DK144112B - PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR COOLING FRESH MILK - Google Patents
PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR COOLING FRESH MILK Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DK144112B DK144112B DK377474AA DK377474A DK144112B DK 144112 B DK144112 B DK 144112B DK 377474A A DK377474A A DK 377474AA DK 377474 A DK377474 A DK 377474A DK 144112 B DK144112 B DK 144112B
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- DK
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- Prior art keywords
- milk
- cooling
- storage container
- plant
- heat exchanger
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01J—MANUFACTURE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS
- A01J9/00—Milk receptacles
- A01J9/04—Milk receptacles with cooling arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D31/00—Other cooling or freezing apparatus
- F25D31/002—Liquid coolers, e.g. beverage cooler
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dairy Products (AREA)
Description
144112 i144112 i
Opfindelsen angår en fremgangsmåde til afkøling af frisk-malket mælk.The invention relates to a process for cooling freshly milked milk.
Når mælk skal forarbejdes til højt forædlede mælkeprodukter, er kvaliteten af den mælk, der skal forarbejdes, af 5 udslaggivende betydning, dvs. at mælkens egenskaber bør ændres mindst muligt under indflydelse af biologiske eller fysiske processer på vejen fra yveret til mejeriet. Det ideelle tilfælde ville omfatte en direkte overføring af den fra yveret udmalkede mælk til mejeriets forarbejdnings-10 udstyr. Af tekniske grunde kan dette imidlertid ikke lade sig gøre, og derfor opsamles mælken hos de enkelte producenter og afleveres til mejeriet i gennemsnit én gang hver dag ved hjælp af tankvogne.When milk is to be processed into highly processed milk products, the quality of the milk to be processed is of 5 decisive importance, ie. that the properties of milk should be changed as little as possible under the influence of biological or physical processes on the path from udder to dairy. The ideal case would include a direct transfer of the milk from the udder-milked milk to the dairy processing equipment. However, for technical reasons, this is not feasible, and therefore the milk is collected from the individual producers and delivered to the dairy on average once a day by tanker.
For at mælken på denne måde skal kunne holdes frisk i den 15 enkelte producents opsamlingsbeholder og under den efterfølgende transport, er den eneste teknisk forsvarlige løsning at afkøle mælken til en temperatur af ca. 4°C og lagre den ved denne temperatur.In order to keep the milk fresh in the collection container of the 15 individual producers and during the subsequent transport, the only technically sound solution is to cool the milk to a temperature of approx. 4 ° C and store it at this temperature.
Dette resultat opnås blandt andet ved hjælp af den såkald-20 te "instant"-afkøling, som er en køleproces, hvori den friskmalkede mælk afkøles i en gennemstrømningsvarmeudveks-ler til 4°C og derefter føres til en isoleret lagerbeholder. Imidlertid er de nødvendige anlæg til udførelse af denne proces meget kostbare, da anlæggets kølekapacitet kun 25 udnyttes to gange dagligt, og anlægget i øvrigt er ude af drift. Desuden kræves det, at lagerbeholderen er godt isoleret. Fra et økonomisk forsvarligt synspunkt kan denne isolering - navnlig i varme klimazoner - ikke dimensioneres på en sådan måde, at mælken kan holdes på det krævede 30 temperaturniveau under hele lagringstiden. For at sikre dette, er man derfor gået over til at anbringe yderligere køleindretninger, enten i lagerbeholderens indre eller i dennes væg.This result is achieved, inter alia, by means of the so-called "instant" cooling, which is a cooling process in which the freshly milked milk is cooled in a flow heat exchanger to 4 ° C and then fed to an isolated storage container. However, the plants needed to carry out this process are very expensive, as the plant's cooling capacity is only utilized twice a day and the plant is otherwise out of operation. In addition, the storage container is required to be well insulated. From an economically sound point of view, this insulation - especially in warm climatic zones - cannot be dimensioned in such a way that the milk can be kept at the required 30 temperature level throughout the storage period. Therefore, in order to ensure this, additional cooling devices have been placed, either in the interior of the storage container or in its wall.
