DE4129979A1 - Temp. profile sensor for extruder nozzle or die - is shaped to suit specific task, carried in low conductivity material and can be used for manual or automatic optimisation of temp. control - Google Patents

Temp. profile sensor for extruder nozzle or die - is shaped to suit specific task, carried in low conductivity material and can be used for manual or automatic optimisation of temp. control

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Publication number
DE4129979A1
DE4129979A1 DE4129979A DE4129979A DE4129979A1 DE 4129979 A1 DE4129979 A1 DE 4129979A1 DE 4129979 A DE4129979 A DE 4129979A DE 4129979 A DE4129979 A DE 4129979A DE 4129979 A1 DE4129979 A1 DE 4129979A1
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DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
sensor
temp
temperature
temperature profile
nozzle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
DE4129979A
Other languages
German (de)
Inventor
Markus Cremer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vereinigung zur Foerderung des Instituts fuer Kunststoffverarbeitung in Industrie und Handwerk an Der Rhein
Original Assignee
Vereinigung zur Foerderung des Instituts fuer Kunststoffverarbeitung in Industrie und Handwerk an Der Rhein
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Vereinigung zur Foerderung des Instituts fuer Kunststoffverarbeitung in Industrie und Handwerk an Der Rhein filed Critical Vereinigung zur Foerderung des Instituts fuer Kunststoffverarbeitung in Industrie und Handwerk an Der Rhein
Priority to DE4129979A priority Critical patent/DE4129979A1/en
Priority claimed from DE19914129978 external-priority patent/DE4129978A1/en
Publication of DE4129979A1 publication Critical patent/DE4129979A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C45/76—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C45/78—Measuring, controlling or regulating of temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
    • B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
    • B29C2948/92704—Temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
    • B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C2948/92819—Location or phase of control
    • B29C2948/92857—Extrusion unit
    • B29C2948/92876—Feeding, melting, plasticising or pumping zones, e.g. the melt itself
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
    • B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C2948/92819—Location or phase of control
    • B29C2948/92857—Extrusion unit
    • B29C2948/92904—Die; Nozzle zone
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

A sensor is described for measuring axial and radial temp. profiles both in the nozzle in front of an extruder or injection moulding screw and in an extrusion die. Conventional sensors have relatively slow response and temp. profile measurement is suspect due to heat conductivity errors. The new sensor has a number of measuring points and is built into a carrier of a poor conducting material. The outer shape of the sensor is designed to suit the specific area of use. A process for use of the sensor in temp. control is described and gives temp. profile which can be manually or automatically used for optimisation of process and machine control parameters. USE/ADVANTAGE - The sensor and process are used in extruders, injection moulding machines or extruder dies for optimising temp. adjustment, gives increased local accuracy allowing better control of machine or tool temp. and thus improve melt homogeneity.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Sensor nach Anspruch 1-14 und ein Verfahren zur Optimierung der Maschineneinstellung von Kunststoffverarbeitungsmaschinen nach den Ansprüchen 5 und 6.The invention relates to a sensor according to claims 1-14 and a method for optimizing the machine setting of plastic processing machines according to claims 5 and 6.

Der im Hauptanspruch näher beschriebene Sensor erlaubt auch wesentlich genauere Temperaturmessungen im Bereich hinter der Schneckenspitze von Plastifizieraggregaten und im Be­ reich von Extrusionswerkzeugen, insbesondere eine genauere zeitliche Erfassung der Temperatur wegen der geringen An­ sprechzeiten und eine hohe Ortsauflösung und Anzahl von Meßpunkten wegen der geringen Größe der einzelnen Meßstel­ len.The sensor described in more detail in the main claim also allows much more accurate temperature measurements in the area behind the screw tip of plasticizing units and in the loading rich in extrusion tools, especially a more accurate one temporal recording of the temperature due to the low An speaking times and a high spatial resolution and number of Measuring points because of the small size of the individual measuring point len.

