DE60322709D1 - Programmierbare bandbreitenzuweisung eines satelliten kommunikationssystem - Google Patents
Programmierbare bandbreitenzuweisung eines satelliten kommunikationssystemInfo
- Publication number
- DE60322709D1 DE60322709D1 DE60322709T DE60322709T DE60322709D1 DE 60322709 D1 DE60322709 D1 DE 60322709D1 DE 60322709 T DE60322709 T DE 60322709T DE 60322709 T DE60322709 T DE 60322709T DE 60322709 D1 DE60322709 D1 DE 60322709D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- programmable
- satellite
- channel capacity
- return
- allocation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
- H04B7/1851—Systems using a satellite or space-based relay
- H04B7/18515—Transmission equipment in satellites or space-based relays
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Astronomy & Astrophysics (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Radio Relay Systems (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US39815702P | 2002-07-23 | 2002-07-23 | |
US10/602,355 US8358971B2 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2003-06-23 | Satellite-based programmable allocation of bandwidth for forward and return links |
PCT/US2003/023069 WO2004010610A1 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2003-07-23 | Programmable bandwidth allocation in a satellite communication system |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE60322709D1 true DE60322709D1 (de) | 2008-09-18 |
Family
ID=30773067
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE60322709T Expired - Lifetime DE60322709D1 (de) | 2002-07-23 | 2003-07-23 | Programmierbare bandbreitenzuweisung eines satelliten kommunikationssystem |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8358971B2 (de) |
EP (2) | EP1978651A3 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE403982T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2003254143A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE60322709D1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2309354T3 (de) |
HK (1) | HK1077133A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2004010610A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (47)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8358971B2 (en) * | 2002-07-23 | 2013-01-22 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Satellite-based programmable allocation of bandwidth for forward and return links |
US7379758B2 (en) * | 2002-07-23 | 2008-05-27 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Satellite communication system constituted with primary and back-up multi-beam satellites |
US7525934B2 (en) * | 2003-09-24 | 2009-04-28 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Mixed reuse of feeder link and user link bandwidth |
US20050240341A1 (en) * | 2003-11-03 | 2005-10-27 | Fielhauer Karl B | Low-power photonic telemetry system and method for spacecraft monitoring |
US7706748B2 (en) * | 2004-06-25 | 2010-04-27 | Atc Technologies, Llc | Methods of ground based beamforming and on-board frequency translation and related systems |
WO2006055648A2 (en) * | 2004-11-16 | 2006-05-26 | Atc Technologies, Llc | Satellite communications systems, components and methods for operating shared satellite gateways |
KR101187076B1 (ko) | 2006-01-05 | 2012-09-27 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이동 통신 시스템에 있어서 신호 전송 방법 |
WO2007078165A1 (en) * | 2006-01-05 | 2007-07-12 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Transmitting information in mobile communications system |
KR101333918B1 (ko) * | 2006-01-05 | 2013-11-27 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이동 통신 시스템의 점-대-다 서비스 통신 |
KR101211807B1 (ko) * | 2006-01-05 | 2012-12-12 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이동통신 시스템에서 무선단말의 동기상태 관리방법 |
KR101203841B1 (ko) * | 2006-01-05 | 2012-11-21 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 무선 통신 시스템에서의 페이징 메시지 전송 및 수신 방법 |
AU2007203852B2 (en) * | 2006-01-05 | 2010-08-26 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Transmitting data in a mobile communication system |
KR100912784B1 (ko) | 2006-01-05 | 2009-08-18 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 데이터 송신 방법 및 데이터 재전송 방법 |
BRPI0706841A8 (pt) | 2006-01-05 | 2018-04-17 | Lg Electronics Inc | transmissão de dados em um sistema e comunicação móvel |
KR101268200B1 (ko) * | 2006-01-05 | 2013-05-27 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이동통신 시스템에서의 무선자원 할당방법 |
