DE662681C - Method for the display of any pictures or objects in a one-dimensionally defined row of picture elements, in particular for purposes of television and the recording and reproduction of pictures - Google Patents

Description

Process for the representation of any pictures or objects in a one-dimensionally defined row of pixels, in particular for purposes of Television and the recording and playback of images The individual human The eye perceives images or processes in a two-dimensional arrangement; are accordingly so far all optical television, image transmission, recording and reproducing devices designed to provide two-dimensional images; H. such Images in which the pixels are arranged in two dimensions so that they create the same visual impression in the eye as the observation of the corresponding natural object. .

The present invention provides a new image arrangement which is a Simplification of all those procedures and arrangements made possible in which to Consideration of any process an intermediate recording is used. she is therefore generally applicable to the recording and playback of images, e.g. B. in photography, cinematography and picture telegraphy, but also everywhere there where between the observing eye and the natural process to be observed o. The like. Any transmission means, e.g. B. a television broadcast with their Devices to be turned on.

The invention consists essentially in that the arrangement of the Picture elements in a one-dimensionally defined row of elements by optical means takes place, which are designed such that all lines of the original image by static optical displacement, i.e. independent of time and movement, see above are shifted against each other; that the individual picture lines are in the so obtained optical representation without overlap connect to each other and that this one-dimensional Image brought into effect in full or with the help of special means in a continuous process will.

A representation obtained in this way is called a stitchography designated. When this stitchography is reconverted, i.e. the one-dimensionally defined A row of picture elements in an ordinary two-dimensional picture finds the reverse process takes place.

It is already known to create an image by means of Ab-. touch or dismantling devices to transform into current impulses, the strength of which corresponds to the brightness values of the individual Image points corresponds to then these current pulses in a suitable manner, for example by magnetizing on a steel wire or by applying it to a record, to record. This procedure differs fundamentally from the Invention, as here the recording of the corresponding to the individual pixels Values a movement process, namely the scanning, as well as a certain temporal one Course conditional. As a result, they are relatively cumbersome Medium @required, because there is always a conversion of brightness values into electrical ones Impulses and then their unisposition in z. B. must track magnetic values.

In contrast, the method according to the invention is completely independent of time and movement, as it is the arrangement of the picture elements in a one-dimensional defined series by exclusively optical means and exclusively with help caused by rays of light. Becomes such a one-dimensional row of picture elements recorded photographically, it actually represents an image that passes through Light rays alone can be converted back into a normal image, which is what the known records is not possible. A recording is at the Subjects of the invention not required while they are for the known method is an indispensable requirement. The known procedure can be used without a scanning device not perform, while beint subject matter a purely static optical Displacement takes place that any scanning devices as a result of their independence of time and movement avoids.

The engraving, that is, the one-dimensional picture, must of course also have a certain extent perpendicular to its proper direction, since the picture elements are not infinitely small. But it is only defined in one dimension, i.e. H. the image points are determined by one dimension with regard to their position in the image; in the new one-dimensional image corresponds to each element of the original Picture a certain in its position clearly according to a certain order specified image element. The second dimension of the surface mentioned, which is the one-dimensional Image necessarily covered, not. Defined, i.e. H. the picture elements can have any extension in this direction, so be line-shaped without something is changed in the essence of the picture. The picture elements have the "Form differently toned, parallel lines, so that the one-dimensional image the appearance of a band, similar to the bands of a spectrum, is obtained. The definition of the picture is .then along a line that intersects the whole band, that is, in one Dimension, given. By extending the picture elements in the longitudinal direction, only determines the light intensity of the image. Generally one becomes this second Dimension in which a definition is not given, arbitrarily measured rather short, so as not to unnecessarily enlarge the area covered by the one-dimensional image. The transformation of an ordinary two-dimensional image into a one-dimensional one .Image and vice versa takes place according to the invention by optical systems, their common and an essential characteristic consists in the fact that they are graded or staggered in themselves and have reflective or refractive or both properties. After a Another feature of the invention are as a prefix to the mentioned staggering systems other optical systems are used, through which the horizontal and the vertical Lines of an: ordinary image sharpened in two different planes will.

