennem det ringformede rum mellem borehullet og borestammen 24 til jordoverfladen 23. Ved overfladen er et hoved 41 fastgjort til et foringsrør 40, som er fastgjort i borehullet 22. Et rør 42 er forbundet til foringsrøret 40 til tilbageføring af mudderet til graven 34.
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Som det skematisk er vist i fig. 1 og 2, er et måleudstyr i form af et redskab 46 til kontinuerlig borehulskontrol anbragt i vægtrøret 26, som udgør en del af den nederste ende af borestammen 24 nær hovedet 27. Redskabet 46 har en motordrevet signalgenererende, roterende ventil, som periodisk afbryder i det mindste en del af borefluidet, som strømmer gennem ventilen for derved i fluidet af frembringe en trykbølge, som er udtryk for en målt tilstand nede i hullet. Dette redskab til kontinuerlig borehuls-kontrol er af den art, som er beskrevet i U.S.A.-patent nr. 3 306 656. Opfindelsen er rettet på et organ til at holde ventilen i en åben stilling, når redskabet ikke er i funktion, og til at nedsætte momentbelastningen på redskabets transmissionsforbindelse, når redskabet er i funktion. Til fuld forståelse af opfindelsen skal der herefter angives en kort beskrivelse af hele redskabet 46.
En transducer 54, som er i stand til at måle en ønsket tilstand nede i hullet og omdanne målingen til et elektrisk signal, er anbragt nede i hullet på eller nær ved redskabet 46. Som vist er transduceren 54 for eksempel en "strain gauge" anbragt på vægtrøret 26 til at måle vægten på hovedet 27. Signalet fra transduceren 54 tilføres til en elektronisk enhed 53, som er lukket inde i et rum 48 i redskabets 46 hus 46a. Et eksempel på en sådan elektronisk enhed er kendt fra U.S.A.-patent nr.
3 309 656. Kredsløbet i enheden 53 tillader som svar på signalet fra transduceren 54, at en bestemt mængde effekt fra en elektrisk generator 50 i et rum 49 i huseta strømmer til en med variabel hastighed drevet elektromotor 55 i et rum 47 i huset 46a. En turbine 52, som drives af mudderstrømmen, driver generatoren 50 til frembringelse af elektrisk kraft. Motoren 55 vil som svar på elektricitetsmængden, som passerer gennem enhe- 6 148006 den 53, drive en rotor 61 for en signalfrembringende ventil 60 gennem en transmissionsforbindelse 56 med den rotationshastighed, som er nødvendig for at frembringe et trykbølgesignal i mudderet, hvilket signal er udtryk for den målte tilstand.
I fig. 3 består den signalfrembringende ventil 60 af en rotor 61 og en stator 62. Rotoren 61 er fastgjort på en aksel 63 fra transmissionsforbindelsen 56 ved hjælp af en konisk bøsning 64 og en møtrik 65. Akselen 63 er lejret i huset 46a ved hjælp af lejer 66. En panning 67 omkring akselen 63 tætner det indre af huset 46a mod indtrængning af boremudder. Fortrinsvis indeholder både rotoren 61 og statoren 62 det samme antal af med identisk afstand anbragte noter h.h.v. 61a, 62a resp.
(fig. 4), idet hver af noterne har ens areal. Ventilen 60 er i sin "åbne stilling", når noterne er på linie, og er i sin "lukkede stilling", når noterne slet ikke er på linie. Når ventilen 60 er i sin lukkede stilling, er den eneste strøm gennem ventilen den, som passerer gennem et mellemrum 70 og en shunt 71. Mellemrummet 70, som bedst ses i fig. 3. er afstanden mellem rotorens 61 ne-derste overflade og statorens 62 øverste overflade. Shunten 71 (fig. 3 og 5) er afstanden, der findes mellem den ydre periferi af rotoren 61 og væggen af røret, som er tilstødende til rotoren. Den ydre diameter af statoren 62 er den samme som rørets indvendige diameter.
Når der er strømning gennem ventilen 60, men før generatoren 50 udvikler tilstrækkelig kraft til at betjene redskabet 46, søger momentkarakteristikkerne for ventilen 60 at tvinge den til den lukkede stilling. Når derfor borestammen 24 er samlet ned i hullet, og mudder strømmer gennem redskabet 46 for at dreje turbinen 52 med en tilstrækkelig hastighed til at frembringe den nødvendige kraftforsyning for redskabet, skal mudderet 7 148006 strømme gennem de begrænsede passager i ventilen 60, som dannes af shunten 71 og mellemrummet 70. Eftersom boremudder normalt indeholder faste materialer, som har til bøjelighed til at blive presset ud i de begrænsede passager af den lukkede ventil, findes en række problemer med tilstopning. Hvis ventilen 60 bliver tilstoppet i en sådan udstrækning, at den ikke kan åbnes, når motoren 55 begynder sin operation, må hele borestammen 24 fjernes for at rense ventilen 60, før redskabet 46 kan fungere.
