DE69021936D1 - Methode und System zur Datenübertragung. - Google Patents

Methode und System zur Datenübertragung.

Info

Publication number
DE69021936D1
DE69021936D1 DE69021936T DE69021936T DE69021936D1 DE 69021936 D1 DE69021936 D1 DE 69021936D1 DE 69021936 T DE69021936 T DE 69021936T DE 69021936 T DE69021936 T DE 69021936T DE 69021936 D1 DE69021936 D1 DE 69021936D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
electronic card
data
computer system
station
data transmission
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
DE69021936T
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
DE69021936T2 (de
Inventor
Jorgen Bjerrum
Steen Ottosen
Sven Kjaer Nielsen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kommunedata IS
Original Assignee
Kommunedata IS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kommunedata IS filed Critical Kommunedata IS
Publication of DE69021936D1 publication Critical patent/DE69021936D1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE69021936T2 publication Critical patent/DE69021936T2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06QINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/36Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes
    • G06Q20/367Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes involving electronic purses or money safes
    • G06Q20/3674Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes involving electronic purses or money safes involving authentication
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0894Escrow, recovery or storing of secret information, e.g. secret key escrow or cryptographic key storage
    • H04L9/0897Escrow, recovery or storing of secret information, e.g. secret key escrow or cryptographic key storage involving additional devices, e.g. trusted platform module [TPM], smartcard or USB
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3234Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving additional secure or trusted devices, e.g. TPM, smartcard, USB or software token

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Finance (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Strategic Management (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Storage Device Security (AREA)
  • Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
  • Computer And Data Communications (AREA)
  • Communication Control (AREA)
  • Information Retrieval, Db Structures And Fs Structures Therefor (AREA)
  • Record Information Processing For Printing (AREA)
  • Document Processing Apparatus (AREA)
  • Financial Or Insurance-Related Operations Such As Payment And Settlement (AREA)
  • Devices For Checking Fares Or Tickets At Control Points (AREA)
  • Input From Keyboards Or The Like (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)
DE69021936T 1989-06-07 1990-06-07 Methode und System zur Datenübertragung. Expired - Lifetime DE69021936T2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK279089A DK279089D0 (da) 1989-06-07 1989-06-07 Fremgangsmaade til overfoersel af data, et elektronisk dokument eller lignende, system til udoevelse af fremgangsmaaden samt et kort til brug ved udoevelse af fremgangsmaaden

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE69021936D1 true DE69021936D1 (de) 1995-10-05
DE69021936T2 DE69021936T2 (de) 1996-01-18

Family

ID=8115812

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE69021936T Expired - Lifetime DE69021936T2 (de) 1989-06-07 1990-06-07 Methode und System zur Datenübertragung.
DE199090610039T Pending DE402301T1 (de) 1989-06-07 1990-06-07 Verfahren zur uebertragung von daten, einem elektronischen dokument oder aehnlichem, ein system zur uebertragung von daten, einem elektronischen dokument oder aehnlichem und eine karte zur verwendung gemaess dem verfahren.

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE199090610039T Pending DE402301T1 (de) 1989-06-07 1990-06-07 Verfahren zur uebertragung von daten, einem elektronischen dokument oder aehnlichem, ein system zur uebertragung von daten, einem elektronischen dokument oder aehnlichem und eine karte zur verwendung gemaess dem verfahren.

Country Status (20)

