DE3150415A1 - Thermodynamic process of "reversed heat pump" and its application to pneumatics - Google Patents

Abstract

The thermodynamic process of "reversed heat pump" realises in pneumatic tools the idea of obtaining an inexpensive operation by using a liquid gas with a very low critical point, e.g. liquid air, which is contained in cartridges and placed in a quickly replaceable fashion mostly in the tool housing, and of doing so under isochoric heating in the presence of environmental heat, occurring freely of high working pressures up to approximately 2000 bar and despite the relatively high cost of liquid air. Above ground, this is of use in tools whenever, given that the latter are of low weight and small size, work is to be carried out for a relatively long time without a compressor and hose, e.g. with 1 litre of medium on board. In the case of deep drilling, there is scarcely any other further alternative to this new stratagem with liquid air since at depths beyond approximately 2000 metres the motor reaction torque and the angular momentum of the string mean that it is an illusion to resupply electric energy by cable, and the loss of pressure means that it is an illusion to resupply compressed air energy by hose. As deep drills, liquid air tools perform to depths of 50,000 metres; thus in a suburb 1500 DEG C geothermal power for heating and electric current in all latitudes, including the Arctic.

Description

Thermodynamic process "heat pump

Wrong ", as well as application to pneumatics.

The invention described below relates to the thermodynamic Process "heat pump reversed" and its application to pneumatics.

As is well known, the task of a heat pump is to work in a suitable working gas a heat supply QO from its relatively low temperature level T0 by supply from mechanical compressor work W to a higher temperature level T1! 'pump' and to strengthen it to that extent, and the strengthened result Q1 at temperature T1 to dissipate hot water heating according to the formalism of the gain factor Ew = q1 / w = Q1 / (Q1-Qo) = T1 / (T1-To)> 1.0 (class 1) where Ew depends on the temperature level T can become 0 to about 3.5. The process runs counterclockwise in the Carnot diagram as in the case of the refrigeration machine, in the case of the heat pump, Q is used for heating the chiller for cooling.

In the "heat pump reversed" process, which is not a cyclic process but can run continuously or clocked by control because it is from a High pressure working medium storage similar to one with a hose to the compressor or its air hammer is supplied with gas coupled to its air reservoir, play the specific atifheizwärme in the heating amount (QOl) and the evaporation heat in Heat of vaporization (Q02) a role but not a meaning; because e.g. is opposite Water the specific heat and the heat of evaporation of the suitable working medium Very small. In contrast, the type of working gas plays a role in this new process decisive role and in this regard it stands in contrast to the Carnot process, where this type becomes irrelevant. The location of the critical becomes particularly important here Point on the temperature scale.

In this regard, the invention in the new process consists in a working gas with a very low critical temperature Tk is preferred Air or its components oxygen or nitrogen in the liquid phase application find. 1 the same at T0 C <Tk with 1 to 200 bar filling pressure stored on the bottle and on commissioning, either free of charge with ambient heat or artificially heated by the addition of heat Qol isochor and with heat Qo2 isochor evaporated and then continuously or desisweise with expansion into the compressed air device is discharged, e.g. with liquid air of 73 Kelvin filling temperature and 1 to 135 bar filling pressure with heating at only 0 ° Cels.

(273 Kelv.) The gas can accept up to 500 bar working pressure at low cost, so with the coefficients k1 and k2 including the condensing compressor output W1 in the balance with regard to the useful work that can be coupled out W2 a degree of performance #th = W2 <1.0 (Equation 2.) shows that k1 (Qo1 + Qo2 + Qo3) + k2.W1 while excluding from W1, which is already included in the liquid air purchase price, an amplifier balance t W2 »1.0 (equation 3.) results whose k2. (Qo1 + Qo2 + Qo3) amount is much greater than for the heat pump from equation 1.

where with Qo3 a further heat input to compensate for the expansion denotes the resulting refrigeration capacity in the bottle in the course of its emptying is, so that with regard to the relatively small amounts (to1 to Qo3 the large amount W2 preferably originate only from the advance compressor output amount Wl as a latent amount can and the fact that namely with the simplest device structure in the case of unusual small performance-related device volume and weight with liquid air as the working medium even with free heating to just 0 ° C, up to around 500 bar working pressure be achievable, leads to the fact that working with liquid air is similarly cheap like the conventional one with compressor air, but the price per kilogram for liquid air is much higher than with 6 bar compressor air.

