DE3231309A1 - Bromine-vapour gas engine - Google Patents

Abstract

The medium of bromine is heated, compressed and expanded after leaving the turbine nozzle. Thereafter, renewed liquefaction of the medium of bromine is performed in a special condensing region. The condensate runs back under the influence of gravity to the bottom trough and is once again heated and evaporated there. This is performed by a permanent circuit similar to that of water. The energy required for heating is supplied to the bottom trough with the aid of heat exchangers. After working dissipation to the turbine, this energy is once again completely destroyed after the expansion and condensation. The essential components of this drive system are 1. spec. weight = 3.14 and 2. boiling point at approx. 59 DEG C. A pressure of 9300 bar can be generated given a design height of 30 m. 1. Energy production without primary energy. No stress on environment. No costs for transport and delivery of oil, coal, gas, uranium or the like. The drive is performed using solar energy, collector greenhouse with large energy roofs - 25 km<2> - waste heat from coal-fired and atomic power stations or, e.g., the heat from refuse incineration plants. Hot springs and geothermal energy are also possible. 2. The plant is suitable in particular for installation in updraught power stations. 3. A further decisive "plus" is the possibility of installation at the site of very expensive large cooling towers. Instead of the destruction of energy in cooling towers, in bromine gas turbines the exhaust heat is forced to do further work and thus converted in an environmentally kind and profitable fashion. <IMAGE>

Description

Title of the invention:

It is a low-pressure bromine vapor turbine drive that taking advantage of the low boiling point with the help of residual heat from 59 degrees Celsius Generates low pressure steam.

The turbine blade is driven by a nozzle ejection head at the top of the pressure boiler system.

Taking into account the density, bromine liquid = 3.14 can be found at a construction height of 30 m, a pressure of 9.357 at (atmosphere) can be achieved Height is the prerequisite for the return of the liquefied after the expansion and condensed bromine gas. Liquefied bromine gas runs outside the pressure vessel -plant back to the boiler bottom, where the bromine again with the help of the heat exchanger is heated again to at least 59 ° Cel.

The heat exchanger is filled with another liquid (e.g. water) This is done with solar energy (collectors, etc.) As suitable for this The residual or cooling heat from power or nuclear power plants also applies, as does the heat a waste incineration plant is suitable for operation.

The principle of the system is essentially based on the following: heating-steam pressure generation-steam emission on turbine-expansion-condensing.

The transition from the gaseous to the liquid phase takes place through Addition of condensation nuclei (small parts). The condensation also takes place after the system of the Langmuir chain reaction, because here a gas mixture rich in bromine vapor A further additional cooling can be done with a updraft power plant, In addition, other known refrigerants for cooling the steam are on the market.

Objectives of the invention: power and energy generation without primary energy.

Advantages: no pollution of the environment, no costs for transport and delivery of oil, coal, gas, uranium etc.

State of development: With the help of today's technology without major development costs can be created.

Realization costs: Only a fraction of what is still common today In connection with the updraft power plant already built in Spain and the large, area-spanning plant for vegetables, which is permeable to sunlight. Fruit crops particularly suitable for the hot zones of the earth.

Foreword: The currently available heating fuels such as oil, coal and other organic are only available to a limited extent and certainly unsuitable for heating purposes. (to itueJ The currently known core energy technologies are also with regard to disposal It will take decades before the nuclear plasma (gas mixture from positive ions, electrons, light sources and excited and unexcited atoms and Molecules) has progressed so far that an application for humanity is possible is.

In the long term, the existing solar energy should therefore be used A start has already been made with solar cells etc.

Another attempt to use solar energy is the one developed here The element bromine with its Appropriate boiling point of 590Ce1 found. Other substances are of course also possible with a boiling point of about 45 degrees Cel to about 100 degrees Cel suitable for this.

For example: pentane bp 36 ° hexane "690 heptane" 980 degrees Cel Auf these hydrocarbons (alkanes) should initially be dispensed with, because here with Security technical problems will arise n.

The element bromine offers all the properties, such as a cheap bp. of 59 degrees Cel, this temperature for evaporation is without great technical effort by exposure to sunlight on a sufficiently large area with water-powered pipe and Line systems to achieve the transfer of the heat obtained with it Using a heat exchanger is technically feasible.