Es ist bekannt, daß eine möglichst homogene Temperaturver­ teilung der Schmelze bei der Kunststoffverarbeitung anzu­ streben ist. Weiterhin ist bekannt, daß vor der Schnecken­ spitze radiale und axiale Temperaturprofile auftreten (1, 2).It is known that the most homogeneous possible temperature distribution of the melt should be aimed at in plastics processing. It is also known that radial and axial temperature profiles occur in front of the screws ( 1, 2 ).

Auch im Extrusionswerkzeug wirken sich Temperaturun­ terschiede zwischen Werkzeugwand und Schmelze auf die Qualität der Erzeugnisse aus (3).Temperature differences between the tool wall and the melt also affect the quality of the products in the extrusion die ( 3 ).

Die bislang zur Verfügung stehenden Sensoren erlauben die Messung von radialen Temperaturprofilen. Bei der Messung macht man aber, da die üblichen Sensoren massive Stahlteile sind, einen Wärmeableitfehler.The sensors available so far allow the Measurement of radial temperature profiles. When measuring one does however, since the usual sensors massive steel parts are a heat dissipation error.

Die Sensoren, die für Spritzgießmaschinendüsen zur Verfü­ gung stehen, reduzieren den üblichen freien Strömungsquer­ schnitt im Düsenbereich stark, sind daher verschleißgefähr­ det und führen zu erhöhter dissipativer Erwärmung, Druck­ verlust und benötigter Maschinenleistung. Abhilfe schafft eine Erweiterung des Strömungskanals. Dadurch wird aber das Massepolster vergrößert, was insbesondere bei kleinen Schußgewichten zu einer größeren Verweilzeit auf Verarbei­ tungstemperaturniveau führt und damit die Schmelzequalität mindert.The sensors that are available for injection molding machine nozzles stand, reduce the usual free flow cross cut strongly in the nozzle area and are therefore subject to wear det and lead to increased dissipative heating, pressure loss and required machine performance. Remedy an expansion of the flow channel. This will make it  Mass cushion increases, which is especially true for small ones Shot weights for a longer dwell time on processing temperature level and thus the melt quality diminishes.

Zur Beurteilung der Schmelzehomogenität reicht das örtliche und zeitliche Auflösungsvermögen dieser Sensoren nicht aus (2). Die übliche Vorgehensweise zur Beurteilung der thermi­ schen und mechanischen Homogenität ist die Anfertigung von Dünnschnitten der erstarrten Schmelze und Betrachtung im Mikroskop (2), was sehr aufwendig ist.The spatial and temporal resolution of these sensors is not sufficient to assess melt homogeneity ( 2 ). The usual procedure for assessing the thermal and mechanical homogeneity is the preparation of thin sections of the solidified melt and viewing in the microscope ( 2 ), which is very expensive.

Bei der Einstellung der Werkzeugtemperatur ist aufgrund des fehlenden Wissens über das reale Temperaturprofil im Werk­ zeug die Einstellung der bestmöglichen Solltemperaturen oft problematisch. Nicht zuletzt deshalb sind daher die im Hauptanspruch erwähnten Simulationsprogramme von großer Bedeutung.When setting the tool temperature is due to the lack of knowledge about the real temperature profile in the factory often the setting of the best possible target temperatures problematic. Not least because of this, the im The main claim mentioned simulation programs of large Importance.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, das Temperatur­ profil an den oben angesprochenen Orten mit sehr hoher örtlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung zu vermessen und hieraus Rückschlüsse auf eine bessere Maschineneinstellung und auf die Homogenität der Schmelze zu ziehen.The invention has for its object the temperature profile at the locations mentioned above with very high to measure local and temporal resolution and from it Conclusions on a better machine setting and on to draw the homogeneity of the melt.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die kennzeichnen­ den Merkmale nach Anspruch 1-7 gelöst.According to the invention, this object is characterized by the solved the features of claims 1-7.

