DE8626080U1 - Book cover for interchangeable inclusion of various text and/or image blocks - Google Patents

Description

The innovation concerns a book cover for the exchangeable accommodation of different text and/or image blocks.

It is known to send greetings, messages or music recordings, for example, in the form of a self-playing medium. It is also known to supply audio cassettes with language textbooks. However, these are played independently of the textbook being used.

The aim of this innovation is to supplement the book and/or image content with acoustic processing, so that new learning methods and/or entertainment options are created, with the operation being so simplified that it can also be used by children or young people.

The solution to this problem arises from the characterizing features of claim 1. The subclaims describe preferred embodiments.

The book cover in question with its text and/or picture blocks will be referred to as an "audio book" in the following.

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The audio book is a text and/or picture book with an integrated sound recording device that is controlled by simply turning the page in the book so that there is always a correspondence between the book page and the associated sound sequences - without any manipulation outside the book. In this respect, the audio book is a uniform new medium for the holistic parallel playback of visually and acoustically presented information.

The application of the audio book principle opens up the various

! the most advanced media and technologies provide ways to intelligently cooperate with the book and allows them to benefit from the user-friendly features of the "book" medium: it offers clarity, i.e. high information density with quick access and easy handling within the framework of familiar cultural techniques, a conventional, generally accessible appearance, it allows artistic design in the traditional sense and promotes self-determined media consumption.

Conventional media for the parallel output of visual and acoustic information have significant disadvantages: they are either only available with considerable hardware and software expenditure (video) or cannot be used in the process

cannot be controlled (TV) or they require, if they are to be individually controlled, additional devices and manipulations, i.e. conventional books with corresponding records/audio tapes and playback devices, where the user generally has to submit to the sequence of the cassette or record: when a signal sounds, he has to turn the page.

The audio book, on the other hand, is compact. All system components are built in or easy to insert. It represents a uniform new medium in terms of external appearance and handling as well as creative design options.

The audio book is very easy to use, just like a conventional book. One and the same operation, i.e. opening the book and turning the pages, makes the book page and the corresponding sequence of notes accessible. The audio book, like the conventional book, leaves the location, time, tempo, order and choice of certain passages up to the user. It is also independent of external devices, constant external power supply or broadcast times.

The audio book opens up the acoustic dimension of words, music and noise to the conventional book. It is suitable as

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user-friendly and child-friendly medium in the entertainment and learning area for the in-depth, enriched and integrated representation of images and words through sound or by visualizing language, music and noise; in addition, it is open to the development of audiobook-specific art forms (audio images, features, etc.); the audiobook is a medium that can be understood in every sense and therefore allows the sense of touch to be included in the communication of multimedia forms of expression in addition to the sense of sight and hearing.

The audio book consists

* on the hardware side, it consists of a sturdy book cover that essentially houses two loudspeakers, an electronically controlled cassette player, a processor-controlled page recognition system and the power supply;

* on the software side, from at least one book specially adapted for page recognition (hereinafter referred to as "inner book") with an audio cassette anchored on the last page with a control track.

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The special feature of the audio book is:

* in the integration of book and cassette player;

* in the integration of the device control commands into the usual manipulations when handling a conventional book;

* in the audio book's automatic synchronization of the book page opened and the associated sound sequences by the system identifying this page and controlling and playing the corresponding sound sequences.

The cover of the audio book consists of two flat cases (front and back) that are movably connected to each other (via the spine).

The front accommodates the left flat speaker; it is perforated to reveal the title page of the inner book that is inserted.

The back reads:

* the right flat speaker;

* the electronically controlled stereo cassette player;

* the page recognition system with light-sensitive electronic components that, in conjunction with the special perforation of the book pages, identify the currently opened page;

* the microprocessor, which evaluates the information provided by the page recognition system on the one hand and by the electronic signals on the control track of the cassette on the other hand and controls and plays the tape passages assigned to the opened page of the book by software;

* the volume control and the switch-on mechanism that is activated when the audio book is opened and closed;

* Connection socket for stereo headphones and external speakers ;

* Batteries and power adapter;

* the inner book holder;

* the bookmark that is connected to the audiobook with ribbon

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The following requirements are placed on the mechanics of the Korbuch cassette recorder:

, * The functions "fast forward", "fast rewind",

"Play" and "Stop" can be triggered electronically.

