DE3915833A1 - photovoltaic system for building, vehicle storage tank - has mono-, poly-crystalline or amorphous solar cells which are directly combining with thin resistance layers on cell rear sides - Google Patents

photovoltaic system for building, vehicle storage tank - has mono-, poly-crystalline or amorphous solar cells which are directly combining with thin resistance layers on cell rear sides

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Publication number
DE3915833A1
DE3915833A1 DE3915833A DE3915833A DE3915833A1 DE 3915833 A1 DE3915833 A1 DE 3915833A1 DE 3915833 A DE3915833 A DE 3915833A DE 3915833 A DE3915833 A DE 3915833A DE 3915833 A1 DE3915833 A1 DE 3915833A1
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Prior art keywords
photovoltaic
thin
layers
solar cells
resistance layers
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DE3915833A
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German (de)
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DE3915833C2 (en
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Stefan Prof Dr Ing Schwab
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H05B3/265—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an inorganic material, e.g. ceramic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00421—Driving arrangements for parts of a vehicle air-conditioning
    • B60H1/00428—Driving arrangements for parts of a vehicle air-conditioning electric
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D13/00—Electric heating systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D15/00—Other domestic- or space-heating systems
    • F24D15/02—Other domestic- or space-heating systems consisting of self-contained heating units, e.g. storage heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/40—Thermal components
    • H02S40/44—Means to utilise heat energy, e.g. hybrid systems producing warm water and electricity at the same time
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/032—Heaters specially adapted for heating by radiation heating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/60—Thermal-PV hybrids
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
    • Y02T10/88—Optimized components or subsystems, e.g. lighting, actively controlled glasses

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Central Heating Systems (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The photovoltaic semiconductor solar cells of the system are deposited on thin, flexible mats, or mesh in a thin-layer technique. The photovoltaic cells (1,2) are directly combined with electric resistance layer (4), applied to the rear sides of the photovoltaic elements as thin layers. The semiconductor solar cells may be engaged at one side by photons (3). By absorption of electromagnetic radiation, such as day or artificial light, UV and IR radiation, separate charge carriers and a voltage are generated in the cells with n and p layers. The voltage is such that it can be used for electric current generation. The current direct connection to the resistance layers can be converted into heat. USE/ADVANTAGE - Also as thermo-cladding. Sufficient heat efficiently even at low irradiation intensity.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft Photovoltaiksysteme nach dem Ober­ begriff des Patentanspruches 1 .The invention relates to photovoltaic systems according to the Ober Concept of claim 1.

Derartige Systeme sind bekannt als Solarzellen, die z.B. als Siliciumzellen, Schottky-Zellen, sonstige Solarzellen, Stapel­ zellen bzw. Tandemzellen aufgebaut werden.Such systems are known as solar cells, e.g. as Silicon cells, Schottky cells, other solar cells, stacks cells or tandem cells are built.

Bekannt sind auch aus gewissen Bereichen der Technik, z.B. der Raumfahrttechnik, Dünnschicht-Solarzellen, die in Stärken von wenigen Mikrometern herstellbar sind, was zu Einsparungen an den Ausgangsmaterialien und zu wenig aufwendigen, elastischen Beschichtungen genutzt werden kann.Are also known from certain areas of technology, e.g. the Space technology, thin-film solar cells in strengths of A few micrometers can be produced, which leads to savings on the raw materials and too little complex, elastic Coatings can be used.

Mehrere derartige Elemente werden häufig als Solarzellenpanels mit Abdeckungen und Rahmen aufgebaut und z.B. auf Gebäude­ dächern angeordnet. Durch diese Ausführung, durch die Ableitung und Einspeisung des elektrischen Stromes in getrennte Netz- und Speichersysteme werden schwere, massive Panels und auf­ wendige Leitungs-, Speicher- und Nutzungs-Ausrüstungen er­ forderlich.Several such elements are often called solar cell panels constructed with covers and frames and e.g. on building arranged roofs. Through this design, through the derivation and feeding the electrical current into separate network and storage systems become heavy, massive panels and on manoeuvrable line, storage and usage equipment conducive.

Die vor allem aus der Raumfahrttechnik bekannten Dünnschicht- Solarzellen werden ebenfalls mit getrennter Energie-Auskopplung und Energie-Nutzung mit den entsprechenden Nachteilen reali­ siert.The thin-film known mainly from space technology Solar cells are also with separate energy decoupling and energy use with the corresponding disadvantages reali siert.