The figures of the drawing show the process and its application system schematic and not to scale.

Fig. 1 shows the old process of the hot air engine as a forerunner of the new. It is still a circular process and runs clockwise. Counterclockwise would it represents the well-known cold air machine. p = pressure ordinate, v = volume abscess.

Fig. 2. on the other hand, shows the process "reverse heat pump" as a pulse diagram with time sequence abscissa t and pressure coordinate p, namely with weak environmental heating and consequently a strong pressure drop, clocked. He would show the turbine not clocked.

Fig. 3. shows the same sequence in pulse coordinates of pressure p and Time t as in Fig. 2. for more powerful heating, e.g. from an electrical resistance heating unit or, when using the pneumatic hammer head for deep drilling, at great depths Geothermal energy is available free of charge.

Fig. 4. shows the application of "reverse heat pump" to a distance Separately and permanently or mobile mounted liquid air bottle with reducing valve and a compressed air piston or turbine unit coupled to it by a rigid line or hose with pusher, the turbine usually continuous and a working air piston cylinder acts clocked.

Fig. 5 shows how the cylinder is installed in the compressed air unit achieved integrated design, which is also improved to the effect that after Fig. 6. In the compressed air working unit, the piston doubles as a self-clocking bottle works.

The modes of action are as follows: Fig.1.

On the well-known clockwise Carnot process of the hot air machine are with (1,2,3,4) the four characteristic points for (p, v) and with area W die ideal work that can be decoupled, with q the isobaric heat supply and with qO isobaric heat dissipation As with all Carnot processes, the efficiency is less than 1.0, and insofar not comparable with the heat pump and the process "heat pump wrong".

Fig. 2.

It is used for process schematization because the new process is not a circular process is more, here the timing diagram of J over time (t). With (p) are the pressure states denotes which have a falling tendency above (t) because of storage air for Conti-nu # -or Cycle operation is being worked.

With continuous operation of a turbine is the sum of all hatched Surfaces Pulse until bottle emptying. The sharp drop in pressure here is caused by a weaker one Circulating air heating, for example on a surface hammer in cold weather, assumes that not only the bottle empties and the rest in the bottle without thermal pressure compensation but also from the fact that the expanding gas in the bottle and in the compressed air tool, which develops the pressure in the bottle and in the cold Device reduces the impulse.

Fig. 3.

Here is e.g. stronger electric heating of the bottle or, e.g. at Application to a deep drill at 10,000 to 50,000 meters, the geothermal energy high Temperature levels up to 800 degrees Cels. used as a free source of heat expect up to 2b00 bar. The slope of the formed by points P1 through P4 and P5, respectively The curve of the impulse has therefore become smaller here than in Fig. 2.

In both diagrams, the pressures are indicated with pobis p5, with ßto to Ät the time segments of each pulse, with J1 to J5 5 the consecutive pulses the clocked work e.g.

with a working or hammer cylinder working with a piston and with P to P5 the pulse start and end points 0 are shown, which form the falling pulse curve form.

In particular it should be anticipated that in a system of the self-clocking Design Fig. 6. with decreasing pulse height (p) the pulse width (t) increases spontaneously and so there is a tendency to keep the impulses roughly constant until the bottle becomes almost empty. This compensation is provided in Fig. 6. the function of the flask as a "pneumatic spring".

Fig. 4.

The liquid air bottle (5) contains liquid air (9), which when filling in the low temperature chamber -2000C and 135bar had a density of about 0.8 kg / dm³. It is supplied with heat qO from outside from circulating air, borehole, or heating (11), in the latter case denoted by q '. Via reducing valve (6) and stare or flexible line (7) is used to generate the compressed air cylinder or turbine (8) the in the direction of force F1 or F2 or in the direction of rotation 4 or. i $ 2 acting impulse J pre-expanded gaseous air under control with switch-on and switch-off pushbuttons (13) fed. It will be rectilinear or curvilinear with working cylinder piston or rotating the work W or the momentum J is decoupled with the turbine. With (10) is the piston rod with thrust work, or the turbine shaft with angular momentum decoupling.

