DE677056C - Regulation of power distribution, power flows, frequency (speed) and path difference (time) in single or multi-phase AC networks or networks according to the clock rate of a standard clock or a clock frequency - Google Patents

Description

Control of power distribution, power flows, frequency (speed) and path difference (time) in single or multi-phase AC networks or network associations according to the clock rate of a standard clock or a clock frequency. It is known, Machines in single or multi-phase AC networks or network associations according to your Rate difference between a normal clock or a clock generator or a clock frequency and to control a synchronous clock driven or fed by the network. With The purpose of this rate control of machines is twofold, namely first the, the load on the parallel working machine units after a certain Key to distribute without therefore reducing the frequency for the duration of the setpoint deviates, and secondly, for correct time indication of the consumers synchronous clocks connected to the network. The load distribution on the parallel working units happens in basically the same way as with the known speed control method based on path difference machine performance characteristics, which correspond to the frequency (speed) machine performance characteristics. As in The speed control can also be used with the gear control by raising or lowering of the characteristic curves or by changing the characteristic curve inclinations the proportion of Adjust the individual machine units to the total load as required. One has So with the gear control all options as with the speed control, can but in addition, since the frequency in the final state after each control process, i.e. if the path difference no longer changes, it assumes its nominal value again, give all machines in the network inclined gear characteristics, in contrast to speed control, in which, as is well known, an isodrome-controlled system is used to keep the frequency constant Frequency machine, d. H. a machine with a horizontal characteristic. Only if the synchronous clocks connected to the network have exactly the right time without any difference in the rate compared to the normal clock, you give a machine in the network a horizontal one Gear characteristic. In general, however, this is not necessary, since the rate deviation, that of noisy machines with inclined characteristic curves with fluctuating network load can be kept so small that it does not matter to the network clocks.

This rate control method can be applied to networks or network groups of any size be expanded. But it has the disadvantage that any load changes occur Distribute to all gear-regulated machines in the entire network structure without consideration their distance from the load point. Therefore also the power flows constant fluctuations in the power lines. lie while it is on the contrary it is desirable to have at least the transfer services between networks or power supplies belonging to different companies, exactly or approximately to keep to certain scheduled values and thus to achieve at the same time, that each of these networks' the load changes occurring within its limits itself takes over.

In accordance with the invention, these and other related Tasks achieved by the fact that between the clock generator (normal clock) or the clock frequency generator and the regulator gear differentials (period converters or superimposers) built in or that the controllers are controlled by clock generators or clock frequency generators, which show path differences from one another. These gear differentials are namely not tied to the place of installation of the controller, but give when they are in the Transmission paths between the clock generator or clock frequency generator and the controller can be built in, the very valuable possibility of entire machine groups, power plants, Control power supply units or entire networks together. For example, if you are in a Transmission path that contains the clock pulses or the clock frequency from the central clock generator or supplies clock frequency generators from a power plant, a power supply unit or network, incorporates such a gear differential, you can use it to determine the gear characteristics at all machines of the power plant, power supply unit or regulated according to the path difference Raise or lower the network and thus increase or decrease their power output.

So you can with such a device from a command post from any distance with a handle those subordinate to the command post Affect machines, power plants or networks individually or all together, without to have to give instructions about this to the operator. But you can use the gear differential also depending on the load condition of the power plants, network parts or networks Let it rotate automatically, by any one for the load condition decisive company size. Basically, the machine controller can be influenced on the clock generator side or the mains frequency side or the output side of the control device, d. H. the gear differential or the period converter or superimposer, for one Machine alone or for several machines or machine groups or power supply units or for entire networks together.

In order to explain this in more detail, the following should first refer to the and control devices are briefly discussed.

The generation of clock pulses by normal clocks is known and needed therefore not to be described here. The generation / * v * em clock frequency at a Central office and its remote transmission can be carried out by any of the known means telecommunication or transmission technology. Either the clock frequency are transmitted themselves, or you can use any carrier frequencies, which are modulated with the clock frequency. The current state of the art permits it, the clock frequency both in the central station by means of tuning fork control, quartz resonators, Precision clockworks etc. using machines or tubes with perfectly sufficient accuracy to generate as well as to transmit by means of suitable encoders or transmitters and receivers and to strengthen it, with the transmission paths through electrical switches also are used for other purposes or existing facilities are also used can.

