DE4332762C1 - Process and apparatus for the biological treatment of organically polluted waste water and organic waste - Google Patents

Abstract

A process for the biological treatment of organically polluted waste waters (effluents) and organic wet refuse is proposed which has the following process steps: a) separating off the solids portion and degradation of this portion in a first degradation stage under predominantly aerobic conditions, b) passing on the liquid portion into a second degradation stage in which degradation proceeds under anaerobic conditions, c) passing on the liquid portion into a third degradation stage in which degradation proceeds under aerobic conditions, and d) continuous recycling of the liquid portion from the third degradation stage to the first degradation stage.

Description

The invention relates to a method and a device for biological Be treatment of organically contaminated wastewater and organic waste. aim Such method is to the organic material under extensive Volu reduction to low-molecular, low-energy compounds (Mineralization), for example, in the soil or in the sewer system can be given without burdening the environment appreciably. The Ab toilets, for example, essentially contain carbohydrates, C-polymers, proteins, amines, urea, ammonia and salts. While the carbohydrate-containing constituents are aerobic be decomposable by microorganisms to carbon dioxide and water the reduced nitrogen compounds of nitrifying microorganisms in the essentially degraded to water and nitrate. The at such aerobic Ab Building liquid obtained accordingly contains significant amounts Nitrate. Their introduction into rivers or lakes leads to nitrate over-fertilization with undesirable consequences such as increased algae growth. There Nitrate ions are poorly held in the ground and therefore light Washed out of the near-surface soil layers by rainwater can be spread, for example, on arable land the groundwater.

Methods are known in which an additional anoxic degradation stage is present to at least a portion of the nitrate by denitrifying Mi convert microorganisms into harmless elemental nitrogen. From the US Pat. No. 4,210,528 discloses a process in which the waste water from Toi together with the solid content contained therein in a first anoxic Abbaustufe guided and then an aerobic treatment is subjected. The liquid from the aerobic stage is at this Ver Drive filtered, passed over a charcoal bed and as a rinse water for the Toi  used. In this way, the nitrate-containing water enters the anoxic degradation stage and stands there the denitrifying bacteria as Oxygen supplier for their respiratory metabolism available.

A disadvantage of the known method or the known device is in that the solids content, the main part of the degraded organic Material, degraded exclusively under anoxic conditions becomes. The term anoxic describes biocenoses in which Environment although chemically bound oxygen, z. In the form of nitrate, depending but no dissolved oxygen is present. The degradation among the mentioned Conditions are caused by microorganisms that have their oxygen demand Cover reduction of nitrate. This process is commonly called denitrification designated. The degradation in the known method is thus of the Anwe sensitivity to nitrate. To achieve a complete degradation, the proportion of nitrogen compounds would have to reach levels that are normal and especially in municipal wastewater are not given. The consequence is that after consumption of nitrogen compounds sulfate reduction and anaerobic Use mining operations. In addition to the associated development of Hydrogen sulfide is especially disadvantageous that the anaerobic Zer Substitution processes proceed much slower. So it's very long Residence times or large reaction chambers necessary to a sufficient Ab Building rate to achieve. Another disadvantage of the known method is in that the return of nitrate-containing liquid from the aerobic Ab construction stage in the anoxic is coupled to the use of the toilets. A prolonged non-use of the toilet leads on the one hand to a Ni Lack of action in the anoxic stage and an increase of anaerobic Mining operations, whose final products are gases such as methane, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans are. These gases enter the environment and wear, abge see that they are very bad smell, u. a. to destroy the Ozone layer at. Another disadvantage of the known device is in that the solid components introduced into the anoxic degradation stage are comminuted need to be in order to achieve reasonable degradation rates can. To this Purpose, the known device provides an intermittent motor driven Benes agitator, which consumes energy and is prone to failure.  

On the other hand, a method is known in which in one basket-like structures are retained solid portions to aerobic off there to be built. The disadvantage of this known from EP 0,165,067 A2 Process is to be seen in the fact that the solid particles hardly moistened who and that an aerobic degradation takes place only on the surface can. For the purification of the liquid fractions, for which no biological nitrogen elimination process is indicated in EP 0 165 067 A2, would offer itself one of correspondence sewage 34 (1987), pages 77 to 85 and 168 to 171 conventional methods, but the degradation of the solid components would remain unsatisfactory.

On this basis, it is the object of the invention, a device and a Process for the biological treatment of organically contaminated wastewater and provide organic waste, which the disadvantages of the prior  Technology and are suitable for mobile toilet facilities.

This object is solved by the features of claim 1. He inventive method, the solids content, for example, of toilet Tenabwässern or organic wet waste from kitchens, etc. separated and in a first stage (or compartment) under predominantly aerobic Be decomposes. The liquid portion is in a subsequent second Passed compartment, in the after consumption of remaining sour substance predominantly anoxic degradation takes place. After going through At the end of this stage, the liquid finally becomes a third compartment or decomposition stage, in which aerobic conditions prevail. To increase hung the degradation rates are according to claim 2, at least in the second and third ten stage biologically active carrier structures present, the microorganism serve as nursery areas. The liquid from the third stage becomes Maintaining a steady upheaval attributed to the first stage.