The Sta.ffelvörrichtung can consist of discs that oppose each other are arranged at an angle or offset or twisted against each other. These arrangements are convenient because the degree of shift by a simple setting can be changed. Furthermore, internal reflections keep the light rays inside of the individual discs, so that a divergence of the rays in the undefined Direction of the one-dimensional image occurs only to a small extent. Appropriate Devices are used to convert the stichography back into an ordinary image used.

For image decomposition and composition when watching TV and with the image telegraphy can be trained with the help of the invention, a simple device; since the generated one-dimensional image is only in a single direction with the number of image changes, i.e. about t5 times per second to be scanned. With television and with the image telegraphy is therefore due to the static, purely optical shift of the picture elements the otherwise required, directed perpendicular to the picture lines Scanning component unnecessary: Scanning can then be carried out by any means, z. B. by perforated disks, drums, rotating or oscillating mirrors -or by vibrated part of the optical system itself, of which the engraving is produced. Regardless of the fineness of the picture division, the same can always be said Find image decomposition and image composing device use. The whole image decomposition or mounting device can be made small and compact, since large panes or drums are not required for even the largest number of pixels.

When transmitting, for example press photographs, can the pictures were initially recorded on photographic film as engravings will; Then they are made as a negative by passing them between a light-sensitive Device and a light duel with the interposition of a diaphragm and if necessary from Lenses converted into electrical values, transmitted remotely and as a one-dimensional image positive or negative on a photographic strip of the receiving point recorded. There is no need to synchronize the transmitter and receiver, since if there is a difference in the transmission speed, the received image becomes longer or shorter and enlarged or reduced can, if it is converted into a two-dimensional by the devices according to the invention Image is transferred. The only requirement is an inherently even run the transmitting and receiving devices. The invention can also be used for image transmission find similar application of facsimile graphics. Regardless of the delicacy of the In this case, too, the telegraph sender and receiver can always divide the image stay the same.

It is also possible using the one-dimensional according to the invention Pictures to produce cinematographic films that are different from ordinary cinematographic films can be made extremely short with the same duration. Such film image arrangements can then passed, for example, under an optical system according to the invention so that the viewer then sees the normal two-dimensional image.

By using such a stichographic film, the represents a continuous, uninterrupted recording of the movement processes in both recording and playback, those of ordinary movies The necessary step-by-step switching of the images is unnecessary, the stichographic Film therefore only needs to pass the associated one at a constant speed optical device to be passed. The flicker of the picture as a result of the Image leaps are eliminated, as is the heavy use and wear and tear of the film tape as well as the mechanical devices of known cinema devices such as the Maltese cross and Cover. Instead of the last-mentioned movement devices, the stichographic one needs Film only by pulling evenly, for example from the take-up roller can be exercised to be drawn through (read picture window.

But not only the omission of the perforation of the film represents a considerable one Savings in unused film material, but also the photographic material The area can be reduced considerably for a given duration of the presentation. At the normal movie is the enlargement in the projection or the reduction A practical limit is set when recording through the grain of the film, as naturally an image of the grain on the projection screen would spoil the picture. In contrast the stichographic optical system integrates the individual Grains within a single line of the engraving representing a picture element, so that a single grain cannot be imaged in the projection. One can in other words, when zooming in on the recording, it glows much further than in the ordinary Cinema film and accordingly accommodate more details in a given area. In the case of stichographic film, there is therefore no broadening to the same extent of the film, how it is shortened compared to the normal cinema film.

The same advantage naturally also applies to the ordinary 35mm photography, d. H. the recording of individual photographic images.

In the drawing are the basics of the invention, for example illustrated. Fig. I shows an ordinary two-dimensional image that is included in the one-dimensional form is to be transferred. The image will be like usual with the image transmission usual, broken down into a number of image lines, the width and number of which are required by the Raster resolution of the image is given.

