DE3006656A1 - Seal acting simultaneously as pressure monitoring sensor - consists of multilayer annular or coaxial electrodes and of dielectric - Google Patents

Seal acting simultaneously as pressure monitoring sensor - consists of multilayer annular or coaxial electrodes and of dielectric

Info

Publication number
DE3006656A1
DE3006656A1 DE19803006656 DE3006656A DE3006656A1 DE 3006656 A1 DE3006656 A1 DE 3006656A1 DE 19803006656 DE19803006656 DE 19803006656 DE 3006656 A DE3006656 A DE 3006656A DE 3006656 A1 DE3006656 A1 DE 3006656A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
seal
dielectric
pressure
electrode layers
pressure monitoring
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
DE19803006656
Other languages
German (de)
Other versions
DE3006656C2 (en
Inventor
Dieter Dipl.-Ing. 7000 Stuttgart Betz
Klaus Dr. 7016 Gerlingen Dobler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority to DE19803006656 priority Critical patent/DE3006656A1/en
Publication of DE3006656A1 publication Critical patent/DE3006656A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE3006656C2 publication Critical patent/DE3006656C2/de
Granted legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01LMEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/14Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in capacitance or inductance of electrical elements, e.g. by measuring variations of frequency of electrical oscillators
    • G01L1/142Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in capacitance or inductance of electrical elements, e.g. by measuring variations of frequency of electrical oscillators using capacitors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16JPISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00Sealings
    • F16J15/02Sealings between relatively-stationary surfaces
    • F16J15/06Sealings between relatively-stationary surfaces with solid packing compressed between sealing surfaces
    • F16J15/064Sealings between relatively-stationary surfaces with solid packing compressed between sealing surfaces the packing combining the sealing function with other functions
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16LPIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L23/00Flanged joints
    • F16L23/003Auxiliary devices
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01LMEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L9/00Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
    • G01L9/0001Transmitting or indicating the displacement of elastically deformable gauges by electric, electro-mechanical, magnetic or electro-magnetic means
    • G01L9/0005Transmitting or indicating the displacement of elastically deformable gauges by electric, electro-mechanical, magnetic or electro-magnetic means using variations in capacitance

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)

Abstract

A seal which acts simultaneously as a pressure sensor and consists of a single component of simple construction. The signal produced may be used directly as an active signal without requiring the use of expensive auxiliary measurement techniques such as high frequency methods as are used in capacitive accelerometers. A dielectric arranged between two electrode layers (13) is subjected to the measurement pressure. The signal occurring between two outer electrodes (12) when a load is applied is fed to an amplifier (15). The seal can be made as a multilayer annular seal or as an 0-ring. In the latter case, the electrode layers and the dielectric are coaxial. The seal can be used for sealing tubes, and containers operating with a certain defined internal pressure which the seal monitors.

Description

Dichtungpoetry

Stand der Technik Die Erfindung geht aus von einer Dichtung nach der Gattung des Hauptanspruzhes.PRIOR ART The invention is based on a seal according to Type of main claim.

Es sind bereits Dichtungen in einer Vielzahl von Formen und Ausführungen bekannt, beispielsweise in flächenhafter Form oder als O-Ring. Derartige Dichtungen sind je nach Anwendungsfall dimensioniert und das Dichtungsmaterial wird üblicherweise in Abhängigkeit von den zu erwartenden Arbeitsbedingungen, denen die Dichtung ausgesetzt ist, ausgewählt.There are already seals in a variety of shapes and designs known, for example in planar form or as an O-ring. Such seals are dimensioned depending on the application and the sealing material is usually depending on the expected working conditions to which the seal is exposed is selected.

Da Dichtungen in der Regel zum Abdichten von Rohrleitungen, Behältern und dgl. dienen, die unter einem gewissen inneren Arbeitsdruck stehen, kann es bei bestimmten Anwendungsfällen wünschenswert sein, gleichzeitig den Arbeitsdruck zu überwachen.Because seals are usually used to seal pipelines, containers and the like, which are under a certain internal working pressure, it can with certain applications may be desirable to simultaneously increase the working pressure monitor.

