DE3815605A1 - Use of additive mixtures as a means for increasing the vaporisation rate and combustion rate and the combustion stability of liquid propellants and fuels injected into rocket combustion chambers or high-output combustion installations - Google Patents

Abstract

Additive mixtures, which consist of a) organic compounds with highly conjugated pi -bond systems and longwave main absorption bands in the wavelength range from about 350 to 1200 nm, b) organic surface-active substances and c) organic solvents and suspending agents for the components a and b, are used as means for increasing the vaporisation rate and combustion rate and also the combustion stabilities of liquid propellants or fuels and oxidisers for rocket engines or other high-output combustion installations which are likewise operated with liquid fuels and in which combustion problems comparable with rocket engines arise due to energy transfer disturbances. The additive mixtures are injected together with the propellents or fuels and the oxidisers with uniform, geometrically optimised distribution, which is as symmetrical as possible, according to defined economical methods into the combustion chamber. Highly conjugated pi -bond systems effect, because of their property of exchanging radiant energy, in combination with surface-active substances, more rapid and more uniform activations of larger proportions of molecules taking part in the combustion up to the stage of the state ready for reaction, which is synonymous with increased stabilisation of the combustion process.

Description

The invention relates to the use of additive mixtures consisting of yellow to deep black colored organic compounds with highly conjugated π- binding systems, surface-active organic substances and organic solvents or suspending agents as agents for increasing the evaporation and combustion rates of liquid fuels, including, if appropriate, the liquid Oxidators and the resulting increase in the stability of the combustion process taking place in rocket combustion chambers and similar high-performance combustion plants.

In general and from the patent literature, it is known to use organic dyes with highly conjugated π- binding systems, in particular azo dyes, disazo dyes or anthraquinone dyes, as additives for coloring fuels, in particular jet fuels, gasoline fuels, diesel oils, gas oils and heating oils, etc. for the purposes of labeling, marking or to use classification of mineral oil or synthetic products (see also DE-PS 15 45 246, GB-PS 11 08 981, US-PS 34 76 500, 34 94 714, 40 09 008, 40 49 393, 40 56 367, 40 82 501, 43 15 756 DE-AS 22 11 182, 23 33 358), but the relevant literature does not show the use according to the invention of colored organic compounds in combination with surface-active substances, which is based on a completely different task and problem.

A problem that the experts have not yet encountered was often not a satisfactory solution trouble-free sequence of the combustion process in the Combustion chambers of liquid rockets. Type, scope, Causes and effects of malfunctions that occur can be very different, possibly also be complex in nature. Parallel or successive  Cause various disorders to occur possibly, sometimes in synergistic effects, the failure of important functional elements, even aggregates, which in the case of liquid rocket engines for Failure of a space mission can result. The diversity of sources of interference and which can potentially resulting from faulty procedures its negative technical and economic consequences make it necessary any possibility of Eliminate the causes of the disrupted technical Functions, but at least reducing the susceptibility to faults to fully utilize the individual functional units.

A relevant functional system in engines for liquid rockets represent the liquid fuel and the liquid oxidizer in conjunction with the Conveying system for the liquids mentioned, with the Injectors and the combustion chamber. In this and through this system the crucial process takes place when starting a rocket, namely the combustion. Disturbing vibrations often occur in the fuel chamber with sometimes strongly increasing amplitude in the different Frequency ranges leading to instability of the Incineration with the possible consequence of destruction of the Engine can lead.

By interaction between the combustion chamber pressure and the Injection systems generate low-frequency vibrations (Frequency <100 Hz, "chugging" = cough). These disappear if the pressure in the injection system is equal to that half combustion chamber pressure or greater. With growing Combustion chamber pressure and with increasing delivery pressure increases however, the frequency of the vibrations and their amplitude falls. Frequency and amplitude are also of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the fuels or fuel mixtures as well as the characteristic Length of the combustion chamber depends.  

Low frequency vibrations occur for the following reason: The fuel injected into the combustion chamber does not burn immediately, but must first evaporate and be warmed to the ignition temperature. According to KÁRMÁN, the time difference required for this, the so-called running time, is the cause of the low-frequency vibrations in the event that it reaches a certain amount or exceeds it. The running time τ is not a constant, but depends on the state in the combustion chamber.

If the acoustic natural vibrations of the gas column in the combustion chamber are excited by any mechanism, high-frequency vibrations arise, that is to say sound waves (frequencies <1000 Hz, "screaming" = screeching). The laws existing for a vibrating gas column then approximately apply to the frequencies that occur. The gas column in the combustion chamber can oscillate in the direction of the axis or perpendicular to it according to N · L = const. for longitudinal waves and N · D = const. for transverse vibrations (N = frequency, L = length, D = diameter). The most dangerous are the transverse shafts, which generally lead to the rapid destruction of the engine. The amplitude of the vibrations decreases with increasing pressure, but the dependency is weaker than with low-frequency vibrations. With small chamber lengths, the amplitude increases with the chamber length in order to decrease again from a certain chamber length and finally to converge towards zero.

In numerous theoretical and experimental works one has tried the phenomena of combustion instability analyze. A complete mathematical recording of the phenomenon has so far been possible not yet possible, but a good one  qualitative understanding of this extremely complex Processes already convey the results of this work. In this context, the work of CROCCO, RAYS, v. KÁRMÁN and LEVINE pointed out. After our Today's notion, every running engine is a diverse one vibrating system, in which the in the combustion chamber contained gas mass usually with a whole spectrum oscillated by vibrations. To prevent this Vibrations grow beyond the permissible level different methods in use. For example, you have for liquid rockets, behind the injection head attached, which are to prevent the injected Rays sprayed by the vibrations of the gas column and be mixed and in this way the combustion process influence negatively. It is also believed that they have a Reduction in amplitude will take effect. Even hypergolizing Additions in very small amounts, such as. B. lithium additives too ammonia, the chemistry of the combustion reaction change. However, their effect is, at least high-frequency vibrations still controversial.

The problem of the combustion mechanism and the causes / effect complex the destabilization of combustion in the combustion chamber to understand better, it is useful to show certain basic facts.

