DE3005365A1 - Enzymatic processing of opt. fermented tobacco - or plant material, using oxy:reductase, lyase, hydrolase enzymes and or enzyme-generating microorganisms - Google Patents

Abstract

(A) Non-fermented tobacco is treated with oxyreductase and/or liase enzymes and/or with microorganisms, acting as sources for these enzymes, and processed for 10 min. to 48 hrs. at pH 2.8-9.5 and 20-90 deg.C. Enzyme proportion added is 0.0001-4 wt.%. (B) Fermented tobacco, or other plant material, is treated with oxyreductase and/or hydrolase and/or liase enzymes and/or with microorganisms, acting as sources for these enzymes, and processed under the same conditions. Enzyme proportion added is 0.0001-15 wt.%. (C) Smoking material is prepd. by adding up to 90% comminuted tobacco to the binder mixt. of water and enzymatically converted non-fermented or fermented plant material. The paste obtd. is homogenised, shaped e.g. to sheets or strips, and dried at 80-300 deg.C to moisture content 5-20%. Enzymatic treatment can (1) reduce cellulose, lignin, hemi- cellulose, pectin or plant gum substance content by 10-50%; (2) hydrolyse protein and reduce total protein content by 0.4-5%, whereby tobacco taste is improved; (3) convert insoluble organic substances, e.g. cellulose, lignin, starch, etc., to water-soluble substances and form an adhesive mixt. and (4) loosen plant tissue structure, enrich macerate with monosaccharides, e.g. from 10 to 60% and aminoacids, e.g. from 0.4 to 5%.

Description

Method of processing tobacco

The invention relates to a method for processing tobacco by means of Enzymes.

The tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L., Nicotiana rustica L.) is a raw material for the tobacco industry. Their individual parts, namely the leaf blade, the main leaf vein - colloquially called "tobacco rib" - and the stalk to have with regard to different chemical composition and anatomical structure a different suitability for industry. Forms the most valuable raw material the leaf blade. A full-fledged substance intended for smoking is produced from this. The leaf veins make up about 30% of the dry matter of the leaf blade. They make a difference differ from the leaf blade by the chemical composition and contain about 18% vegetable pulp (raw cellulose). The cellulose enters into the leaf blade an amount of about 10% of the dry substance. The structure of the tobacco stems as well as the presence of the cellulose cause considerable difficulties processing in the tobacco cut. The wastes in the tobacco industry exist from stalks and main leaf veins, tobacco shreds, tobacco dust and the like. These can be made into sheets called tobacco foil.

It is also useful to have the entire tobacco plants in one in physical Respect homogeneous mixture - called homogenized tobacco - to process that to produce the tobacco film is used, which is then treated like tobacco wrd.

The tobacco plant material is dried after harvest.

The biochemical conversions of an enzymatic nature that occur in the Leaves done in the initial stage of drying are called pre-fermentation. Of the Dried tobacco is not suitable for the manufacture of tobacco products. He still has to be subjected to the process of fermentation proper, during which the Changes in the physical characteristics of tobacco take the form of stabilization the color, taste and aroma (the smoke is from unfermented tobacco spicy, with a "raw material aftertaste") and a reduction in elasticity.

In the course of fermentation, the chemical composition is also subject a change. Among other things, chlorophyll and starch are subject to degradation of nitrogen compounds. The percentage of ash and cellulose increases, while the content of pectins, proteins, nicotine, polyphenols as well also reduced in organic acids such as malic acid, citric acid and oxalic acid. Tobacco loses the characteristics of the raw vegetable matter, acquires something specific Aroma and appearance and becomes a smoking material with certain sensory characteristics.

After fermentation, the tobacco contains considerable amounts of polysaccharides, such as cellulose (11.5 to 21%), pectins (16.5 to 24.5%), starch (15 to 40%) and soluble monosaccharides (6 to 34%) and also Eisweissstoff (2 to 21 %).