Vorteile der Erfindung Die erfindungsgemäße Dichtung mit den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Hauptanspruches hat demgegenüber den Vorteil, neben einer Dichtungsfunktion gleichzeitig eine Druckgeberfunktion auszuüben. Dadurch ist es möglich, mit Hilfe eines einzigen Bauelementes gleichzeitig die gewünschte Dichtungswirkung und Drucküberwachung durchführen zu können. Außerdem ist die erfindungsgemäße Dichtung einfach aufgebaut und aus preisgünstigen Werkstoffen herstellbar.Advantages of the invention The seal according to the invention with the characterizing Features of the main claim has the advantage, in addition to a sealing function simultaneously exercise a pressure transmitter function. This makes it possible with help a single component, the desired sealing effect and pressure monitoring at the same time to be able to perform. In addition, the seal according to the invention has a simple structure and can be produced from inexpensive materials.

Schließlich steht das dem Druck entspreohende Signal unmittelbar als aktives Signal zur Verfüg#r0, chne daß aufwendige Hilfsmeßverfahren, beispielsweise Hochfrequenzverfahren, wie sie bei kapazitiven fschlei#ungsaufnehmern verwendet werden, erforderlich sind.Finally, the signal corresponding to the pressure is immediately available as active signal available, see that complex auxiliary measuring methods, for example High-frequency process as used in capacitive loop sensors are required.

Zeichnung Ausführungsbeispiele von erfindungsgemäßen Dichtungen sind in der Zeichnung dargestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Es zeigen: Fig. 1 ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen flachen Ringdichtung; Fig. 2 ein zweites Ausführungs%#ispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen flachen Ringdichtung; Fig. 3 eine erfindungsgemäße Dichtung in Form eines 0-Ringes.Drawings are exemplary embodiments of seals according to the invention shown in the drawing and explained in more detail in the following description. 1 shows a first exemplary embodiment of a flat according to the invention Ring seal; 2 shows a second embodiment of a flat according to the invention Ring seal; 3 shows a seal according to the invention in the form of an O-ring.

Beschreibung der Ausführungsbeispiele Bei der in Fig. 1 dargestellten Anordnung ist zwischen zwei Flanschen 10, 11 eine flache Ringdichtung angeordnet, die mehrlagig aufgebaut ist. Zwischen zwei Isolierschichten 12 befinden sich zwei Elektrodenschichten 13 und in der Mitte ist ein Dielektrikum 14 angeordnet. Die Elektrodenschichten 13 sind über Leitungen 151, 152 mit einem Verstärker 15 verbunden.Description of the exemplary embodiments In the case of the one shown in FIG Arrangement, a flat ring seal is arranged between two flanges 10, 11, which is built up in several layers. There are two between two insulating layers 12 Electrode layers 13 and a dielectric 14 is arranged in the middle. the Electrode layers 13 are connected to an amplifier 15 via lines 151, 152.

Es ist bekannt, daß es beim Zusammenstoß zweier elektrisch neutraler Körper zu einer gegenseitigen Beeinflussung der gebundenen elektrostatischen Oberflächenladung kommt. Dies hat bei der Anordnung gemäß Fig. 1 zur Folge, daß bei auftretendem Druck eine Volumendeformation des Dielektrikums 14 zwischen den Elektrodenschichten 13 auftritt und damit ein aktives Signal, das dem auftretenden Druck entspricht, auf den Verstärker 15 gelangt und von dort in geeigneter Weise weiter verarbeitet werden kann.It is known that when two collisions occur, it is electrically neutral Body to a mutual influence of the bound electrostatic surface charge comes. In the arrangement according to FIG. 1, this has the consequence that when pressure occurs a volume deformation of the dielectric 14 between the electrode layers 13 occurs and thus an active signal that corresponds to the pressure occurring reaches the amplifier 15 and is further processed from there in a suitable manner can.