Literaturliterature

(1) Fritz, H. G.; Grünschloß, E.; Eyerer, P.
Das Schmelztemperaturprofil an der Schneckenspitze - Messung und Interpretation
Beitrag zum 11. Stuttgarter Kunststoffkolloquium, 1989
(2) Bürkle, E.
Verbesserte Kenntnis des Plastifiziersystems an Spritzgießmaschinen
Dissertation an RWTH Aachen, 1989
(3) Vlachopoulos, J.
Effect of die wall cooling or heating on extrudate swell
Polym. Eng. Sci 29, 1989, 5, S. 685-689
(4) Nehren, R.
Konstruktion einer Meßvorrichtung zur automatischen Erfassung des radialen Temperaturprofiles vor der Schneckenspitze
Studienarbeit am IKV, Aachen, 1991(1) Fritz, HG; Grünschloß, E .; Eyerer, P.
The melting temperature profile at the screw tip - measurement and interpretation
Contribution to the 11th Stuttgart Plastic Colloquium, 1989
(2) Bürkle, E.
Improved knowledge of the plasticizing system on injection molding machines
Dissertation at RWTH Aachen, 1989
(3) Vlachopoulos, J.
Effect of die wall cooling or heating on extrudate swell
Polym. Closely. Sci 29, 1989, 5, pp. 685-689
(4) Nehren, R.
Construction of a measuring device for the automatic detection of the radial temperature profile in front of the screw tip
Student work at the IKV, Aachen, 1991

Claims (7)