An advantage of the method lies in the fact that in relative large quantities of accumulating solids predominantly aerobic and thus beschleu nigt and practically without the evolution of gases such as methane and sulfur Hydrogen, as in the case of anaerobic degradation processes, degraded become. The nitrate and recirculated steadily from the third compartment Oxygenated liquid does not become as in known processes (Activating process with separately preceding denitrification - Corr. Ab water a.a.O.) in an anoxic precursor passed but reaches the there existing solids accumulation and moisturizes them. This will be because of the oxygen content of the fluid aerobic metabolic processes supported in the near-surface areas of solids accumulation. The Liquid also penetrates into surface-distant layers of the solid accumulation on. The nitrate contained in it is reduced to elemental nitrogen there (Denitrification). In this way he becomes methane and hydrogen sulfide suppressed metabolic processes. The in the first stage of degradation too recirculated liquid is there with soluble degradation products such as sugar and Enriched fatty acids and enters the second compartment. Here you will find then a denitrification of the nitrate takes place, d. H. the denitrifying microorga organisms or denitrifiers withdraw after consumption of remaining ones Oxygen the oxygen necessary for the "breathing" of C compounds the nitrate ion.

In the third stage finally finds an aerobic degradation of C compounds to carbon dioxide and water as well as a nitrification of N-compounds, d. H. an oxidation to nitrate, instead. Due to the constant upheaval will be there with nitrogen compounds to elemental  Nitrogen degraded. In the end, therefore, practically the entire, in the form or ganic compounds bound nitrogen in elemental gaseous Nitrogen converted and discharged from the mining cycle.

Another advantage of the method lies in the fact that the Solid degradation in a separate stage with significant volume reduction takes place. This is only because a part of the water content of the Solids, which is up to 98% in plant material, can evaporate. The Evaporation of the water is due to the metabolic processes the microorganisms still elevated temperature in the solids collection supported. In the methods of the prior art, in which the Solid content is suspended in the liquid phase, this is not possible. On Another reason for the strong volume reduction is that as end products the aerobic degradation processes produce gaseous carbon dioxide and water, wherein at least a portion of the water also evaporates.

Another advantage of the method according to the invention is that non-degradable, for example, introduced via the toilet foreign body, even in the first stage, where they practically do not interfere, are retained. Namely, such foreign bodies can clog filters and biologically active support structures in working with solid suspension processes. In extreme cases, this can lead to the stoppage of a system. Another advantage of the method according to the invention lies in the fact that the accumulation of sludge in the liquid phase, ie in the compartments 2 and 3 , compared to working with solid suspensions method is considerably lower. He increased sludge development can lead to blockage of filters and Trägerstruk tures and has an increased maintenance and cleaning effort.

By the measure according to claim 3, on the one hand ensures that the Microorganisms always a sufficient amount of trace elements for Have available. Such trace elements as calcium, magnesium, cobalt, Nickel and iron (microelements) are caused by the bacteria u. a. to the construction body-own substances needed. This measure contributes to the fact that the microorganisms find optimal conditions, resulting in a Increased propagation and thus degradation rate effects. On the other hand knows the mineral or activated carbon particles due to their porosity one large inner surface on which the microorganisms as an additional up  can serve growth area. Activated charcoal particles further indicate that below advantages.

The underlying teaching of claim 4 has several advantages. On the one hand, the activated carbon bed serves as a "carbon storage". It has the property of adsorbing carbon compounds. This has the effect that the denitrifiers present in the anoxic degradation stage can always rely on a carbon and energy reservoir. This effect is particularly noticeable when no new organic material is added to the system for a long time. Another advantage of activated carbon bed is that it acts as a sort of "buffer" for load fluctuations. Under heavy load, namely, a portion of the dissolved organic compounds is retained by adsorption and prevents peak loads in the subsequent aerobic third stage of degradation. There are two processes competing for oxygen, namely the oxidative degradation of carbon compounds on the one hand and the nitrification of N compounds on the other. A strong increase in the concentration of degradable carbon compounds naturally inhibits parallel oxidation. This would lead to a reduction of the nitrate concentration and ultimately to an inhibition of denitrification in compartment 2 .

Finally, it is also advantageous that the activated carbon bed at the same time as biological carrier structure, d. H. as nursery material for the microorganisms serves. According to claim 5, the measures according to Claim 3 and 4 combined.

The teaching of claim 6 ensures that in the biological treatment toilet waste water no additional water through the flushing in the System arrives. This would, on the one hand, reduce the length of stay lead or would mean that correspondingly larger reaction spaces for Should be available. On the other hand, would have valuable toilet flushing Drinking water can be used.

The measure according to claim 7 causes the withdrawn from the Abbaustufe 3 and used for flushing the toilets or discharged to the environment liquid is in hygienic condition. Particularly advantageous ways to degerminating are mentioned in claim 8. The advantage of a UV treatment is, in particular, that it is very effective, has low energy requirements and is very maintenance and environmental friendly Lich. But there are also methods such as pasteurization or anodic Oxi dation used.

According to claim 9, the filtration and sterilization by a cross-flow Filtration can be achieved. This procedure is in contrast to conventional len filter method in which the filter repeatedly cleaned or out must be replaced, virtually maintenance-free. Depending on the type of used Membrane filter, a micro or ultrafiltration can be achieved. In the latter In this case, even the smallest microorganisms, such as viruses, can be released from the Toilet flush used or discharged to the environment liquid be filtered out.