Bei den bekannten Anwendungen von Solarzellen zur Stromerzeugung für die Haustechnik, für die Nachrichtentechnik für Antriebs­ zwecke etc. liegt also stets eine indirekte Energienutzung vor mit entsprechenden Übertragungsverlusten und relativ hohen Aufwendungen für die neben den Zellen zusätzlich notwendigen Systemkomponenten.In the known applications of solar cells for power generation for home automation, for telecommunications for drives for purposes etc. there is always an indirect use of energy before with corresponding transmission losses and relatively high Expenses for the additional necessary in addition to the cells System components.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, Photo­ voltaiksysteme zur direkten Umsetzung des elektrischen Stromes in Wärmeenergie zu schaffen, die sowohl bei hohen als auch bei geringen Strahlungsintensitäten, das heißt auch bei niedrigen Beleuchtungsstärken und bei diffuser Strahlung günstige Wärme­ leistungen für Beheizungszwecke im Langzeitbetrieb zur Verfügung stellen.The present invention has for its object Photo Voltaic systems for the direct implementation of electrical current to create in thermal energy, both at high and at  low radiation intensities, i.e. even at low ones Illuminance levels and favorable heat in the case of diffuse radiation Services available for heating purposes in long-term operation put.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei gattungsgemäßen Photovoltaiksystemen durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Patentanspruches 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen und Anwendungen zur vorliegenden Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen 1 bis 4 beschrieben. Diese Systeme können als Kombinationen von Solarzellen und elektrischen Widerstandsschichten in leichter, elastischer, gut handhabbarer Form hergestellt werden. Für die Fertigung der Solarzellen können die bekannten Verfahren durch Aufsprühen, Aufdampfen und Plasmastrahlen eingesetzt werden. Die Ausführung der elektrischen Widerstandsschichten kann analog zu den in der Elektrotechnik üblichen Verfahren erfolgen. Die elektrische Verschaltung der Solarzellen und der Widerstandsfelder ist in Reihen- und Parallelschaltungen möglich.This task is carried out in generic photovoltaic systems the characterizing features of claim 1 solved. Advantageous refinements and applications to the present Invention are described in subclaims 1 to 4. These systems can be used as combinations of solar cells and electrical resistance layers in lighter, more elastic, easily manageable form. For manufacturing the known methods can be sprayed onto the solar cells, Evaporation and plasma jets can be used. Execution of the electrical resistance layers can be analogous to that in the usual electrical engineering processes. The electrical Interconnection of the solar cells and the resistance fields is in Series and parallel connections possible.

Durch diese Maßnahmen und durch den Wegfall zusätzlicher Systemkomponenten können gute Wirkungsgrade und niedrige Herstellungskosten erreicht werden, was zu günstigen Gesamt­ wirtschaftlichkeitsbedingungen führt.Through these measures and by eliminating additional ones System components can have good efficiencies and low ones Manufacturing costs can be achieved, resulting in favorable overall leads to economic conditions.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend an Hand eines Beispieles unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnung erläutert.The invention is described below using an example Explained with reference to the drawing.

Dieses Beispiel betrifft die Anwendung der Erfindung für "Solartapeten" zur Raumheizung.This example relates to the application of the invention for "Solar wallpapers" for space heating.