Fig. 5.

Here is the same principle as in Fig. 4. used. However, the bottle is (5) installed together with the compressed air device (8) in a common housing (12) so that the unit becomes independent of the line or hose. The electric heating unit (11) can be pushed onto (12) as a tubular body and arranged to be removable. With qO the extraction of expansion heat is shown, which by heating after the ormalism shown above should be recompensated when the momentum is about constant should remain, which e.g. happens spontaneously in deep boreholes through geothermal energy.

Fig. 6.

The figure shows a liquid air pick hammer in which the piston (14; 15,16) acts as a liquid air tank and is in end positions with valves on the head end (17,18) clocks itself by impacting plungers (19,20) by placing the plungers on grooved flanges (17b, 18b) of the valve rods (17a, 18a) open the valves. The valves close spontaneously again under high liquid air pressure as soon as the plunger is under the counter pressure the air flowing out at (19S, 19b) moves away from its end position and runs back. The picture shows the barrel as follows: the one in the cylinder (21) with exhaust holes (21a, 21b) Piston pressed in direction B by a spring (24) is with (19) on the anvil (25) bounced after picking iron (27) by pressing down the hammer in direction B on the workpiece or stone (28) has pushed up the anvil enough. At the surcharge Opens valve (17) through stroke (e) and releases high tension Liquid air flows in through (19b), which pushes the piston up against B again. The injection quantity, however, is due to the even faster and higher thrust of the Liquid air filling initiated the recoil of the piston by (e) dosed by in the well-known way of this piston as a pneumatic resp.

hydraulic spring acts, whereby he adjusts the pulse times j t The pressure currently prevailing in the bottle, which decreases as the bottle is emptied, varies, Je the more the bottle empties, the more the rest expands and the Flasohendruok sinks, and the smaller the rebound force, the smaller the re-acceleration, the greater the time interval ß t, i.e. the pulse width of FIG. 2. and 3.

To adjust the pulse areas J of these FIGS. 2 and 3.

an approximately uniform pulse area J fits by increasing the width ß t with falling pressure p, this application of the piston as a liquid air tank is hardly possible forbidden, insofar as it is a percussion and percussion drilling operation, from which this cryogenic hammer emerged from the start.

The following are also designated: (9) the liquid air filling, (19a, 20a) grooved SC hub pins for compressed air discharge, which are parts of (19,20) and which are attached to the flanges (17a, 18a) via the shafts (17a, 18a) 17b, 18b) of the valves act, with (26) the stroke limiting nut on the anvil, with (22) the lower and with (23) the upper cylinder head. From the impact operation, the impact is switched to quiet in such a way that the hammer is hooh-lifted against B without using a trigger. Then the lower edge of the anvil drops down to level D and on the last blow the front surface of (15), which was previously tipped when the anvil with the pestle (19b) or on the upper edge of the anvil Re.gfoppt was pushed up, hits the upper edge of the head at level A (22) and with (19) can no longer meet (25) so that with this last impact at level A the valve (17) no longer opens, i.e. there is no more return on the piston. The other way round is off This rest position is closed without pusher on impact operation by pressing the hammer with chisel (27,27a) on (28) and thereby the piston, which is pressed by spring (24) onto the upper edge of (22), to its stroke (e ) is pushed up against direction B, thereby liquid air flowing out of (19a, 19b) pushes the piston completely up against direction B.

At the top it collides with (20) while compressing spring (24) The lower edge of the head (23) opens the valve (18).

Liquid air flows through (18b, 20a, 20b) into the upper piston pressure chamber and pushes piston down again in direction B; and so on; as long as until the iron (27) is lifted off (18) again with the hammer (21,22,13), what then the standstill of the striking mechanism means. The positioning of the schematic Exhaust holes (21a, 21b) shown determine the piston stroke of the abbreviated shown Hammer. With (a) the length of the piston without the tappet, with (b) the length with the tappet subtracting a stroke (e), and with (f) the height of the valve heads (1J, 16). After assembly, they are connected to the tank pipe (14) by welding.