Die Anordnung entsprechend Fig. 2 entsprIcht weitgehend derwenigen in Fig. 1, mit der Abweichung, daß die erflntungsgemaße Dichtung mit Druckgeberfunktion an der Zell angeordnet ist, an der die beiden Flansche iG, 11 miteir.=nder verschraubt werden und neben der erfindungsgern#ßen Dichtung, bestehend aus den Schichten 12, 13 und dem Dielektrikum 14 eine übliche Dichtung 16 zur Rohrinnenseite hin angeordnet ist. Eine derartige Anordnung empfiehlt E tch in den Fällen, in denen besonders aggressive Betriebsbedingungen von Seiten des Druckmediums vorliegen und daher eine übliche Dichtung 16 aus speziellem Werkstoff, die dem Druckmedium ausgesetzt ist, verwendet werden muß, wenn die erfindungsgemäße Dichtung in mehrlagiger Bauweise für das speziell verwendete Druckmedium nicht geeignet ist.The arrangement according to FIG. 2 largely corresponds to the few in Fig. 1, with the difference that the inventive seal with pressure transmitter function is arranged on the cell to which the two flanges iG, 11 miteir. = nder screwed and in addition to the gasket according to the invention, consisting of layers 12, 13 and the dielectric 14, a conventional seal 16 is arranged on the inside of the pipe is. E tch recommends such an arrangement in those cases in which particularly aggressive operating conditions are present on the part of the print medium and therefore a Usual seal 16 made of a special material that is exposed to the pressure medium, must be used if the seal according to the invention has a multilayer construction is not suitable for the particular print medium being used.

Schließlich ist in Fig. 3 eine weitere Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Dichtung dargestellt. Ähnlich wie bei der Ausführungsform gemäß Fig. 2 ist an der Innenseite der Rohrverbindung durch die Flansche 10, 11 eine übliche Dichtung 16 angebracht, wobei die erfindungsgemäße Dichtung als 0-Ring 17 ausgebildet ist. Der Ausbau des G-Rings 17 geht aus Fig. 3a hervor. Danach ist der C-Ring 17 koaxial aufgebaut, wobei eine Elektrodenschicht 13' als Innenleiter und eine weitere Elektrodenschicht 13'' als Außenleiter ausgebildet ist, zwischen denen sich als Zwischenschicht das Dielektrikum 14 befindet. Wird Druck auf die Rohrverbindung durch die Flansche 10, 11 ausgeübt, ergibt sich der gleiche physikalische Effekt, wie er zur Anordnung gemäß Fig. 1 im einzelnen erläutert wurde. Es kann demnach zwischen der Elektrodenschicht 13' und der weiteren Elektrodenschicht 13'' über die Leitungen 151, 152 ein Drucksignal abgenommen und dem Verstärker 15 zugeleitet werden.Finally, in Fig. 3 is a further embodiment of an inventive Seal shown. Similar to the embodiment of FIG. 2 is at the Inside the pipe connection through the flanges 10, 11 a conventional seal 16 attached, the seal according to the invention being designed as an O-ring 17. Of the Expansion of the G-ring 17 can be seen from Fig. 3a. Thereafter, the C-ring 17 is coaxial constructed, with an electrode layer 13 'as an inner conductor and a further electrode layer 13 '' designed as an outer conductor is between which acts as an intermediate layer the dielectric 14 is located. Pressure is exerted on the pipe connection through the flanges 10, 11 exercised, there is the same physical effect as it is for the arrangement according to FIG. 1 was explained in detail. It can therefore be between the electrode layer 13 'and the further electrode layer 13' 'via the lines 151, 152 a pressure signal removed and fed to the amplifier 15.

Claims (3)

Ansprüche @ Dichtung mit Druckgeberfunktion gekennzeichnet durch eine mehrlagige Bauweise derart, daß sich zwischen zwei nlektrodenschichten (13) ein dem Druck ausgesetztes Dielektrikum (14) befindet und bei der ferner das zwischen den Elektrodenschichten (12) bei Belastung auftretende Signal einem Verstärker (15) zugeführt wird.Claims @ Seal with pressure transmitter function characterized by a multi-layer construction such that between two electrode layers (13) a the pressure-exposed dielectric (14) is located and in which also the between the electrode layers (12) when a signal occurs to an amplifier (15) is fed. 2. Dichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie als mehrlagige flache Ringdichtung ausgebildet ist.2. Seal according to claim 1, characterized in that it is a multi-layered flat ring seal is formed. 3. Dichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie als O-Ring (17) ausgebildet ist, bei dem die Elektrodenschichten (12) und das Dielektrikum (14) koaxial angeordnet sind.3. Seal according to claim 1, characterized in that it is an O-ring (17) is formed in which the electrode layers (12) and the dielectric (14) are arranged coaxially.
DE19803006656 1980-02-22 1980-02-22 Seal acting simultaneously as pressure monitoring sensor - consists of multilayer annular or coaxial electrodes and of dielectric Granted DE3006656A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19803006656 DE3006656A1 (en) 1980-02-22 1980-02-22 Seal acting simultaneously as pressure monitoring sensor - consists of multilayer annular or coaxial electrodes and of dielectric