The required operating pressure on the drive turbine can initially with pressures between 3 and 10 at. As with this application the solar energy a high level of performance is not achieved, this is absolutely secondary because none Operating costs are incurred. However, if several systems are operated in series (approx. 10) achieve acceptable energy performance.

The following is only to explain the system to the general known gas laws etc. are not initially calculated, these will only be set up later according to requirements.

Description The turbine driven by a constant pressure blade is powered by heated and compressed bromine vapor. The generated force is powered by a drive shaft above the system is transmitted to a generator.

The liquid bromine is in a high-quality ceramic clad Tub and with the help of a suitable heat exchanger in the bromine liquid on the brought the required temperature.

When the boiling point temperature is reached, the bromine vapor is formed and is compressed to the required vapor pressure.

The turbine is activated by controlling the nozzles in the multi-nozzle nozzle head set in rotation.

After the compressed bromine vapor has been released onto the turbine blades the expansion of the steam takes place immediately in a sufficiently large expansion area - already This is also where the steam begins to condense and is in the upper area of the container With the help of suspended glass rods further returned to the liquid state Condensate flows back through the downpipes into the bromine-filled pan and becomes reheated here, due to the compression pressure in the steam chamber accordingly a liquid level in the downpipe. (Back pressure compensation) is important it, at a desired higher operating pressure requirement of e.g. 6 at one correspondingly higher liquid.

level of about 20 meters above the bromine level in the This is best done by adjusting the total height the system is set or erected by the same height difference.

Due to the relatively large weight of the bromine vapor of 7.59 g / l the tendency to precipitation (gravity) is particularly suitable for this system Bromine is known to be one of the halogens, so special precautionary measures must be taken Material selection must be made. Without exception, the container rooms are made with high-quality Ceramic material clad. Also for the nozzle head and the drive turbine find a suitable material to be used.

The first variant is a proposed solution in the form of a sun-heated one Hot water system presented in drawings.

Only after stenting does the construction of a model begin and ex2te heat and equipment calculations.

Presentation and brief description The bromine gas engine uses the favorable low boiling point temperature of below 60 degrees Celsius.

The motor can use solar energy (global radiation) to generate residual and process heat are operated by heating and electrical works.

The construction costs are in comparison with conventional power generation systems , especially core energy to be regarded as very low.

The operation of the bromine vapor engine can be from the temperate zones, global radiation about 100 Rcal / cm2 and year up to 200I (cal / cm2 at the equator) a corresponding gin radiation surface should be laid as a foundation.

The use of the bromine engine in connection with a waste incineration plant is particularly recommended.

A disadvantage is the connection with metals, because the bromine attacks these substances. However, there is enough substitute material (building materials) e.g. Concrete with ceramic cladding etc. is available. The generated operating pressure can be can be absorbed by concrete structures without difficulty. This is in the above project already planned.

F o u tting s about the element bromine atomic number 35, atomic weight 79.909, valences 1,3,5,7 melting temperature at 760 760 torr -7.3 degrees Celsius boiling point 58.78 degrees Cel.

Density solid 3.14 g / cm3, liquid 3.119, gas 7.59 g / l at 760 Torr and o degrees Cel.

The nuclide mass 79 Br gas 78.918348 "8i Br flüß. 80.916344 Gaseous elements generally exist in molecular form; Molecule bromine = Br2 In the normal state, 1 mol of the gaseous substance bromine occupies a space of approximately 22.4 liters, a normal volume Vmn = 22.414 m3 / kmol (DIN 1343) The mass of the bromine atom mBrAtom = ###### = 13.26951179. 10 - 23 g molar volume of diatomic Br2 at o degrees Cel 7.59 g: 11 = 2 x 79.909 g: XX = 21, o8 at o degrees and 2730 Kelwin 760 Torr NL bromine atoms, around 79.909 have a volume of 79.909 / 3.119 = 25.62007054. The dense bromine liquid = 3.119 The diameter is about 1 A = 10 -8 NL bromine gas atoms have a volume of 79.909 / 0.00759 = 1o528.33 cm3 ratio liquid / gaseous 10528.33 / 25.62 = 410.9418423 comparison: 311.9 / 0.00759 = 410.94 around 1: 411 On the following pages a short description of the gas laws and other known laws of nature is given.

T he Ag g r e g a t a t a d e s The typical properties of the Substances in their various physical states can be identified with a model that understand a structure that Nlateric takes from discrete particles very well; the excellent agreement between experimental experience and calculations This "particle model" based on gases alone is the main evidence for its correctness.