For the generation of an effective, fast drive beam by burning the liquid fuel (liquid Hydrogen, hydrazine, dimethylhydrazine, liquid ammonia, Kerosene) with liquid oxygen is said to burn like this quickly and as completely as possible with one if possible high pressure and at the highest possible temperature. The prerequisite for this is the injection of the two Fuel components in the combustion chamber (up to several thousand kilograms / second) in such a way that the liquids be atomized finely and so intimately and so quickly mix as possible. The liquid droplets should be very small and uniform in size to one  fast, continuous, even and quantitative To achieve evaporation. The fuel mixture must immediately ignited when the valves release the supply to the combustion chamber be without significant amounts of the precious Fabric leave the nozzle unburned or even come off Distribute and collect in the combustion chamber so that a Explosion occurs. The chemical reaction of the Fuel components, combustion, temperatures occurring are on the order of a few thousand Degrees, they have to be so high because of the temperature the jet velocity or exit velocity depends, which reach the highest possible amount should. The energy generated by the combustion reaction, especially thermal energy acts in a complicated thermodynamic and reaction kinetic process on the liquid droplets not yet in the combustion stage heats them up, causes their evaporation, splits the molecules and activates them, so leads them into an energetic state that is the most reactive Represents the precursor of the combustion reaction.

In the core zone of combustion is the energy difference between the energetically higher electron terms of the unreacted fuel molecules (incl. oxidizer molecules) and the energetically lower electron terms of the molecules reacted in the combustion reaction primarily as electromagnetic energy, d. H. as light and heat radiation free, but changes in the interaction with the molecules of those immediately adjacent to the core zone Zone to a certain extent in convective Heat around (high kinetic energy).

Another portion of the primary radiation energy arrives in the middle and in the outer zone or in selected Districts of these zones and also interacts in them with molecules present which result in higher combustion verification energy levels increased will.

Another portion of the primary radiation energy is radiated through the individual zones to the outside without using  significant interaction between the fuel molecules to be, is therefore from the active reaction happening switched off.

The amount of the individual energy components depends pressure, temperature, constructive and geometric Design of the combustion chamber and the chemical nature and the molecular size of the fuels in question. Either the convective heat as well as the radiation energy, in particular Heat radiation causes the liquid to evaporate Fuels and their subsequent molecular cleavage, activation and transfer to the combustion reaction.

In the event that all or almost all of them are injected into the combustion chamber Fuel molecules also the continuous combustion reaction could be fed through inclusion both convective heat as well as radiation energy, under the condition of a given balance of percentages of the individual energy shares, the Combustion process in the combustion chamber essentially run smoothly and without serious disruptions. Such a, Almost ideal combustion mechanism is rarely available in practice. Most often that happens Combustion more or less incomplete and irregular, because - depending on the combustion system - a changing proportion of fuel molecules unburned through individual combustion zones flows through or in less hot peripheral zones in the event of local vortex formation at the combustion center moved past. This then leads to the training of Above mentioned interference in the form of low and high frequency Vibrations; furthermore due to the lower sales the rate of combustion as well as the temperature of the fuel gases associated with a loss of kinetic Energy and jet exit speed reduced.

The cause of this incomplete and inhomogeneous combustion process can be seen in the fact that the proportion of Radiant energy from the center of the combustion chamber out of those approaching this center, yet  unreacted gas or liquid molecules of the fuel is to be transferred is too low to this Molecules in the activated, reactive energy state bring to. Even those in the peripheral zones unreacted molecules occur only to an insufficient extent Interaction with the effective radiation energy. The intensity is already weakened through their partial conversion to convective heat. The one emitted in the area outside the peripheral zones Energy also remains unused.

Although the share of secondary convective heat energy is relatively high, it does not completely evaporate the liquid droplets, split the gas molecules and activate their fission products. In particular, those liquid droplets or gas molecules which are located in the zones and peripheral zones which are further away from the combustion center, from the hottest zone, absorb little convective heat because this is transferred at too low a speed. With regard to the convective heat transfer, the running time τ (time difference between the time at which the fuel is injected and when the fuel reaches the ignition temperature. The evaporation and heating of the fuel must take place during this period) is too high to reach the core zone the combustion can still be reacted to. As already mentioned above, the unreacted fuel molecules in their physical heterogeneity (differences in droplet size, temperature and degree of activation) are the cause of the formation of the disturbing mechanical vibrations, which destabilize the combustion process as a whole.

The problem outlined, the real combustion mechanism underlying, already implies that Task. After recognizing the probable causes the destabilization of the combustion in the combustion chamber a rocket engine, it is the task of the present  Invention to provide a method which is suitable for the emergence of the above, the combustion destabilizing low frequency and high frequency Switch off longitudinal and transverse vibrations, at least the vibration amplitude below to keep the harmful limit. Because solutions of this Task through constructive measures, for example in the arrangement and design of certain device elements the combustion chamber or the fuel injection system or by changing the geometry of the combustion chamber are currently largely exhausted and also did not lead to the desired continuous success the particular task arises, the combustion process in a physico-chemical way so influencing that he has a faster and uniformly strong heating of the injection nozzles on all sides leaving liquid droplets with their subsequent rapid and complete evaporation and activation of all possible gas molecules in the reactive state, overall stabilization experiences.

This task is accomplished by using in the liquid Fuel or fuel / oxidizer system to be introduced Additive mixtures consisting of

• a) one or more yellow to deep black colored organic compounds which contain highly conjugated π- binding systems and whose long-wave main absorption bands are in the wavelength range from approx. 350 to 1200 nm
• b) one or more organic surfactants Fabrics for the purpose of reducing surface tension of the liquids listed below and
• c) organic solvents or suspending agents for the Components a and b, especially from the series Methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, heptane, Octane, n-butanol, tert-butanol, pentanols, hexanols, Heptanols, octanols, toluene, xylenes, nitrobenzene,  Benzyl alcohol, mesitylene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, Cumene, n-butylbenzene, isobutylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, p-Cymol, liquid phenols, fatty amines, ether amines u. a.

solved. The quantitative ratio of components a and b to each other is - in parts by weight - approx. 2 to 10: 1. The as a solvent or suspending agent for the two components a and b component c is used in an amount used, sufficient for a complete solution or to produce a stable suspension of the two components. The combination of the two components a and b is in the combustion system in an amount of 0.01 to 2.5 percent by weight, based on the total amount of fuel in the combustion chamber injected propellant or fuel, the oxidizer and aforementioned respective additive mixture.