In the drawing, only six lines of images are shown for the sake of simplicity. The image lines i to 6 are pulled apart in the manner shown in FIG. 2 'by optical means described below. As a result of the effects of the optical means required, the image of FIG. 2 takes on the appearance shown in FIG. Sections i to 6 correspond to image lines i to 6 of the two-dimensional image according to FIGS. I and 2 and adjoin one another directly without overlapping. Each individual picture element, that is to say also the picture point 7 of Fig. I, is pulled apart upwards and downwards by the divergence of the light rays described below in relation to Figs. I and 2. With the exception of the ends of the line-shaped picture elements in Fig. 3, each point of these lines shows the mean brightness value of the relevant picture element in Fig. I. For this reason, in order to avoid the step-like course as shown in Fig. Only an arbitrarily narrow strip is picked out, as it is given between the lines 8-8 and 9-9 in @ Fig.3. This narrow strip now represents the one-dimensional image, the stichography. The lines corresponding to the individual picture elements, one of which is denoted by 7 in Fig. 3, can have any extension in their longitudinal direction, ie perpendicular to the strip 8-9 because that would have no effect on the one-dimensional image.

On the basis of Fig. Q. to 7 - let's start with the optical basics explained by auxiliary devices; those used in the production of one-dimensional images of the invention from ordinary two-dimensional images and vice versa Find.

In Fig.q. io is a cylinder lens. A point i i is through this Lens shown as a line 12 running parallel to the axis of the cylinder lens. A plurality of points on one parallel to the axis of the cylinder lens Straight lines like points 13a to 13e in Fig. 5 are shown as line 14, whose central part 15 receives light from each of the points 13 "to 13e, so that this Part 15 represents the sum of the light intensities and tints of all these points. The parts of line 14 lying outside of part 15 are not received by all Points 13a to 13e light so that, as already indicated, the ends of the picture elements lines representing the image in Fig. 3 are not considered to be characteristic of the pixel in question Values can be used.

In Figure 6, 16 ", 166 and 16 are either single points or parallel to the axis of the cylindrical lens io, that is, straight running perpendicular to the plane of the drawing Lines, in both cases as straight lines running parallel to the lens axis i6ä, i66 and 16, 'can be mapped. The lines 16 ", i6ti and 16c 'represent the sum the light insensitivities and tint values of all points of the associated lines 16 ", 16b and 16, for the reasons explained with reference to Fig. 5.

In Fig. 7 two cylindrical lenses io and 17 are provided, the axes of which are perpendicular to one another. 18 and 19 are two points which lie on a straight line parallel to the axis of the cylindrical lens. The bundle of rays of rectangular cross-section emanating from point 18 is shown with solid lines, the corresponding bundle of rays from point 1g with dash-dotted lines. Each line represents a marginal ray 2o ″ or 20b, äoc, äoä of the associated bundle of rays. For example, the ray 20 emanating from point 18 is refracted by the cylindrical lens 10 along the line 21, which is arranged with a horizontal axis he cuts emanating from the point i8 @ ray 2o. When passing through the arranged with a vertical axis cylindrical lens 17, the beam is 2o 'broken along the line 22 where it intersects emanating from the same point 1 8 beam Bob. As can be seen, the rays 2o "and 20, on the one hand, tob and 2od on the other hand intersect in the plane in which the line 21 lies, and the rays 2o" and aob on the one hand, 20, and 2od on the other hand in the vertical plane in which line 22 is located.

While all rays emanating from points 18 and 19 pass through same lens, i be cut, since these points 18 and i9 in one to the Axis: the horizontal cylindrical lens lie in the parallel line, the rays will continued by the line 17 so that the rays emanating from the point 18 meet in a line 22, while the rays emanating from point ig in another line that is displaced parallel to the first one. If the points 18 'and ig would lie in a line parallel to the axis of the vertical Cylinder lens 17 runs, only this one line would be in the plane of line 22 arise, but then two in the plane of the line 21. Those described so far optical devices are only used to prepare for the pulling apart process by means of other optical systems, some of which are described below.

Those to be switched behind the cylinder lens 17 in the beam path according to Fig. 7 optical devices, which. the lateral shift of the image lines of a Image according to Fig. I in a cause the arrangement according to Fig. 2 have all the common feature; that they are graded or staggered in themselves and reflective or refractive or possess these two properties at the same time.