Since activated carbon is a hydrophobic adsorbent, it becomes mainly non-polar compounds or those adsorbed with hydrophobic groups, such as from feces and kitchen waste derived fats, fatty acids and Oils. These compounds are thus con on the surface of the activated carbon centered, which there specializes in the breakdown of these compounds sated flora trains. The consequence is a more effective degradation of these compounds. Municipal sewage contained unlike toilet waste water and or ganic waste not insignificant amounts of relatively difficult to decompose washing-active substances and preservatives, ie surfactants and substances such as chlorinated aromatics, formaldehyde, aromatics, benzoic and sorbic acid acid. These compounds are preferably adsorbed on activated carbon. By the activation of another aerobic compartment with activated carbon leaking between the second, anoxic and the third, aerobic Compartment according to claims 10, 11 and 33 to 35 becomes a degradation created space, in which one on the dismantling of the said connections can train specialized biocenosis. The adsorption on the activated carbon be acts, as already mentioned above, a concentration of persistent Compounds and thus an increase in the effectiveness of the degradation. A wide The advantage of the above measures is that by the adsorption the residence time in the compartment is extended. This in turn affects positive for the colonization and multiplication of specialized microorganisms out. The compounds mentioned are in the intermediate Compartment retained and degraded. They are therefore not or only to a small extent in the subsequent aerobic compartment. These settled microorganisms are therefore before the surfactant and Kohlenwas  Hydrogen cargo of the wastewater protected. Through the interposition of a Another compartment according to claims 10 and 11 are thus two created aerobic digestion areas with different flora, wherein in the Intermediate compartment the hardly degradable pollution load of Wastewater and degraded by specialized microorganisms becomes.

In claim 13 is one for carrying out the method according to the invention specified appropriate device. Advantageous embodiments go out to claims 14 to 36. In claim 14 is an arrangement of Specified compartments, which is particularly advantageous if a Device according to the invention in facilities with limited effective area, For example, passenger cars or RVs to be installed.

The specified in claim 15 plastic sintered material can be easily and produce inexpensively. It is also very good for that, porous part of minerals and / or activated carbon as stated in claim 16, in easy to sinter with. The benefits of such a measure were already described above.

By claim 20 it is ensured that the second compartment and the therein carrier structure and charcoal bed always with liquid are flooded. This allows strict anoxic conditions to be maintained be.

The claims 21 to 24 give advantageous embodiments of the first Compartment arranged filter. In particular, the embodiment according to Claim 24 has, as already mentioned above, the advantage that in the filter embedded porous particles of minerals a depot for trace elements form, to which the solid content degrading microorganisms can fall back. The embedded porous particles have beyond the advantage of a large inner surface and therefore can be next to the Plastic sintered particles are used to immobilize microorganisms. The same applies to according to claim 24 embedded in the sintered activated carbon particles.

In the third compartment means are provided according to claim 25 for blowing in air in order to maintain a sufficiently high oxygen content in the liquid. According to claim 26, the escaping from the liquid in the compartment 3 air is advantageously used to support the aerobic solids degradation in the compartment 1 . This measure is particularly effective when the air is distributed as evenly as possible within the solids collection.

The invention will now be illustrated by Darge in the accompanying drawings illustrated embodiments explained in more detail. It shows:

Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the device according to the invention in a schematic representation;

Fig. 2 shows another embodiment of the invention Vorrich tung in a schematic representation;

Fig. 3 is a schematic partial view of an inventive processing Vorrich with an advantageous embodiment of the biologically active support structures in the third compartment,

Fig. 4 shows an embodiment with integrated toilet, in a schematic representation;

Fig. 5 shows an embodiment with an integrated toilet and a cross-flow filtration in a schematic representation;

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment according to FIG. 4 with an additional aerobic compartment, FIG.

Fig. 7 and 8 an embodiment of FIG. 6 with alternative relative arrangements of the compartments.

As is apparent from Fig. 1, the device according to the invention contains a total of 3 compartments ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) which together form a bioreactor 4 . The uppermost compartment 1 communicates with the outside air and is designed for aerobic degradation. The compartment 2 arranged below serves for an anoxic and the lowest compartment 3 finally for aerobic degradation. Between the Compartimen th 1 and 2 , a horizontally extending partition 5 is arranged, which is liquid-permeable. In compartment 1 , an upwardly open filter basket 6 is arranged, which serves to separate the solids from the pre-supplied wastewater. The solids content settle in the filter basket 6 in the manner of a filter cake 7 from. The filter basket has vertical Be tenwände 8 and a horizontally extending bottom 9 . In the simplest embodiment, the side walls 8 and the bottom 9 may consist of a wire mesh. But it is also intended to produce at least the bottom 9 of a plastic sintered material. As plastic comes in example polyethylene into consideration. Such a sintered material is obtained by sintering together the plastic particles. This creates a permeated by voids or pores material. Such materials are used in other technical fields, for example as an air filter. Another embodiment of the filter basket 6 is to place a layer of said sintered material on the wire mesh bottom 9 of the filter basket 6 . Finally, it is also conceivable to make the entire Fil terkorb 6 of a plastic sintered material. In the plastic Sin termaterial mineral and / or activated carbon particles can be incorporated. Such particles are porous and provide additional growth area for microorganisms. In addition, the mineral particles act as a depot for trace elements.

It is also conceivable to use two filter baskets instead of one and to feed them in succession. The same could be achieved with a split into two halves filter basket. Finally, it is also possible to arrange the filter basket replaceable in the compartment 1 . This would have the part before that he could easily be replaced ge against a cleaned filter basket in the regular cleaning of the device.