In the solid state, the substances have a certain form a certain volume; they are only slightly compressible. These properties indicate that the particles of a substance are spatially fixed in the solid state are, whereby they are bound to one another by "cohesive forces". Are the particles regularly arranged, one speaks of a "grid" (see Fig. 2) The grid order Today, particularly large particles can be made directly visible in the electron microscope (Fig. 3) In crystals the geometrical arrangement of the particles is within larger areas completely regular; in "amorphous" materials such as glass or synthetic resins, Although the particles are also strongly bound to one another, there is none here certain order. The typical characteristic of a crystalline substance is thus regular lattice order and not the crystal faces with their characteristic ones Angles; the latter are a consequence of the lattice symmetries! Now becomes a solid, crystalline one Material slowly warms up, so one adds energy, which turns out to be kinetic energy the particle expresses. These rotate or oscillate faster and faster around their center of gravity, until finally their energy is so great that the grid collapses: the fabric melts. In the liquid, the particles are no longer ordered, and they can move more than in the solid state; the attractions between them but are still so great that the substance remains cohesive. First when the boiling point is reached, d. H. when evaporating, the particles dissolve of one another, so that in the gas state they are completely free and independent of one another can move.

The distances between them are then compared to your own size very large.

In order to destroy the fixed lattice order, a cut must be made during melting Amount of heat to be expended (heat of fusion): Likewise is to overcome the cohesive forces A certain amount of heat is required for boiling (heat of vaporization). Despite further Heat supply therefore does not increase the temperature during melting and boiling continue until all substance has melted or evaporated (Fig.4) during the condensation of a gas to a liquid and during solidification (freezing) each liquid releases a corresponding amount of heat.

But now even below the boiling point, particularly high-energy Particles leave the liquid (the liquid evaporates); the white lines Particles remain in the liquid and it becomes cooler. Since the evaporated particles such as gas particles can also move freely, they can get out remove from the vessel. More particles escape from the liquid until they finally do has completely evaporated. However, if you keep the vessel closed, then initially more and more particles pass into the vapor space, on the other hand particles get during their movement get close to the surface of the liquid, there under the action of the forces emanating from the liquid particles and are "captured". It is therefore characteristic of the temperature in question over time Balance one; the space above the liquid becomes saturated with steam. The pressure, which this exerts ON THE WALL is called steam pressure.

The molecules of gases can be compressed to a large extent. They expand a lot when heated. In order to determine the state of a certain amount of a gaseous substance, pressure (p), temperature (t) and volume (V) must be known. These quantities are called state quantities. They show certain relationships with one another which, strangely enough, are the same for all gases (at least at temperatures above - 100 ° C and at not too high pressures): BOYLE-MARIOTTE's law (at constant temperature) p1 # V1 = p2 # V2 = K (1) Law of GAY-LussAc (at constant pressure) or when using the absolute temperature v K (2) # = #.

AMONTON's law (at constant volume) These three relationships can be expressed by a single one: The equation of state of the gases: p V = RT However, exact investigations show that the behavior of most gases cannot be precisely described by the equation of state, even at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Gases that obey the equation of state are called ideal gases; At room temperature, hydrogen and helium behave almost ideally.

The fact that at first seems very refreshing that with all of them ideal gases the relationships between pressure, temperature and volume through the same Equation of state can be described requires an explanation. This will by the "kinetic gas theories, d. H. the theoretical working through of the particle model, applied to the gas state.

According to this model, the particles in a gas move randomly around one another and do not exert any forces of attraction on one another. The particles very often collide elastically or against the vessel wall. The sum of all impacts of the particles on the vessel wall gives the gas pressure; if there is no wantl, the gas spreads evenly in space as a result of the irregular movement. The temperature of a gas is determined by the mean kinetic energy of its particles determined. At higher temperatures, the particles move faster on average; Particles of lesser mass move faster than particles of greater mass. The absolute temperature is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the particles; at the same temperature, the particles of a gas have on average the same energy. The gas pressure increases with increasing temperature (d (r momentum of the particles, mu, increases); the pressure is also the greater, the more particles are present per unit volume.

Now, however, the model disregards the forces of attraction between the gas particles and considers the particles as point-like particles thus not the eigenrolu @@ en of the particles. The model can only approximate be right. That described by dern by the equation of state of ideal gases The different behavior of the "real gases" is mainly due to the fact that even at room temperature between the gas particles (but only weak!) attractive forces are effective.