In Fig. 8, a reflective staggering device is shown shown. The device consists of a step-shaped body 23, the vertical surfaces 24 are mirrored. 25 is a bundle of light from one of these Expansion so that it hits all reflective surfaces. The bundle of light falls in Direction of arrow 26 on the mirrored surfaces 24, each of which has one Part of the incident light beam is reflected. Since each of the surfaces 24 is in a The individual sections are located at a certain distance from the previous one of the light beam 25 is reflected with a lateral shift. By appropriate dimensioning the steps of the body 23, the angle of incidence and the width of the light beam it can be achieved that the reflected sections r to 6 do not overlap, so that if the incident light beam is given by Fig. i, the reflecting one Light beam appears pulled apart in a manner illustrated by Fig. 2. In the reflector shown in Fig. 8, the light path is for each of its stages different, but this can be due to multiple reflections on two or more corresponding arranged stepped bodies 23 can be avoided.

Fig. 9 shows a breaking acting staggering device in perspective Depiction. That on individual plates 27 of different widths in the direction of the arrow 26 falling light bundle 25 is through the said plates laterally-by amounts shifted, which depend on the thickness of the translucent material. It can can be achieved with this arrangement that the sections i to 5 of the light beam 25 as shown in Fig. 2. The refraction can be in one or more Levels, the effects of which add up, take place. Furthermore, the stages can also be arranged so that the length of the light path is the same for all points, so it makes it easier to focus the image.

Fig. Io shows the diagrammatic representation of another embodiment a refractive staggering device, which consists of individual prisms z8, which, as a result of the increase in its acute angle, causes a refraction of the in the direction of the Arrow 26 entering beam 25 in laterally displaced sections i to effect 5. Fig. I i shows a further refractive in a front view and top view Acting staggering device, the individual stages of which are appropriate to be at right angles Disk-shaped cylindrical lenses 29 displaced with respect to one another on their optical axis are trained. An object or image that is at 3o is through each of the stages recorded independently; the result is the picture according to Fig. 2 with one another shifted sections ibis6.

There are other possibilities for the training of - graduated Reflectors, refractors, and combinations thereof. The essential characteristic of everyone of these facilities lies in the fact that certain stages in the device oppose each other are shifted sideways or at an angle -, although not necessarily, so for reasons of expediency in a certain regular sequence.

By means of the staggering devices shown, for example, in Figures 8 to ii A lateral shift of the image lines is achieved by itself, however no engraving yet, so no pure one-dimensional representation accordingly of Fig. 3. Focusing usually also includes focusing Lens systems or devices that were explained in Fig. 7 above. Systems according to the type shown in Fig. i i, however, do not require special centering devices; because since the staggered system according to Fig. ii is lens-shaped, 'it forms 'just part of the lens system itself.

A centering lens system, as it is e.g. with the arrangements according to Any combination of lenses with the feature be that in two different and definite planes, although imperfect, but sharp adjusted images of the object in question are generated. This combination along with one of the various types of staggering devices make complete optical systems that produce one-dimensional images as shown in Fig. 3 ordinary images can be generated. With omission of construction details are in the following. still some such 'optical systems described.

Fig. 12 and 13 show a simple optical system in plan and in side view. Fig. I q. shows the same system in a diagram omitting the central lenses of the staggering device. The image 3 i becomes by a horizontally arranged cylindrical lens 32 as an imperfect real image projected into a plane in which the entry surfaces of the staggering device 33, which consists of staggered cylindrical lenses according to Fig. I i, are located. Every of the individual cylinder lenses 33 of the staggering device forms independently only a real part of 3 i, in individual, laterally displaced Sections i through 6, which correspond to the corresponding sections in Figures 2 and 3. The result is a stichography in the manner of the arrangement shown in Fig. 3 in the setting level 34 of the staggering device 33.

As can be seen, the effect is exactly the same as with the arrangement according to Fig. 7, if the cylindrical lens 17 is replaced there by staggered individual lenses according to Fig. Ii. The staggering device here is therefore part of the lens system itself, while in the embodiment according to Fig. 15 behind the cylinder lenses arranged with crossed axes and 17 according to Fig. 7 a special staggering device 35 is connected, which has a refractive effect in a similar way to the staggering device according to fig. In certain cases, the lens 17 can also be arranged behind the staggering device 35. In all arrangements, however, it is essential that focusing is made possible by the optical systems.