The additive mixtures which can be used according to the invention are as Means to increase the rate of evaporation and combustion as well as the combustion stability of liquid Fuels or fuels (including oxidizers) in rocket engines suitable (component c: compare claim 1). But also in other high-performance combustion plants, such as jet engines, generally gas turbines, high temperature furnaces and combustion plants, for example melting furnaces, waste incineration plants, high temperature chemical reactors etc. in which similar disturbances resulting from combustion instabilities, with harmful effects, such as noise or Wear and tear can occur Use additive mixtures promisingly. All liquid fuels and fuels (including oxidizer) or fuel and fuel mixtures for rocket engines and other high-performance stills that are practical Operation to train combustion instabilities with harmful vibrations tend to be experienced by the incorporation of the additive mixtures which can be used according to the invention principally an improvement in their combustion stabilities or complete switch-off from incomplete Combustion-related disorders. These additive blends  are in the sense mentioned, in particular in the following, frequently used, liquid, partially cryogenic Effective on fuels or fuel mixtures used: liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, Hydrazine, asymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, alcohols, Hydrocarbons, preferably kerosene, more liquid Ammonia.

The preferred to be found in claims 2 to 19 and particularly advantageous embodiments of the invention illustrate the possibilities it contains varied design. But this is necessary because the desired effects to be achieved in Be graded within the scope of the task to be solved must, because of the diversity of chemical Composition and scope of application of each Fuels and fuels as well as the different physical conditions in the combustion process, due to the particular design features the combustion chambers.

The introduction of the combinations of the two mixture components a and b used according to the invention into the liquid fuel or fuel / oxidizer system has a decisive influence on the chemistry of the combustion process in the combustion chamber in the direction of largely switching off (reducing the amplitude) of the low-frequency and high-frequency vibrations. The two components act synergistically in the system: component a as a whole considerably increases the effect of the proportion of radiation energy, component b reduces the surface tension of the liquid droplets and thus the heat of vaporization. Result from it
1) a faster, more uniform and more complete evaporation of the liquid droplets within a shorter transit time τ both by heating by means of radiation energy and by reducing the evaporation energy due to a reduction in the surface tension of the liquid droplets
2) rapid, uniformly strong heating on all sides in all zones of mixing and combustion of the gas molecules formed according to 1) to the activated, reactive state of the ignition temperature within the running time τ under the given condition of the large amount for the temperature gradient of the time and the path.

The through the use of components a in liquid Mechanism of action triggered by fuels is based on certain physico-chemical properties of colored compounds resulting from their molecular structure derive.

This mechanism of action and its causes are discussed in expediently explained in more detail below. For the better Understanding the essence of the invention can be related to this detailed embodiments can not be omitted.

As is known, the colored organic compounds consistently contain highly conjugated π- binding systems (conjugated carbon / carbon double bond systems (chromophoric groups, optionally combined with auxochromic groups)). These give the molecule the property of absorbing, emitting and reflecting the electromagnetic radiation (also fluorescence) in the long-wave UV range, in the visible and / or ultra-red spectral range. The wavelength λ _max for the main absorption band of the respective colored organic compound increases on the one hand with the number of double bonds in the uninterrupted resonance chain, and on the other hand with the degree of delocalization of the π electrons in the conjugated chain. For example, the cyanine dyes used according to the invention absorb at much longer wavelengths than the symmetrical 1, ω- diphenylpolyenes used according to the invention with the same number of π bonds in the conjugated chains to be compared. The reason for the wavelength difference can be seen in the fact that the π electrons in the diphenylpolyene molecule have a relatively low degree of delocalization, whereas in the cyanine dye molecule, which is present as a positively charged ion, due to the symmetrical distribution of the positive charge (symmetrical charge resonance) over the whole molecule are almost completely delocalized, are in the state of a one-dimensional electron gas that can move freely along the chain. The energy difference between the uppermost π- electron guest of the ground state and the first excited term (1st electron jump) in which the jump electron moves after the jump is smaller for the cyanine dyes than for the 1, ω- diphenyl polyenes. The jump of a π electron of a diphenylpolyene molecule into the first excited state is more energy-intensive because the uppermost energy term occupied by the π electron of the ground state in the diphenylpolyene molecule is below the corresponding term in the state of the one-dimensional electron gas by the amount of the delocalization energy (disturbance energy V ₀ of KUHN's electron gas). As a result, the diphenyl polyenes absorb at shorter wavelengths and the cyanines at longer wavelengths. The comparison of these two classes of compounds makes it clear that the position of the main absorption bands is not only determined by the chain length of the respective conjugated π- binding system, but also by the peculiarities of the molecular structure of the molecular structure. In this context it should also be mentioned that organic molecules of more or less complicated structure with π- binding systems can have two or more excitable conjugated resonance chains in differently oriented molecular axes; this structural condition is expressed by the appearance of more than one absorption band. Depending on the wavelength difference of the maxima, the bands belonging to them can be in superposition to one another, so that a broad absorption spectrum which extends over a larger wavelength range results. For the use of the compounds with highly conjugated f -binding systems according to the invention, it is also important that with increasing resonance chain the absorption strength of the molecules in question for electromagnetic radiation increases (increase in the molar extinction coefficient and the oscillator strength), quite obvious, because with a long chain length also Cross section of the molecule and thus the probability of a hit, ie the interaction of the photons with the molecular electrons becomes more effective. As can easily be seen, the physical molecular properties mentioned are based on precisely applicable laws. For this reason and because of the diversity of the different molecular structures, the use of numerous variants is possible within the scope of the invention to solve the problem. Sharp differentiations and gradations in the type and strength of the desired technical effects can be achieved, so that flexibility in adapting to the respective, often different technical requirements and existing conditions, such as combustion chamber geometry, injection speeds and pressures for the liquid fuels and the oxidizer, chemical composition of the fuels and fuels, temperature differences, combustion chamber pressures etc. is guaranteed.

The colored organic compounds with highly conjugated π- binding systems, whose long-wave main absorption bands are in the wavelength range from 350 to 1200 nm, are introduced into the liquid fuel or fuel / oxidizer system in the most uniform possible distribution with the additive mixtures used according to the invention, and have a total effect on combustion Combustion chamber space due to its property of intensive radiation absorption, emission and reflection, a remarkable, leaping increase in the effective proportion of available and usable radiation energy (light and heat radiation) compared to the proportion of convective heat compared to liquid fuel / oxidizer. Mixtures that do not contain such substances. This largely prevents the combustion process from being destabilized. The molecules of the colored organic compounds with highly conjugated π- binding systems are in the combustion chamber in the combustion chamber in a uniform distribution and the required concentration after being introduced into the fuel or fuel / oxidizer mixture together with the surface-active substances according to component b. Compared to the fuel or fuel and oxidizer molecules, the molecules of the colored compounds are of considerable size, which is synonymous with a large cross-section of action or capture and a greater probability of hits for photons.