US9456455B2 (en) * | 2006-01-05 | 2016-09-27 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Method of transmitting feedback information in a wireless communication system |
KR101216751B1 (ko) * | 2006-02-07 | 2012-12-28 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이동 통신 시스템에서 식별자를 이용한 충돌 회피 방법 |
US8493854B2 (en) * | 2006-02-07 | 2013-07-23 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Method for avoiding collision using identifier in mobile network |
KR101387475B1 (ko) * | 2006-03-22 | 2014-04-22 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 복수의 네트워크 엔터티를 포함하는 이동 통신시스템에서의 데이터 처리 방법 |
EP2030359B1 (de) * | 2006-06-21 | 2017-12-20 | LG Electronics Inc. -1- | Verfahren zur unterstützung von datenneuübertragung in einem mobilkommunikationssystem |
KR20070121505A (ko) * | 2006-06-21 | 2007-12-27 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 무선링크 재설정 방법 |
KR20070121513A (ko) * | 2006-06-21 | 2007-12-27 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이동통신 시스템의 상향 접속 방법 |
EP2033341B1 (de) * | 2006-06-21 | 2018-03-21 | LG Electronics Inc. | Verfahren zum senden und empfangen von funkzugangsinformationen unter verwendung einer nachrichtentrennung in einem drahtlosen mobilkommunikationssystem |
KR101369135B1 (ko) * | 2006-06-21 | 2014-03-05 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이동통신 시스템에서의 멀티미디어 및 방송서비스의 품질보장 방법 및 그 단말 |
US20090295628A1 (en) * | 2006-09-26 | 2009-12-03 | Viasat, Inc. | Satellite System Optimization |
US8107875B2 (en) * | 2006-09-26 | 2012-01-31 | Viasat, Inc. | Placement of gateways near service beams |
WO2008108885A2 (en) * | 2006-09-26 | 2008-09-12 | Viasat, Inc. | Improved spot beam satellite systems |
US8538323B2 (en) * | 2006-09-26 | 2013-09-17 | Viasat, Inc. | Satellite architecture |
US20090298423A1 (en) * | 2006-10-03 | 2009-12-03 | Viasat, Inc. | Piggy-Back Satellite Payload |
US9236934B1 (en) | 2009-10-16 | 2016-01-12 | Viasat, Inc. | Satellite system architecture for coverage areas of disparate demand |
US9184829B2 (en) | 2010-05-02 | 2015-11-10 | Viasat Inc. | Flexible capacity satellite communications system |
US8144643B2 (en) | 2010-05-02 | 2012-03-27 | Viasat, Inc. | Flexible capacity satellite communications system with flexible allocation between forward and return capacity |
US10511379B2 (en) | 2010-05-02 | 2019-12-17 | Viasat, Inc. | Flexible beamforming for satellite communications |
US8660482B2 (en) * | 2010-10-14 | 2014-02-25 | Space Systems/Loral, Llc | Broadband satellite with dual frequency conversion and bandwidth aggregation |
EP2451089B1 (de) * | 2010-11-08 | 2016-01-27 | Gilat Satellite Networks, Ltd. | Mehrträger-Satellitennetzwerk mit Unterstützung heterogener Endgeräte |
US9088332B2 (en) * | 2012-10-05 | 2015-07-21 | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ) | Mitigation of interference from a mobile relay node to heterogeneous networks |
US9749037B2 (en) | 2013-04-18 | 2017-08-29 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Demultiplexing apparatus, multiplexing apparatus, and relay apparatus |
US9369991B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2016-06-14 | Gogo Llc | Hybrid communications for devices on vehicles |
US9197314B1 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2015-11-24 | Gogo Llc | Data delivery to devices on vehicles using multiple forward links |
US9577857B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2017-02-21 | Gogo Llc | Adaptive modulation in a hybrid vehicle communication system |
US9326217B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2016-04-26 | Gogo Llc | Optimizing usage of modems for data delivery to devices on vehicles |
US9967020B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2018-05-08 | Gogo Llc | Facilitating communications between on-board electronic devices and terrestrial devices |
US9848370B1 (en) * | 2015-03-16 | 2017-12-19 | Rkf Engineering Solutions Llc | Satellite beamforming |
DE102016213764B4 (de) | 2016-07-27 | 2018-02-22 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Verfahren zum Übertragen eines binären Datensignals über einen optischen Feeder-Link zu oder von einem Satelliten |
RU2741489C1 (ru) | 2017-04-10 | 2021-01-26 | Виасат, Инк. | Регулирование зоны покрытия для адаптации спутниковой связи |