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19803006656 DE3006656A1 (en) 1980-02-22 1980-02-22 Seal acting simultaneously as pressure monitoring sensor - consists of multilayer annular or coaxial electrodes and of dielectric

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE3006656A1 true DE3006656A1 (en) 1981-09-17
DE3006656C2 DE3006656C2 (en) 1990-06-13

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Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0140066A1 (en) * 1983-09-15 1985-05-08 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device for detecting forces, tensions or accelerations at machines, apparatuses or the like
DE3534352A1 (en) * 1984-09-26 1986-03-27 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi SEALED PRESSURE GAUGE
US5066023A (en) * 1987-10-16 1991-11-19 Ford Motor Company Ionization sensor
EP0691488A1 (en) * 1994-07-07 1996-01-10 Firma Carl Freudenberg Flat gasket
US6003872A (en) * 1993-12-30 1999-12-21 Nord; Klaus Juergen Method of monitoring a seal for correct operation, and monitoring device for carrying out the method
EP1086877A2 (en) 1999-09-27 2001-03-28 Kuno Probst Vehicle especially adapted for transporting people
WO2004070333A2 (en) * 2003-02-07 2004-08-19 Universität Leipzig Method for determining at least one state parameter of a sealing system and sealing system
DE10305110B3 (en) * 2003-02-07 2004-08-19 Universität Leipzig Determining at least one state parameter of sealing system involves measuring real and/or imaginary parts of complex dielectric function of dielectric element, preferably at frequency above 10-2 Hz
DE102004025135A1 (en) * 2004-05-17 2005-12-15 Pt-Poly-Tec Gmbh Vertrieb Und Herstellung Von Dichtsystemen Method and arrangement for leakage warning and component positioning display in socket joints
WO2005119197A1 (en) * 2004-06-04 2005-12-15 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Method and device for assessing the risk of fluid leakage in a heat exchanger with sensor
EP1674769A1 (en) * 2004-12-21 2006-06-28 Carl Freudenberg KG Sealing arrangement
EP1900978A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-19 Carl Freudenberg KG Supporting body for fluidic connection from machine elements
EP2143982A1 (en) 2008-07-11 2010-01-13 Kempchen Leuna GmbH Seal assembly for a flange connection
WO2011019888A1 (en) * 2009-08-13 2011-02-17 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Sealing assembly with integral sensor
RU2561813C1 (en) * 2014-07-07 2015-09-10 Олег Юрьевич Исаев Sealing of main socket of pump unit of power nuclear stations
BE1022261B1 (en) * 2013-08-12 2016-03-07 Kempchen Dichtungstechnik Gmbh DICHTUNGSRING, DICHTUNGSANORDNUNG SOWIE VERFAHREN ZUR MOUNTING EINES DICHTUNGSRINGS
CN105466649A (en) * 2015-12-28 2016-04-06 苏州宝骅机械技术有限公司 Sealing assembly for detection of compaction load and utilization method for same
GB2495251B (en) * 2010-07-22 2017-09-20 Baker Hughes Inc Smart seals and other elastomer systems for health and pressure monitoring

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4101871A1 (en) * 1991-01-23 1992-07-30 Univ Leipzig Pressure sensing flat seal - comprises piezoelectric sensor sheet between electrically insulating vapour-proof protective ones

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH493769A (en) * 1967-08-24 1970-07-15 Denso Chemie Gmbh Elastic sealing ring
GB1462136A (en) * 1973-11-14 1977-01-19 Emh Pipe connector
DE2706211A1 (en) * 1976-12-09 1978-06-15 Marconi Co Ltd DETECTOR RESPONDING TO PRESSURE