Below the aerobic compartment 1 , the compartment 2 is arranged, prevail in the anoxic degradation conditions. In the lower part 10 of the compartment 2 is arranged as a biologically active support structure extending over virtually its entire cross-sectional area bed 11 from Ak tivkohlekörnern. In which be above the activated carbon bed 11 sensitive residual space of the compartment 2 is also a practically over the entire cross-sectional area of the compartment extending and we sentlichen parallel to the bottom 9 of the filter basket extending layer of a biologically active support structure 12 is arranged, consisting essentially of a Polyethylene sintered material consists. In this sintered material particles of porous minerals, such as expanded clay, slag or tuff rock, embedded. In addition, activated carbon particles can also be incorporated. The function of this filter and the particles incorporated therein will be described below.

The compartment 2 is separated from the compartment 3 arranged below by a gas- and liquid-tight partition wall 13 . The connection between tween the two compartments is guaranteed by a compartment 2 arranged and connected to the compartment 3 overflow pipe 14 guaranteed. This overflow pipe 14 extends substantially over the entire height of the compartment 2 , so that the activated carbon bed 11 and support structure 12 therein are overstuffed with liquid. In the compartment 3 also biologically active support structures 15 are arranged. These are in the form of vertically extending, parallel to each other and in the sentlichen we over the entire width of the compartment 3 extending Wän the trained. The vertical extent of the support structures 15 is slightly less than the clear height of the compartment 3 . Between the upper end sides of the support structures 15 and the partition wall 13 is thus an intermediate space available, which allows a liquid flow. The support structures 15 are also made of a polyethylene sintered material, are embedded in the mineral and / or activated carbon. At the bottom 16 of the compartment 3 aeration means 17 are arranged. These may be in the form of tubes, for example, which are arranged between the carrier structures 15 and perforated on their upper side. Air blown into the pipes exits through the perforations of the pipes and partially dissolves in the liquid. The excess, below the partition wall 13 collecting air through an opening (not shown) in the compartment 3 can be discharged.

In the adjacent to the bottom 16 lower portion of the side wall 18 of the compartment 3 , a drain opening 19 is present, which is connected to a roller 20 to Um. The recirculation line 20 is led upwards into the compartment 1 and flows there. To maintain a circulation liquid flow is in the circulation line 20, a circulation pump 21 is arranged. From the circulation line 20 branches off an outlet 22 , with the liquid 3 can be discharged from the compartment 3 when reaching a certain level in the compartment compartment 3 . For this purpose, the outlet conduit 22 to a valve 23 which is controlled via a level sensor in Kom partiment 3 (not shown). Between the valve 23 and the outlet 22 also a Hygienisierungs- and filter unit 24 is interposed.

Based on the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the working example of the method according to the invention will now be explained:
The effluent, for example, one or more toilets wastewater is supplied via a feed line (not shown) to the compartment 1 . In the filter basket 6 arranged therein, the solids content of the waste water (faeces, toilet paper, etc.) is retained, which builds up with an increase in operating time a solid accumulation in the manner of a Filterku Chen 7 . The effluent from the compartment 1 liquid first passes into the compartment 2 and then via the drain pipe 14 into the compartment 3rd The compartment 1 is in communication with the environment so that access of atmospheric oxygen to maintain aerobic conditions is ensured. As will be shown below, in order to support the aerobic degradation, especially in the case of larger solid quantities forced ventilation of the filter cake 7 done.

In the near-surface areas of the filter cake 7 or in the areas lying in the vicinity of the regions (described below) forced ventilation means (air distributor 26 in Fig. 2) aerobic conditions prevail. Here is essentially an oxidative degradation of organic carbon and nitrogen compounds (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) instead. Both processes can be exemplified by the following simplified summary formulas:

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O (I)

ammonification:

R-NH₂ + 2 H₂O → NH₄⁺ + R-OH + OH- (II)

NH₂-CO-NH₂ + 3 H₂O → CO₂ + 2 NH₄⁺ + 2 OH- (III)

nitrification:

2 NH₄⁺ + 3 O₂ → NO₂ ^- + 2 H₂O + 4 H⁺ (IV)

2 NO 2 ^- + O 2 → 2 NO 3 ^- (V)

The sum equations IV and V are the ones in the so-called nitrification The first reaction step according to IV is z. From Nitro somonas and the second according to V z. B. performed by Nitrobacter.

In deeper, non-oxygenated layers, find anaerobic and anoxic degradation processes, which is simplified using the example of glucose to play as follows:

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 3 CO₂ + 3 CH₄ (minimal) (VI)

C₆H₁₂O₆ → fatty acid, alcohols, ketones (VII)

denitrification:

Fatty acids, alcohols, ketones + NO₃ ^- → N₂ + CO₂ + H₂O (VIII)

The converted by the denitrification (VIII) in the anaerobic zones of the filter cake to nitrogen nitrate comes mainly from the means of the circulation line 20 to the compartment 1 supplied liquid Komparti element 3 and partly from the nitrification in the aerobic zones of the Filterku chens. 7 Due to the presence of nitrate, methane formation according to VI is suppressed in favor of denitrification.