The kinetic gas theory gives the following expression for the gas pressure: n = number of particles / volume 2 m # v2 p = # n # m = mass of the particles 3 2 v = mean velocity of the Let us now assume the same volumes of two different gases that are at are at the same temperature and are under the same pressure, then 2 m1 # v @ 2 m2 # v @ # n1 # = # n2 # 3 2 3 2 Da is the mean kinetic energy of the particles is proportional to the absolute temperature and the two volumes are the same size as required, n1 = n2 At the same temperature and pressure, the same parts of space of different (ideal) gases contain the same number of particles.

This statement, the AVOGADRO theorem, was made by AVOGADRO as early as 1811 pronounced as a hypothesis. But, as we have shown, it is a consequence from the particle model of the ideal gases and applies strictly only to these.

For practical purposes, however, this statement can be made without major mistake apply to most common gases.

Working together, the two researchers found GAY-LUSSAC1) and v. HUM-BOLDT2) when investigating chemical processes in which gases are involved are striking regularities.

When 11 water is broken down by electrolysis (p. 46) Hydrogen and oxygen in a volume ratio of 2: 1. Combine in the same ratio the two gases in water synthesis. If the synthesis is carried out above 100 ° C (e.g. in a glass tube heated by a heating coil [Fig. 70]) that this creates 2 volumes of water vapor. A part of the room also unites Hydrogen with one part by volume of chlorine to two parts by volume of hydrogen chloride. By catalytic oxidation converts carbon oxide into carbon dioxide; two parts of the room With one part of oxygen, carbon oxide results in two parts of carbon dioxide: 2 Room parts H + 1 room part O # 2 room parts H2O 1 room part H + 1 room part Cl # 2 room parts HCI 2 room parts CO + 1 room part O 2 2 room parts CO2 In contrast to the mass ratios the volume ratios in gas reactions are therefore always simple and whole-numbered ').

Now, according to AVOGADRO, the same parts of the room are under the same conditions the same number of particles are present.

The oxygen particles have to split up when the water is formed to have. I) a now contains a water particle at least one oxygen atom and the Atoms must be regarded as indivisible in chemical reactions apparently the oxygen particle with two atoms. The volume ratios at the Synthesis of hydrogen chloride show in the same way that the hydrogen and chlorine particles are made up of two atoms. Such particles made up of several atoms exist and are self-contained, are called molecules or molecules (la molécule French or Molecula Latin @@ small mass).

The AVOGADRO theorem thus leads to the important finding that the particles of elements like oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine and also nitrogen or from compounds such as water, carbon oxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, etc. are composed of several @toms and exist as independent units.

The formulas O2, H2, Cl2, N2 and H2O, CO, CO2 and HCl therefore give here the composition of the molecules again.

By applying AVOGADRO's "hypothesis" to volume ratios in gas reactions it was possible for the first time to determine the ratio of atoms in compounds to be clearly defined and then to determine the proportions of the atomic masses. In water there must be two hydrogen atoms on an oxygen atom, since the Connect gases in a volume ratio of 2: 1.

The experimentally found mass ratio of 1: (approximately) 8 leads to the ratio of the atomic masses mH: mO = 1:16. In hydrogen chloride, on the other hand, the number ratio of the atoms is 1: 1, the mass ratio of 1: 35.5 therefore also corresponds to the ratio of the atomic masses. With AVOGADRO's contemporaries, especially DALTON and BERZZLIUS, his hypothesis was almost invariably rejected, since the chemists of the time apparently found it very difficult to grasp the difference between DALTON's indivisible atoms and AVOGADRO's divisible molecules of the elements and the two particles in to establish the right relationship with each other. For these reasons prevailed in the first half. 19th century confusion was unprecedented in relation to atomic masses (atomic weights) and the notation of chemical formulas and equations. Only CAN @@ ZZARO1) was able to bring AVOGADRO's theorem to general recognition in 1858 (i.e. after the death of WOGADRO!) And thus established the atomic mass scale on the basis of hydrogen (the mass of the H atom was chosen as the unit ). | Just like the masses of the atoms, the masses of the molecules are also given in u 1/12 of the C isotope with a mass of 12.0000 u). The masses of molecules are easy to determine according to AVOGADRO; If one weighs the same parts of space of two gases under the same conditions, their masses behave like the particle masses, because nlan weighs the same number of particles from both gases. The molecular masses of different gases behave like their gas densities (Ta table @ gas density and molar volume of some gases 7th > Bromine 79 7.59 21.68 Hydrogen 2 0.089 22.4 Oxygen 32 1.429 22.39 Nitrogen 28 1.250 22.45 Chlorine 71 3.220 22.01 1 Niol (actually 1 gram-mole) is the mass of NL molecules1).