Transporten af mælken fra opsamlingsstederne til mejeriet 144112 2 er desuden forholdsvis kostbar, så man bestræber sig på at forlænge mellemrummene mellem de sædvanligvis daglige afhentninger af mælk til ca. 3-4 dage. Dette er kun muligt, dersom mælken kan holdes på en lagringstemperatur på ca.Furthermore, the transport of the milk from the collection points to the dairy is relatively expensive, so efforts are made to extend the spaces between the usually daily pick-ups of milk to approx. 3-4 days. This is only possible if the milk can be kept at a storage temperature of approx.
5 4^0 under hele denne lagringstid. Dette krav kan kun op fyldes med de kendte køleprocesser og køleanlæg, dersom den isolerede lagerbeholder yderligere er udstyret med køleindretninger .5 4 ^ 0 during this entire storage time. This requirement can only be fulfilled with the known cooling processes and cooling systems, if the insulated storage tank is further equipped with cooling devices.
I praksis anvendes ofte den fra f.eks. dansk patentskrift 10 nr. 128.393 kendte afkøling af friskmalket mælk i to trin, idet mælken i et første køletrin afkøles til ca. 15°C i løbet af nogle få timer og derefter i andet køletrin til de foreskrevne ca. 4°C efter yderligere to til tre timer.In practice, it is often used from e.g. Danish Patent Specification 10 No. 128,393 is known to cool freshly milk in two stages, the milk being cooled to approx. 15 ° C over a few hours and then in the second cooling step to the prescribed approx. 4 ° C after another two to three hours.
Disse kendte anlæg har den fordel, at der ved det første 15 køletrin kan anvendes en varmeveksler med forholdsvis begrænset kapacitet, idet mælken kun skal afkøles til 15°C og ikke til 4°C. Når først mælken er bragt ned på 15°C, er der ikke længere så stor bakterieaktivitet, og den anden del af afkølingen kan derfor foregå forholds-20 vis langsomt i en til det andet køletrin hørende varmeveksler, som derfor også blot behøver at have en forholdsvis ringe kapacitet. Ved de kendte to-trins afkølinger anvendes altså to varmevekslere med forholdsvis ringe kapacitet i stedet for én varmeveksler med meget stor 25 kapacitet som ved den såkaldte "instant"-køling. Herved opnås en mere Økonomisk afkøling af mælken.These known plants have the advantage that in the first 15 cooling stages a heat exchanger with relatively limited capacity can be used, since the milk must only be cooled to 15 ° C and not to 4 ° C. Once the milk is brought down to 15 ° C, there is no longer such bacterial activity and the second part of the cooling can therefore take place relatively slowly in a heat exchanger belonging to the second cooling step, which therefore also only needs to have a relatively poor capacity. Thus, in the known two-step cooling, two heat exchangers of relatively low capacity are used instead of one very large heat exchanger as in the so-called "instant" cooling. This results in a more economical cooling of the milk.
Opfindelsen har til formål at anvise en fremgangsmåde til afkøling af friskmalket mælk, hvor mælken afkøles i to trin og på en sådan måde, at den bringes fra malknings-30 temperaturen (ca. 35°C) ned til den foreskrevne lagringstemperatur (ca. 4°C) netop så hurtigt, at bakterievæksten ikke på noget tidspunkt bliver kritisk, og således at anlæggets kølekapacitet anvendes fuldt ud under hele køleprocessen.The invention has for its object to provide a method for cooling freshly milked milk in which the milk is cooled in two steps and in such a way that it is brought down from the milking temperature (about 35 ° C) to the prescribed storage temperature (about 4 ° C) just so quickly that the bacterial growth does not become critical at any time, and so that the cooling capacity of the plant is fully utilized during the entire cooling process.