In compartment 2 , anoxic conditions prevail. The liquid in this compartment contains essentially nitrate and organic C-Ver compounds, which originate partly from the supplied toilet wastewater, partly from the running in the solid compartment compartment 1 mining operations. Under the prevailing anoxic conditions, nitrate / nitrite is degraded to elemental nitrogen (denitrification). The gaseous nitrogen is passed through an opening in the compartment 2 (not shown) to the outside. In denitrification, which is also called "nitrate respiration" because of the parallelism with oxygen respiration, the nitrate ion serves as an oxygen supplier or as a terminal hydrogen acceptor. The degradation processes occurring in the "respiration" of compounds such as fatty acids, alcohols or sugars can be simplified as follows:

Organic fatty acids, sugars, etc. + NO₃ ^- → CO₂ + N₂ + H₂O (IX)

CH₃-COOH + HNO₃ → 2 CO₂ + 1 / 2N₂ + H₂O (X)

5CH₃-CH₂-COOH + 14HNO₃ → 15CO₂ + 7N₂ + 22H₂O (XI)

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 3 CO₂ + 3 CH₄ (minimal) (XII)

The methane formation is extremely low and prak in this compartment table negligible.

The activated carbon bed 11 arranged in the compartment 2 and the support structure 12 located above it have several functions. They serve on the one hand as growth material for microorganisms, ie their outer and at least partially also inner surface is covered after some use duration with a bacterial lawn. The activated carbon bed 11 also has the function of a "carbon buffer". From the filter cake 7 dissolved organic C-degradation products or in the waste water contained soluble organic C-compounds and dyes from feces or aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons are retained by the Akt kiveschüttung 11 adsorptive. The activated carbon has the property namely to adsorb nonpolar or hydrophobic compounds or those with hydrophobic groups, it charges to some extent with these Ver compounds. This achieves two effects. On the one hand prevents the concentration of ge called organic C-compounds in the compartment 3 increases too much in the case of load peaks, ie, larger amounts of waste Wastewater or heavily polluted wastewater. In this compartment, as will be shown later, there are two different reactions competing for oxygen, namely the oxidative decomposition of organic carbon compounds and in parallel the nitrification proceeding after the mineralization of organic nitrogen compounds. Naturally, the former reaction would preferentially proceed with increasing concentration of the organic carbon compounds, while the nitrification would be inhibited accordingly. A second effect of the "buffer effect" is that in the case of a longer-lasting wastewater replenishment in the compartment 1, a depletion of carbon-containing organic compounds is compensated. The denitrifiers can therefore rely on the adsorbed on the activated carbon carbon compounds and guaran stet optimal conversion of nitrate to elemental nitrogen.

In the third compartment 3 aerobic conditions prevail, which are maintained by blowing in air (aeration means 17 ). It run, similar to the aerobic areas of the filter cake 7 under two different mining operations. In the inlet region, that is to say in the region near the mouth of the overflow tube 14 , preference is given to oxidative degradation of the remaining organic compound remaining in the liquid. In the areas further away from the overflow pipe 14 , on the other hand, nitrification predominates. The support structures 15 of Komparti element 3 serve as a growth material for microorganisms.

The mineral and / or activated carbon particles incorporated in the support structures 12 , 15 or, more generally, in the polyethylene sintered material have, as already mentioned above, an enlargement of the growth surface for the microorganisms due to their inner surface. In addition, the mineral particles serve to supply the microorganisms with trace elements.

In Fig. 2, an embodiment is shown, in which the Komparti ment 3 supplied air via a manifold 25 to a terkorbes within the Fil 6 arranged 26 arranged air distributor is supplied. This air distributor can, for. B. as shown schematically in Fig. 2, perforated tubes 27 included, which are arranged at a distance from each other in the filter basket 6 and extend in Verti kalrichtung. In this way, a larger proportion of Filterku chens 7 aerobic be degraded.

In Fig. 3, an embodiment of a device according to the invention is provided, in which each second support structure rich in its lower bottom Be a flow opening 29 and the structures located between two such support structure 15 has a lower height. The liquid flowing from the mouth of the overflow pipe 14 to the drain opening is thus forced to pass the path indicated by the arrows 48. The advantage of this embodiment is that the biofructures provided by the supports 15 are made more effective ,

In Fig. 4, a device according to the invention is shown with a toilet attached thereto senen. This device is particularly suitable for Toi lettenanlagen in vehicles such as motorhomes or passenger cars. In this embodiment, the compartment 1 is connected to a toilet 30 via a feed line 31 . The flushing liquid for the toilet is taken from the compar timent 3 and fed via a flushing water line 32 before a storage tank 33 , from which it can be removed as needed for flushing the toilet 30 .

The toilet 30 is rinsing water side connected via a line 49 to the Vorratsbehäl ter 33 . In the conduit 49 , a valve 46 is arranged, the example, by hand or foot can be actuated.

The storage tank 33 is preceded by a Hygienisierungseinrichtung 34 and a filter 35 . With the filter 35 fine solid particles from the withdrawn from the compartment 3 liquid can be filtered out. It is also conceivable to provide this filter unit with an additional activated carbon filter, with the z. B. In the liquid dissolved dyes can be absorbed. For Ent germination of the liquid in the sanitizer 34 can be moved to ver different ways. As a particular advantage, a UV irradiation has been proven, since it works reliably and also has a relatively low energy consumption. To transport the liquid from the compartment 3 into the storage tank 33 , a pump 36 is arranged in the flushing water line 32 . In the reservoir 33 , a level control (not shown) is arranged, which turns on the pump 36 at a minimum level and off at a maximum level. The circulation of the liquid within the bioreactor 4 is achieved in this embodiment in the same manner as in the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2. The discharge of liquid from the system via a branching after the Hygienisierungseinheit 34 of the flushing water line 32 outlet 22nd The valve 23 'is closed, the valve 23, however, open.