Figs. 16 to 20 schematically show systems in which this requirement is largely met in that, for use, focusing is only carried out by means of an objective lens. This greatly simplifies the handling of the system, since the other parts can always remain in the same constant position with respect to one another: the objective lens is therefore expediently designed as a movable part. In the device, which is shown diagrammatically in plan and side view in Figs. 16 and 17 and diagrammatically in Fig. 15, an image or object 36 is projected through a spherical lens 37 which by itself is a real image on the entrance surfaces of the Staggering device 38 can arise and would thereby easily enable the production of a engraving. If, however, as may be assumed here, the staggering device consists of a large number of individual panes in order to achieve the greatest possible image resolution, the lens-shaped extensions 42 would necessarily have to have a short focal length, i.e. difficult to manufacture because of the small radius of curvature. With a larger radius of curvature, the one-dimensional arrangement would be pulled apart too widely. Because of this, here is. the cylindrical lens 39 is inserted, which supports the effect of the lenses 42, - avoids a short focal length of these lenses and nevertheless creates a compressed engraving in connection with them. A collimator lens 41 is connected in front of the staggering device 38 so that the light rays enter the various panes of the staggering device 38 at approximately the same angle. The staggering device is designed in the manner of the device shown in Fig. 5, but has two reflection levels, since it consists of stepped right-angled disc prisms. The lateral displacement of the light rays through the individual panes is: twice as great; than could be achieved with just one reflection, and the beam path has the same length within all panes. each disk has a lenticular projection 42 which is displaced on each subsequent disk by the same amount as the disks themselves. are shifted against each other. The corresponding parts of the image generated at 40 are projected through the individual panes, so that at 43 a one-dimensional image is created. The light rays entering the individual panes are prevented from doing so by internal reflection at the boundary surfaces; to spread in the vertical direction. This is achieved in that the angle of incidence of the rays at the boundary surfaces of the panes is greater than the angle of incidence of the boundary angle of refraction. Man. could also prevent this in the intended sense by silver-plating the boundary surfaces. The lens 37 is only used for focusing and is movable; the rest of the - part - remain fixed.

In the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 16 to 18 , the lateral displacement of the individual image lines is achieved by two reflections; the lens-shaped parts 42 do not participate in this in the manner shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, but correspond to the lenses in the device according to FIGS.

In the side view in Fig. 17, the staggering device is shown unwound, that is, without showing the reflections. Since the path of the light is of the same length in all individual panes of the staggering device 38 , this representation of the staggering device in FIG. 17 appears as a block of panes of the same length. Instead of the staggering device shown in Fig. 16 to iS, any other lens-shaped staggering device can be used for which the corresponding effects result. The lens system 37/39 can consist of any combination of lenses, the surfaces of which can be spherical, cylindrical, convex and concave or plane, provided; that the end effect in interaction with the lens-shaped parts of the staggering device - if any are present - is to sharpen an image in one plane that is incomplete and is therefore made up of lines running parallel to the panes of the staggering device because of the cylindrical lens effect; this one level is close to the entry surface of the staggering device. At the same time, a similar image, but with lines at an angle to those of the first image, must then be focused in another plane after the individual image lines have essentially already been shifted laterally.

If a very large number of pixels, i.e. a very fine grid, is used can expediently also from a system according to Fig. 19 (top view) and Fig. 20 (graphical representation) use can be made. The image 44 is represented by a Lens 45 received, which is cylindrically convex on one side facing the image with horizontal axis and. on the other side cylindrical concave finite more perpendicular Axis is formed. As a result, there is a real horizontal adjustment plane at 46 and a virtual vertical adjustment plane at 47. The adjustment planes 46 and 47 are at a fixed distance from each other, and by setting the Lens 45, the focusing in 46 and 47 is effected simultaneously. Farther a horizontal concave cylinder lens 48 is provided, the only the horizontal The focal length of the lens 45 is enlarged so that a Hörizontaleinstellebene the The entry surface of the staggering device 4.9 results. Every level the staggering device projects the image in 47 as a reduced real image in 5o, where the one-dimensional picture of 4.4. in the manner of Fig. 3 results. before the staggering device 49 is arranged a collimator lens 51 whose focal point lies roughly in 4.7, so that the central rays from 4.4. in all stages of the Enter the staggering device almost in parallel. The staggering device is after Type of staggering device shown in Fig. I i. Or 12 to 14, but plane-convex educated. -The staggering devices are on the one hand because of the simple assembly, on the other hand, it is expedient because of the simplified use and the easier adjustment made from individual slices. Virtually all types of staggering devices can be made from panels that are substantially equal in thickness and plane smooth Have surfaces, for example made of glass plates. The required number of Panels are cemented or pressed together. Then the side faces the plates processed together, so that this creates the required uniformity is achieved. After processing, the putty or bracket is removed, and after the required mutual displacement, the panels are fitted with a held appropriate version.