Country Link
US (1) US5311595A (de)
EP (1) EP0402301B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH04506143A (de)
KR (1) KR0154542B1 (de)
CN (1) CN1023282C (de)
AT (1) ATE127298T1 (de)
AU (1) AU637380B2 (de)
BR (1) BR9007420A (de)
CA (1) CA2056440C (de)
DE (2) DE69021936T2 (de)
DK (2) DK279089D0 (de)
FI (1) FI111307B (de)
HK (1) HK35797A (de)
HU (1) HU213504B (de)
IE (1) IE68507B1 (de)
IL (1) IL94633A (de)
IS (1) IS1637B (de)
NO (1) NO307120B1 (de)
PT (1) PT94307B (de)
WO (1) WO1990015490A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (72)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0501760B1 (de) * 1991-02-27 1998-09-23 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Verfahren zur Entdeckung inkorrekter Überschreibung gespeicherter Daten
SE469461B (sv) * 1991-11-07 1993-07-05 Nybo Seal System Ab Anlaeggning foer saeker oeverfoering av meddelanden fraan saendare till mottagare
WO1993020538A1 (en) * 1992-03-30 1993-10-14 Telstra Corporation Limited A cryptographic communications method and system
EP0746926B1 (de) * 1992-12-14 2003-10-29 The Commonwealth Of Australia Sicherheit eines komplexen dokuments
US5488649A (en) * 1994-05-06 1996-01-30 Motorola, Inc. Method for validating a communication link
US5544255A (en) * 1994-08-31 1996-08-06 Peripheral Vision Limited Method and system for the capture, storage, transport and authentication of handwritten signatures
US6091835A (en) * 1994-08-31 2000-07-18 Penop Limited Method and system for transcribing electronic affirmations
US5606609A (en) * 1994-09-19 1997-02-25 Scientific-Atlanta Electronic document verification system and method
JP3658422B2 (ja) 1994-09-21 2005-06-08 株式会社日立製作所 電子回覧システム及び電子回覧方法
JP2947713B2 (ja) 1994-09-21 1999-09-13 株式会社日立製作所 電子化書類回覧システム
US6526425B2 (en) 1994-09-21 2003-02-25 Hitachi, Ltd. Digitized document circulating system with circulation history
JP2865573B2 (ja) * 1994-09-21 1999-03-08 株式会社日立製作所 ワークフロー管理システム
US5535188A (en) * 1994-10-03 1996-07-09 International Business Machines Corporation Data security protection for information recorded on a rewritable storage medium using a write-once read-many storage medium
FR2725537B1 (fr) * 1994-10-11 1996-11-22 Bull Cp8 Procede de chargement d'une zone memoire protegee d'un dispositif de traitement de l'information et dispositif associe
US5577241A (en) * 1994-12-07 1996-11-19 Excite, Inc. Information retrieval system and method with implementation extensible query architecture
JP3560078B2 (ja) * 1995-02-06 2004-09-02 ソニー株式会社 電子機器制御装置、電子機器制御方法、および電子機器制御システム
US6636970B2 (en) * 1995-02-14 2003-10-21 Fujitsu Limited Software encoding using a combination of two types of encoding and encoding type identification information
US5737418A (en) * 1995-05-30 1998-04-07 International Game Technology Encryption of bill validation data
JPH08328962A (ja) * 1995-05-31 1996-12-13 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 端末機と、当該端末機に接続されるメモリカードからなるシステム
US6112985A (en) * 1996-03-07 2000-09-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft License-card-controlled chip card system
US5889941A (en) * 1996-04-15 1999-03-30 Ubiq Inc. System and apparatus for smart card personalization
US20030195847A1 (en) 1996-06-05 2003-10-16 David Felger Method of billing a purchase made over a computer network
US8229844B2 (en) 1996-06-05 2012-07-24 Fraud Control Systems.Com Corporation Method of billing a purchase made over a computer network
US7555458B1 (en) 1996-06-05 2009-06-30 Fraud Control System.Com Corporation Method of billing a purchase made over a computer network
AU5340500A (en) * 1996-06-13 2000-11-02 Intel Corporation Method for verifying integrity on an apparatus
DE19648824A1 (de) * 1996-11-26 1998-05-28 Alsthom Cge Alcatel Verfahren zum gesicherten Nachrichtenaustausch bei Massendiensten, sowie Teilnehmereinrichtung und Diensteanbietereinrichtung hierfür
US6581162B1 (en) * 1996-12-31 2003-06-17 Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P. Method for securely creating, storing and using encryption keys in a computer system
US6385723B1 (en) * 1997-05-15 2002-05-07 Mondex International Limited Key transformation unit for an IC card
US7249108B1 (en) * 1997-07-15 2007-07-24 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Validation protocol and system
US7743262B2 (en) * 1997-07-15 2010-06-22 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Integrated circuit incorporating protection from power supply attacks
US7246098B1 (en) * 1997-07-15 2007-07-17 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Consumable authentication protocol and system
SG116449A1 (en) * 1997-07-15 2005-11-28 Silverbrook Res Pty Ltd Ink and media cartridge with axial ink chambers.
US7346586B1 (en) * 1997-07-15 2008-03-18 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Validation protocol and system