In Fig. 5, an embodiment with an integrated cross-flow filter system is shown. The cross-flow filter system contains an essential component of a cross-flow filter 37 . This has an inlet 38 for the fil trating liquid from compartment 3 , a permeate 39 and a retentate 40 on. The inlet 38 is connected via a main flow line 41 to the outlet opening 19 of the aerobic compartment 3 . The permeate output 39 is ver via a Permeatleitung 42 with the reservoir 33 connected. Finally, the retentate exit 40 is connected to the aerobic compartment 3 via a retentate line 43 . In the retentate 43 , a valve 45 is arranged. The cross-flow filter system operates as follows: The liq fluid from the aerobic compartment 3 is transported by a main flow pump 44 to the cross-flow filter 37 . The liquid filtered in the cross-flow filter, the permeate, flows via the permeate line 42 to the storage container 33 . The retentate, however, flows back to the compartment 3 via the retentate line 43 and the opened valve 45 . In the direction of the permeate flow branches off in front of the valve 45 from a circulation line 47 , which opens from above into the aerobic compartment 1 . The cross section of the circulation line 47 is set out so that when the cross-flow system is in operation, a respective design of the bioreactor 4 adapted circulating flow is ensured.

Upon reaching a certain maximum liquid level in Vorratsbe container 33 is closed by a suitable control device (not shown), the valve 45 and the main flow pump 44 is turned off. In order to ensure a steady circulation of the liquid in the bioreactor 4 in this operating state, a circulating pump 21 is arranged in parallel to the main flow pump 44 . This is set on reaching the maximum Füllstan in the reservoir 33 in operation. In this way, via the main flow line 41 , the retentate line 43 and the recirculation line 47, a return of the liquid from the aerobic compartment 3 into the first anaerobic compartment 1 . Instead of two different pumps 44 , 21 with different flow rates, of course, a two-stage or a continuously variable pump can be used.

In a device with, for example, a 400 liter bioreactor, the in liquid streams shown in the table below:

Table 1

The discharge of liquid from the bioreactor is ge in this Ausfüh approximately ensured by a sealed with a valve 23 outlet 22 ge, which is attached to the reservoir 33 below the maximum Füllstan of. Upon reaching the maximum level both in Kom partiment 3 as well as in the reservoir 33 (not shown) via a suitable Steuerein direction, the circulation pump 21 off and the main flow pump 44 is turned on and the valve 45 is opened. The permeate stream is passed via the permeate line 42 into the reservoir 33 and discharged from there via the also open at this time valve 23 .

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment in which the bio-reactor 4 is composed of a total of 4 compartments. Below the comparti ment 1 a compartment 2 b is arranged, prevail in the aerobic conditions. To maintain these conditions formed in its bottom near area as perforated pipes ventilation means 17 is arranged, is blown through the air. As a growth material for Mikroorga mechanisms an activated carbon bed 11 is arranged, which extends over practically the entire cross-sectional area of the compartment 2 b. In the vertical direction, it fills the space of the compartment 2 b, however, only in the telbereich with it, so that between it and the partition 5 to the compartment 1 and the partition 50 to below below compartment 2 a each have an active carbon-free space 51 , 52 is formed , In the intermediate space 52 are the ventilation means 17th

To the compartment 2 b adjacent the under side of a compartment 2 a, which also contains an activated charcoal bed 11 and is separated by the partition wall 50 from the compartment 2 b. While this partition is so liquid keits- and gas-permeable, the partition 5 between the compartment 1 and the compartment 2 b gas and liquid tight. In compartment 2 a, anoxic and in compartment 2 b aerobic conditions predominate.

The compartment 2 a is connected to the compartment 1 via a connecting tube 53 , which passes through the partition wall 5 with its upper end and ends with its lower end in the area near the ground 54 of the compartment 2 . This area contains an activated charcoal bed and extends over the entire cross-sectional area of the compartment 2 a. The two compartments 2 a and 2 b are connected via the liquid and gas-permeable partition wall 50 with each other.

The compartment 2 b is connected to the compartment 3 by an overflow pipe 14 , the lower end of which opens into the compartment 3 on the upper side and whose upper end terminates in the intermediate space 51 located between the activated carbon bed 11 and the partition wall 5 .

The operation of the device shown in Fig. 6 is as follows:
The effluent from the filter basket 6 liquid passes through the connec tion tube 53 in the area 54 of the compartment 2 a and from there via the partition wall 50 in the compartment 2 b. The compartments 2 a and 2 b and the activated carbon beds 11 located therein are jammed with liquid. From compartment 2 b finally the liquid passes over the overflow pipe 14 into the compartment 3 .

In compartment 2 a, as in compartment 2 of the embodiments described above, degradation of organic compounds with simultaneous nitrate reduction (denitrification) in compartment 2 b takes place in contrast to aerobic degradation. The advantage of the additional compartment 2 b has already been described above.

In the apparatus of FIG. 6, the activated carbon bed 11 of the Kom partiment 2 a is flowed from below. The advantage of this Anströmungsart, which is applicable even bar in the embodiments described above, is that the entrained with the liquid solids and sludge particles can settle in the region 54 below the activated carbon bed 11 . By means of an outlet pipe 64 mounted in this area, sludge accumulations can be easily removed from there by opening the valve 65 . If required, this can also be done independently of the regular maintenance work. In a flow of the activated carbon Schüt device 11 from above, the solid or sludge particles can settle on the Ak tivkohle-bed 11 and th them in the manner of a filter cake th.