I) a now, according to AVOGADRO, the same number of particles of ideal gases with the same Conditions occupy the same space, one mole of each ideal gas takes up equal volume under the same conditions: mole volume = volume of 1 gram-mole = 22.4 Liters (at 0 ° C and 760 Torr).

To find the molecular mass, one can simply use the mass of Determine 22.4 liters of the substance in question in the gas state. You need the volume not under normal conditions, it must be based on normal conditions by means of the equation of state (0 ° C = 273 ° K; 760 Torr).

By applying the AvoGADRo theorem, however, only Molecular masses of volatile or at least relatively easily evaporable substances determine. Of connections that such. B. Do not evaporate undecomposed cane sugar, the molecular mass cannot be determined in this way. But you can in such Cases dissolve the substance in a suitable solvent and remove the measured Values of the increase in the boiling point or the decrease in the melting point indicate the molecular mass to calculate.

If a non-volatile substance is dissolved in a solvent, so there are also dissolved particles on the surface of the liquid, so that the Evaporation (the escape of solvent particles from the solution) is made more difficult. The vapor pressure of a solution is therefore lower at a certain temperature than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. L) the lowering of the steam pressure depends on the number dissolved in a given volume of liquid Particles, i.e. proportional to the number of moles dissolved in them. 1 mole of any Substance dissolved in a certain volume of one and the same liquid, results always the same vapor pressure reduction.

As a result of the lower vapor pressure, a solution shows a higher one Boiling point and lower melting point than the pure solvent (Fig.6). Boiling point increase (#Eg) and melting point depression (#Eg) are also proportional to the one certain volume of liquid dissolved number of diols and can thus be used to determine the molecular mass to serve.

If one tries now by measuring the lowering of the melting point or To determine the molecular mass of salts based on the increase in the boiling point, that is how Inan obtained it always abnormally high values. 58.5 g table salt (NaCI), i.e. one gram formula unit, Dissolved in one liter of water, for example, results in a #Eg of almost 3.7 ° C, i.e. almost double the molar value. A solution of 95 g of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) in one liter of water gives almost three times the molar # Eg value, a solution of 1 3d, g aluminum chloride (AICI3) in one liter of water is almost four times as much # Eg value. We must conclude from this that salt solutions contain more particles, as corresponds to their formulas: 58.5 g NaCl contain 2 NL particles contain 95 g MgCl2 3 NL particles 133.5 g of AICI3 contain 4 NL particles Energy, d. H. the "ability to do work" exists in different forms: warmth, electrical, mechanical energy, etc., and can be used as kinetic (motion) energy (e.g. energy of a rolling ball; heat as kinetic energy of smallest particles) or potential energy appear (e.g.

Energy of a tensioned spring or an explosive). Potential and kinetic energy as well as the various forms of energy in general are largely converted into one another.

Each form of energy is measured in a special unit; the mechanical in joules and mkp, the electrical in electron volts (eV) or kilowatt hours (kWh), that of gases in liter atmospheres, heat in calories, etc.

Every chemical process is linked to an energy expenditure. the Energy that is released or consumed is called "reaction heat" or "warmth of heat" because the energy is very often released in the form of heat.

The symbol #H is used to reduce the heat of reaction. With exotherms Processes are released energy; #H then receives - the usual one in physical chemistry Following convention - negative sign: The substances lose energy to the Surroundings. So one gives the sign of #H from the point of view of the substances endothermic reactions are written dll with a positive sign: the products are more energetic than the raw materials. The fact that as a concomitant phenomenon Chemical processes give off or absorb energy, shows that evidently a certain amount of energy (an "energy content") can be assigned to each substance must, which of course is smallest in the solid state and largest in the gaseous state is. If you now carry out a chemical reaction at constant temperature (have So the end materials have the same temperature as the starting materials), so the heat of reaction equal to the difference between the energy content of the starting materials and the end materials.