These molecules thus absorb a larger one overall Proportion of those from the hot combustion center Primary radiation, to a certain extent also the proportion otherwise in the immediate vicinity of the combustion center in convective, slow to transport Heat would be diverted. Furthermore, they still absorb a portion of that light and temperature radiation, the otherwise unused with no significant interaction with the fuel or fuel / oxidizer molecules radiate outwards through the individual mixture zones would. That of the molecules of colored organic Compounds absorbed radiation will again emits as secondary radiation, which in turn either the surrounding liquid or gaseous fuel phase heats up and activates to the energy level of the ready to react State or on other colored molecules is transferred according to component a. It takes place again absorption and emission, with part of the emitted radiation, as already explained, for heating the fuel particles, another part for the Transfer to the molecules of the colored compounds is available. This process is repeated on all sides any number of times according to the available ones Molecules of the colored compounds according to component a. The radiation energy primarily generated during combustion becomes even this way without significant losses  and very fast (speed of light) after all Directions from the center of combustion over the as Radiation transmitter functioning colored organic Molecules in all combustion zones, including the Fuel particles located in peripheral zones for heating them up and activation passed on. The share of convective heat coming from the combustion center anyway, moving far too slowly to the fuel droplets or gases before they arrive in the It will be possible to heat and activate reaction zones lower in favor of the proportion of radiation energy. Likewise, the proportion of radiant energy that at Absence of component a emits unused to the outside, by the presence of the molecules of components a in all, even in the peripheral areas of the combustion again more involved in the heating and activation process, by according to the statistical spatial distribution a certain percentage of the radiation energy emitted back in the direction of the reaction ball becomes. A certain percentage of that in the combustion center The primary radiation energy is generated by the molecules component a is not absorbed, but reflected. This part can also be activated of liquid and gaseous fuels or oxidizers still take effect.

The presence of the compounds of component a in the Fuel or fuel-oxidizer mixtures of the combustion chamber means the formation of a corresponding system of evenly distributed temperature and light radiators that everyone for himself in his area an all-round radiation represents the receiving and sending center. A total of effect this system, as described above is easy to see, a considerable concentration and amplification of the radiation energy over the entire area away from the reaction. This scored  Effect has a more uniform evaporation, an increase the rate of evaporation, the conversion of fuel or fuel (including oxidizer) and thus the Burn rate results. Result from it ultimately an increase in temperature and thus speed of the exit jet. Overall, the target Stabilization of combustion with simultaneous reduction the disturbing and dangerous acoustic vibrations reached.

In principle, all colored organic compounds which contain highly conjugated π- binding systems with main absorption bands in the range from 350 to 1200 nm are suitable as component a for the use according to the invention. These are generally compounds with the following complementary colors: yellowish green, yellow, yellow orange, orange, orange red, red, purple, violet, indigo blue, blue, blue green, green, black. The spectral colors to be assigned to them are, starting from the UV range: violet (yellowish green), blue (yellow), greenish blue (orange), bluish green (red), green (purple), yellowish green (violet), yellow (blue), orange (greenish-blue), red (bluish-green). This is followed by the ultra-infrared range. It is known that black-colored compounds absorb almost all visible radiation and mostly also areas of the infrared radiation.

As with the shift of the main absorption bands in the direction longer waves the absorption strength (molar extinction coefficient and oscillator strength) and thus also the Emission strength increases, with a view to achieving the highest possible radiation intensity and energy density Use of colored organic compounds in the following Order of their complementary colors red → violet → blue → teal → black increasing more effectively. At those found in rocket engines for liquid fuels Combustion temperatures of up to 4000 ° C then also take place another sudden increase in the intensity of the emission radiation with shift of the band maximum after shorter Wavelengths. For certain engine systems with certain Fuel combinations in which, for example  the instability of combustion and the associated Training of disturbing acoustic vibrations stronger and are of such a nature that their elimination can only be done by the most intense energetically broad radiation in the longer wave Spectral range (broad Absorpt.Spectr.) can, it is convenient and inexpensive black or bluish green to purple to red colored organic compounds or such dyes of varying concentration, into the fuel or fuel / oxidizer system introduce. In other cases, in which higher energy radiation but of lower intensity colored compounds or dyes are required to be used with short-wave main absorption bands Spectral range. Depending on the specific task also combinations of two or more colored connections or dyes with specific, complementary Spectra come into play when a certain selective Range of absorption, emission or reflection is required to special destabilization of the To be able to eliminate combustion.

The colored organic compounds or dyes incorporated in the combustion reaction zones are subject to chemical changes in the areas of very high temperatures. Depending on their molecular structure, they are more or less quickly converted into a graphite-like, microcrystalline pyrocarbon or into soot particles after entering the zones of different temperatures. However, they do not lose their property of acting as temperature or light emitters. Rather, the graphite-like carbon or soot as a so-called black body is one of the most intense energy emitters at all, quite apart from the fact that the colored compounds are effective before their pyrolytic conversion into elemental carbon, for example red, violet, blue, bluish green etc. energy emitters fully unfold and their transition to the black radiator while maintaining their radiating function takes place continuously within an extremely short duration of action, the emission radiation increasing in intensity and spectral width and reaching its maximum when the possible in the respective combustion process and for him by the chemical structure of the Radiator-related, specific, optimal level of black radiation is present. Thus, the new technical teaching at the same time also solves the problem of introducing a black body or black radiator which emits maximum effective radiation energy in the form of uniformly and finely divided elementary graphite-like or soot-like pyrolysis carbon into the fuel or fuel / oxidizer system of a combustion chamber. Incorporation takes place via the stage of the organic colored compounds or dyes which is primarily to be introduced into the mixture and which, in its function as colored emitters, represents an already very effective precursor of the black emitter. Although other organic compounds that do not contain highly conjugated f -binding systems would be pyrolytically converted into elemental carbon, ie into a black body (radiator), at very high temperatures in the fuel or fuel mixture, however, in the period up to its formation the radiation cannot be amplified, as is the case when component a is used according to the invention. As soon as it enters the combustion chamber, it acts as a colored radiator, a requirement relevant for stabilizing the combustion. According to the invention, dark, almost black dyes can also be used anyway, which differ only slightly from an ideal black radiator.

The introduction of only carbon particles into the combustion chamber together with the fuels and oxidizers for the purpose of the presence of black ones Bodies or black spots in all reaction zones would be in terms of optimal stabilization  the combustion is desirable. The difficulty of this However, the way to go is that the carbon particles mostly different in the suspensions to be injected Have sizes, are not distributed finely enough, and tend to agglomerate. This fact closes but the possibility of inadequate stabilization of combustion.