One of the generators can also be used as the central clock frequency generator of the network itself, or the clock frequency can be any convenient point taken from the network, whereby it is then also expedient for operational reasons can be to switch on a path difference between the mains and the clock frequency and to make this changeable or flexible, for example in the way, -that the clock frequency tends to accept the frequency setpoint and the network frequency to pull over the regulator on the machines and thus ensure that that the network itself also assumes the target frequency again.

One can also rely on the uninterrupted transmission of the clock frequency from the central office and work as precisely as possible on the spot Set up vibration generators that follow the same principles as the clock generator or clock frequency generator can be built in the central office and with this automatically or manually synchronized by signals at certain time intervals will. It is also not necessary that the various local clocks or clock frequency generator always completely agree with each other, if only the divergence is so slow that the adjustment with the help of the between the clock generator or clock frequency generator and the controller switched on gear differentials is not necessary more often than is permissible for regulated network operation. There the changing requirements of the energy supply anyway ongoing changes make necessary in the power distribution, this procedure means -empty special Disadvantage if only the. Command points thereby the Overview not get lost. So maybe it will be enough if you keep the local clock (Normal clocks) or clock frequency generators, for example with the help of the observatories adjusts.

The machine controller is controlled according to the path difference as is well known with a mechanical or electrical differential that on the one hand from the clock generator (or the standard clock) or the clock frequency generator, on the other hand with driven by the machine speed or fed by the mains frequency. In fig. i, for example, a differential gear is shown, which -of the shafts i and 2 is driven. The shaft i is coupled to a synchronous motor that is connected to the clock frequency is fed. The wave i makes one with the clock frequency generator exactly synchronous rotary movement. The second drive shaft 2 of the differential gear are also driven in the opposite sense by a synchronous motor, that of the voltage of the machine to be controlled (or of the voltage of one with her coupled machine, possibly serving other purposes, or from the an auxiliary winding or a bolt voltage taken from the stator of the machine) is fed. One connected to the output shaft 3 of the differential gear The pointer or arm thus makes a rotary movement that determines the path difference between the Clock or the clock frequency and the mains frequency corresponds. Let him do that Power control of the machine or the control element on a machine controlling the machine Adjust the servo motor, so you can make a certain assignment between the rotation of the arm and the power control position and thus between the machine power and the path difference, which can be achieved according to the well-known principles of control technology depending on the operating requirements. Especially those come into consideration Control for constant path difference (horizontal characteristic) with the help of servomotors and isodromising devices or the adjustment of a linear relationship between the path difference and the machine performance, -d. H. an inclined path difference machine performance curve with the aid of feedbacks or by direct connection of the arm to the output shaft 3 of the differential gear with the power control of the machine.

In addition to mechanical ones, there are also electrical ones to control the regulators Differentials, such as double-fed asynchronous motors, period difference pointer Type of synchronoscopes, etc., into consideration. With such an electric differential becomes one part, for example in the double-fed asynchronous machine the stator winding, from the clock frequency, the other part, for example the rotor winding, fed by the mains frequency. An arm on the rotor shaft of the As in the case of the mechanical differential according to Fig. i the arm on shaft 3 and, like a period difference pointer, the path difference at.

In addition, the controller must be built so that by their power consumption no variable reaction on the path difference pointer takes place, what is known, for example, by connecting amplifier devices between can reach the controller and the transmission path for the clock frequency. That he otherwise the well-known principles of control technology and those proven in controller construction Means such as servomotors, feedbacks, temporary statics to increase the Stability, etc., goes without saying.

To convert existing speed controllers into gear controllers, The speed variators are usually used by adding an accessory for the gear control can act on them. Instead of the speed adjustment device the opening-limiting device can also kick in. Such a controller can be im In an emergency, intervene automatically as a speed controller. Like the speed controller more common Finally, the regulator will also be designed with an overspeed protection for Faults, equip.