US11082973B2 (en) * | 2018-06-20 | 2021-08-03 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Upstream timing control mechanisms for non-terrestrial networks |
WO2020264459A1 (en) * | 2019-06-28 | 2020-12-30 | Astranis Space Technologies Corp. | Beam super surge methods and apparatus for small geostationary (geo) communication satellites |
Family Cites Families (64)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3995801A (en) | 1974-07-05 | 1976-12-07 | Rca Corporation | Method of storing spare satellites in orbit |
DE3145207A1 (de) | 1981-02-28 | 1982-09-23 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Fernmeldesatellitensystem mit geostationaeren positionsschleifen |
US4688259A (en) | 1985-12-11 | 1987-08-18 | Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation | Reconfigurable multiplexer |
US4858225A (en) | 1987-11-05 | 1989-08-15 | International Telecommunications Satellite | Variable bandwidth variable center-frequency multibeam satellite-switched router |
FR2628896B1 (fr) | 1988-03-18 | 1990-11-16 | Alcatel Espace | Antenne a reconfiguration electronique en emission |
GB8905610D0 (en) | 1989-03-11 | 1989-04-26 | British Aerospace | Geostationary satellite system |
US5020746A (en) | 1989-09-29 | 1991-06-04 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Method for satellite station keeping |
US5289193A (en) | 1990-11-29 | 1994-02-22 | Alcatel Espace | Reconfigurable transmission antenna |
JP2754922B2 (ja) | 1991-01-11 | 1998-05-20 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 伝送システムおよび伝送方法 |
FR2674401B1 (fr) | 1991-03-22 | 1993-12-17 | Alcatel Espace | Installation de telecommunication par satellites apte a interesser plusieurs zones de couverture. |
US5439190A (en) * | 1991-04-22 | 1995-08-08 | Trw Inc. | Medium-earth-altitude satellite-based cellular telecommunications |
US5175556A (en) | 1991-06-07 | 1992-12-29 | General Electric Company | Spacecraft antenna pattern control system |
IL98893A (en) * | 1991-07-19 | 1996-07-23 | Mass Jonathan | Artificial satellite communication system |
US5323322A (en) | 1992-03-05 | 1994-06-21 | Trimble Navigation Limited | Networked differential GPS system |
FR2695775B1 (fr) | 1992-09-11 | 1994-11-10 | France Telecom | Procédé de reconfiguration de couvertures de faisceau d'antenne dans un réseau par satellite. |
US5483664A (en) * | 1993-07-26 | 1996-01-09 | Motorola, Inc. | Cellular communications with scheduled handoffs |
US5500648A (en) * | 1993-08-11 | 1996-03-19 | Motorola, Inc. | Geolocation responsive radio telecommunication system and method therefor |
US5490087A (en) | 1993-12-06 | 1996-02-06 | Motorola, Inc. | Radio channel access control |
US5619503A (en) | 1994-01-11 | 1997-04-08 | Ericsson Inc. | Cellular/satellite communications system with improved frequency re-use |
US5523997A (en) | 1994-06-13 | 1996-06-04 | Motorola, Inc. | Communication network with dynamic intraswitching |
US5552798A (en) * | 1994-08-23 | 1996-09-03 | Globalstar L.P. | Antenna for multipath satellite communication links |
US5563880A (en) | 1994-12-05 | 1996-10-08 | Motorola, Inc. | Methods for managing and distributing payload instructions |
WO1996019049A1 (en) | 1994-12-12 | 1996-06-20 | Ericsson Inc. | Diversity-oriented channel allocation in a mobile communications system |
US5860056A (en) | 1995-01-19 | 1999-01-12 | Uniden America Corporation | Satellite information update system |
US5790954A (en) * | 1995-05-30 | 1998-08-04 | Motorola, Inc. | Methods of requesting volunteers for handoff in a cellular system |
US6192240B1 (en) * | 1995-06-12 | 2001-02-20 | Motorola, Inc. | Advanced subscriber outage notification methods |
US5794120A (en) | 1995-07-24 | 1998-08-11 | Motorola, Inc. | Method and apparatus for default node operation in a multi-nodal communication system |
US5813634A (en) | 1995-10-23 | 1998-09-29 | Motorola, Inc. | Method for replacing failing satellites in a satellite communication system |
US5890679A (en) | 1996-09-26 | 1999-04-06 | Loral Aerospace Corp. | Medium earth orbit communication satellite system |
US6587687B1 (en) * | 1996-10-21 | 2003-07-01 | Globalstar L.P. | Multiple satellite fade attenuation control system |
US5822680A (en) * | 1996-11-07 | 1998-10-13 | Teledesic Llc | Frequency sharing for satellite communication system |
US5862479A (en) | 1996-12-27 | 1999-01-19 | Motorola, Inc. | Space-based communication system and method with continuous channel reuse maintenance |