As already mentioned above, all colored organic compounds or dyes are suitable as component a, which contain highly conjugated π- binding systems with main absorption bands in the range from 350 to 1200 nm. For example, the following connection and dye classes can be used: azo dyes, phthalein dyes, cyanine dyes, merocyanine, polymethine dyes, indigo dyes, triphenylmethane, Benzanthronfarbstoffe, Anthanthronfarbstoffe, Carbazolfarbstoffe, carotenoids, Dibenzpyrenchinone, polyphenylenes, Tetracarboximidfarbstoffe, phthalocyanines, polyacetylenes u. Ä.

Colored organic compounds or dyes are mentioned below which, due to their chemical structure and the property of light and temperature radiation based thereon, have proven to be particularly advantageous and effective in terms of the use and solution of the object according to the invention. They are:
1) The symmetrical 1, ω -diphenylpolyenes of the general formula

C₆H₅- (CH = CH) _n -C₆H₅,

where n is 4 to 8.

• a) The Diphenyloctatetraen
  (Absorption maxima: 361 nm, 378 nm, 402 nm, complementary color: yellow)
• b) The diphenyl decapentaen
  (Absorption maxima: 380 nm, 397.5 nm, 423 nm complementary color: yellow-orange)
• c) Diphenyldodecahexaene
  (Absorption maxima: 400 nm, 417 nm, 443 nm complementary color: brown-orange)
• d) The Diphenyltetradekaheptaen
  (Absorption maxima: 412 nm, 434 nm, 462.5 nm complementary color: copper bronze colors)
• e) The Diphenylhexadekaoctaen
  (Absorption maxima: 428 nm, 450 nm, 480 nm complementary color: bluish copper red)

2) The symmetrical diphenylpolyenalazines of the general formula

C₆H₅- (CH = CH) _n -CH = NN = CH- (CH = CH) _n -C₆H₅

wherein n is 2 to 4.

• a) Diphenylpentadienalazine
  (Absorption maximum: 383 nm complementary color: golden yellow)
• b) Diphenylheptatrienalazine
  (Absorption maximum: 415 nm complementary color: red-orange)
• c) Diphenylnonatetraenalazine
  (Absorption maximum: 448 nm complementary color: bluish copper red)

3) The symmetrical difurylpolyenalazines of the general formula

C₄H₃O- (CH = CH) _n -CH = NN = CH- (CH = CH) _n -C₄H₃O,

where n is 1 to 4.

• a) The difurylacroleinazine
  (Absorption maximum: 380 nm complementary color: yellow)
• b) The difurylpentadienalazine
  (Absorption maximum: 410 nm complementary color: golden yellow-orange)
• c) The difurylheptatrienalazine
  (Absorption maximum: 439 nm complementary color: copper bronze colored)
• d) The difurylnonatetraenalazine
  (Absorption maximum: 467 nm complementary color: bluish copper red)

4) The cyanine dyes of the general formula

where n is 1 to 4, in particular the cryptocyanine with n = 1 (1,1'-diethyl-4,4'-carbocyanine iodide). The cryptocyanine is an effective sensitizer for red and ultra-red.
(Absorption maximum: approx. 830 nm; complementary color: reddish black)
5) The deep green pernigranilin dye of the following formula:

6) The dye aniline black (an inner phenylphenazonium salt) of the following formula:

7) The dye indigo of the following formula:

(Absorption maximum: 590 nm complementary color: blue in xylene)

8) The dye violant throne of the following formula:

(Absorption maxima: 497 nm, 530 nm, 586.5 nm complementary color: red-violet; soluble in xylene)
9) The dye isoviolanthrone of the following formula:

(Absorption maxima: 504.5 nm, 544 nm, 584.5 nm in xylene. Complementary color: violet)

10) The black dye circumanthracene of the following Formula:

11) The blue compound pentacene of the following formula:

12) The cyan compound hexacene of the following formula:

13) The blue dye indanthrone of the structural formula:

14) The dye flavanthrone of the structural formula:

(Absorption maxima: 511 nm and 841 nm)  

15) The black pigment indanthrene black BB, which is formed by nitriding violin throne.
(Constitution not yet known exactly)

16) The dye pyranthrone of the structural formula:

(Absorption maxima: 545.4 nm and 622.0 nm)

17) The dye anthanthrone of the structural formula:

18) The dye dibenzopyrenchinone of the structural formula:

19) The benzanthrone dye anthraquinoline Structural formula:

20) The dye anthraquinoline quinone of the structural formula:

21) The alizarin blue dye of the structural formula:

22) The dye alizarin of the structural formula:

23) The acridone dye indanthrene red RK of the structural formula:

24) The dye indanthrene brown R of the structural formula:

25) The dye dipyrazole anthronyl from the series Dialkyldipyrazole anthrones of the general formula:

In the case of dipyrazole anthronyl, R = H.
In the case of the dye indanthrenrubin R, R represents the group C₂H₅.

26) The dye indanthrenkhaki 2G (a dye made from the carbazole series) of the structural formula:

27) The colored p-polyphenylenes, e.g. B. the quinquephenylene of the structural formula:
(Complementary color: yellow-orange)

28) The olive green dye corulein A of the structural formula:

29) The tetracarboximide dye cis-indanthrene bordeau RR the structural formula:

30) The Safranin T dye of the structural formula:
(Absorption maximum: 539 nm)

31) The Mauvein dye of the structural formula:
(Absorption maxima: 543.8 nm, 537.3 nm)

32) The phthalocyanine dyes, e.g. B. the deep blue Cu phthalocyanine of the structural formula:

33) The triphenylmethane dye malachite green of the formula: (Absorption maximum: 616.9 nm)

34) The triphenylmethane dye rosaniline of the formula:
(Absorption maxima: 546.5 nm, 490 nm)

35) The colored compounds polyenaldehydes, e.g. B. Phenylpolyenaldehydes of the structural formula:

(Absorption maxima for n = 4, 5, 6: 390 nm, 405 nm, 430 nm)

36) The dyes α- carotene and β- carotene

37) The carotenoid dyes lycopene, cnocetin and bixin
( α- Carotene: 10 conjugated double bonds, absorption maximum 524 nm. Crocetin: 7 conjugated double bonds, absorption maximum 482 nm. Bixin: 9 conjugated double bonds, absorption maximum 523.5 nm)

38) The metal complexes of organic colored compounds and dyes.