US7043537B1 (en) 1997-09-05 2006-05-09 Cisco Technology, Inc System and method for remote device management
CA2306139C (en) * 1997-10-14 2007-04-17 Visa International Service Association Personalization of smart cards
US7047248B1 (en) * 1997-11-19 2006-05-16 International Business Machines Corporation Data processing system and method for archiving and accessing electronic messages
US6296183B1 (en) * 1997-12-23 2001-10-02 Qwest Communications Int'l., Inc. Telephony system for smart card usage
US6188309B1 (en) 1998-01-07 2001-02-13 At&T Corp Method and apparatus for minimizing credit card fraud
CA2334597C (en) * 1998-07-02 2007-09-04 Cryptography Research, Inc. Leak-resistant cryptographic indexed key update
US6816968B1 (en) * 1998-07-10 2004-11-09 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Consumable authentication protocol and system
US6330624B1 (en) * 1999-02-09 2001-12-11 International Business Machines Corporation Access limiting to only a planar by storing a device public key only within the planar and a planar public key only within the device
US7095851B1 (en) * 1999-03-11 2006-08-22 Tecsec, Inc. Voice and data encryption method using a cryptographic key split combiner
US7885899B1 (en) * 2000-02-08 2011-02-08 Ipass Inc. System and method for secure network purchasing
US7366702B2 (en) * 1999-07-30 2008-04-29 Ipass Inc. System and method for secure network purchasing
US6467049B1 (en) 1999-10-15 2002-10-15 Cisco Technology, Inc. Method and apparatus for configuration in multi processing engine computer systems
US8494956B2 (en) 1999-10-26 2013-07-23 The Western Union Company Internet funds transfer system using ATM pickup
US20030069856A1 (en) * 2001-10-10 2003-04-10 First Data Corporation Method and system for performing money transfer transactions
US6831982B1 (en) * 1999-11-19 2004-12-14 Storage Technology Corporation Encryption key management system using multiple smart cards
US7233926B2 (en) * 2000-03-07 2007-06-19 Thomson Licensing Electronic wallet system with secure inter-purses operations
US7043642B1 (en) * 2000-05-22 2006-05-09 Gemplus Process to manage data in a chip card
US7206847B1 (en) * 2000-05-22 2007-04-17 Motorola Inc. Smart card with back up
US7111005B1 (en) * 2000-10-06 2006-09-19 Oracle International Corporation Method and apparatus for automatic database encryption
WO2003013167A1 (de) * 2001-07-20 2003-02-13 Brainshield Technologies, Inc. Vorrichtung zur digitalen signatur eines elektronischen dokuments
US20040254890A1 (en) * 2002-05-24 2004-12-16 Sancho Enrique David System method and apparatus for preventing fraudulent transactions
JP2004015665A (ja) * 2002-06-10 2004-01-15 Takeshi Sakamura 電子チケット流通システムにおける認証方法およびicカード
JP2004015667A (ja) * 2002-06-10 2004-01-15 Takeshi Sakamura Icカード間暗号通信方法、電子チケット流通システムにおけるicカード間暗号通信方法およびicカード
US7526555B2 (en) * 2003-03-25 2009-04-28 Toshiba Corporation Smart card printing
US7925891B2 (en) * 2003-04-18 2011-04-12 Via Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for employing cryptographic functions to generate a message digest
US10339336B2 (en) * 2003-06-11 2019-07-02 Oracle International Corporation Method and apparatus for encrypting database columns
US8108691B2 (en) * 2005-02-07 2012-01-31 Sandisk Technologies Inc. Methods used in a secure memory card with life cycle phases
US8321686B2 (en) * 2005-02-07 2012-11-27 Sandisk Technologies Inc. Secure memory card with life cycle phases
US8423788B2 (en) * 2005-02-07 2013-04-16 Sandisk Technologies Inc. Secure memory card with life cycle phases
US7748031B2 (en) 2005-07-08 2010-06-29 Sandisk Corporation Mass storage device with automated credentials loading
US20070061597A1 (en) * 2005-09-14 2007-03-15 Micky Holtzman Secure yet flexible system architecture for secure devices with flash mass storage memory
US8966284B2 (en) * 2005-09-14 2015-02-24 Sandisk Technologies Inc. Hardware driver integrity check of memory card controller firmware
US20080052524A1 (en) * 2006-08-24 2008-02-28 Yoram Cedar Reader for one time password generating device
US20080072058A1 (en) * 2006-08-24 2008-03-20 Yoram Cedar Methods in a reader for one time password generating device
US8423794B2 (en) * 2006-12-28 2013-04-16 Sandisk Technologies Inc. Method and apparatus for upgrading a memory card that has security mechanisms for preventing copying of secure content and applications
JP2008270870A (ja) * 2007-04-16 2008-11-06 Sony Corp 通信システム、通信装置及び通信方法、並びにコンピュータ・プログラム
JP5125426B2 (ja) * 2007-11-06 2013-01-23 沖電気工業株式会社 取引装置及び該取引装置における暗証番号処理方法
DE102011119693A1 (de) * 2011-11-29 2013-05-29 Universität Heidelberg System, Computer-implementiertes Verfahren und Computerprogrammprodukt zur direkten Kommunikation zwischen Hardwarebeschleunigern in einem Computercluster
GB2531095B (en) * 2014-10-10 2021-06-23 Zwipe As Biometric enrolment authorisation