The spring (24) is dimensioned so that in the starting position when you sit down from (16) to (22) their preload is greater than that at the moment at full Bottle's internal closing pressure on the valve (17). Then the depressing can from (21,22, 23) in direction B does not move the piston with (25,27) against the spring pressure Push up without opening the valve (17) by one stroke (e) beforehand, yes. the Start hammer.

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Claims (1)

Patent claims claim 1. Thermodynamic process "heat pump reversed" and application in of pneumatics, with the aim of rationally generating mechanical work for pushing , Hammering, drilling, turning on pneumatic tools, characterized in that a Working gas at the lowest possible critical temperature Tk, e.g. air or Nitrogen or oxygen in the liquid phase is used and at T <N Tk z, B. stored with 1 to 200 bar filling pressure on bottle 0 Tk and when commissioning either free of charge with ambient heat or artificially with additional heat Q 1 isochor heated and evaporated with Qo2 isochor and then continuously or is released into the compressed air device in doses with expansion, e.g. with liquid air from 73 Kelv filling temperature and 1 to 135 bar filling pressure when heating to only 0 ° Cels. (273 Kelv) the gas can accept up to 500 bar working pressure at low cost, so that with the Coefficients kl and k2 including the liquefaction work W1 in the Balance with regard to the useful work W2 that can be coupled out has a degree of performance W2 #th = < 1.0 (equation 2) shows k1 (Qo1 + Qo2 + Qo3) + k2W1, while excluding Wi, which was already included in the liquid air purchase price, an amplifier balance W Xth k1 (Qol + Q2o2 + Qo3 = »1.0 (equation 3) shows that k1 (Qo1 + Qo2 + Qo3 whose factor is much larger than at the heat pump, in which Qo3 is another additional heat to compensate for the expansion in the bottle is in the course of emptying the resulting cold, so that in view the large amount W2 is preferred to the relatively small amounts Qol, Qo2 and Qo3 the Vorlelstung amount W1 originates, so that the fact that with a simple device structure with unusually small performance-related device volume and device weight Liquid air as a working medium even with free heating to just 0 ° Cels. approximately 500 bar working pressure achievable Still claim 1. leads to the fact that working with liquid air is similarly cheap is like working with compressor air, but the price per kilo for liquid air is much higher than 6 bar compressor air. Claim 2. Process according to Claim 1, for use in push-type or rotary work cylinders (8) with piston rods or shafts (10), characterized in that the liquid air bottle (5) from Fig. 4, including the filling (9) and pressure reducing valve (6) stationary or mobile at a distance Mounted by the working device and through rigid or flexible liquid or gaseous air line (7) is coupled to it, with the closing and closing of the air flow with the working device placed pusher (13) takes place. Claim 3. Process and arrangement according to claim 1 to 2, according to Fig.5. characterized in that bottle (5) and tool (8) in one single housing (12) are combined and maneuverable. Claim 4. Process according to claims 1 to 3 and FIG. 4. and 5. the drawing according to FIG. the drawing for slightly heated bottle and according to Fig.3. in the case of a more strongly heated bottle, characterized in that with pulsed operation and with cycle pressures pl- to p5 falling due to gradual bottle emptying, the pressure curve characteristic of the bottle generated by points P1 to P5 with respect to the time axis t has a smaller inclination than with weak heating, where p0, p1, p2, p3 etc. as well as pulse segments formed by to # t0, # t1, # t2 etc. reproduce the pulse of the individual clocked compressed air working unit, the amount of which is determined, among other things, by the liquid air injection dose. Claim 5. Process according to claims 1 to 5 in Figures 2 and 3 and systems of Figures 4 and 5, characterized in that turbines for driving compressed air In the case of continue-rinsing with pusher (13) an undivided impulse in the continue-on injection duration #t with a correspondingly falling pressure line p between two points Po and PA is decoupled, the duration of which can last until the bottle is emptied. Claim 6. Process according to claims 1 to 4 and timing according to Fig.2. and Fig. 3. as well as in the style of Fig. 6. characterized in that in particular to