Som følge af konstruktionen af ventilen 60 bliver hydrauliske momentbelastninger desuden tilført til transmissionsforbindelsen 56, når motoren 55 drejer ventilen 60 imellem dens åbne og lukkede stillinger under redskabets 46 operation. Disse konstant reverserende momentbelastninger kan bevirke et væsentligt slid på transmissions-forbindelsen, og kan tillige føre til tidlige fejl ved redskabet 46.
Opfindelsen tilvejebringer et organ til redskabet 46, hvilket organ både presser ventilen 60 mod dens åbne stilling og holder den der, mens redskabet 46 ikke er i funktion, og samtidig udelukker eller væsentligt reducerer de momentbelastninger i som normalt tilføres til transmissionsforbindelsen 56 under redskabets 46 operation. Organet ifølge opfindelsen er fortrinsvis en magnetisk enhed 75, som består af en magnet 76 og et magnetisk element 77. Det magnetiske element 77 har som vist cylindrisk form med en udsparet midterdel og tykkere ender 77a og 77b og er fastgjort til akselen 63 til rotation dermed ved hjælp af en kile og en indstillingsskrue 81. Magneten 76 har en udformning, som ligner de magnetiske elementers 77 udformning. Magneten 76 kan fremstilles i et stykke, selv om den er vist bestående af tre dele 76a, 76b, 76c. Delen 76a og enden 77a er profile U8Q06 8 ret i aksial retning som vist i fig. 5 for at tilvejebringe respektive tiltrækningspoler 78, 79 mellem magneten 76 og det magnetiske element 77. Som vist har både 76a og 77a ti poler, som svarer til antallet af spalter i både rotoren 61 og statoren 62 (fig. 4) og tilvejebringer derved ti stabile stillinger for ventilen 60, i hvilke den vil være i en åben stilling. Magnetenheden 75 består af et materiale, f. eks. Alnico, som bibeholder magnetisme i lang tid, mens huset 46a består af et relativt umagnetisk materiale, f. eks. Monel.
For at samle den øverste del af redskabet 46, bliver enheden 75, som fortrinsvis har en "holdeaksel" (ikke vist), gennem det magnetiske elements 77 midterpassage anbragt i en elektrisk spole og magnetiseret. Enheden 75, som nu holdes sammen af magnetiske kræfter, føres så nedover akselen 63, som på sin side forskyder holdeakselen fra elementet 77, når enheden 75 føres på plads over kilen 80. En holdeskrue 81 bliver spændt gennem et hul 85 i en del 76a for yderligere at fastgøre det magnetiske element 77 til akselen 63. Dernæst bliver akselen 63, enheden 75 og det øverste element 46b anbragt inden i huset 46a, og 46b bliver fastgjort dertil. Akselen 63, som bærer hele enheden 75, bliver drejet, så magneten 75 kommer på linie med åbninger i huset 46a, således at skruer 86 (hvoraf kun én er vist) kan indføres for at fastgøre magneten 76 til huset 46a. Statoren 62 bliver skruet på gevind på det øverste element 46b, således at spalterne i statoren 62 er på linie med spalterne i rotoren 61, hvorved ventilen 60 er stillet i en åben stilling. Holdeskruen 87 bliver spændt til sikring af statoren 62 mod rotation under betjeningen af redskabet 46. Det fremgår nu, at når polerne for 76a og 77a er på linie i en vilkårlig af ti mulige stillinger, vil ventilen 60 være i sin åbne stilling.
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For at sikre at ventilen 60 holdes i sin åbne stilling, når redskabet 46 ikke betjenes, er det kun nødvendigt at udforme enheden 75 således, at dens magnetiske drejningsmoment er større end ventilens 60 hydrauliske drejningsmoment i redskabets ikke fungerende tilstand. Imidlertid er redskabet ifølge opfindelsen desuden udformet til at eliminere eller væsentligt nedsætte det hydrauliske drejningsmoment, som normalt tilføres til transmissions-forbindelsen 56, når redskabet 46 er i funktion.