In addition, it should be noted that the speed regulators the feedback not only, as usual, from the regulator stroke (i.e. from the movement of the Power control), but also on the rate of change of the path difference can get you. This is easily possible because of the rate of change the path difference of the angular velocity of the output shaft of the controller controlling differential, so for example the shaft 3 in Fig. i, proportionally is. Means to achieve this, which is very valuable for the stability of the system Process are, for example, speed pendulum or voltage generator (tachometer dynamos) on the output shaft of the differential, which together with the control arm (and the Benefit cooperatives) in a certain effect ratio on the power tax work, similar to the speed controller of the usual design, the speed measuring mechanism and the return linkage in a certain effective ratio together the power control above affect the element controlling the regulator (control valve): Basically, one can increase the rate of change of the path difference measure, instead of the angular speed of the output shaft of the differential, too take the speed of the machine itself, since both are only dependent on the clock frequency differentiate relative unchangeable speed from each other. Instead of of the speeds can also occur the corresponding frequencies, and that What has just been said applies analogously to the measurement of the second differential quotient the path difference according to time and also for measuring the higher differential quotients, if these should still be recorded. With the use of the output shaft of the differential As with any differential measurement, the advantage of greater measurement accuracy is the same metrological effort connected. In addition, it should be noted that the Influence of the rate of change of the path difference and possibly its higher differential quotient after time only temporarily, i.e. during the Control processes themselves, is effective - similar to the yielding feedback when Speed controller of the usual design - but that in the final state the path difference-machine performance characteristics are solely authoritative.

The gear differentials (period converters or superimposers), which according to the invention between the clock (normal clock) or the clock frequency generator and the controllers to be installed basically have the same structure like the ones described, essentially from the gear control of individual machines already known differentials. One can accordingly choose mechanical or electrical Use differentials or, for example, rotatable couplings in the drive shafts of the differential gear as shown in Fig. z, the drive motors of this can be installed Equip shafts with rotatable stands, period adjustment devices of any kind Kind in the electrical leads to these motors or adjustable links in the link mechanism between differential gear and servo motor or Power tax; turn on or may use other known ones suitable for this purpose Use facilities.

As far as the operating parameters are concerned, through which the controller can be influenced via these gear differentials, power values come primarily into consideration, namely first of all the individual machines supplied or from sierG benefits, if, .these_ do not already have an effect on the level difference% .le3 eih-r, then the total output shares several Machines or the total output of a power plant via a line to the outside, or the transfer capacities in coupling lines or algebraic sums of such transfer capacities. But you can also influence the influence of other operating variables; such as an electrical voltage, a pressure, the frequency, the path difference, etc. or by a sum expression of several of the stated operating variables.

For example, if you look at the individual machines in a power plant in Depending on the total output of the plant controls, this total output is distributed according to a key determined by the gear characteristics on the machines of the plant. The work including any originating from him, the entire work performance transmitting long-distance line then works like a single machine, its terminals are, so to speak, at the end of the pipeline. So you can at the end of this line constant performance or a path difference that is somehow dependent on the factory performance, d. H. Path difference work performance characteristics, achieve.

The same applies to machines and plants, e.g. B. Pumped storage or converter stations that do not work as a generator, but rather as a motor, if their Energy consumption from the network is not arbitrary, but is controlled so that Path difference performance characteristics arise.

Another example will be discussed using Fig. 2. Let two networks A and B be connected to one another by an unspecified coupling line from which a consumer V is fed. In order to divide the power consumption of the consumer V between the networks A and B in a certain ratio, for example based on collective agreements, at one or both end points of the coupling line between the power flowing there from the network A or the network B and the Path difference, as described above, establishes a characteristic curve relationship. Then the same applies to the two networks as to the 2nd power plants or 2 machines that are connected in parallel at the connection point of the consumer V and operate according to gear characteristics. With the two networks you have all the different possibilities of parallel operation as with two machines, only with the difference that the networks not only deliver power, but also absorb it, i.e. can work in a motorized manner, so to speak.

In the example just discussed with the Obden networks A and B, it was assumed that a network not only consists of engines or power plants, but also contains consumers, so that in fact, if the generation of the network is less than the consumption, external power is related. The characteristic curve can thus be continued into the motor domain, as it were, by bringing the power consumption of the networks as well as their power output by influencing the engines or power plants by means of the clock frequency in a characteristic curve relationship to the path difference.

The importance of this procedure for the operation of large interconnected networks should be illustrated by another example. In Fig. 3, the large ABCD network shows as the main network, for example, a European collection network with 380 kV, with the nodes _A, B, C and D being the main points of the networks of the individual European countries. The clock frequency is generated at a centrally located point M and fed to the main points A, B, C and D. For their part, the networks of the various countries may initially consist of national collecting networks, for example with 220 kV, which have nodes in the individual districts or provinces of the countries. One of these country networks, namely (read connected to the main point A, which may be the German Reichsnetz, for example, is shown schematically with its Gauknotenpunkte a, b, c, d, e and f . From the Gauknotenpunkte go the Gaunetz, for example with zoo kV as they already partially exist in Germany at the moment (Bayernwerk, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitäts-Werk, Badenwerk, etc.). In Fig. 3, one (nasty gauze network of the state network connected in main point A, namely the network assigned to district node a its nodes a, ß, y, 8 and E. The further ramifications of this gauze network from points a, ß, y, 8 and e to the individual machines and consumers are not shown because they offers nothing new.