the slow emptying of the bottle and the timing adjusted by the action of the bottle as a pneumatic-hydraulic spring released function of impulse equalization in the cycles with the implement according to Fig.5. integrated bottle according to Fig. 60 at the same time tank-working piston becomes, with those arranged at both ends under Inside the bottle pressure self-closing valves (17, 18) in their two end positions gbwdohsblnd opened and closed again depending on the piston mass and air pressure Supply clock frequency and the pulse. Claim 7. Process and device according to claim 6 and Fig.6. characterized, that the tank piston type acting here as a pneumatic-hydraulic spring in figures 2. and 3. smaller ones due to spring-back impulse in stroke (e) with high cylinder pressure Impulse time ß t with a larger pound, conversely, delivers 1 and therefore not only spontaneously clocks, but unifies the impulses of the individual clocks when the print line drops. Claim 8. Process and device according to claims 6 to 7 and 6. characterized, that when the chisel (27a) is lifted off the workpiece (28), the anvil (25) with the lower edge dropping to level D in the last stroke the head (16) of the piston on the upper edge Yet Claim 8 of the lower cylinder head (22) can be hit at level A without in this case, the plunger (19) on the anvil (25) opens the valve (17) so that from there from the piston remains in this end position supported by the spring (24). Claim 9 process and device according to Claims 6 to 8 and Fig. 6. for starting from the rest position, characterized in that with pressure or shock in Direction B on the cylinder head or cylinder (21,23) by placing (27a) on (28) the anvil (25) pushed up and against the spring force of (24) the anvil the valve (17) opens when the plunger (19) is pressed, thereby releasing compressed air from (9) (19a, 19b) comes into the cylinder and pushes the piston up against direction B, he with the plunger (20) at the end of the stroke (d) pushing against (23) the valve (18) opens after (17) had already closed itself, the outflowing through (20a, 20b) Compressed air drives the piston back down in direction B, he there with the plunger (19) with continued pressure from (27a) on (28) against (25) and valve (17) opens, and so on, after each of these strokes (d) the exhaust from openings (21a) with piston movement in direction B and out (21b) with piston movement in the opposite direction to B. Direction follows. Claim le. Process and device according to Claims 6 to 9 and Fig. 6, characterized in that that the injection dose can be adjusted, among other things, by the valve tappet stroke (e) will. Claim 11. Process and device according to claims 1 to 10 using the without Collar on the reel rope of the derrick with its own weight operating rotating and / or Impact drill head of Fig. 6. when drilling deep, characterized in that the start signal for turning or striking or percussion drilling within the meaning of claim 9 by slacking the rope, i.e. by setting down the drill bit on the bottom of the borehole on the working days Deep drilling is conveyed, while the stop signal by tightening the rope, i.e. pulling it up of the head by a few centimeters or meters from the sole is given as in claim 8, a measure which can also be used when the Kofes is repeatedly extended and retracted from the Hole and into the hole is reproducible by slack rope or tension rope. Claim 12. Process and device according to claims 1 to 11, when applied to deep drilling and flat drilling, characterized in that the low temperature effect of the exhausting Air in boreholes, preferably in earth and sandy shelters due to the freezing effect strengthens the borehole, and insofar the conventional displacement strengthening of the " Erdraketen "is displaced by the freeze-consolidation. Claim 13. Process and device according to claims 1 to 12, characterized in that that in boreholes the freezing effect of the cold exhaust gases with water or other liquid borehole intrusions when the drill head passes through freezing the intrusion eliminated until the hole is lined with pipe. Claim 14. Process and device according to claim 13, characterized in that at Deep drilling, e.g. after geothermal energy use, magma ingress similar to claim 13. Be stabilized and manageable by the low temperature effect of the exhaust air the magma in the passage is severely subcooled and solidifies like a pipe wall around the bore lets until the undressing or. Heat exchanger tube is drawn in.