The presence of large amounts of nitrogen compounds in the Tobacco, especially ice pulp, causes sensory deterioration Characteristics of tobacco products because these compounds are irritating and when smoking very unpleasant smell of burning horn. It is known that the quality of tobacco through the ratio of protein content to soluble saccharides (Szmuk-number) is decided. In medium quality tobacco, the percentage ratio approaches the soluble saccharides to the protein the value one. Inferior in tobacco Quality is the Szmuk number less than one. This is higher quality tobacco Number greater than one.

The reduction in the protein content leads to an increase the tobacco quality.

After fermentation, the tobacco is subjected to a treatment, an additional refinement or the simplification of further processing aims. Achieving these two purposes requires the violation of the biological Structure of the tobacco tissue.

From DE-PS 20 45 181 is an enzymatic method for processing of non-fermented tobacco known to be present in the action of an aqueous solution of a proteolytic preparation (Protease 2,200 A, from Röhm & Haas) in one Amount of 0.0001 to 10% by weight of the solution.

The enzymatic bath is carried out in a closed container, wherein the pressure is reduced to 40 torr and maintained for 5 minutes, after which atmospheric pressure is restored very quickly.

The tobacco taken out of the enzymatic bath is dried. This process is used to control and accelerate the fermentation process and used to dry the tobacco. Proteases, papain, Lipases, pectinase, lisozyme, amylase, cellulase, catalase, separately or as a mixture can be applied.

GB-PS 1 408 293 discloses a method for processing tobacco known, namely by reducing the starch content by means of amylolytic Enzymes (.i5 amylsase and amyloglucosidase) that hydrolyze the starch. The amylolytic, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa, Rhizopus stolonifer or Streptomyces griseus Preparations are added to the tobacco in an amount of 0.001 to 0.2% by weight, with the hydrolysis process is carried out at a temperature of 20 to 900C.

Also known is a method for processing Tobacco stems to change their structure, in which the moistened to about 35% and crushed and cut tobacco stems heated to a temperature of about 900C will. However, this procedure ensures a sufficient loosening of its structure, and the cut made requires additional finishing.

A method for processing non-fermented is also known Tobacco for the purpose of lowering the protein content, namely through its thermal Degradation in the course of drying and fermentation. Then follows, among other things, the breakdown of Protein bonds to amino acids, and further to ammonia.

From the PL-PS 76 528 is also a method for improving the sensory Characteristics of fermented tobacco by adding sugars, organic acids, cocoa and licorice root extract.

From PL-PS 89 429 and from GB-PS 1 415 893 there is also a method known for the production of tobacco substitutes. According to these patents, a carbohydrate at a temperature of 250 to 3000C under catalytic, thermal degradation Subject to the use of catalysts such as sodium amido sulfonate. This The substance is then processed into tobacco substitutes.

From US-PS 3,646,943 a process for the production of homogenized Known tobacco in which the tobacco is moistened before mechanical crushing or soaked, its structure being a perforation with no perceptible reduction is subject to the particle size.

From US-PS 3,240,214 and DE-PS 15 17 308 is also a method for Production of tobacco pulp known, which means for the production of tobacco foil of the preparation Cellulose 35, which is a cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic and pectinolytic Has activity is determined. The precisely shredded plant parts of the tobacco the effect of the enzymatic preparation in an amount of 0.1 to 10 wt.% subject. The processing of the tobacco into pulp is carried out with a proportion of 5 to 20 parts by weight of water to 1 part of tobacco, at a temperature of 40 to 80 ° C during a period of 1 to 48 hours at a pH of 3.5 to 6.0. The pulp is then formed into sheets and dried.

From US Pat. No. 3,628,541 there is also a process for the preparation of Known tobacco foil, in which the powdered tobacco with the aqueous solution of a inorganic or organic base with pH 6 to 10 is mixed. The on this The pulp obtained in this way is subject to the effect of the temperature of about 100 ° C over a period of time of about 45 minutes to form a pulp. The obtained porridge will be 0.5 to 3% binder is added, after which the slurry is shaped and kept at a temperature is dried from 60 to 1000C.