Heats of reaction are usually given in kcal and a conversion of as many grams as the atomic and molecular mass numbers corresponds to Table 2 conversion factors for various energy units Ju1e) Qt kcQt .n. w w = n n 33 1 4.45 # 10 - @@ 1.6 # 10 - @@ 1.63 # 10 - @@ 1.63 # 10-21 3.83 # 10-2 @ 2.24. 102 @ 1 3.6 # 10 @ 3.67 106 3.67 10 '0.86 10 0.65 # 101 @ 2.78 # 10-7 1 1.02 # 10-1 1.02 # 10-2 2, 39 # 10-4 0.61 # 102 @ 2.72 # 10- @ 0.98 # 10 1 1 # 10-1 2.34 # 10-3 0.61 # 102 @ 2.72 # 10- @ 0 , 98 # 102 10 1 2.34 # 10- @ 2.61 # 102 @ 1.16 # 10-2 4.19 # 102 4.27 # 102 4.27 # 10 1 Table 3 | Mutual conversion of types of energy 1 = ~, mechanical energy thermal energy friction Movement # frictional heat Steam engine Movement # warmth of water vapor mechanical energy electrical energy Energy des in a generator Pressure pipe flowing # electric current Water speaker Sound # electric current Thermal energy electrical energy Heat of the @@@@ steam turbine Bromine vapor # electric current Stove Heat # electric current Heat energy light energy glowing metal supplied heat # light irradiated fees absorbed heat # sunlight Thermal energy chemical energy Stove added heat # cooked food oven radiated heat # fuel electrical energy chemical energy Charging a chemical energy electrical current # (stored in the battery) Car battery Discharge of chemical energy electrical current # (stored in the battery) Car battery (based on a "gram formula conversion"). To measure the heat of reaction, the process to be investigated is carried out in a calorimeter, ie a closed vessel surrounded by a water jacket. The heat released or consumed can be determined from the mass of the water and the difference in water temperature before and after the reaction.

The knowledge of the heats of reaction is not only from a theoretical point of view, but also important for technically important processes. Often, however, can a certain heat of reaction not directly due to experimental difficulties measure up. On the other hand, in such cases, the final state can often be derived from the starting materials via a detour that is more suitable for the measurement. According to the theorem of HESS ') (»law of constant heat sums«) depends on the heat of reaction of a certain process does not go astray, d. H. overall it is always the same, whether the process is carried out directly or in separate steps.

The heat of formation of carbon monoxide can only be determined indirectly, because carbon dioxide is always formed during combustion - even if only in traces in certain cases. On the other hand, the following heat tones can be measured directly: C + O2 # CO2 | #H = -96 kcal CO + 1/2 O2 # CO2 | #H = -67.4 kcal According to HESS's theorem, 12 g are obtained when burned Carbon is the same amount of heat as CO2 if it leads directly or via CO as an intermediate stage: C # CO2 | #H = -96 kcal C # CO # CO2 | #H = -96 kcal I -67.4kcal The sought-after heat of formation of carbon monoxide is -28.6 kcal / mol.

The heats of formation (those in the formation of a compound from the elements in their "normal state" [i.e. H. at 0 ° C and 760 Torr] released or consumed To warm; 5. 50) are often used to calculate the heats of reaction (see p. 51). Do the heat of formation released by the products predominate over the (to be expended) If the educts form heat, the relevant process is exothermic. Is against the sum of the heats of formation of the end materials is much smaller than the sum of the Warmth of formation of the starting materials, this is what the process may be like at all not executable.

It is very often observed that many exothermic reactions "take place by themselves «, D. H.

voluntarily, enter. So it is the same with chemical processes as in mechanics there is an obvious tendency to achieve a lower energy level State, d. H. a state whose total energy is below the relevant external Conditions represents a minimum value (»principle of energy minimum«). the end For this reason, the heats of formation represent an approximate measure the Stability of connections represents: connections with a large negative heat of formation form very easily from the elements, so they are difficult to break down into them again and thus "stable". The principle of the energy minimum is now however not under law strictly applicable in all circumstances; there are also processes that are endothermic and nevertheless run voluntarily (especially at higher temperatures). The reason for this is that in addition to striving for minimal total energy, there is another tendency the increase in disorder determines the course of a reaction. enlargement the clutter, e.g. B.

by increasing the number of particles or by moving from the solid in the liquid or the gaseous state, favors the voluntary process of a process. The "driving force" of a reaction is therefore both through the heat of reaction as determined by the resulting disorder. Operations that start with a submission of Energy connected, proceed voluntarily only when the order is not essential gets bigger. Voluntary endothermic processes, such as evaporation or dissolution, are always associated with a sharp increase in disorder. More about the disorder (or entropy) principle see "Chemistry" p. 152ff.