* During "fast forward" and "fast rewind" the playback head must not lift off the tape.

's * A playback head for "autoreverse operation" is

used; "Autoreverse operation" itself, however, is not . it requires 1i ch;

* Power supply by batteries (6 or 9 volts);

* no erase head is required;

* the tape speed during playback is 4.75 cm/sec,

The format and number of pages are the same for all book titles in the audio book software. The pages are held together by ring binding, which is clamped into the fold of the book cover. A tape cassette is attached to the last page, which must be inserted into the corresponding holder of the book cover before the audio book is started.

All pages with the exception of the title page of the book are punched in the edge (opposite the light-sensitive tape) so that the opened page (or double page) can be clearly identified at any time.

The tape of the compact cassette has two tracks with sound sequences and a third track with electronic control signals that provide the processor with information about the current tape position at any time during operation, i.e. even during fast forward and rewind, and enable automatic access to desired passages.

Assigning a copyright-protected code to the audio tape ensures that the audio book can only use the cassettes produced for this purpose and provided with the code.

The audio book is prepared for use by placing the inner book in the cover and inserting the cassette attached to the last page of the book. The title page and last page are clipped into the holder provided to prevent the inner book from slipping.

Start up by closing the audiobook and opening it anywhere.

The audio book offers the following features:

* Playback of certain passages from the tape by opening the corresponding pages;

* Repeating passages of sound by briefly turning back and opening the page again;

* linger on certain pages, whereby the audio book automatically switches off after 15 minutes. It can then be switched on again by closing the book and opening it again at the relevant point (bookmark!).

* Entry at any point;

* Skipping pages and audio passages;

* "Listen in" to tape passages by leafing through the audio book;

* Turn off the audiobook’s acoustic functions by covering the light-sensitive band with the bookmark.

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The audio book is switched off simply by closing it; if it is left open for more than 15 minutes without a new command being given, it switches off automatically.

The access time depends on the length of the respective tape and the position of the tape. If you turn the page forwards, the waiting times are shortest, while if you search from the last to the first page, the waiting times are longest. The playback of a passage of sound is only triggered if the relevant page has been open for at least three seconds; this prevents it from being triggered accidentally when you quickly turn the pages through the book.

The playback of audio passages can be interrupted by opening another page; however, the interruption only occurs at points that make sense in terms of content (end of sentence, end of verse, etc.). These interruption points are set by software. This makes it possible to briefly "listen in" to certain audio passages while slowly leafing through the book.

The use of the audio book with an integrated cassette player allows a number of alternative detailed solutions, which are described here (in an incomplete list):

* Instead of in stereo mode, the audio book runs in mono mode. In this case, a cassette player with an auto-reverse function is used and the tape is recorded on both sides, with one sound track and one control signal track. With the help of a program that minimizes access times, long forward and reverse times over the entire length of the tape are avoided, since access to sound sequences on both sides of the tape, namely to the next passage, is possible.

* Stereo operation with auto-reverse recorder. All tape tracks are used to store acoustic sound sequences, the control tracks are filled with the corresponding tracks. Certain tape passages are controlled using an electronic counter that reads the number of revolutions of the motor and can therefore identify the respective position and control the desired one. In this application, the playing time (30 minutes) and the division of the tape into equal-length sections must be maintained regardless of different software requirements.

* Page recognition is achieved by recesses in the page edge (registers instead of holes); or by double-sided conductive coating of the book pages in certain areas (fold or edge area), which is

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corresponding hardware contacts allow the currently opened page to be identified.

* The page recognition is carried out manually by the user selecting and pressing the button on the edge of the cover that corresponds to the page that is open, whereby the assignment is given by the numbering of the book page and the button or by the fact that when any page is opened, a series of buttons is accessible through register-like recesses on the edge of the page, the top of which corresponds to the page that is open.

* Page recognition is achieved by a bookmark that is attached to a slide that is attached to the edge of the book and can be moved along the edge so that it can be folded into the inner book. After opening a page, the bookmark is inserted at the point marked on the book page, with each book page marking a different area. The number of the opened page can be identified via the position of the slide (assuming the bookmark is folded in at the point marked).

The audio book is attractive for all areas where a combination of visual and acoustic impressions is desired and meaningful.

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is full, primarily in the areas of picture books (especially for children), games and learning.