35 Dette formål opnås ifølge opfindelsen ved en fremgangsmåde 3 144112 til afkøling af friskmalket mælk i to trin til en lagringstemperatur, og hvor den under et malkningsforløb fremkomne mælk i det første køletrin i en varmeudveksler afkøles til ca. 15°C, hvilken fremgangsmåde er ejendommelig ved, at 5 den forkølede mælk opsamles i en lagerbeholder og efter malkningens slutning under recirkulation gennem varmeveksleren afkøles til lagringstemperaturen på ca. 4°C i det andet afkølingstrin og opsamles derefter på ny i lagerbeholderen.This object is achieved according to the invention by a method of cooling freshly milked milk in two stages to a storage temperature and wherein the milk obtained during a milking process in the first cooling stage of a heat exchanger is cooled to approx. The process is characterized in that the pre-cooled milk is collected in a storage container and, after the end of the milking, during recycling through the heat exchanger, is cooled to the storage temperature of approx. 4 ° C in the second cooling step and then collected again in the storage container.
10 Ved denne fremgangsmåde kan der således anvendes én og samme varmeveksler ved både det indledende første køletrin og det efterfølgende andet køletrin. Til den samlede køling anvendes der således blot én varmeveksler med ringe kapacitet, som til gengæld udnyttes optimalt.Thus, in this process, one and the same heat exchanger can be used at both the initial first cooling step and the subsequent second cooling step. Thus, for the total cooling, only one heat exchanger with low capacity is used, which in turn is optimally used.
15 Herudover har det overraskende vist sig, at den kølede mælks indhold af fri fedtsyre ikke stiger ved den ifølge opfindelsen foreslåede recirkulationskøling, hvilket er af væsentlig værdi for mælkens kvalitet. Denne overraskende tekniske virkning er dokumenteret ved en af Dr. H. Worstorff 20 og Dr. F. W. Schroder udarbejdet rapport, der bygger på praktiske forsøg foretaget i henholdsvis perioden 22. til 25. oktober 1973 og perioden 8. til 10. april 1974.In addition, it has surprisingly been found that the content of the chilled milk of free fatty acid does not increase by the recirculation cooling proposed according to the invention, which is of significant value for the quality of the milk. This surprising technical effect has been documented by one of Dr. H. Worstorff 20 and Dr. F. W. Schroder prepared a report based on practical tests carried out during the period 22 to 25 October 1973 and the period 8 to 10 April 1974 respectively.
Ifølge opfindelsen kan den mælk, som er blevet afkølet i den ene eller den anden afkølingsproces, indføres således 25 i lagerbeholderen tæt ved dennes bund, at den sætter beholderens indhold i cirkulerende blandebevægelse. Ved at mælken indføres under overfladen af beholderens indhold undgås i vid udstrækning, at mælken blandes med luft, dvs. oxygen, hvad der er gunstigt for bevarelsen af mælkeps 30 kvalitet. Desuden opnås ved hjælp af denne foranstaltning en jævn temperaturfordeling i den opsaralede mælk, uden anvendelse af yderligere mekaniske hjælpeorganer.According to the invention, the milk which has been cooled in one or the other cooling process can be introduced into the storage container close to the bottom thereof to put the contents of the container into circulating mixing movement. By introducing the milk below the surface of the container contents, it is largely avoided that the milk is mixed with air, ie. oxygen, which is favorable for the preservation of milk cap 30 quality. In addition, by this measure, a uniform temperature distribution is obtained in the seared milk, without the use of additional mechanical auxiliaries.
4 1441124 144112
Hensigtsmæssigt kan den anden afkølingsproces også efter nedkølingen af mælken til lagringstemperaturen udføres i forud bestemte korte tidsrum. Herved opnås, at lagdeling, som f.eks. flødedannelse, ikke kan forekomme. Samtidig 5 afkøles på ny den mælk, som befinder sig i de tilhørende rørledninger.Conveniently, after the cooling of the milk to the storage temperature, the second cooling process can also be carried out for predetermined short periods of time. This results in the fact that layering, e.g. cream formation, cannot occur. At the same time 5 the milk contained in the associated pipelines is again cooled.