Det hydrauliske drejningsmoment for ventilen 60 vokser som funktion af strømningshastigheden gennem ventilen, således at maksimal strømningshastighed gennem ventilen 60 i redskabet 46 normalt vil fremkomme under aktuelle boreoperationer, til hvilket tidspunkt redskabet 46 vil være i funktion. Derfor vil der ved udformningen af enheden 75 for denne strømningshastighed altid være tilstrækkeligt magnetisk drejningsmoment til at holde ventilen åben, indtil redskabet 46 starter operation.
Den nominelle strømningshastighed af mudder, som benyttes under en bestemt boreoperation, er i almindelighed kendt og varierer meget lidt, medmindre nødsituationer opstår under boringen. Det hydrauliske drejningsmoment for ventilen 60, som opstår ved denne nominelle strømningshastighed, kan bestemmes ved opspænding i en. prøvebænk, og den magnetiske drejningsmoment karakteristik for enheden 75 udformes, så den omtrent er lig med drejningsmomentet for ventilen 60 under disse arbejdstilstande. Ved at anbringe enheden 75 som beskrevet ovenover vil det magnetiske drejningsmoment, som tilføres til transmissions-forbindelsen 56, være 180° ude af fase med det hydrauliske drejningsmoment, som tilføres til transmissions-forbindelsen 56 ved betjeningen af ventilen 60. Hvis de to drejningsmomenter er i det væsentlige ens, vil det resulterende drejningsmoment, som påføres transmissions-forbindelsen 56, på et vilkårligt tidspunkt under ope- 148006 ίο rationen være ubetydeligt. Desuden vil motoren 55 ved effektiv udelukkelse af drejningsmomenterne på transmissionsforbindelsen 56 fungere i det væsentlige ubelastet, og derved kan motorer med mindre effekt benyttes • i redskabet 46.
Eftersom det ikke er kritisk, at hele drejningsmomentet på transmissionsforbindelsen 56 nøjagtigt fjernes, kan ændringer i den nominelle strømningshastighed to-leres. Motoren 55 er udformet, så den har tilstrækkelig effekt til at overvinde ethvert positivt hydraulisk eller magnetisk drejningsmoment, som normalt kunne opstå under boringen på grund af ændringer i strømningshastighed i mudderet. Imidlertid er nedsættelsen i tilført drejningsmoment på transmissionsforbindelsen, selv under meget varierende strømningshastigheder, i høj grad fordelagtig på grund af de modsat rettede virkninger af det hydrauliske og det magnetiske drejnings-moment .
I enheden 75 er det magnetiske drejningsmoment en funktion af de modstående overfladearealer af polerne 78 og 79. Ved at variere diameteren af åbningerne 90 og 91 i delen 76a og 77a resp., kan overfladearealet af nævnte poler ændres, og det ønskede magnetiske drejningsmoment for enheden 75 etableres. Desuden kan mere end én enhed 75, 75a (fig.2) med samme eller forskellig drejnings-moment "stables" på akselen 63, hvorved de individuelle drejningskarakteristikker for hver enhed kombineres til den særlige karakteristik, som ønskes for et bestemt redskab 46.
Som et eksempel på andre udførelsesformer kan mindre end én magnetisk pol for hver not i ventilen benyttes, hvilket stadig vil holde ventilen åben, men nedsætte antallet af tilgængelige stabile åbne stillinger.
11 148006
Ligeledes kan den magnetiske enhed være anbragt andre steder i transmissionsforbindelsen 56, dvs. før en nedgearing, hvilket ville ændre antallet af nødvendige poler til at sikre et antal åbne stillinger for ventilen 60, når redskabet 46 ikke er i funktion.
DK361373A 1972-06-30 1973-06-29 Maaleudstyr til indsaetning i en boreroerstreng for udfoerelse af maalinger samtidig med boringen DK148006C (da)

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NO133914C (da) 1976-07-14
OA04435A (fr) 1980-03-15
NL170449C (nl) 1982-11-01
CA978175A (en) 1975-11-18
NO133914B (da) 1976-04-05
AU462604B2 (en) 1975-06-26
NL170449B (nl) 1982-06-01
DK148006C (da) 1985-09-02
MY7500158A (en) 1975-12-31
AU5657473A (en) 1974-12-12
US3792429A (en) 1974-02-12
NL7303988A (da) 1974-01-02
IE37486L (en) 1973-12-30
GB1378871A (en) 1974-12-27
IE37486B1 (en) 1977-08-03

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