Photonen (Lichtstrahlung) (3) werden in Dünnschicht-Photo­ voltaikelementen (1 und 2) absorbiert, wobei freie Ladungs­ träger gebildet werden. Über die p- und n-Schicht kann eine elektrische Spannung abgegriffen und als elektrischer Strom der Widerstandsschicht (4) zugeführt werden. Die hier ent­ stehende Wärme wird direkt an die Wand- bzw. Deckenfläche (5) abgegeben. Die Wärmeenergie wird durch Konvektion und vor allem durch Strahlung zur Raumheizung mit großem Behaglichkeitsgrad genutzt. Dabei sind folgende Hinweise von Bedeutung: In der modernen Heizungs- und Klimatechnik werden alle wesent­ lichen biophysikalischen Daten, die den Wärmehaushalt des Menschen betreffen, eingehend untersucht und in zunehmendem Maße auch bezüglich der heizungs- und klimatechnischen Aus­ rüstungen berücksichtigt. Neben dem Wärmehaushalt des Menschen, der Wärmeabgabe, dem Grundumsatz und der Wärmeaufnahme unter verschiedenen Tätigkeitsbedingungen spielen immer mehr die Untersuchungen bezüglich der Behaglichkeit eine Rolle. Dabei wurde bisher oft nur der jeweils notwendigen Raumluft­ temperatur Bedeutung beigemessen mit entsprechender Auslegung und Gestaltung der Heizungs- und Klimaanlagen. Man hat jedoch seit einiger Zeit ermittelt, daß der Mensch sich nicht bei einer ganz bestimmten Raumlufttemperatur (z.B. bei 20°C) stets am behaglichsten fühlt. Von ganz wesentlicher Bedeutung - und dies wird immer mehr erkannt - ist die mittlere Tempe­ ratur der den Menschen umgebenden Wände und Flächen, nämlich die sog. mittlere Strahlungstemperatur. Die oft empfohlene Raumlufttemperatur von 20 bis 22°C kann nur dann als günstig angesehen werden, wenn die mittlere Wandtemperatur annähernd gleich der Lufttemperatur ist. Bei zu niedrigen Wandtemperaturen, die im Winter oft gegeben sind, können Raumlufttemperaturen von ca. 20°C durchaus als zu kalt empfunden werden. Die Behag­ lichkeit hängt also sehr wesentlich von der Wandtemperatur ab. So werden z.B. im Sommer abends und nachts Raumlufttemperaturen unter 20°C durchaus als behaglich bewertet, wenn nur die Wand­ temperaturen entsprechend höher liegen.Photons (light radiation) ( 3 ) are absorbed in thin-film photovoltaic elements ( 1 and 2 ), free charge carriers being formed. An electrical voltage can be tapped off via the p- and n-layers and supplied as an electrical current to the resistance layer ( 4 ). The heat generated here is given off directly to the wall or ceiling surface ( 5 ). The thermal energy is used by convection and especially by radiation for space heating with a high level of comfort. The following notes are important here: In modern heating and air conditioning technology, all essential biophysical data relating to the heat balance of humans are examined in detail and increasingly taken into account with regard to heating and air conditioning equipment. In addition to the heat balance of the human being, the heat emission, the basic metabolism and the heat absorption under different activity conditions, the examinations regarding the comfort play an increasing role. Up to now, only the room air temperature required was given importance with the appropriate design and configuration of the heating and air conditioning systems. However, it has been determined for some time that people do not always feel most comfortable at a specific room air temperature (for example at 20 ° C.). The mean temperature of the walls and surfaces surrounding people, namely the so-called mean radiation temperature, is very important - and this is being recognized more and more. The often recommended indoor air temperature of 20 to 22 ° C can only be considered favorable if the mean wall temperature is approximately equal to the air temperature. If the wall temperatures are too low, which is often the case in winter, room air temperatures of approx. 20 ° C can be perceived as too cold. The comfort depends very much on the wall temperature. In summer, for example, indoor air temperatures below 20 ° C are rated as comfortable in the evening and at night, if only the wall temperatures are correspondingly higher.

Die hier vorgeschlagenen "Solartapeten" können die für die Behaglichkeit wichtigen Wandtemperatur-Bedingungen mit großflächigen Verteilungen besonders effektiv erfüllen und gewährleisten. Diese Solartapeten können in Wohn-, Geschäfts- und sonstigen Räumen an Wänden und Decken angebracht und zur Raumheizung genutzt werden. Ein besonderer Vorteil der Erfindung ist darin zu sehen, daß für diese Raumheizungen bzw. Raum- Zusatzheizungen kein mit Kosten verbundener Energieaufwand erforderlich wird. Bei Raumheizungen mit Solartapeten ist die erhebliche Reduzierung der jährlichen Brennstoff-Kosten wohl dominierend im Vergleich zu den anderen Kostenfaktoren für die Gesamtheizung.The "solar wallpapers" proposed here can be used for With important wall temperature conditions large-scale distributions particularly effectively and guarantee. These solar wallpapers can be used in residential, business and other rooms attached to walls and ceilings and for Space heating can be used. A particular advantage of the invention can be seen in the fact that for these room heaters or room Additional heaters do not involve any energy costs is required. For space heaters with solar wallpapers that is substantial reduction in annual fuel costs dominant compared to the other cost factors for the total heating.

Claims (4)