In another process known from US Pat. No. 3,760,815, the crushed tobacco is subjected to the action of ammonium salts of organic acids, to release pectin, which acts as an adhesive substance and together with the tobacco and the precipitated salts form a mixture which forms the tobacco sheet suitable.

The essence of the invention provides a method for processing Tobacco represents in which tobacco the action of enzymes from the class of oxyreductases and / or hydrolases and / or liases in an amount of 0.0001 to 15% by weight with the treatment for a period of 10 minutes to 48 hours at a temperature of 20 to 900C, at a pH of the medium from 2.8 to 9.5 is carried out. The invention also includes a method of manufacture of the smoking material from plant matter, in particular from tobacco, which consists in that the aqueous suspension of the tobacco is transformed into a binding agent by means of enzymes wherein the crushed tobacco is introduced and homogenized in an amount up to 90% will. The mixture prepared in this way is shaped into sheets or ribbons and at a temperature of 80 to 3000C to a moisture content of 5 to 20% dried.

The enzymatic treatment of the tobacco improves its sensory properties Characteristics, thanks to the breakdown of those contained therein, in procedural and smoking terms Respect of adverse substances. It causes a loosening of the tissue structure of tobacco and a sensory change in its chemical properties Composition by enriching the raw material with substances obtained from unfavorable Substances emerged, which are in the non-enzymatically processed tobacco found.

In the case of the production of smoking material from the enzymatic treatment obtained pulp, moisturizers can be added, as well as agents which give the elasticity, the color, the aroma, the combustion modify, improve the coloring and coherence of the ash, preservatives, means improving the sensory sensations of smokers, as well as inorganic ones Fillers and medicines. It is also possible to use the structure of the invention to solidify produced smoking material by adding film-forming substances.

The unfermented tobacco is the action of enzymes from the class of Oxyreductases and / or liases in an amount of 0.0001 to 4.0% by weight, the fermented Tobacco, on the other hand, or another plant substance - the effect of enzymes from the Class of oxyreductases and / or hydrolases and / or liases in an amount of Subjected to 0.001 to 15% by weight. The treatment will last for a period of 10 minutes to 48 hours at a temperature of 20 to 900C and a pH value of the medium from 2.8 to 9.5.

The enzymatic preparations can be in the form of a microorganism culture obtained liquid and / or in the form of a solution with different content on dry matter and / or in the form of extracts and / or in the form of powder will. The duration of the process depends on the applied dose of the preparation as well as the conditions of the enzyme's action and the type of raw material.

Dried or non-dried vegetable matter is used as raw material, in particular tobacco, whether fermented or not, in the form of the leaf blade and / or the main vein and / or the stem and / or the whole plant and / or of tobacco dust used. Can be used as a plant substance other carbohydrates, such as rice starch, potato starch, grain starch, corn starch, alginates, pectins, Natural resins such as tragacanth or gum arabic can be used.

This treatment is carried out in an aqueous medium, and in order to speed up the process, the raw material is transported at a speed of Stirred 5 to 50 rpm.

The effect of the action of enzymes is: - Reduction of the content of Cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, pectin- or vegetable-gum-like substances in an amount of 10 to 50%, depending on the type of tobacco raw material; - Breakdown of protein through hydrolysis, which increases the total protein content in tobacco is reduced by 0.4 to 5.0%, and the amount of soluble protein and amino acids increases, increasing the quality properties of the raw material and the Improved taste properties of tobacco products and the ratio of the amount of protein were changed to the amount of sugar; - Transformation of the insoluble, organic substances such as cellulose, lignin, starch, proteins, pectins and the like in partially or completely water-soluble substances that cause that under the action of enzymes a mixture with adhesive properties is formed; - Loosening of the structure while at the same time crushing the tobacco material, what the access of the liquid phase to the substances contained in the plant tissue, one Enrichment of the macerate with monosaccharides and amino acids (The amount of monosaccharides increases from 10 to 60%, that of amino acids from 0.4 to 5.0%) and the preservation of, among other things, individual cellulose fibers.