In addition, the audio book is used as a special aid for the visually impaired, enabling quick, convenient and targeted access to information stored on audio cassettes (e.g. audio magazines). In this case, the audio book printed in Braille serves as a table of contents, allowing the user to quickly find the desired passages and also conveniently browse through the text.

The principle of the audio book is by no means limited to the cassette player type. The audio book can be used on a range of other sound carriers, whereby the technical solution steps in detail are of course based on the specifics of the technology used. In particular, for special applications, an extension with additional, manually operated buttons should be provided in order to further differentiate the control function, which can be used to call up additional commands for each page opened.

A design with a CompactDisc player combines a number of advantages, short access times, protection against environmental influences

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largely resistant sound carrier, no loss of quality through frequent playback, lots of storage space. However, this technology is very expensive. Its use in audio books is therefore also intended under the following circumstances:

* The CD audio book (audio book with built-in CD player) is offered together with a range of software consisting of a series of books whose acoustic counterparts are stored on one or a few CD disks. The disc is inserted once for an entire series of books.

* The page recognition is similar to that of the audiobook on tape; however, the CD audiobook also recognizes (via a memory card on the last page of the inside of the book) which book title it is.

In another application form ("audio book with memory card"), the acoustic information is stored in digital form on a chip memory card, which is inserted into the corresponding slot in the cover on the last page of the inner book. The sound sequences are called up according to the audio book principle and converted into acoustic sound sequences.

This form of audio book application has the advantage over tape and CD that the cardstock largely dispenses with mechanical parts and can be made even more compact; it also offers the most convenient and simplest form of integration of the inner book and 5p.ebook medium.

The audio book with Digital Audio Cassette works in
as the audio book with cassette tape; due to the digital recording technology, however, special
Control tracks on the cassette are omitted.

The audio book allows the use of external speakers. Connections are provided in case the user wants better sound quality via headphones or speakers.

In addition, for example in the play area

'· remarkable possibilities.

* A plush bear with built-in speaker and (through
A device for mouth and eye movements (controlled by acoustic signals) is connected to the audio book. The
The talking bear tells the content of the currently opened page of the book; all manipulation of the cassette recorder is eliminated and the user decides what he wants to do with which

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Pace and order in which you would like the text to be read.

* Or the talking bear has loudspeakers and an electronically controlled device for mouth and eye movements, in this case, sound track 1 on the tape cassette is used to reproduce the voice, sound track 2 is used to control the associated tape passage and at the same time to store signals that ensure that the mouth movements are actually synchronous: when the word "Abraham" is pronounced, the bear really opens and closes its mouth three times, when the word "Adriahafen" is pronounced it opens and closes it twice, and when the word "brunrmbrunmbrumTi" it only opens and closes it very slightly, etc. The cable connection between the audio book and the bear consists of two lines.

* Or the bear has its own cassette player with a loudspeaker and mouth movement electronics built in - then the functions of the audio book can be controlled via infrared remote control; of course the cassette must be inserted into the external player and does not remain in the book.

The audio book is generally suitable for particularly simple and clear control of all types of audio media. The audio book (also program or manual) contains a table of contents and additional information about

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the stored tone sequences are visible, which are created using
the audiobook principle can be conveniently accessed.

In the application form "Audiobook with external cassette player" the player or the speakers
placed outside and connected to the audio book via cable or infrared remote control. Functions as with the audio book
with integrated player; the book cover itself is
flatter. The audiobook also serves as a table of contents/
Program booklet for the contents of the audio cassette and at the same time as a convenient control unit.

When listening to an audiobook with an external CD player, as with any
Audiobook use of the sound carriers provided with control signals so that page recognition and assignment of the corresponding. 5

I speaking tone sequences. f

The audio book is a peripheral device in this design for the |

CD player and functions as a table of contents 1

(Program book) and control unit. CD disk and inner book j

form a software unit. Communication with the 1

CD player is connected via cable or infrared i

Remote control. jj

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The functions are similar for an audio book with an external DAT player. Here too, the inner book and the sound carrier must be adapted and coordinated with one another; the audio book is the table of contents and control unit.

The audio book also offers itself as a convenient unit for controlling image and data storage devices, which offers the advantage that the table of contents and control unit are not physically and functionally separated from one another. The book as such allows the best possible overview of the content of the respective image or data storage device; using the data then requires no further manipulation outside of the book.