If you want to control such a large network structure A .... a .... a .... according to the method according to the invention, if you first assign certain clock frequencies to the main points A, B, C and D, which Determine the relationship of the countries to each other, and if you then give the individual gauze points of the country networks clock frequencies that regulate the power flows in the respective national network, etc., you can easily see how important it is to change the clock frequencies for entire networks at the same time and thus change them To be able to treat and control nets like stapling. It should be noted, however, that the different clock frequencies, unless an adjustment is being made, are of the same size, i.e. they make the same number of oscillations per unit of time, but have a certain path difference from one another, i.e. counted from an imaginary starting point in which you The path difference may still have been set to zero, overall a different number of oscillations, which can be attributed to the temporary changes in the clock frequencies during the operational adjustments.

The clock frequency generated in M represents, so to speak, the European main clock frequency. The main points A, B, C and D determine their path differences according to this main clock frequency. At these points A, B, C and D , the country clock frequencies can be derived from the European main clock frequency by means of gear differentials (period converters or superimposers). Correspondingly, clock frequencies can be derived from the country clock frequencies in the regional nodes a, b, c, d, e and f by rotating the gear differentials, and from these in turn the clock frequencies of the distribution networks, power plant groups or the individual power plants, which in turn arise in the same way can derive the clock frequencies for the power plants or machine units subordinate to them. The entire European network is structured like an administrative organization in the shape of a pyramid. The bottom row is made up of the machines, the second the power plants, the third the distribution networks or groups of power plants, the fourth the crook networks and the fifth the national networks. The higher-level associations can use the clock frequencies to dispose of the associations that are subordinate to them and regulate their path differences and thus their exchange of services with other associations of equal status and the next higher association. One can also speak of different path differences, depending on which clock frequency the path difference is related to, since the subordinate bodies expediently calculate their path differences in each case according to the clock frequency given to them by their superior body.

If z. If, for example, the national network connected at point A is to deliver more power to the other country networks assigned to the main points B, C and D , the regional command post adjusts the clock frequency in the main point A in the sense of the advance. The consequence of this is that all the machines of the national network assigned to the main point A, based on the main clock frequency, set correspondingly larger path differences, which means that their characteristic curves are raised and they therefore deliver more power. This has energy flows from the Gauze nodes a, b,. . . f to the main point A and from there to the other main points B, C and D to the sequence. The gauze nodes a, b,. . . f power flowing into the European network via the main point A is calculated from the individual parts of the Gau node points ca, b,. . f assigned Gaunetz applied in accordance with the local rate characteristics. The over the main point A from the @@ '"^` @ "emii4 @ i% a, b, ... f assigned Gauntlets to other country networks or swept from other country networks to the Gau nodes a, b,. . . f assigned gau network can be controlled automatically by the fact that the path difference related to the main clock frequency is brought into dependence on this power flow by changing the clock frequency in the main point A via a gear differential from an automatically operating path difference power control device of exactly the same type as is twisted in the machines. The power, which is taken from or supplied to the gauze nets assigned to the Gaussian nodes a, b, ... f , can in turn be distributed in the same way to the Gaussian nodes a, b, c, d, e and f in an arbitrarily adjustable manner by again setting up control devices at the Gauze nodes a, b, c, d, e and f, which change the Gau clock frequencies as a function of the services that flow from these nodes to the main point A or vice versa. The fact that the same process can also be continued down to points a, β, y, 8 and e down to the machines requires no further explanation. The control described ensures the greatest possible overview and mastery of the overall operational management, since the load distribution takes place automatically on all levels according to the same principles, ie everywhere exactly as on the lowest level, i.e. as with the machines. It should also be noted that the control speeds upwards have to become smaller and smaller, since the control always acts indirectly via the lowest level, namely the machines. It is therefore recommended, in order to have the control speed in hand, the gear differentials via servomotors with the input To let directions and devices for setting the control speeds affect the path difference, the control speed can be fixed or dependent on any operating variables.