On the bottom 9 of the filter basket 6 , a filter layer 55 is arranged from a verrott ble material. As a particularly advantageous straw compacts have proven. Such a filter layer is loosened by the biodegradation to form new passageways to a progressive extent, so that the sealing of existing passageways with solid material particles is compensated. An approximately 2 cm high layer of straw compacts having the following parameters has proved to be advantageous:

Bulk volume, dry: | 500 g / l Water absorption: 2 l / l or 4 l / kg Density, swollen: about 1 kg / l Fiber length, swollen: 1-5 mm

Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 show embodiments of an inventive pre direction with another type of arrangement of the compartments 1, 2 a, 2 b and 3. While the compartments 2 a and 2 b, as in the embodiment according to. Fig. 6, are arranged one above the other unchanged, the compartment 3 is arranged since Lich thereof. The compartments 2 a, 2 b and 3 are arranged in a common container 56 and separated by a damming wall 57 .

The compartment 1 is located in a separate container 58 , which is arranged laterally on the container 56 and so that its bottom 66 is above the liquid level 59 of the container 56 . The compartment 1 is connected to the compartment 2 a via a connecting pipe 53 . This branches off near the bottom of the container 58 and flows outside the Aktivkohleschüt device 11 of the compartment 2 a. The activated carbon bed 11 is thus also advantageously flowed from below in this embodiment. The height of the stowage wall 57 is smaller than the height of the water column in the container 56 .

In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the compartments 2 a and 2 b are arranged side by side in the container 56 . The two compartments are separated by two parallel and spaced-apart vertical walls 60, 61 . The height of the wall 60 is less than the height of the liquid column in the container 56 , the height of the wall 61, however, larger. At its bottom end, the wall 61 has at least one breakthrough 62 on. The two walls 61 and 62 thus form a the two compartments 2 a and 2 b connecting channel, which flows through the liquid from the compartment in the direction of arrow 63 .

The advantage of the arrangements according to Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 is above all the fact that the individual compartments for maintenance and cleaning from above are easily accessible. They are advantageously used everywhere where little installation height is available or where installation in the ground is required. Above all, in the latter case, the accessibility from above is a significant advantage.

In the following Tables 2 and 3, two design examples are given. In each case, one feed was used, the one with 6100 mg / l COD and with a Total nitrogen content of 1500 mg / l is charged. At a residence time of 3 In both cases, a reduction in the COD value by approx. 95% and the total nitrogen content reached by about 88%.

Table 2

Table 3

A device according to the invention with the interpretation of Table 2 is suitable for example for use in a passenger coach. The effluent has COD and nitrogen levels which allow the liquid to be discharged directly into the ground, preferably while driving. The solids-retaining and mainly aerobic degrading compartment 1 is laid out so that the maintenance intervals for emptying and cleaning amount to several months. The reservoir of conventional toilets in passenger coach must, however, be emptied at intervals of a few days.

The device according to the invention is also suitable for other vehicles such as RVs, planes and ships. Likewise is a use in buildings conceivable, which are not connectable to any sewer, as in the case of garden or Weekend homes. It is also conceivable Vorrich the invention for mobile toilets, for example, large construction sites and events can be used. It is the same conceivable, the device according to the invention to one or more Vakuumtoi to join.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1 aerobic compartment
2 anoxic compartment
2 a anoxic compartment
2 b aerobic compartment
3 aerobic compartment
4 bioreactor
5 partition
6 filter basket
7 filter cake
8 side wall
9 floor
10 part
11 charcoal bed
12 support structure
13 partition
14 overflow pipe
15 carrier structure
16 floor
17 aerating agent
18 side wall
19 drain opening
20 circulation line
21 circulation pump
22 outlet pipe
23 , 23 ' valve
24 sanitization and filter unit
25 manifold
26 air distributor
27 pipe
28 side surface
29 flow opening
30 toilet
31 feed line
32 flushing water line
33 storage tank
34 sanitizing device
35 filters
36 pump
37 crossflow filters
38 entrance
39 permeate output
40 retentate output
41 main power line
42 permeate line
43 Retentate line
44 main flow pump
45 valve
46 valve
47 circulation line
48 arrow
49 line
50 partition wall
51 gap
52 space
53 connecting pipe
54 area
55 filter layer
56 containers
57 stowage wall
58 containers
59 liquid level
60 wall
61 wall
62 opening
63 arrow direction
64 outlet pipe
65 valve
66 floor

Claims (36)

1. A method for the biological treatment of organically polluted wastewater and organic waste with the following process steps:

• a) separation of the solids content and degradation of the solids content in a first compartment ( 1 ) under predominantly aerobic conditions,
• b) forwarding the liquid fraction to a second compartment ( 2 ) where degradation takes place under predominantly anoxic conditions,
• c) forwarding the liquid portion from the second compartment to a third compartment ( 3 ) in which degradation takes place under aerobic conditions, and
• d) continuous circulation by recycling the liquid portion from the third compartiment ( 3 ) in the first compartment ( 1 ) with penetration of the solids content.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least in the second ( 2 , 2 a) and third compartment ( 3 ) biologically active support structures ( 11 , 12 , 15 ) are present. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that at least in the second compartment ( 2 , 2 a), a support structure ( 12 ) is present, which contains porous mineral particles and / or activated carbon particles. 4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that in the second compartment ( 2 , 2 a) an activated carbon bed ( 11 ) is present. 5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that in the second compartment ( 2 , 2 a) in addition a support structure ( 12 ) according to claim 3 is present. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized, that it is intended for the biological purification of toilet wastewater and the liquid from the third compartment as rinsing liquid for the Toilets is used. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the liquid from the third compartment ( 3 ) is filtered and sterilized before being used as a toilet flushing liquid or before its release into the environment. 8. The method according to claim 7, characterized, that the sterilization by UV irradiation, pasteurization or anodic Oxidation takes place. 9. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that the liquid from the third compartment ( 3 ) of a micro or ultrafiltration, in particular a crossflow filtration is subjected. 10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 9, characterized by a fourth compartment ( 2 b),