In Fig.21, 52 is a block of plates cemented together, which after Processing and mutual displacement of the plates in the device according to Fig. i i transferred (tann. 53 shows a block for the formation of a staggering device according to Fig. 15, 54 such for the staggering device according to Fig. 16 to 18. In to block 54. the surfaces enclosing the right angle are machined first. Then the plates are shifted against each other as for use, but in the reverse direction than shown in Fig. 16 to IS, i.e. as in Fig. 21 at 55 shown, and in this position the lens-shaped lugs are ground and machined the entry surfaces.

Claims (3)

PATENT CLAIMS: i. Process for displaying any image or objects in a one-dimensionally defined picture series, in particular for purposes of television and the recording and reproduction of images, thereby characterized, dali the arrangement of the picture elements in a one-dimensionally defined Element row takes place by optical means, which are designed such that all Lines of the original image by static optical shift, i.e. independent of time and movement are shifted against each other in such a way that the individual Image lines in the optical representation obtained in this way without overlapping one another connect and that this one-dimensional picture wholly or with the help of special Means is brought into effect in a steady process. 2. The method according to claim i, characterized in that the optical displacement of the image lines is simultaneous he follows. 3. A method for the optical reconversion of the representations produced according to claim i or: 2 into the original images, characterized by the correspondingly reversed measures. q .. Image arrangement according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the entirety of the one-dimensionally arranged image elements is arranged in a band-like manner and the image is determined along a straight or curved line intersecting the bands. 5. Device for performing the method according to claims i to 3, characterized by the stepped or staggered arrangement of reflectors, refractors or combinations of both, the steps of which are offset from one another in any order and / or are rotated. 6. The device according to claim 5, as characterized by that successive layered as a relay devices and mutually offset and (or or) twisted reflectors, refractors o. The like. In disc form are used, the number of erfeinheit the latching determined of the image and to be obtained whose shape the optically effective. 7. Device according to claims 5 and 6, characterized in that «the overall arrangement of the individual parts of the staggering device combines one or more optical devices, such as lenses, prisms, mirrors or combinations thereof. B. Apparatus for carrying out the method according to claim i, characterized by optical means which define an image of the object essentially defined in one dimension in one plane and at the same time an image essentially defined in another dimension, namely at an angle to the first-mentioned dimension Project an image of the same object onto a second plane. 9. Apparatus for carrying out the method according to claim 3, characterized by optical means which simultaneously project images from the one and a second plane that does not coincide with the first plane in such a way that a combined image arises in the new (third) plane which is related to the is defined from the one plane projected image in one dimension, and with respect to the image projected from the second plane in another dimension which is at an angle to the first-mentioned. ok Device for carrying out the method according to claims i to 3, characterized by the combination of an optical system according to claim 8 with a staggering device according to An = 'Spruch 5, 6 or 7 for generating a one-dimensional row of picture elements and the combination of an optical system according to claim 9 with said staggering device for the reconversion of the one-dimensional row of picture elements into a normal two-dimensional image. z i. Device according to Claims 5 to 7, characterized in that the light beams are held by total reflection, additionally if necessary by leveling at the plane-parallel boundary surfaces within the individual disc-shaped parts of the staggering device. 1a. Device according to Claim 7, characterized in that optical errors in the staggering devices are corrected by inclined cylindrical lenses. 13. A method for producing the optical staggering devices according to An-Proverbs 5 to 7, characterized in that made of a suitable material, for. B. Glass: produced disc-shaped, stacked and (e.g. by cementing or pressing) plates held together laterally processed and shifted against each other in staggered fashion after the connection has been loosened. 14. Television. or image transmission device, characterized by the use of one-dimensional images according to: Objections i to 1a, optionally as intermediate recording, for scanning, remote transmission and conversion back into a normal image. 13. The device according to claim 14, characterized in that the scanning is carried out by vibrating or rotating means with respect to a stationary staggering device or.