When using the audio book as a unit that provides an overview of the content and convenient control of image storage devices (video recorders, video record players, etc.), the playback devices are located outside the audio book and are connected to it via cable or remote control. The inner book and the image or sound files (digitally stored data) are coordinated in terms of content and software and adapted for use in the audio book.

The audio book thus serves as a table of contents (catalogue, program booklet) that provides the user with additional information.

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supplied with the corresponding image and sound sequences, as well as serving as a control unit.

The system consists of the following components: book cover (audio book) and external playback device (video record player, video recorder or similar devices) on the one hand, and inner book and image carrier on the other.

The audio book in this application form can be connected to commercially available playback devices that have an electronic remote control, but of course only when using adapted software units consisting of an image carrier and an inner book.

In another application, the audio book principle is expanded and used simultaneously to register telephone numbers (or other numbers in the field of telecommunications such as telex etc.) and as a dialing unit. This "dial book" thus functions as an extended keyboard for connection to corresponding equipment: the user writes and saves important numbers in the "dial book" and dials them directly from the book.

The following extension of the audio book is required. As before, a light-sensitive band in the edge

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area of the book cover in conjunction with a logical perforation of the book pages, the opened page is photoelectronically identified; in addition, a row of ten (foil) buttons is attached to the book cover, next to the outer edges of the book pages.

Each of these keys is assigned to one of the (e.g. ten) data fields per open page, in which the user enters the desired data (name, address). The corresponding key is assigned a telephone number, which appears on a small LCD display when dialed. Otherwise, the dial book uses the technical solutions commonly used in connection with automatic dialers.

Automatic identification of the opened page (according to the audio book principle) and manual operation of the button next to the selected field: each button is now assigned a number, which is called up by pressing the button and displayed on an LCD display at the top of the cover.

The dial book is programmed as follows: Open the relevant page - Enter the desired subscriber data in the desired field - Press the programming key - Enter the subscriber number via

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Compared to other automatic dialers, the dial book has the following advantages:

the telephone keypad (shown on the display) - Complete the entry by pressing the program key again. Changes to the telephone number are the same as programming.

Using the dial pad is as simple as it is convenient: open the dial pad to a specific page (e.g. corresponding to the initials of the desired subscriber) - search for a field - press the adjacent button.

The dial book as an external telephone keypad saves the user any further manipulation after finding the desired subscriber and pressing the key next to their subscriber field; above all, it is no longer necessary necessary to remember the relevant numbers and otherwise

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* Handling like a conventional telephone register, in

I that frequently used numbers are entered. * This eliminates the need to handle telephone index cards (eg taking them out of the index, putting them in the automatic dialer, putting them back in the index box).

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* No additional equipment, connection via cable or remote control directly to the device.

* Storage of (30 pages with 10 fields each) 300 numbers in a very clear book format.

When the audio book principle is used to control computers and text systems, the audio book (similar to the "dial book") undergoes a series of extensions and adaptations with the aim of providing a powerful, multifunctional and user-friendly input medium that, together with the appropriate software, complements the conventional computer keyboard and simplifies working with computers.

The book keyboard is connected to the computer or to the DIN keyboard via cable or infrared remote control and provides the user with a complete menu-driven user interface with all the necessary auxiliary functions whereby the selection from the menu is made in the most human-friendly way of all: look in the "menu", select, order.

The idea of integrating the book into the work with computers is only an apparent step backwards.

Due to the fact that, as a result of office automation, more and more technical laypeople are working with computers and the range of possible applications is increasing, software and hardware manufacturers are trying to make it easier ^for everyone to use computers, but always avoiding non-computer media.

A wide range of efforts are being made in this direction, particularly at the operating system level. Because of the abstract syntax of the system commands, effective use of DOS requires considerable prior knowledge, intensive study of literature and constant practice, or even the ability to understand unfamiliar forms of communication that are hardly adapted to natural language. One way to avoid entering commands and command sequences directly is to use the menu control: here the user selects the command that corresponds to his or her intentions from a range of possible commands.

Two strategies for menu-driven user guidance at the DOS level can be identified:

Menu control via the use of a graphical user interface (GEM, Dos-Plus, Windows, etc.), whereby the

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the selection from the menu is made by controlling symbols assigned to command sequences on the screen, usually using the "mouse" as an external input device; or conventional, character-oriented menu control (PC-Master, Argus, !Dir, Mp-Start, etc.).