Ifølge opfindelsen kan det andet afkøletrin være styret i afhængighed af temperaturen i lagerbeholderen. Herved opnås sikkerhed for, at mælken kun recirkuleres, når tempe-10 raturen i tanken er større end en vis, forud fastlagt kritisk værdi.According to the invention, the second cooling step may be controlled depending on the temperature of the storage container. This ensures that the milk is only recycled when the temperature in the tank is greater than a certain predetermined critical value.
Opfindelsen angår også et anlæg til brug ved udøvelse af fremgangsmåden, hvilket anlæg er af den art, der består af en lagerbeholder, hvori der indmunder en mælkeudløbsledning 15 fra en varmeudveksler, hvori den friskmalkede mælk afkøles i gennemløb, og som er ejendommeligt ved, at lagerbeholderens bund er forbundet med sugeledningen for en pumpe, hvis trykledning er forbundet med varmeudvekslerens mælketilførselsside.The invention also relates to a plant for use in carrying out the process, which plant is of the kind consisting of a storage container, which includes a milk outlet conduit 15 from a heat exchanger in which the freshly milked milk is cooled in the flow, and which is characterized in that the bottom of the storage container is connected to the suction line of a pump whose pressure line is connected to the milk exchanger side of the heat exchanger.
20 Ved hjælp af dette nye anlæg er det muligt at udøve fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen med kun en enkelt varmeudveksler, hvad der indvirker fordelagtigt på anlæggets fremstillingsomkostninger. Endvidere kan et sådant anlæg rengøres uden besvær, hvad der bidrager til bevarelsen af den friske 25 kvalitet i den mælk, der skal oplagres og afkøles. Når anlægget skal rengøres, kræves det kun, at der indfyldes en vaskevæske i lagerbeholderen, idet væsken cirkuleres grundigt gennem varmeudveksleren ved hjælp af pumpen. Herved har det vist sig, at være hensigtsmæssigt at fastgøre en 30 væskespreder på lagerbeholderens øverste væg, som kan tilsluttes varmeudvekslerens mælkeudløbsledning.By means of this new plant it is possible to practice the process according to the invention with only a single heat exchanger, which adversely affects the production costs of the plant. Furthermore, such a plant can be cleaned effortlessly, which contributes to the preservation of the fresh quality of the milk to be stored and cooled. When the system is to be cleaned, only a washing liquid is required to be filled into the storage container, since the liquid is thoroughly circulated through the heat exchanger by means of the pump. Hereby, it has been found to be convenient to attach a liquid spreader to the upper wall of the storage container which can be connected to the milk exchanger of the heat exchanger.
En foretrukken udførelsesform for anlægget er således indrettet, at mælken indføres i lagerbeholderen gennem et dykrør, som ender tæt ved lagerbeholderens bund, og som er udstyret med en drivdyse. Herved udnyttes strømningsenergi- 144112 5 en i den mælk, der strømmer ud fra dykrøret, til at cirkus lere den i lagerbeholderen opsamlede mælk.A preferred embodiment of the plant is arranged so that the milk is introduced into the storage container through a diving tube which ends near the bottom of the storage container and which is equipped with a drive nozzle. Hereby, the flow energy in the milk flowing from the diving tube is utilized to circus the milk collected in the storage container.
Endvidere har det vist sig at være hensigtmæssigt, et var-meudvekslerens mælkeudløbsledning og pumpens sugeledning 5 omfatter hver sin hurtigkobling. På denne måde kan lagerbeholderen uden besvær udtages af anlægget og føres til en tømningsstation, f.eks. en tankvogn.Furthermore, it has been found to be convenient, the milk exchanger line of the heat exchanger and the suction line 5 of the pump each comprise a quick coupling. In this way, the storage container can be easily removed from the plant and transported to a discharge station, e.g. a tanker.