US5956620A (en) | 1997-01-17 | 1999-09-21 | Com Dev Limited | Analog processor for digital satellites |
US6215776B1 (en) | 1997-10-08 | 2001-04-10 | Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space Company | Satellite communication system |
JPH11150500A (ja) | 1997-11-14 | 1999-06-02 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | マルチビーム衛星通信用チャネル信号割り当て方法 |
US6317412B1 (en) | 1997-12-12 | 2001-11-13 | Stanford Telecommunications, Inc. | Increased capacity in an OCDMA system for frequency isolation |
US6173178B1 (en) | 1997-12-16 | 2001-01-09 | Trw Inc. | Satellite beam pattern for non-uniform population distribution |
US6246874B1 (en) | 1998-04-29 | 2001-06-12 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Method and apparatus for predicting spot beam and satellite handover in a mobile satellite communication network |
US6272345B1 (en) | 1998-07-31 | 2001-08-07 | Motorola, Inc. | Method and apparatus for region based hand-offs in a satellite communication system |
US6438354B2 (en) | 1998-12-23 | 2002-08-20 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Reconfigurable satellite and antenna coverage communications backup capabilities |
US6507926B1 (en) | 1999-03-16 | 2003-01-14 | Trw Inc. | Mitigation of false co-channel uplink reception in a processing satellite communication system using stagger |
US6707916B1 (en) | 1999-03-16 | 2004-03-16 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Mitigation of false co-channel uplink reception in a processing satellite communication system using scrambling sequences |
US6317420B1 (en) | 1999-06-25 | 2001-11-13 | Qualcomm Inc. | Feeder link spatial multiplexing in a satellite communication system |
US6219003B1 (en) | 1999-07-01 | 2001-04-17 | Trw Inc. | Resistive taper for dense packed feeds for cellular spot beam satellite coverage |
US6192217B1 (en) | 1999-07-01 | 2001-02-20 | Assuresat, Inc. | Universal replacement communications satellite |
AU7575300A (en) | 1999-09-14 | 2001-04-17 | Globalstar L.P. | Dynamic satellite filter controller for leo satellites |
US6704543B1 (en) | 1999-09-27 | 2004-03-09 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Multi-beam satellite communications system |
US6836658B1 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2004-12-28 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | High data rate satellite communications system and method |
US6859652B2 (en) | 2000-08-02 | 2005-02-22 | Mobile Satellite Ventures, Lp | Integrated or autonomous system and method of satellite-terrestrial frequency reuse using signal attenuation and/or blockage, dynamic assignment of frequencies and/or hysteresis |
US6810249B1 (en) | 2000-09-19 | 2004-10-26 | The Directv Group, Inc. | Method and system of efficient spectrum utilization by communications satellites |
FR2817057B1 (fr) | 2000-11-20 | 2003-02-07 | Cit Alcatel | Procede d'adressage dans un reseau d'acces ou d'infrastructure satellites |
US6452540B1 (en) | 2001-01-12 | 2002-09-17 | Trw Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling spot beam configurations for a communications satellite |
AU2002228208B2 (en) | 2001-02-12 | 2007-05-10 | Ico Services Limited | Communication apparatus and method with links to mobile terminals via a satellite or a terrestrial network with partly reuse of the frequency band |
US7308229B2 (en) * | 2001-02-23 | 2007-12-11 | Xanadoo Company | System, apparatus and method for single-channel or multi-channel terrestrial communication |
US20020169669A1 (en) | 2001-03-09 | 2002-11-14 | Stetson Samantha H. | Method and apparatus for serving a message in conjuction with an advertisement for display on a world wide web page |
US20020187747A1 (en) | 2001-06-12 | 2002-12-12 | Sawdey James D. | Method and appartus for dynamic frequency bandwidth allocation |
US7031702B2 (en) | 2001-09-14 | 2006-04-18 | Atc Technologies, Llc | Additional systems and methods for monitoring terrestrially reused satellite frequencies to reduce potential interference |
US7024158B2 (en) * | 2002-04-25 | 2006-04-04 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Broadband communication satellite |
US6877056B2 (en) | 2002-06-28 | 2005-04-05 | Sun Microsystems, Inc. | System with arbitration scheme supporting virtual address networks and having split ownership and access right coherence mechanism |