Family Cites Families (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3764742A (en) * 1971-12-23 1973-10-09 Ibm Cryptographic identification system
CH604432A5 (de) * 1977-03-16 1978-09-15 Europ Handelsges Anst
FR2480539B1 (fr) * 1980-04-09 1985-09-13 Cii Honeywell Bull Procede et systeme de transmission de messages signes
FR2514593B1 (fr) * 1981-10-09 1986-12-26 Bull Sa Procede et dispositif pour authentifier la signature d'un message signe
FR2526977B1 (fr) * 1982-05-14 1988-06-10 Cii Honeywell Bull Procede et dispositif pour authentifier ou certifier au moins une information contenue dans une memoire d'un support electronique notamment amovible et portatif tel qu'une carte
FR2530053B1 (fr) * 1982-07-08 1986-04-25 Bull Sa Procede pour certifier la provenance d'au moins une information enregistree dans une memoire d'un premier dispositif electronique et transmise a un deuxieme dispositif electronique, et systeme pour la mise en oeuvre d'un tel procede
FR2536880B1 (fr) * 1982-11-30 1987-05-07 Bull Sa Microprocesseur concu notamment pour executer les algorithmes de calcul d'un systeme de chiffrement a cle publique
DE3382261D1 (de) * 1982-12-28 1991-05-29 Toshiba Kawasaki Kk Datenschutzverfahren.
US4926480A (en) * 1983-08-22 1990-05-15 David Chaum Card-computer moderated systems
EP0147716A3 (de) * 1983-12-24 1987-10-28 ANT Nachrichtentechnik GmbH Verfahren und Anordnung zur verschlüsselbaren Übertragung einer Nachrichten-Binärzeichenfolge mit Authentizitätsprüfung
DK190784D0 (da) * 1984-04-12 1984-04-12 Pengeinst Koebe Kreditkort Fremgangsmaade og apparat til datatransmission
JPS619052A (ja) * 1984-06-25 1986-01-16 Toshiba Corp 通信ネツトワ−クシステム
JPH0691526B2 (ja) * 1985-03-08 1994-11-14 株式会社東芝 通信システム
US4677670A (en) * 1985-07-01 1987-06-30 Henderson Jr Paul B Paired-secure message identification controller for computers and the like
FR2601476B1 (fr) * 1986-07-11 1988-10-21 Bull Cp8 Procede pour authentifier une donnee d'habilitation externe par un objet portatif tel qu'une carte a memoire
EP0277247B1 (de) * 1986-07-31 1994-05-04 Kabushiki Kaisya Advance System zur erzeugung eines gemeinsamen geheimübertragungsschlüssels und kommunikationssystem unter verwendung des gemeinsamen geheimübertragungsschlüssels
DE3631797A1 (de) * 1986-09-18 1988-03-31 Siemens Ag Verfahren und vorrichtung zur verschluesselung von nutzdaten
ES2051780T3 (es) * 1987-03-04 1994-07-01 Siemens Nixdorf Inf Syst Disposicion de circuito para asegurar el acceso a un sistema de proceso de datos con la ayuda de una tarjeta de chips.
FR2613565B1 (fr) * 1987-04-03 1989-06-23 Bull Cps Procede pour acheminer des cles secretes vers des modules de securite et des cartes utilisateurs, dans un reseau de traitement d'informations
GB2217949B (en) * 1988-03-29 1992-08-05 Aisin Seiki Data encryption
CA1321649C (en) * 1988-05-19 1993-08-24 Jeffrey R. Austin Method and system for authentication
DE69019593T2 (de) * 1989-04-27 1996-01-25 Ibm Sichere Handhabung von Schlüsseln unter Verwendung von Kontrollvektoren mit Mehrwegüberwachung.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO307120B1 (no) 2000-02-07
NO914815L (no) 1991-12-06
JPH04506143A (ja) 1992-10-22
HU905661D0 (en) 1992-06-29
CA2056440A1 (en) 1990-12-08
DE402301T1 (de) 1993-09-23
PT94307A (pt) 1993-06-30
FI111307B (fi) 2003-06-30
BR9007420A (pt) 1992-06-16
IL94633A0 (en) 1991-04-15
HUT60417A (en) 1992-08-28
IS3587A7 (is) 1990-12-08
IL94633A (en) 1995-01-24
ATE127298T1 (de) 1995-09-15
CN1023282C (zh) 1993-12-22
IE901929A1 (en) 1991-06-19
DK279089D0 (da) 1989-06-07
EP0402301A1 (de) 1990-12-12
NO914815D0 (no) 1991-12-06
PT94307B (pt) 1998-04-30
HU213504B (en) 1997-07-28
EP0402301B1 (de) 1995-08-30
IS1637B (is) 1996-09-20
AU5851090A (en) 1991-01-07
US5311595A (en) 1994-05-10
KR0154542B1 (ko) 1998-11-16
HK35797A (en) 1997-03-27
IE68507B1 (en) 1996-06-26
WO1990015490A1 (en) 1990-12-13
CA2056440C (en) 1999-12-21
DK0402301T3 (da) 1996-01-15
AU637380B2 (en) 1993-05-27
CN1049946A (zh) 1991-03-13
FI915581A0 (fi) 1991-11-27
DE69021936T2 (de) 1996-01-18
IE901929L (en) 1990-12-07