In Fig.q. is a network structure similar to that in Fig. 3 shown drawn. However, while in Fig. 3 radially switched networks are assumed, Fig. q shows. Mesh networks. Everything that has been said about Fig. 3 also applies to such mesh networks. The characteristic curves are generally based on that of refer to the total output of the individual nodes. The same is true analogously for networks, which, as usual, partly as mesh networks, partly as radial networks are switched.

The clock frequencies can not only be used for the machines or other points of the network certain path difference values, but simultaneously also supply certain voltages, according to which the mains or machine voltage the size can be regulated. Like the characteristic curves with the help of the clock frequency and. thus the services of one or more machine or network units can be remote-controlled manually or automatically, the terminal or line voltages of one or more machine or network units Comparison with the clock frequency voltage according to its size by hand or automatically remote control. A voltage differential serves as a control element, in which the controlling variable is the difference between the amplitudes of the machine or mains voltage and the clock frequency voltage. The control unit therefore consists, for example, of two magnets, one of which is from the machine or mains voltage, the other is fed from the clock frequency voltage, and their tensile forces in opposite Sense of the control unit of an automatic, equipped with the usual facilities Regulator act. That the voltage differential is also in manifold other ways and can be built in a manner that does not need to be proven by further examples, as such mechanical, electrical or magnetic differential circuits for many other purposes can be used.

The voltage differential works on the individual machines the reactive power tax, d. H. the exciters, when controlling several units or whole networks but on the clock frequency voltage to be passed on to these units or networks. In general, the voltage difference controls the voltage difference in the network, see above that one regulate Cch Spdnr # iügs reactive power characteristics permit can, if one by transformer devices (resistors, transformers, adjustable Springs or levers etc.), which are located between the clock frequency generator and the controllers, the clock frequency voltage through reactive power or voltage measuring devices (voltage differentials) automatically depends on the reactive power. This species can be very beneficial the voltage regulation with the help of the control frequency in extra high voltage networks. Because with regard to the stability of the operation is independent of the Load to keep voltage as constant as possible, resulting in changing reactive power consumption from the maximum voltage powers, if the active power flow transmitted by them is changes.

The gear and voltage regulators and the gear differentials (period converters or -überlagerer) and the transformer devices can also be combined with one another will.

Finally, it should be pointed out that when using of the method according to the invention on networks of different frequencies, for example are coupled with each other by converters, the clock frequencies with the help of translations and frequency converters or superimposers from one another or from other clock frequencies can derive or otherwise relate to one another, so that the networks operated like a network of uniform frequency despite the different frequencies and can be controlled:

Claims (7)

PATENT CLAIMS: i. Regulation of power distribution, power flows, Frequency (speed) and path difference (time) in single or multi-phase AC networks or network groups according to the clock rate of a normal clock or according to a clock frequency, characterized in that between the clock generator (normal clock) or the clock frequency generator and. the regulator gear differentials (period converter or superimposer) built in or that the controllers are controlled by clock generators or clock frequency generators, the gait differences show against each other. 2. Regulation according to claim i, characterized characterized in that the gear differentials (period converters or superimposers) of Be controlled manually or automatically depending on any operating size. 3. Regulation according to claim 2, characterized in that certain relationships between the controlling operating variables and the path differences are adjusted or constant being held. q .. Control according to Claim 2, characterized in that the control the gear differentials (period converter or superimposer) with permanently adjustable or control speeds dependent on any operating variables. 5. Regulation according to claim i, characterized in that as a clock frequency generator a generator of the network itself used or the clock frequency. any other Is taken from the network point. 6. Regulation according to claim i to 5, characterized in that that the effect of between the clock generator (normal clock) or the clock frequency generator and the governor engaged gear differentials through immediate intervention the controller gear differentials in the control units of the machine controller and through direct Effect of measuring mechanisms for the rate of change of the path difference (and possibly the higher differential quotients of the path difference the time) or the machine speed (mains frequency) accelerated and improved will. . 7. Regulation according to claim i to 5, characterized in that the clock frequencies at the same time can also be used for voltage and reactive power regulation and accordingly the voltage or reactive power regulator of the machines under the influence of one hand from the machine voltage, on the other hand from the clock frequency voltage fed voltage differential stand. B. A device for regulating according to claim 7, characterized in that between the clock frequency generator and. transformer devices are placed on the regulators, the clock frequency voltage by hand or by reactive power or voltage measuring devices (Voltage differentials) to change automatically. 9 @. Facility for Regulation according to Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the speed and voltage regulators and the gear differentials (period converters or superimposers) and the transformer devices be united with each other.