Hensigtmæssigt er pumpens drivorganer indrettet til at styres af et kontaktur og/eller en i eller ved lagerbehol-10 deren anbragt termostat.Conveniently, the drive means of the pump are arranged to be controlled by a contact clock and / or a thermostat located in or near the storage container.
Opfindelsen skal i det følgende forklares under henvisning til et udførelseseksempel for et anlæg ifølge opfindelsen/ som er vist skematisk på tegningen.The invention will be explained in the following with reference to an exemplary embodiment of a plant according to the invention / which is shown schematically in the drawing.
Friskmalket mælk tilføres gennem en mælketilførselsledning 15 1, hvori der er indskudt en kontraventil 2, til en varme- udveksler 3, hvor den bliver afkølet, og forlader varmeud-veksleren med en temperatur på ca. 15°C gennem en mælkeudløbsledning 4, som er forbundet med et dykrør 5 i en lager-beholder 6. Dykrøret 5 er forbundet med mælkeudløbslednin-20 gen 4 ved hjælp af en hurtigkobling 7. Dykrøret 5 er ført næsten helt ned til bunden i lagerbeholderen 6 og er ved udløbsenden udstyret med en drivdyse 8. En rørstuds 9, som er fastgjort til lagerbeholderen 6's bund og indeholder en indskudt lukkeventil 10, er ved hjælp af en hurtigkobling 25 11 forbundet med en pumpe 13's sugeledning 12, og pumpens trykledning 14, hvori en kontraventil 15 er indskudt, udmunder i mælketilførselsledningen 1 mellem kontraventilen 2 og varmeudveksleren 3. Varmeudveksleren 3 er ved hjælp af forbindelsesstudse 16 og 17 forbundet med et køle-30 middelkredsløb.Freshly milked milk is fed through a milk supply line 15 1, in which a check valve 2 is inserted, to a heat exchanger 3, where it is cooled, leaving the heat exchanger at a temperature of approx. 15 ° C through a milk outlet line 4 which is connected to a diving tube 5 in a storage container 6. The diving tube 5 is connected to the milk outlet line 4 by means of a quick coupling 7. The diving tube 5 is fed almost all the way to the bottom of the storage container. 6 and is provided at the outlet end with a drive nozzle 8. A pipe nozzle 9, which is attached to the bottom of the storage container 6 and contains a sliding shut-off valve 10, is connected by a quick coupling 25 11 to a suction line 12 of a pump 13 and the pump pressure line 14, wherein a non-return valve 15 is inserted opens into the milk supply line 1 between the non-return valve 2 and the heat exchanger 3. The heat exchanger 3 is connected to a refrigerant circuit by means of connection nozzles 16 and 17.
I det følgende gives endnu en kort beskrivelse af det viste anlæg:The following is a brief description of the plant shown:
Den friskmalkede mælk føres ind gennem mælketilførselsr-ledningen 1 og afkøles i varmeudveksleren 3 til mellem 6 144112 15 og 20°C, hvorefter den opsamles i lagerbeholderen 6.The freshly milked milk is introduced through the milk supply conduit 1 and cooled in the heat exchanger 3 to between 6 and 20 ° C, after which it is collected in the storage container 6.
Herunder sikrer kontraventilen 15, at al den tilførte friskmælk føres direkte til varmeudveksleren 3. Dersom tilførslen af frisk mælk gennem mælketilførselsledningen 1 skul-5 le blive afbrudt, enten det nu er på grund af, at malkningen er afsluttet, eller på grund af en afbrydelse i afløbet, sættes pumpen 13 i gang ved hjælp af ikke viste styreorganer og holdes i gang med at føre mælken fra lagerbeholderen 6 i kredsløb gennem varmeudveksleren 3, indtil mælkens 10 temperatur i lagerbeholderen er sænket til ca. 4°C. Herunder forhindrer kontraventilen 2, at mælk kan forlade kredsløbet.Below this, the check valve 15 ensures that all the fresh milk is fed directly to the heat exchanger 3. If the supply of fresh milk through the milk supply line 1 should be interrupted, whether it is because the milking is completed or because of an interruption in the drain, the pump 13 is operated by means of control means (not shown) and is kept in circulation by passing the milk from the storage container 6 through the heat exchanger 3 until the temperature of the milk 10 in the storage container is lowered to approx. 4 ° C. Below this, the check valve 2 prevents milk from leaving the circuit.