What both types of application have in common is that they serve to integrate different applications and system functions into a uniform, simplified control system and to limit permitted functions. Instead of operating system commands and a large number of incompatible help programs, a closed overall system is intended to make work easier.

But they also have one thing in common:

* they require screen work by cursor movement that ||

Typing command shortcuts. ||

* The display of selection points is either limited

or it requires scrolling through the screen and/

or working through submenus to get to the desired function.

* in favour of maintaining a certain degree of clarity- J

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ity, the presentation of explanatory help texts or examples must be largely dispensed with.

* From an ergonomic point of view, it is not entirely clear why the menu control has to be split when working with the "mouse": into mechanical manipulation of the mouse on the desk on the one hand and control of these movements by looking at the screen on the other.

These disadvantages can be eliminated by outsourcing the user interface and menu control to an external control unit in book form, which avoids a split in attention by physically and functionally unifying the control. This is because this external keyboard in book form allows for convenient searching and calling up of the system commands in one go; the correct execution of the operation, i.e. the target state, is displayed on the screen.

The book keyboard offers:

* "Real" menu control; as well as a physical catalog of commands and sequences, you can really browse the keyboard, you can select the desired commands without working through menu hierarchies and by pressing the clearly assigned function description

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Advantages of expert mode and menu control.

Despite a large number of thematically parallel and non-hierarchically ordered command sequences, the clarity is maintained in a way that only the book can offer; assuming 30 pages with 5 commands each, this corresponds to 150 function keys, which are self-explanatory thanks to the text immediately next to them.

* When working with functions defined by the user, e.g. text blocks, system settings, macro commands, the book keyboard provides content information in parallel and immediately.

* Improvement of ergonomics, elimination of headaches associated with working with computers.

In terms of content, the book keyboard software unit offers the following functions:

* User management with access control to the computer with its data;

* Calling memory resident desktop utilities &zgr;. &Bgr;.

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Calculator, ASCI I table, printer control, clock, keyboard layout, character set, appointment calendar, notepad, block character graphics, test routines and the like;

* Calling of operating system commands and instructions e.g. formatting, copying, saving, deleting, backing up;

* Calling user programs;

* File management, group editing of selected E: files, keyword index;

i. * System settings, character replacement switching for various

I Keyboard/program combinations or printer;

f * Macros for forms, setting of text processing parameters e.g. page length, letterhead, margins

\ etc. up to the position of the page number, telecorrmuni ca-

tion, database access, etc.

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%' the system, like other menu-driven user interfaces, offers the free definition and adaptation of function keys to the respective needs. The installation

|. sion of the program itself is - via screen - menuge-

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controls; the various settings can be added as desired ]

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A special feature compared to conventional interfaces is that the various settings must not only be displayed on the screen, but must also be written down in the keyboard book, in such a way that the command sequences, together with the associated user instructions, can be read off with the keyboard book.

format or the corresponding fields, and I

j that the system is open for changes and additions; ] this is especially important when working with files, text blocks, and tables of contents. j

The keyboard book meets these requirements in that |

as a new total or area-specific extension at any time

■ j print the function key assignment in keyboard book-compatible j

tible form is possible. The expression therefore corresponds to S

i in terms of order and format with the book pages or ]

-fields; the solution is available which is used for the control of

freely definable functions in such a way that the printout is inserted into the relevant page, e.g. in a transparent sleeve; or the printout is made on adhesive labels that are attached to the designated fields.

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Example of text block processing with a book keyboard: Blocks are not only represented abstractly in the keyboard book, e.g. by specifying a name or an abbreviation, but also in terms of content, namely by keywords, by a summary of the content or, if necessary and possible, by a written reproduction of the entire text. The program ensures that the data sets are constantly supplemented and, if necessary, rearranged from a logical perspective.

Text blocks and files can thus be browsed through from the book in a keyword-based and overview-based manner and conveniently, in any order and without any other manipulation, read into other text files and printed out. The same applies to command sequences such as macro commands for remote data transmission or for creating forms from forms, e.g. parameters for certain forms of text design with specification of page headers and footers, type and location of page numbering, page length, footnote management, cursive division, margin limits, alignment, etc. or for creating form letters.