The above, a representative selection performing colored compounds and dyes can depending on the specific task and desired effect in Targeted depending on their constitution will.

The specific task results from the type of used fuels or fuels or oxidizers, So the combustion system as well as from the constructive Conditions of the combustion chamber type. The peculiarities of various constitutions of the connections of the Component a enables a nuanced gradation and Combination of desired properties and effects through the special choice, considering the complexity of the combustion process and in adaptation to each task to be modified is required. In this regard For example, the combination effect should be emphasized become more organic through the use of metal complexes colored compounds or dyes can be achieved can. On the one hand, these connections act as energy sources, on the other hand, they activate as a result of their increased catalytic effectiveness in the combustion reaction the combustion chamber. The copper phthalocyanine is an outstanding one special representative of this application technology significant, in their chemical and physical diversity interesting class of connections, too  because of the function of copper as a very effective oxidation catalyst in combustion processes. Furthermore, one additional activation of the fuel molecules and thus associated increase in the rate of combustion and stabilization of the combustion given that such colored compounds or dyes as Introduces component a into the combustion system, which after Possibility of significant to high amounts for your dipole moments and have dielectric constants. Links, which have these properties induce in the surrounding molecules, e.g. B. in fuel molecules a polarization of the electrical charges, synonymous with an increase in energy level and advancement to the reactive, activated state. The size of the dipole moments and the dielectric constant can be known roughly from the chemical constitution of the molecules to be appreciated. But it can also be measured exactly and calculate.

Taking into account the existing - almost legal - Relationships between chemical constitution and physico-chemical properties and effects it is the connection type corresponding to component a possible to solve the special tasks according to the invention, d. H. to eliminate specific, gradually different instabilities of combustion, very specific substances or combinations of substances both qualitatively and quantitatively targeted use.

Also through the possible selective combinations of the compounds of component a with the compounds of the component b and the solvents and suspending agents of the component c is a considerable range of variation of the invention Given the use of additive mixtures. This is also required because of the different chemical and physical behavior of the different fuel mixtures during the combustion process in the various Combustion chamber systems.  

The principle of application of the invention is based initially the combustion process of liquid fuel mixtures to study exactly its processes in test combustion chambers. After possible test results and Data on the type, cause and strength of the instabilities of the Combustion and annoying and dangerous from it Vibrations, taking into account the chemical Compositions of both the fuel blends as well of the potentially available components a, b and c a targeted selection of those to be introduced into the combustion system Additive mixtures are made that are optimal Effectiveness in eliminating the instability of the Represent combustion for the system in question.

However, the essence of the invention also includes selected ones Additive mixtures of the type mentioned in such fuel and Introduce combustion systems that work flawlessly without occurring Instabilities or malfunctions work or at which are statistically very unlikely to the appearance of combustion stabilities and mechanical disturbing vibrations. In these cases take over the additive mixtures not only have a prophylactic protective function, but they also cause an increase the combustion rate and shape the Combustion process more economical.

Contain the additive mixtures to be used according to the invention as component b surfactants that, like already mentioned above, possess the property of surface tension of liquid fuels and to reduce the liquid oxidizers.

In the synergistic interaction of the two mixture components a and b will be a more uniform and lower Droplet size injected into the combustion chamber liquid fuels and their faster and more complete Evaporation achieved, synonymous with increase the rate of combustion and stabilization of the combustion.

The compounds listed below issue one preferred the large number of surfactants  Selection of for solving the problem according to the invention particularly suitable, the surface tension of the used liquid fuels, fuels and oxidizers reducing compounds.

These are the following connections:

As the surface tension reducing component b can in the additive mixtures used according to the invention each one of the aforementioned compounds or any Appropriate mixtures of the same act. The optimal choice of surfactants depends largely depends on the compositions of the fuels, however, the chemical constitution of the solvent also remains not without influence on their function of reduction the surface tension of the liquid fuels and fuels and oxidizers. If possible, the selection must be like this take place that a synergistic interaction of all substances involved in the combustion reaction are given. The molecular structure, the melting and boiling points as well the molar polarizations and the dielectric constants of the individual compounds of component b are essential Property and impact criteria that allow as additives for the different types of fuel or Fuel systems easily the most suitable connections to select.

The two components a and b are in the solvents or suspending agents according to component c added. In the form of a solution or suspension, the invention additive mixtures then used in the combustion system introduced.

The function of component c is principally fulfilled by most organic solvents or solvent mixtures, including organic liquid compounds and mixtures of liquid compounds which are not a priori identified as solvents, but which have the property of certain solid organic substances, such as those of the component a to solve. While the compounds of component b dissolve very well in most organic liquids or solvents, certain colored compounds and dyes of component a are sparingly soluble or insoluble in various solvents. However, the liquids mentioned below are particularly suitable as solvent and suspending agent component c for the preparation of the additive mixtures which can be used according to the invention: Aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. B. alkylnaphthalenes, diphenyls, polyphenyls, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, isobutylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, isobutylbenzene, tert.-butylbenzene, toluene, xylenes, cumene, paracymol, mesitylene; Heptane, octane, nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, 3-methylpentane; Alcohols, e.g. B. ethanol, propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, isopentyl alcohol, active amyl alcohol ((-) - 2 -Methyl-1-butanol), tert-pentyl alcohol, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, α- phenyl ethyl alcohol, β- phenyl ethyl alcohol; liquid phenols, e.g. B. alkylarylphenols, preferably mixtures between alkylarylphenols and hydrocarbons (there is no crystallization of the dyes); Ether, e.g. B. tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, phenetol, anisole, di-n-butyl ether; Amines, e.g. B. methyaniline, o-toluidine, m-toluidine, m-chloroaniline, 2-butylamine, cyclohexylamine, benzylamine, α- phenylethylamine, β- phenylethylamine; preferably fatty amines with 6 to 36 carbon atoms, ether amines with at least one O atom, in particular mixtures of 15% fatty amines and ether amines; Methylene chloride.