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH493769A (en) * 1967-08-24 1970-07-15 Denso Chemie Gmbh Elastic sealing ring
GB1462136A (en) * 1973-11-14 1977-01-19 Emh Pipe connector
DE2706211A1 (en) * 1976-12-09 1978-06-15 Marconi Co Ltd DETECTOR RESPONDING TO PRESSURE

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0140066A1 (en) * 1983-09-15 1985-05-08 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device for detecting forces, tensions or accelerations at machines, apparatuses or the like
DE3534352A1 (en) * 1984-09-26 1986-03-27 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi SEALED PRESSURE GAUGE
US5066023A (en) * 1987-10-16 1991-11-19 Ford Motor Company Ionization sensor
US6003872A (en) * 1993-12-30 1999-12-21 Nord; Klaus Juergen Method of monitoring a seal for correct operation, and monitoring device for carrying out the method
EP0691488A1 (en) * 1994-07-07 1996-01-10 Firma Carl Freudenberg Flat gasket
EP1086877A2 (en) 1999-09-27 2001-03-28 Kuno Probst Vehicle especially adapted for transporting people
WO2004070333A2 (en) * 2003-02-07 2004-08-19 Universität Leipzig Method for determining at least one state parameter of a sealing system and sealing system
DE10305110B3 (en) * 2003-02-07 2004-08-19 Universität Leipzig Determining at least one state parameter of sealing system involves measuring real and/or imaginary parts of complex dielectric function of dielectric element, preferably at frequency above 10-2 Hz
WO2004070333A3 (en) * 2003-02-07 2005-06-16 Univ Leipzig Method for determining at least one state parameter of a sealing system and sealing system
DE102004025135B4 (en) * 2004-05-17 2006-04-20 Pt-Poly-Tec Gmbh Vertrieb Und Herstellung Von Dichtsystemen Method and arrangement for leakage warning and component positioning display in socket joints
DE102004025135A1 (en) * 2004-05-17 2005-12-15 Pt-Poly-Tec Gmbh Vertrieb Und Herstellung Von Dichtsystemen Method and arrangement for leakage warning and component positioning display in socket joints
US7857036B2 (en) 2004-06-04 2010-12-28 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Method and device for assessing the risk of fluid leakage in a heat exchanger with sensor
WO2005119197A1 (en) * 2004-06-04 2005-12-15 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Method and device for assessing the risk of fluid leakage in a heat exchanger with sensor
US7568516B2 (en) 2004-06-04 2009-08-04 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Method and device for assessing the risk of fluid leakage in a heat exchanger with sensor
AU2005250750B2 (en) * 2004-06-04 2010-01-28 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Method and device for assessing the risk of fluid leakage in a heat exchanger with sensor
AU2009251056B2 (en) * 2004-06-04 2010-10-07 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Method and device for assessing the risk of fluid leakage in a heat exchanger with sensor
EP1674769A1 (en) * 2004-12-21 2006-06-28 Carl Freudenberg KG Sealing arrangement
EP1900978A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-19 Carl Freudenberg KG Supporting body for fluidic connection from machine elements
EP2143982A1 (en) 2008-07-11 2010-01-13 Kempchen Leuna GmbH Seal assembly for a flange connection
WO2011019888A1 (en) * 2009-08-13 2011-02-17 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Sealing assembly with integral sensor
US20120119448A1 (en) * 2009-08-13 2012-05-17 Stewart Shelby F Sealing assembly with integral sensor
US8448949B2 (en) 2009-08-13 2013-05-28 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Sealing assembly with integral sensor
GB2495251B (en) * 2010-07-22 2017-09-20 Baker Hughes Inc Smart seals and other elastomer systems for health and pressure monitoring
BE1022261B1 (en) * 2013-08-12 2016-03-07 Kempchen Dichtungstechnik Gmbh DICHTUNGSRING, DICHTUNGSANORDNUNG SOWIE VERFAHREN ZUR MOUNTING EINES DICHTUNGSRINGS
RU2561813C1 (en) * 2014-07-07 2015-09-10 Олег Юрьевич Исаев Sealing of main socket of pump unit of power nuclear stations
CN105466649A (en) * 2015-12-28 2016-04-06 苏州宝骅机械技术有限公司 Sealing assembly for detection of compaction load and utilization method for same

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