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE69021936T2 (de) Methode und System zur Datenübertragung.
NO881437D0 (no) Fremgangsmaate for ruting av hemmelige datanoekler til sikkerhetsmoduler og brukerkort i et informasjonsbehandlingsnett.
DE60310556D1 (de) Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Verteilung von Zugangsdaten für Inhalte
NO943457D0 (no) "Smartkort" tilpasset flere tjenesteytere og sekundær utnyttelse
HK1052417A1 (en) Information processing system and information processing method
JP2000059355A5 (de)
AU2119697A (en) Access control/crypto system
SE9503343D0 (sv) Metod för kryptering av information
IL160831A0 (en) Method for data broadcast between a local server and local peripherals
ATE207642T1 (de) Geheimübertragungsverfahren und -system
HK92095A (en) Method for certifying the authenticity of data exchanged between two devices connected locally or remotely by a transmission line
CA2253102A1 (en) Method of and system for processing electronic document and recording medium for recording processing program
ATE201542T1 (de) Verfahren und einrichtung zur datenverschlüsselung und- übertragung
EP1223496A3 (de) Verschlüsselungsschema zur Begrenzung der maximalen Zugriffsanzahl zu einer elektronischen Datei vorherbestimmten Inhalts
IL136746A0 (en) System and method of sending and receiving secure data using anonymous keys
ATE176972T1 (de) Verfahren zur datensicherung in einem b-isdn telekommunikationssystem
CN1711604A (zh) 安全的本地拷贝保护
SE8405261L (sv) Forfarande for kryptering vid teckenvis overforing av data fran en sendande till en mottagande enhet

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
8364 No opposition during term of opposition