1. Sensor wie nach den Ansprüchen 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, des Hauptanspruches, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Geometrie, d. h. die äußere Form des Sensors für den Einbau in verschiedene Spritzgießmaschinendüsen, den Bereich vor der Schnec­ kenspitze von Extrusionsanlagen und den Bereich in verschiedenen Extrusionswerkzeugen, z. B. dem Lippenbe­ reich eines Breitschlitzextrusionswerkzeuges, jeweils angepaßt wird.1. Sensor as claimed in claims 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, of the main claim, characterized in that the geometry, ie the outer shape of the sensor for installation in different injection molding machine nozzles, the area in front of the Schnec kenspitze of extrusion systems and the area in various extrusion tools, e.g. B. the lip rich of a slot extrusion tool, is adapted in each case. 2. Sensor nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das schlecht wärmeleitfähi­ ge Trägermaterial zur Aufnahme der Schub- und Druck­ kräfte in eine schmale Metallhalterung eingebracht wird. Die Bilder 1-3 zeigen hierzu ein Einbaubeispiel in eine Spritzgießmaschinendüse. Die Metallhalterung des Sensors (Bild 1) muß ebenso wie das Trägermaterial dem jeweiligen Anwendungsfall angepaßt werden. Der Sensor wird an Pos. 1 fixiert. Diese Halterung des Sensors muß in einem Düseneinsatz eingesetzt werden (Beispiel Bild 2). Nach der Montage von Halterung und Einsatz kann der Sensor dann in der in diesem Beispiel angesprochenen Spritzgießmaschinen­ düse (Bild 3, Pos. 1) eingebaut werden (Bild 3). Das Meßkabel wird wieder über einen Kabelkanal weggeführt (Bild 3, Pos. 2).2. Sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that the poor thermally conductive support material for receiving the thrust and pressure forces is introduced into a narrow metal holder. Figures 1-3 show an installation example in an injection molding machine nozzle. The metal bracket of the sensor ( Fig. 1) and the carrier material must be adapted to the respective application. The sensor is fixed at position 1. This holder of the sensor must be used in a nozzle insert (example picture 2). After mounting the bracket and insert, the sensor can then be installed in the injection molding machine nozzle mentioned in this example ( Fig. 3, Item 1) ( Fig. 3). The measuring cable is again led away via a cable duct ( Fig. 3, item 2). 3. Sensor nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Reduzierung der auf zunehmenden Schubspannungen der gesamte Sensor in Strö­ mungsrichtung sehr kurz ist (1-10 mm).3. Sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that to reduce the increasing shear stresses the entire sensor in currents direction is very short (1-10 mm). 4. Sensor nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sensor wegen der bes­ seren Biegesteifigkeit in beiden Seiten des Strömungs­ kanals (Bild 1) gelagert ist.4. Sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that the sensor is mounted on both sides of the flow channel because of the special bending stiffness ( Figure 1). 5. Verfahren zur Optimierung der Maschinen- bzw. Werkzeug­ temperatureinstellung, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mit Hilfe eines Sensors nach den Ansprüchen 1-4 das tat­ sächliche Temperaturprofil vermessen wird und ein mög­ lichst flaches, radiales Temperaturprofil im Düsen- und Werkzeugbereich angestrebt wird. Ergibt sich ein rela­ tives Maximum im Temperaturprofil hinter der Plastifi­ ziereinheit, so ist entweder die Wandtemperatur der Plastifiziereinheit zu erhöhen oder die zugeführte me­ chanische Energie (Drehzahl) zu verringern, was aber eine Durchsatzverminderung zur Folge hat. Bei Auftreten eines relativen Maximums im Bereich der Extrusionswerkzeuge muß ebenfalls die Werkzeugtempera­ tur erhöht werden, wobei insbesondere überprüft werden sollte, ob das Temperaturprofil nicht schon hinter der Plastifiziereinheit vorlag. Bei einem relativen Temperaturminimum ist entsprechend umgekehrt zu verfahren.5. Process for optimizing the machine or tool temperature setting, characterized in that with Help of a sensor according to claims 1-4 that did neuter temperature profile is measured and a possible flat, radial temperature profile in the nozzle and Tool area is sought. If there is a rela tives maximum in the temperature profile behind the plastifi decorative unit, so is either the wall temperature of the Plasticizing unit to increase or the fed me reduce chinese energy (speed), but what results in a reduction in throughput. If a relative maximum occurs in the range of Extrusion tools must also have the tool temperature be increased, with particular checks being carried out should whether the temperature profile is already behind the Plasticizing unit was present. At a relative minimum temperature is accordingly to do the opposite. 6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine Regelung, die das Ist- Temperaturprofil mit dementsprechenden, möglichst fla­ chen Soll-Temperaturprofil vergleicht, die entsprechen­ den Veränderungen der Maschineneinstellung automatisch vornimmt.6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that a regulation that the actual Temperature profile with the corresponding, if possible fla Chen compares target temperature profile that correspond changes to the machine settings automatically makes. 7. Verfahren und Sensor nach Anspruch 1-6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mit Hilfe der verbesserten Ortsauflösung der Temperaturmessung auch die thermische Homogenität der Schmelze (und damit auch näherungsweise die mechanische Homogenität) beurteilt werden kann.7. The method and sensor according to claim 1-6, characterized in that with the help of the improved The spatial resolution of the temperature measurement also includes the thermal Homogeneity of the melt (and thus approximately mechanical homogeneity) can be assessed.
DE4129979A 1991-09-10 1991-09-10 Temp. profile sensor for extruder nozzle or die - is shaped to suit specific task, carried in low conductivity material and can be used for manual or automatic optimisation of temp. control Withdrawn DE4129979A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4129979A DE4129979A1 (en) 1991-09-10 1991-09-10 Temp. profile sensor for extruder nozzle or die - is shaped to suit specific task, carried in low conductivity material and can be used for manual or automatic optimisation of temp. control

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19914129978 DE4129978A1 (en) 1991-09-10 1991-09-10 Thermal values of plastics partic. at high cooling rates - are determined using sensor comprising small thermoelements mounted on surface of poor heat-conducting polyimide material
DE4129979A DE4129979A1 (en) 1991-09-10 1991-09-10 Temp. profile sensor for extruder nozzle or die - is shaped to suit specific task, carried in low conductivity material and can be used for manual or automatic optimisation of temp. control