• - between the second compartment ( 2 , 2 a) and the third Komparti element ( 3 ) is interposed, and
• - in which a degradation takes place under aerobic conditions.

11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that a charcoal bed ( 11 ) is present as a support structure. 12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that in addition to the activated carbon bed ( 11 ) in addition a support structure according to claim 3 is present. 13. A device for the biological treatment of organically polluted Ab water and organic waste, characterized by

• a) a first compartment ( 1 ) in which the solid components of the organic substrate to be treated are separated off and kept under aerobic conditions;
• b) a second compartment ( 2 ), which is in communication with the first compartment, in which biologically active carrier structures are arranged and in which the liquid essentially freed of solids is decomposed predominantly anoxically,
• c) a third compartment ( 3 ) which is in communication with the second and in which biologically active support structures are arranged and in which the fluid is aerobically degraded, and
• d) means for continuously returning the liquid from the third Komparti element ( 3 ) in the first compartment ( 1 ) under penetration of the solid material share.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that the three compartments ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) are arranged one below the other. 15. The apparatus of claim 13 or 14, characterized in that in the second compartment ( 2 ) a biologically active support structure ( 12 ) is arranged, which consists of a plastic sintered material. 16. The device according to claim 15, characterized, that in the plastic sintered material porous mineral particles and / or Activated carbon particles are incorporated. 17. The apparatus according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that in the second compartment ( 2 ) is a bed ( 11 ) of activated carbon is arranged. 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, characterized in that in addition a support structure ( 12 ) according to claims 15 and 16 is present. 19. The apparatus according to claim 18, characterized in that the support structure ( 12 ) above the activated carbon bed ( 11 ) is arranged is. 20. The device according to one or more of claims 14 to 19, characterized in that the second compartment ( 2 ) with the arranged below the third compartment ( 3 ) arranged in the compartment ( 2 ), extending over almost its entire height overflow pipe connected is. 21. Device according to one or more of claims 13 to 20, characterized in that in the first compartment ( 1 ) a filter basket ( 6 ) is arranged for retaining the solids. 22. The apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that the filter basket ( 6 ) consists of wire mesh. 23. The apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that the filter basket ( 6 ) consists of a plastic sintered material. 24. Device according to claim 23, characterized, that in the plastic sintered material porous particles of minerals and / or activated carbon are incorporated. 25. Device according to one of claims 13 to 24, characterized in that in the third compartment ( 3 ) means ( 17 ) are arranged for blowing air into the liquid contained therein. 26. The apparatus according to claim 25, characterized by means ( 25 , 26 ) with which the liquid from the third Komparti element ( 3 ) escaping air in the first compartment ( 1 ) can be transferred and there within the filter basket ( 6 ) can be distributed , 27. The device according to any one of claims 13-26, characterized in that the support structures ( 15 ) of the third compartment ( 3 ) consist essentially of a plastic sintered material, in the porous mineral particles and / or activated carbon particles are incorporated. 28. The device according to one or more of claims 13 to 27, characterized in that means ( 19 , 20 , 21 ) are provided, with which the liquid from the compartment ( 3 ) for the purpose of a continuous circulation in the Komparti element ( 1 ) is traceable. 29. Device according to one of claims 13 to 28, characterized in that the first compartment ( 1 ) with at least one toilet ( 30 ) is connected and that the liquid from the compartment ( 3 ) using as a rinsing liquid for the at least one toilet ( 30 ) in the first Komparti element ( 1 ) is traceable. 30. The device according to one or more of claims 13 to 29, characterized by at least one filter and Hygienisierungseinheit ( 24 , 34 , 35 ) for filtering and sterilizing the third compartment from the ( 3 ) and for flushing in the toilet ( 30 ) or to the environment. 31. The apparatus according to claim 30, characterized in that the filter and Hygienisierungseinrichtung a crossflow Filtereinrich device ( 37 ). 32. Apparatus according to claim 30, characterized in that the Hygienisierungseinrichtung ( 34 ) contains a device for UV irradiation, pasteurization or anodic oxidation. 33. Device according to one of claims 13 to 32, characterized by a fourth, aerobic degradation conditions having Kompartiment ( 2 b), the inlet side with the second compartment ( 2 a) and the drain side is in fluid communication with the third compartment ( 3 ) , 34. Apparatus according to claim 33, characterized in that the fourth compartment ( 2 b) above the second compartment ( 2 a) is arranged and means ( 17 ) are provided for blowing in air. 35. Apparatus according to claim 33 or 34, characterized in that the compartment ( 2 b) contains a charcoal bed ( 11 ) as a biologically active support structure. 36. Apparatus according to claim 35, characterized in that in addition a support structure ( 12 ) gem. Claim 23 or 24 is present.