But there are very numerous cases in which substances are rich in energy and could react exothermically with one another for various reasons do not do. One then speaks of "inhibited" or metastable systems.

An example of this is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, which does not explode without an external cause, but rather an "ignition" (by electrical Spark, flame or just heat) is required. Such systems need to respond a supply of "activation energy".

The course of such a reaction can be shown in a graph Express the representation very well (Fig. 7). Between the initial and final state The activation energy is always displayed as an »energy mountain«. Even in the case of an exothermic The reaction must first cross this "barrier" before the heat of reaction can become free. The heat released can subsequently activate further particles suffice, i.e. then keeps the temperature constant or even increases it so that the process continues automatically after the starting materials have been activated have been. With endothermic reactions, not enough energy is released afterwards, to keep the fabrics at the necessary temperature; it must therefore go on and on Heat can be supplied.

The "reaction path" selected as the abscissa in these figures represents the sequence @@@@ represent processes in which the reacting particles are separated and ncu can be grouped. In all reactions that have an activation energy, even if only a small one need, the separation and re-formation of the bonds does not occur suddenly, but in a continuous transition, i.e. without any actual breakages of ties. The "mountain of energy" in Figures 153a and b then represents the state in which the old. Bindings not yet completely separated, but so have the new bindings not yet fully trained Sill (l.

This state is called the “transitional state” or the “activated state Complex". A consideration of the course of the reaction of iodine with hydrogen will be make this clear, | L e r s e i t e

Claims (1)