1. Photovoltaiksysteme bestehend aus monokristallinen, oder polykristallinen oder amorphen photovoltaikelementen (Halb­ leiter-Solarzellen) , die auf dünnen, elastischen Matten, oder Geflechten, vorwiegend in Dünnschicht- Technik aufgebracht werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß diese photovoltaikelemente (1 und 2) unmittelbar mit elektrischen Widerstandsschichten (4) kombiniert werden, die vorzugsweise als dünne Schichten auf der Rückseite der Photovoltaikelemente aufgebracht werden, daß die Photovoltaikelemente (1 und 2) einseitig mit Photonen (3) beaufschlagbar sind, daß durch Absorption elektromagnetischer Strahlung (Tageslicht, Kunstlicht, UV-Strahlung und IR-Strahlung) in den Photovoltaik­ zellen mit den n- und p-Schichten (1 und 2) Ladungsträger getrennt,und so eine elektrische Spannung erzeugt wird, die für die Erzeugung von elektrischem Strom genutzt werden kann, daß der so erzeugte elektrische Strom in unmittelbar mit den Photovoltaikelementen rückseitig verbundenen elektrischen Widerstandsschichten (4) in Wärme gewandelt werden kann.1. Photovoltaic systems consisting of monocrystalline, or polycrystalline or amorphous photovoltaic elements (semi-conductor solar cells), which are applied to thin, elastic mats, or braids, mainly in thin-film technology, characterized in that these photovoltaic elements ( 1 and 2 ) directly with electrical resistance layers ( 4 ) are combined, which are preferably applied as thin layers on the back of the photovoltaic elements, that the photovoltaic elements ( 1 and 2 ) can be acted upon on one side with photons ( 3 ), that by absorption of electromagnetic radiation (daylight, artificial light, UV light) Radiation and IR radiation) in the photovoltaic cells with the n- and p-layers ( 1 and 2 ) charge carriers separated, and so an electrical voltage is generated that can be used for the generation of electrical current that the electrical generated Electricity directly in the back with the photovoltaic elements and the electrical resistance layers ( 4 ) can be converted into heat. 2. Photovoltaiksysteme nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Photovoltaiksysteme für Raumheizungszwecke einsetzbar sind, wobei die beschriebenen Svsteme in Form sogenannter "Solartapeten" direkt auf Wände, Decken und raumbegrenzende Flächen (5) aufgebracht werden können und so Wärme an diese Flächen (5) abgeben können.2. Photovoltaic systems according to claim 1, characterized in that the photovoltaic systems can be used for space heating purposes, the systems described in the form of so-called "solar wallpapers" can be applied directly to walls, ceilings and space-limiting surfaces ( 5 ) and so heat to these surfaces ( 5 ) can deliver. 3. Photovoltaiksysteme nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß diese für verschiedenartige Beheizungszwecke einsetzbar sind, wie beispielsweise Flächen- und Dachbeheizungen für Gebäude oder für Fahrzeuge, oder als Oberflächenbeheizungen von stationären und mobilen Behältersystemen, oder für die Ausführung von Thermo-Kleidungsstücken. 3. Photovoltaic systems according to claim 1, characterized in that these can be used for various heating purposes are, such as surface and roof heating for Buildings or for vehicles, or as surface heating of stationary and mobile container systems, or for the Execution of thermal clothing.   4. Photovoltaiksysteme nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Aufbringung und Verschaltung der Photovoltaikelemente und der elektrischen Widerstandsschichten in Modultechnik mit unterschiedlichen Größen möglich ist, so daß stets gute An­ passungsmöglichkeiten an die in Betracht kommenden Abmessungen von Wand- , Decken- und sonstigen Flächen erreichbar sind.4. Photovoltaic systems according to claim 1, characterized in that the application and interconnection of the photovoltaic elements and the electrical resistance layers using modular technology different sizes is possible, so that always good possibility of adaptation to the dimensions in question accessible from wall, ceiling and other surfaces.
DE3915833A 1989-05-16 1989-05-16 Photovoltaic system and its use Expired - Fee Related DE3915833C2 (en)

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DE3915833C2 DE3915833C2 (en) 1994-06-30

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5308187A (en) * 1993-05-17 1994-05-03 Nix Martin E Parking lot pavement for making hot precombustion air for a fossil fuel burner
US8443794B2 (en) 2008-12-17 2013-05-21 Michael S. Hulen Systems and methods for operating environmental equipment utilizing energy obtained from manufactured surface coverings

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106340556B (en) * 2016-09-26 2017-10-20 扬州明鑫新能源发展有限公司 Double light solar power generation components

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DE2936764A1 (en) * 1979-09-12 1981-03-19 Klaus Dipl.-Ing. 6101 Fränkisch-Crumbach Hänsel Multiple solar cell battery - incorporates heating foil controlled by manual or automatic switch to melt ice and snow
DE3031493A1 (en) * 1980-08-21 1982-04-01 Alfred Prof. Dr. 5100 Aachen Boettcher Photovoltaic solar cell has reinforcing fibres - in plastics foil, to limit strain and consequent redn. of efficiency
DE3110877A1 (en) * 1981-03-20 1982-09-30 Girmes-Werke Ag, 4155 Grefrath Method for producing surface heating elements, and a surface heating element produced in this way
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5308187A (en) * 1993-05-17 1994-05-03 Nix Martin E Parking lot pavement for making hot precombustion air for a fossil fuel burner
US8443794B2 (en) 2008-12-17 2013-05-21 Michael S. Hulen Systems and methods for operating environmental equipment utilizing energy obtained from manufactured surface coverings

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