The solubility of the differently structured colored Compounds or dyes can be used in numerous as solvents acting liquids very different be. In solvent mixtures obtained by systematic adjustment will generally increase solubility achieved for the compounds of component a. At the selection of the most suitable solvent of course the chemical constitutions of both Compounds a and the solvent to be dissolved to consider. The type and strength of the Interactions between the molecules of the solvent and the substance to be dissolved and the resultant Solubility mainly depends on the following constitutional and resulting physical Characteristics from:

• 1) Type and number of molecules that make up the respective molecules Atoms and percentage of each atom type
• 2) Molecule size and type of structure of the molecules (type of Sequence of atoms, compound class, functional Groups)
• 3) Molecular geometry, especially configuration, degree of Symmetry (type of ring formation, chain lengths)
• 4) Binding type (single bond system, double bond system, in particular conjugated double bond system, charge resonance, Complex formation tendency (ion complex, semipolar Complex, charge transfer complex), salt formation tendency, Hydrogen bonding, chemical bonding forces 2nd order, e.g. B. van der Waals binding forces, inductive Field effects)
• 5) Physical properties resulting from the constitution like the dipole moment, the molar polarization and the dielectric constant.

After determining the above properties both it is the solvent as well as the substance to be dissolved when applying certain rules and based on theoretical  Considerations as well as simple experiments possible for find the optimal solvent for each substance to be dissolved. For example, a rule of thumb is that the more a substance dissolves in a solvent, the better both in their constitutional and physical Properties are similar (similia similibus solventur). In this respect certain compounds of component a in the specified Solvents even at higher temperatures should be difficult to dissolve, it is necessary to be stable colloidal solutions or suspensions of these compounds Manufacture by using them at their finest in colloid mills Crushed particles and they under very fast, continuous Stir into that mixed with component b Solvent or suspending agent slowly and in small, even proportions.

Components a and b are in a weight ratio to each other from about 2 to 10: 1. The component c is in the additive mixtures which can be used according to the invention in an amount present that is sufficient to components a and b to keep completely in solution or to be stable colloidal solution or stable suspension of the two components to be able to educate.

The combination of the two components a and b is in one Amount of approximately 0.01 to 2 percent by weight, based on the Total amount of propellant or fuel injected into the combustion chamber Fuel, the oxidizer and the respective additive mixture, incorporated into the combustion system.

The introduction of additive mixtures into the combustion system, d. H. into the fuels or fuels and the oxidizer can be in the fuel or fuel tanks or already before filling them by the usual appropriate ones Mixing processes take place.

The additive mixtures can also be from a separate Containers for the additives directly into the combustion chamber the fuel or fuel and the oxidizer injected in an even, symmetrical distribution immediately after they leave the respective tanks.  The outlet nozzles of the additive container are located itself in an optimal geometric arrangement and lowest Distance from the outlet nozzles for the and fuels and the oxidizer.

Furthermore, the additive mixture can also be used in the Fuel and injected into the oxidizer separately namely in the feeds to the combustion chamber directly before they are injected into the combustion chamber. To this This is done before the liquids are injected in the combustion chamber a good mix of all at the Burning reactants.

Injecting the additive mixtures into the combustion chamber from a separate container for additional mixtures mainly the advantage that such additive mixtures, the

• 1) are in the form of solutions, which with certain Fuels or fuels or oxidizers are no longer stable, to form homogeneous solutions more in the tanks fortune or the
• 2) in the form of colloidal solutions or suspensions and therefore also with fuels, fuels and oxidizers are not stable, homogeneous mixtures are able to form

with high efficiency in the combustion chamber Perform function.

Colored compounds of component a, which act as energy sources and transmitters of light and heat radiation excellent Possess properties, but possibly in difficult to dissolve organic solvents the latter method is nevertheless problem-free and successful can be used in the sense of the invention.

Finally, there is the possibility of additive mixtures, containing colored compounds of component a, which at Room temperature in high-boiling organic solvents poorly soluble, but easily soluble at higher temperatures in the separate container for additives  electrically up to a maximum below the boiling point of the Heat up the solvent and then into the combustion chamber to inject.

Claims (22)

1. Use of additive mixtures consisting of

• a) one or more yellow to deep black colored organic compounds which contain highly conjugated π- binding systems and whose long-wave main absorption bands are in the wavelength range from approx. 350 to 1200 nm
• (b) one or more organic surfactants for the purpose of reducing the surface tension of the liquids below and
• c) organic solvents or suspending agents for components a and b, in particular from the series of aromatic hydrocarbons, preferably alkylnaphthalenes, diphenyls, polyphenyls, ethylphenyls, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, isobutylbenzene, tert.-butylbenzene, toluene , Xylenes, cumene, paracymol, mesitylene; aliphatic hydrocarbons, preferably n-hexane, 1-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, n-heptane, isoheptane, n-octane, isooctane, n-nonane, isononane, n-decane, isodecane, n-undecane, isoundecane, n-dodecane, Isododecane, n-tridecane, isotridecane; Alcohols, preferably methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, 1-pentanol, isopentyl alcohol, active amyl alcohol, tert-pentyl alcohol, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, α -Phenylethyl alcohol, β- phenylethyl alcohol; liquid phenols, preferably alkylarylphenols, dye-preventing mixtures of alkylarylphenols and hydrocarbons; Ether, preferably tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, phenetol, anisole, diethyl benzyl ether, di-n-butyl ether; Amines, preferably methylaniline, o-toluidine, m-toluidine, m-chloroaniline, 2-butylamine, cyclohexylamine, benzylamine, α- phenylethylamine, b -phenylethylamine; preferably fatty amines with 6 to 36 carbon atoms, ether amines with at least one O atom, in particular mixtures of 15% fatty amines and 85% ether amines; Methylene chloride