P A T E N T A N S P R Ü C H E 1 Heading: Gas turbine Marked by the construction; steam turbine in a combination of a closed system. Characterized by having a turbine between a pressure chamber and expansion space is built in. Also characterized by the fact that through feed of heat quantities in the low temperature range already 'achieved a work performance will. I a / sub-concept: feature 1 as a secondary claim The conversion of the relatively low temperatures of solar heat, also characterized by recovery of waste and residual heat without any use of primary fuels such as oil, gas, coal or even nuclear fuel. Ib / sub-concept: feature 2 as a secondary claim construction of an energy conversion system , which is characterized by a closed system in the form of a Interconnection of several heat recovery systems or as a single system from Sun-warmed hot water systems, waste and residual heat from power plants or also Heat from waste incineration plants to heat quantities from low temperature ranges Energy conversion is used. or find. I c / sub-term: feature 3 as a secondary claim, characterized by, das;: substances and elements are used or used for the transformation, which are suitable for this due to their physical properties. These are bromine, pentane, Hein, heptane and all substances or elements with a low boiling point and particularly high density. I d / sub-term: feature 4 as ancillary claim energy generation-u, conversion plants characterized in that the same in the form of a pipeline system that of the Solar heat generated warm or hot water in the heat exchanger of the turbine structure feeds. This also includes the cooling water of all kinds of companies such as: the waste and residual heat from power plants and waste incineration plants Thermal energy in updraft systems and also the accumulated heat in large tent constructions of all orders of magnitude. The patent claim is also characterized by the the waste and residual heat from factories, bathing facilities, and also the heat from the iron and steel industry, the Steel industry as well as the combination of all possibilities mentioned here for the Conversion of heat into turbine energy is used. Ie sub-term feature 5 as a secondary claim The secondary claim is also for the possibility of water extraction through evaporation in Large tents made, which is marked,! Úrch, the introduction of saline Sea water evaporates on the tent floor and is used to produce drinking water can be used. Mi to # This is the construction identified under the heading I. has the following functional features, which are characterized by the conversion the heat in work takes place in a closed system in the manner that for this purpose a large room in statically sufficient, calculated against pressure The subdivision of this space is characterized by the a / I) back space (chamber) b / expansion and condensation space through a suitable Turbine is connected. Al ai pressure room: The pressure room is marked by an The heat exchanger attached to the floor pan, which can convert all types of heat Heat exchanger liquid is heated with 1 / water heated by the sun 2 / hot water from nuclear power plants 3 / hot water from Oil, gas, and coal power stations 4 / Hot water or air from waste incineration plants. The floor pan is filled with bromine or similar suitable substances, this one is heated with the heat exchanger up to the boiling point. The resulting gas .- or Steam pressure drives the turbine attached to the ceiling - the material used for the same Is coated with glass or ceramic or similar against aggressive use. On the floor There is an inlet opening in the tub, in which the constant flow from the condensation chamber Returning condensate is returned. The vertical downpipes for the condensate are in the container wall or outside it the pressure generated in the pressure chamber is in the downpipes according to the existing Pressure a liquid level available, which a counter-weight accordingly represents the density of the corresponding medium. For bromine with a high specific This condition is almost optimal in terms of weight; if the medium has a high density, this is the required one The overall height of the overall construction of the pressure chamber is less than, conversely, with less Density a relatively higher overall height is required. The chamber is against aggressi-ve Fabrics (Bromine or similar) to isolate. Glass or ceramic or other suitable materials. That too Ancillary claims of the patent claims made applicable for this are hereby identified made. b b / expansions. -u. condensation room. The main claim of the turbine also includes the required chamber for expansion and condensation and is characterized by the two spaces under Al a and under Alb form a common whole and through A turbine is connected, in the one above the turbine, which is large enough Space, called expansion and condensation space, is called steam or gas after leaving the turbine, it was immediately relaxed and brought to condense. The expansion takes place through the condensation which starts immediately The condensate flows immediately through the downpipes (described under A1a) back to the pressure chamber below. The counteracting pressure of the pressure chamber is balanced and in equilibrium due to the high specific weight of the medium so that the system is stable -draws that here a heat exchange takes place in the reverse order Heat is generated by a cooling system attached to the head end or the condensation room ceiling transformed into condensate. The cooling system consists of a sufficiently sized Pipe system Which is cooled with all types of coolant: 1 updraft-cooled water cooler (water pipe cooler) 2 lamellar coolers (updraft from the updraft power plant, etc.) 3 known coolants Techniques-4 cold trap (vacuum apparatus, etc.) 5 addition of condensation nuclei (im Condensation chamber) 6 ceiling suspension with glass, ceramics and other materials 7 techniques the Langmuir chain reaction (see 5) 8 combination of those mentioned under 1-7 Practices. The application in connection with the construction mentioned is called Ancillary claim is asserted. B 1 areas of application. The secondary claim is also made recognizable by the fact that the application the turbine is used or is used in the following areas of application. 1 Utilization of solar energy Warm water distribution through solar radiation 2 Lowering the temperature of cooling water 3 Using heat from waste incineration plants 4 Updraft power plant (combination of rotor and gas turbine) 5 large tents (valley and mountain overvoltage) 6 Residual heat and waste heat from factories 7 "1" "Baths 8» tI "" Metallurgical industry i.a. 9 Combination of all possibilities 1 to 8 Comments: To 1 / The construction this system is well suited wherever a global radiation of 100 bis 200 Kcal / cm2 occur per year (high mountain, temperate and hot zones, deserts etc.) To 2 Instead of good cooling bags, the cooling water can be converted directly into work will i.e. be cooled. Re 3 The heat from waste incineration will be converted into energy. To 4 The tent systems required for the updraft power plants can Equally with regard to the large areas, they can be used for water heating. The pipes of the building structure of the large tents also serve to treat the heat water. 5 large tents are used at the same time depending on the application and area Air flow generation for cooling and hot air generation. Prototype Spain. The large tents on the order of 2 to 20 km2 can also can still be used for the supply or extraction of drinking water an additional claim. The subsidiary claim is identified by the the required for hot water preparation and also for the required cooling Large tents at the same time enable the function of water evaporation in the tent space and thereby enables a double function. The secondary function is asserted as a further secondary claim the possible use as a large greenhouse for horticultural and agricultural Use. Objectives of the invention Kraftru. Energy recovery without primary energy advantages No pollution of the environment, no costs for delivery and transport of oil, gas, coal, uranium i.a. State of development: With the help of today's and known technology feasible without particularly high development and construction costs. Application: Optional application possibilities in a combination of all conceivable possible variants with partly known energy generation systems. Also the combination of the accommodation options and the Possible uses in the large covered areas of the large tents for Vegetable and fruit crops as well as desalination systems form this type of energy generation a variety of uses. Note: The power generation system presented here is in the Functioning based on the cycle of water (weather).