US8358971B2 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2013-01-22 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Satellite-based programmable allocation of bandwidth for forward and return links |
US7379758B2 (en) | 2002-07-23 | 2008-05-27 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Satellite communication system constituted with primary and back-up multi-beam satellites |
US7525934B2 (en) | 2003-09-24 | 2009-04-28 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Mixed reuse of feeder link and user link bandwidth |
US7650379B2 (en) * | 2003-12-09 | 2010-01-19 | Viasat, Inc. | Method for channel congestion management |
US7587171B2 (en) * | 2005-03-09 | 2009-09-08 | Atc Technologies, Llc | Reducing interference in a wireless communications signal in the frequency domain |
-
2003
- 2003-06-23 US US10/602,355 patent/US8358971B2/en active Active
- 2003-07-23 DE DE60322709T patent/DE60322709D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-23 WO PCT/US2003/023069 patent/WO2004010610A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-07-23 AT AT03765996T patent/ATE403982T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-07-23 ES ES03765996T patent/ES2309354T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-23 EP EP08013456A patent/EP1978651A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-07-23 EP EP03765996A patent/EP1523815B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-23 AU AU2003254143A patent/AU2003254143A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2005
- 2005-09-22 HK HK05108368A patent/HK1077133A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20040097192A1 (en) | 2004-05-20 |
AU2003254143A1 (en) | 2004-02-09 |
EP1523815B1 (de) | 2008-08-06 |
WO2004010610A1 (en) | 2004-01-29 |
ATE403982T1 (de) | 2008-08-15 |
EP1978651A3 (de) | 2011-06-08 |
EP1978651A2 (de) | 2008-10-08 |
US8358971B2 (en) | 2013-01-22 |
ES2309354T3 (es) | 2008-12-16 |
EP1523815A1 (de) | 2005-04-20 |
HK1077133A1 (en) | 2006-02-03 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE60322709D1 (de) | Programmierbare bandbreitenzuweisung eines satelliten kommunikationssystem | |
ATE375034T1 (de) | Neuzuordnung von überschussleistung für mehreingang-mehrausgang-systeme (mimo-systeme) mit vollständiger kanalzustandsinformation (csi) | |
AU4792500A (en) | A system for data transmission via several communication routes | |
AU2002228537A1 (en) | Path determination in a data network | |
FI982417A0 (fi) | Menetelmä kantajien ominaisuuksien ohjaukseen | |
WO2003014962A8 (en) | System and method for funding a collective account | |
WO2006004550A3 (en) | Non-contiguous variable length orthogonal codes | |
WO2006010026A3 (en) | Method and communication unit for use in a wideband wireless communication system | |
WO2003009540A1 (fr) | Systeme et procede de commande de flux de canal commun | |
DE602004003711D1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur leistungszuteilung zu steuerkanälen in einem kommunikationssystem | |
CA2391633A1 (en) | Variable rate spread spectrum communication method and apparatus | |
DK1826926T3 (da) | Implementeringsfremgangsmåde for et i et optisk transportnet sendt kortratetrafiksignal | |
AR038710A1 (es) | Transmision de datos con distribucion irregular de las velocidades de transmision de datos para un sistema multiple entrada multiple salida (mimo) | |
ATE297614T1 (de) | Verfahren zur leistungszuteilung und zur ratensteuerung in ofdma | |
MY130399A (en) | Node b and rnc actions during a serving hsdpa cell change | |
IL166615A0 (en) | Admission control for telecommunications networks | |
WO2004045168A3 (en) | Flow control in a network environment | |
WO2004082187A3 (en) | System and method for compressing data in a communications environment | |
AU2002217800A1 (en) | A method and an apparatus for a re-configurable processor | |
ATE424694T1 (de) | Kommunizieren in sprach-und datenkommunikationssystemen | |
AU2003233368A1 (en) | Method for the transmission of dependent data flows | |
DE69923927D1 (de) | Diskontinuierliche Übertragung über Datenkanäle mit hoher Datenrate | |
KR101747470B1 (ko) | 빠른 재구성을 가지는 투명 디지털 프로세서를 이용한 위성들을 위한 신호 라우팅 용량의 동적 관리 | |
WO2005017651A3 (en) | Electronic device connection resource management | |
WO2004006451A8 (en) | Data transmission method and arrangement |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
8364 | No opposition during term of opposition |