Når lagerbeholderen 6 skal tømmes, kan den fjernes fra anlægget efter lukning af lukkeventilen 10 og frikobling af 15 hurtigkoblingerne 7 og 11, hvorefter den kan transporteres til et passende sted med henblik på tømning.When emptying the storage container 6, it can be removed from the system after closing the closing valve 10 and decoupling the quick couplings 7 and 11, after which it can be transported to an appropriate place for emptying.
Anlægget omfatter yderligere ikke viste temperatur- og tidsafhængige styreorganer, hvormed pumpen 13's drivorganer styres med henblik på at opretholde den foreskrevne 20 lagringstemperatur på ca. 4°C i lagerbeholderen og de tilhørende ledninger.The system further comprises temperature and time-dependent control means, not shown, by which the drive means of the pump 13 are controlled to maintain the prescribed storage temperature of approx. 4 ° C in the storage container and the associated wiring.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DK48781A DK48781A (en) | 1973-07-14 | 1981-02-04 | PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR COOLING FRESH MILK |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE2335899 | 1973-07-14 | ||
DE19732335899 DE2335899C3 (en) | 1973-07-14 | Method and device for cooling freshly milked milk |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DK377474A DK377474A (en) | 1975-03-03 |
DK144112B true DK144112B (en) | 1981-12-14 |
DK144112C DK144112C (en) | 1982-05-03 |
Family
ID=5886917
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DK377474A DK144112C (en) | 1973-07-14 | 1974-07-12 | PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR COOLING FRESH MILK |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DK (1) | DK144112C (en) |
FR (1) | FR2236417B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1465516A (en) |
IT (1) | IT1017099B (en) |
NL (1) | NL7409466A (en) |
SE (1) | SE402198B (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE450806B (en) * | 1983-04-18 | 1987-08-03 | Wedholms Ab | DEVICE FOR COOLING AND STORAGE OF FOOD WITH ANY COOLING IN ONE STEP |
AU745021B2 (en) * | 1996-10-04 | 2002-03-07 | Agmaster Australia Pty Ltd | Apparatus and cooling system |
AU689418B3 (en) | 1996-10-04 | 1998-03-26 | Dale Cameron Ward | Apparatus and cooling system |
DE19841714C1 (en) * | 1998-09-11 | 2000-02-03 | Tuchenhagen Gmbh | Packaging of carbonated drinks uses liquid fed to the filling head after two stage chilling through a single heat exchanger shell with direct expansion cooling |
FR2920268B1 (en) * | 2007-08-29 | 2012-10-19 | J & Y Charriau Ets | MILK TRANSFER FACILITY FROM A TRAINING MACHINE UNTIL A STORAGE TANK |
-
1974
- 1974-07-11 IT IT25081/74A patent/IT1017099B/en active
- 1974-07-12 DK DK377474A patent/DK144112C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-07-12 SE SE7409172A patent/SE402198B/en unknown
- 1974-07-12 FR FR7424314A patent/FR2236417B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-07-12 NL NL7409466A patent/NL7409466A/en active Search and Examination
- 1974-07-12 GB GB3097174A patent/GB1465516A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2236417A1 (en) | 1975-02-07 |
DE2335899A1 (en) | 1975-01-30 |
DE2335899B2 (en) | 1975-08-21 |
SE402198B (en) | 1978-06-26 |
DK377474A (en) | 1975-03-03 |
SE7409172L (en) | 1975-01-15 |
GB1465516A (en) | 1977-02-23 |
NL7409466A (en) | 1975-01-16 |
DK144112C (en) | 1982-05-03 |
FR2236417B1 (en) | 1978-01-20 |
IT1017099B (en) | 1977-07-20 |
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