The type and control of the user interface as offered by the keyboard book is not only for the professional

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It is not only attractive for the general area of application in office work, but anywhere where the advantages of convenient menu control are to be combined with those of the expert mode in such a way that users without in-depth knowledge of the system are able to handle computers and programs; for example in the areas of music, computer graphics, in the learning and gaming areas and as programming aid for beginners or in general in connection with computer-controlled devices, including in the toy sector. The book keyboard can be used everywhere simultaneously as a clear instruction manual and as an ergonomic input unit.

The attached drawings show schematic embodiments, namely:

Fig. 1 is a plan view of the opened book cover without test and/or picture block;

Fig. 2 is a top view similar to Fig. 1 after the text or image block has been inserted;

Fig. 3 is a plan view of the closed book cover; Fig. k is a sectional view along the line IV-IV in Fig.

The book cover consists, as shown in Fig. 1, of a front cover 1 with a larger recess 2 and a back cover 4 attached to the front cover by means of a flexible fold 3. The front cover 1 contains a loudspeaker and the back cover 6 contains a loudspeaker 6. When opened, the two loudspeakers are thus sufficiently far apart for the transmission of stereophonic music.

The rear cover 6 has a recess 7 for receiving a small tape cassette recorder, as shown schematically in section in Fig. k .

Furthermore, the rear cover k contains a strip-shaped photoelectric device 7.

As shown in Fig. 2, an interchangeable text and/or image block 8 is inserted into the book cover, namely by longitudinal slots on the left and right in the book cover accommodating tabs on the first and last page of the text and/or image block, which fixes it in place.

The text and/or image block preferably has recesses 9 at the top, for example corresponding to the number of pages, with a recess on each subsequent page

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added or omitted. The light-sensitive device 7 registers the number of pages accordingly, depending on how many recesses 9 are in alignment and form a continuous channel. j

As can be seen from Fig. 3, when the book cover is closed, the title page of the inserted text and/or picture block appears.

Fig. 4 shows that a compact cassette 11 is placed from above on winding or unwinding mandrels 12, whereby the tape in the cassette 11 is scanned by a sound head 13 and a corresponding shaft 1* ensures the advance of the tape.

Claims (10)

Steinsdorfstiaße 21-22 -D-8000 Munich 22 - Telephone: (089) 229441 - Telex: 522208 -Telefex: Gr2+3 (089) 229445 11553 SC/E Norbert Landa, A-9131 Pubersdorf 7 Book cover for interchangeable inclusion of various text and/or image blocks Protection claims: 1. Book cover for the exchangeable accommodation of various text and/or image blocks, characterized in that the opened page of the text and/or image block is detected by a mechanical, optical and/or electronic device, and that a text or music reproduction matching this page or a corresponding addition to the text or image content can be called up from an electronic storage device. 2. Book cover according to claim 1, characterized in that it has an integrated sound carrier player. 3. Book cover according to claim 2, ^{characterized} in that a battery-operated compact cassette tape player is contained therein. k. Book cover according to claims 1 to 3, characterized
characterized in that it contains one or more
contains speakers. 5. Book cover according to claim 1, characterized in that a receptacle for an electronic memory chip is provided. 6. Book cover according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that its front side
a flat speaker and that an opening is provided which allows a view of the title page of the
each inserted text or image block is released. 7. Book cover according to claims 1 to 6, characterized
characterized in that the page recognition system contains light-sensitive electronic components which, depending on a special perforation of the book pages, ·■ f ItI I I < * «I C I«· 5«<i>■ identify the page that is open. 8. Book cover according to claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the pages of the text or picture block are held together by a ring binding, which is clamped into the fold of the book cover and that a tape cassette is attached to the last page of the block, which is inserted into the corresponding holder of the playback device built into the book cover before use. 9. Book cover according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the tape of the compact cassette is occupied on two tracks with sound sequences and on the third track with electronic control signals, by means of which the processor is supplied with information about the current tape position at all times during operation, i.e. even during fast forward and rewind, and thus automatic access to desired passages is made possible. 10. Book cover according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that characterized in that for page recognition the I book pages have conductive coatings on both sides in certain areas, e.g. in the fold or edge area, so that that the relevant contacts can be used to the page being turned can be identified. I