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE4129979A1 true DE4129979A1 (en) 1993-05-19

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DE4129979A Withdrawn DE4129979A1 (en) 1991-09-10 1991-09-10 Temp. profile sensor for extruder nozzle or die - is shaped to suit specific task, carried in low conductivity material and can be used for manual or automatic optimisation of temp. control

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Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DD105760A1 (en) * 1973-09-20 1974-05-12
DE2425621A1 (en) * 1974-05-27 1975-12-11 Demag Kunststofftech INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE
DE3313043C2 (en) * 1983-04-12 1987-11-05 Krauss-Maffei Ag, 8000 Muenchen, De
US4798692A (en) * 1984-07-11 1989-01-17 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for controlling and/or regulating the injection molding in injection molding machines
DE3830571A1 (en) * 1987-09-08 1989-04-06 Toshiba Machine Co Ltd Method of calculation for flow analysis in injection moulding
DE3917523A1 (en) * 1989-05-30 1990-12-06 Beck Erich Dipl Ing Fh METHOD FOR ADJUSTING AND STABILIZING THE MASS TEMPERATURE WITHOUT DEGREELING IN THE PROCESSING OF THERMOPLASTIC PLASTICS
DD285484A7 (en) * 1988-10-17 1990-12-19 Veb Plastaform Graefenthal,Dd METHOD FOR CONTROLLING INJECTION MOLDING MACHINES FOR DUROMER AND ELASTOMER PROCESSING

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DD105760A1 (en) * 1973-09-20 1974-05-12
DE2425621A1 (en) * 1974-05-27 1975-12-11 Demag Kunststofftech INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE
DE3313043C2 (en) * 1983-04-12 1987-11-05 Krauss-Maffei Ag, 8000 Muenchen, De
US4798692A (en) * 1984-07-11 1989-01-17 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for controlling and/or regulating the injection molding in injection molding machines
DE3830571A1 (en) * 1987-09-08 1989-04-06 Toshiba Machine Co Ltd Method of calculation for flow analysis in injection moulding
DD285484A7 (en) * 1988-10-17 1990-12-19 Veb Plastaform Graefenthal,Dd METHOD FOR CONTROLLING INJECTION MOLDING MACHINES FOR DUROMER AND ELASTOMER PROCESSING
DE3917523A1 (en) * 1989-05-30 1990-12-06 Beck Erich Dipl Ing Fh METHOD FOR ADJUSTING AND STABILIZING THE MASS TEMPERATURE WITHOUT DEGREELING IN THE PROCESSING OF THERMOPLASTIC PLASTICS

Non-Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BECK, E.: Durchsatz und Schmelzetemperatur beim Extrudieren gezielt einstellen. In: Kunststoffe 80, 1990, 6,S.667-672 *
CORNELY, J. *
et.al.: Messung von Druck u. Tempera-tur bei Spritzguß und Extrusion. In: Plaste und Kautschuk, 10.Jg., H.1/1963, S.51-58 *
GRÖMAR, Helmut *
LEEUWEN, J.: ENIGE ASPECTEN VAN DE BEHEERSING VAN *
PÜTZ, Helmut: Temperaturfühler mit erhöhter Meßgenauigkeit für Kunststoffverar- beitungsmaschinen. In: Kunststoffe 69, 1979, 9, S.588-590 *
Reges Interesse. In: Maschinenmarkt Würzburg 97, 1991, 20, S.150-154 *
SCHENKEL, Gerhard: Temeprtatur-Messungen in extru-dierten Strang-Erzeugnissen. In: Sonderdruck aus Kautschuk und Gummi - Kunststoffe, 19.Jg., 1966, H.4, S.213-217 *
WIEGAND, H.G.: Prozeßautomatisierung beim Extru- dieren und Spritzgießen von Kunststoffen, Carl Hanser Verlag München Wien 1979, S.23-26 *

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