than in liquid fuels, especially in liquid Hydrogen, ammonia, hydrazine, alcohols, amines and / or Hydrocarbons, preferably kerosene and optionally also increasing agent to be incorporated in the liquid oxidizer their evaporation and combustion rate as well as to improve combustion stability in Rocket combustion chambers for liquid rockets and in high-performance combustion plants, where the quantitative ratio of the components a and b to each other - in parts by weight - is approximately 2 to 10: 1, one for the complete solution of components a and b or for Preparation of a stable suspension of components a and b sufficient amount of as a solvent or suspending agent Acting components c is to be used and the combination of components a and b in an amount of about 0.01 to 2.5 percent by weight, based on the total amount in the Combustion chamber injected propellant or fuel, the oxidizer and the aforementioned additive mixture, in the combustion system is included.   2. Use of additive mixtures according to claim 1, containing as component a one or more colored organic compounds from the series symmetrical 1, ω- diphenylpolyenes of the general formula C₆H₅- (CH = CH) _n -C₆H₅, wherein n is 3 to 8; symmetrical diphenylpolyenalazines of the general formula C₆H₅- (CH = CH) _n -CH = NN = CH- (CH = CH) _n -C₆H₅, where n is 2 to 4; symmetrical difurylpolyenalazines of the general formulaC₄H₃O- (CH = CH) _n -CH = NN = CH- (CH = CH) _n -C₄H₃O, where n is 1 to 4; Cyanine dyes of the general formula wherein n is 1 to 4, in particular cryptocyanine; Pernigraniline, aniline black; Indigo dyes; Violin throne; Isoviolanthrone, nitrated violan throne (indanthrene black BB), circumanthracene; Benzanthrone dyes, in particular indanthrone, flavanthrone, pyranthrone, perylene, caledonjade green (indanthrene brilliant green FFB); Carbazole dyes, especially indanthrene brown R; Dibenzpyrene; Anthanthrone dyes, in particular anthanthrone; Dibenzopyrenquinones, especially indanthrene gold yellow GK; Anthraquinoline, anthraquinoline quinone; Alizarin dyes; Acridone dyes; Dialkylpyrazole anthrone dyes; Pentacen, hexacen, polyacetylene; Carotenoids; Polyphenylenes; CORULEIN A; Tetracarboximide dyes; Safranin T, Mauvein; Phthalocyanine dyes, especially copper phthalocyanine; Triphenylmethane dyes phenylpolyenaldehydes, metal complexes of organic colored compounds or dyes. 3. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 and 2, containing as component a a mixture of the same Parts by weight of diphenyloctatetraene, diphenyl decapentaene, Diphenyldodekahexaen, Diphenyltetradekaheptaen and Diphenylhexadekaoctanen. 4. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 and 2, containing as component a a mixture of diphenyldodekahexaene, Diphenyltetradekaheptaen  and diphenylhexadekaoctaen in a weight ratio from 3: 3: 1. 5. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 and 2, containing as component a a mixture of Diphenylpentadienalazin and Diphenylheptatrienalazin in a weight ratio of 0.5 to 2: 1. 6. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 and 2, containing as component a a mixture of Diphenylheptatrienalazin and Diphenylnonatetraenalazin in a weight ratio of 0.5 to 2: 1. 7. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 and 2, containing as component a a mixture of Difurylacroleinazin, Difurylpentadienalazin and Difurylheptatrienalazin in a weight ratio of 1: 1: 1 to 2. 8. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 and 2, containing as component a the reddish black, having an absorption maximum at 830 nm Cyanine dye cryptocyanine. 9. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 and 2, containing as component a the carotenoids Dyes crocetin and / or bixin. 10. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 and 2, containing as component a mixtures of red to blue, to deep green to black dyes whose absorption maxima are in the wavelength range from about 400 to about 1100 nm, from the series flavanthrone, pyranthrone, violanthrone, Isoviolanthron, nitrated violanthron, anthanthron, cryptocyanine, indigo dyes, indanthrone, pernigraniline, aniline black, bixin, a- carotene, perylene, dibenzopyrene, dibenzopyrenquinones, with the dyes in the range of longer waves than 600 nm being present in a higher proportion by weight in the respective . 11. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1, 2 and 10, containing as component a mixtures of red bis blue to deep green to black dyes Absorption maxima in the wavelength range from about 500 to are about 1000 nm, as well as individual dyes or dye mixtures yellow to yellow orange to orange red to red complementary color, its absorption maxima in the wavelength range from about 350 to about 500 nm, from which Series of symmetrical diphenylpolyenes, diphenylpolyenalazines, Difurylpolyenalazine, Phenylpolyenaldehyde, where the two Dye types differing by the absorption spectrum in a weight ratio of 0.5 to 2: 1 in the organic Dye component are present. 12. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 to 11, containing as organic, surface-active mixture component compounds of the general formula C _m H _{2 m + 1} -C₆H₄-O- (CH₂-CH₂-O) _n -H, wherein m 1 to 10 and n can be 1 to 16. 13. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 to 11, containing organic, surface-active Compound component compounds from the series Ethylene oxide, dioxane, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether. 14. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 to 11, containing organic, surface-active Compound component compounds from the series Hexanol, lauryl alcohol, cyclohexanol, trimethylene glycol. 15. Use of an additive mixture according to claims 1 to 11, containing organic, surface-active Compound component compounds from the series Mesityl oxide, acetylacetone, acrolein, tert-butyl methyl ketone, Cyclohexanone.   16. Use of an additive mixture according to the claims 1 to 11 containing organic surfactants Compound component compounds from the series Ethylamine, propylamine, cyclohexylamine, dimethylamine, Trimethylamine, triethylamine. 17. Use of an additive mixture according to the claims 1 to 11 containing organic surfactants Compound component compounds from the series Fluoromethane, chloromethane, bromomethane, iodomethane, chloroethane, 1-chloropropane, 2 chloropropane. 18. Use of an additive mixture according to the claims 1 to 17, as in liquid fuels, in particular liquid hydrogen, kerosene, hydrazine, alcohols and / or Ammonia agent to increase the Evaporation and combustion rate and the Combustion stability in rocket combustion chambers and high-performance combustion chambers, the agent already in Fuel or fuel tank is incorporated. 19. Use of an additive mixture according to the claims 1 to 17, as in liquid fuels, in particular in liquid hydrogen, kerosene, hydrazine, alcohols and / or ammonia and what is to be introduced into the liquid oxidizer Means to increase the evaporation and Burning rate and stability in rocket combustion chambers and high-performance combustion plants, the agent from a separate container for the Additives into the combustion chamber under even symmetrical distribution in the fuel and is injected into the oxidizer immediately after it Leaving the respective tanks.   20. Use of an additive mixture according to the claims 1 to 17 and 19, as in liquid fuels, especially in liquid hydrogen, kerosene, hydrazine, Alcohols and / or ammonia as well as in the liquid oxidizer agent to be introduced to increase their evaporation and burn rate as well as improving the Combustion stability in rocket combustion chambers and high-performance combustion plants, taking the mean from the separate Containers for the additives in the fuel or Fuel and in the oxidizer separately in the respective Liquid feeds to the combustion chamber immediately before the injection of which is injected into the combustion chamber. 21. Use of an additive mixture according to the claims 1 to 17, 19 and 20, as in liquid fuels, especially in liquid hydrogen, kerosene, hydrazine, Alcohols and / or ammonia as well as in the liquid oxidizer agent to be introduced to increase their evaporation and burn rate as well as improving the Combustion stability in rocket combustion chambers and high-performance combustion plants, the means in the separate Containers for additives electrically up to a maximum of below the boiling point of the solvent is heated and then injected into the combustion chamber.