In the method according to the invention, enzymatic preparations of vegetable, animal or microbial origin and in particular: - from bacteria, especially the species: Aeromonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Cellulobacillus, Cellulomonas, Cellvibrio, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Cytophaga, Endothia, Escherichia, Halobacterium, Micrococcus, Myxobacter, Polyangium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Sorangium, Sporocytophaga or Rumen; - from actinomycetes, in particular the species: Actinomyces, Micromonospora, Nocardia, Streptomyces, Thermoactinomyces or Thermomonospora; - from fungi, in particular of the species: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Byssochlamys, Candida, Chaetomium, Chrysosporium, Cliocladium, Fusarium, Mucor, Myrothecium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Pleuratus, Rhizopus, Trametes, Trichoderma, Trichophyton, Trichothecium.

Those used according to the invention, from plants, animals or microorganisms obtained enzymatic preparations contain enzymes, which according to the enzyme classification (EC, prepared by the Enzyme Commission of the International Biochemical Union - Enzyme Nomenclature, Recommendations 1972 of the International Union of Biochemistry, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, First reprint 1975) belong to the classes: - Oxyreductases (C 1.), e.g.: monophenol monooxygenase <EC 1.14.18,1.); - hydrolases (EC 3.): - Sub-class of carboxyl ester hydrolases (EC 3.1.1.), E.g. pectin esterase (EC 3.1.1.11.); - Sub-subclass of glycoside hydrolases (EC 3.2.1.), E.g .: o & -amylase (EC 3.2.1.1.), Ss-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2.), Exo- 4-glycosidase (EC 3.2.1.3.), Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4.), Laminaranase (EC 3.2.1.6.), Endo-β-1,4-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8.), Oligo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.10), dextranase (EC 3.2.1.11.), Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14), polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15.), Neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18.), D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20.), Ss-glucosidase (3.2.1.21.), Α-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22.), Ss-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23.), O & -annosidase (EC 3.2.1.24.), Β-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25.), Endo-β-1,3-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.32.), Amylo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33.), Exo-ß-1,4-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37.), Endo-β-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39.), Pullulanase (C 3.2.1.41.), Cyclodextrinase (EC 3.2.1.54.), Isopullulanase (EC 3.2.1.57.), Exo-ß-1,3-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.58.), Endo-α-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.59.), Exomaltotetrahydrolase (EC 3.2.1.60.), Mykodextranase (EC 3.2.1.61.), Exo-polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.67.), Isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68.), Amylopectino-6-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.69.), Exo = »- 1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.70), endo-β-1,3-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.72.), Lichenase (EC 3.2.1.73.), Exo-β-1,4-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.4.), Endo-ß-1,6-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.75.), Exo-oC-1,2-1 -1,2-1,3-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.77.), Endo-β-1,4-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78.), Agarase (EC 3.2.1.81.), Exo-O & -1,3-glucanase (3.2.1.84.); - Subclass of peptide hydrolases (EC 3.4.): - Sub-subclass of hydrolases: * -Aminoacylopeptide (EC 3.4.11.), Peptidyl amino acids (EC 3.4.12.), Dipeptides (3.4.13.), Dipeptidyl peptides (EC 3.4.14.), Peptidyl-dipeptides (EC 3.4.15.), Serine proteinases (EC 3.4.21.), SH-proteinases (EC 3.4.22.), Acidic proteinases (EC 3.4.23.), Metal proteinases (EC 3.4.24.) And proteinases with unknown mechanism of action (EC 3.4.99.); - Liases (EC 4.): - Subclass of carbon-oxygen liases (EC 4.2.): - Sub-subclasses of on polysaccharides effective liases (EC 4.2.2.), e.g .: pectin atliase (EC 4.2.2.2.), oligogalacturiatliase (EC 4.2.2.6.), Exo-polygalacturiatliase (EC 4.2.2.9.), Pectinliase (EC 4.2.2.10.).

The invention is to be described in more detail on the basis of the following exemplary embodiments are explained: Example 1 tobacco with a moisture content of over 6.5% was with Water poured in an amount of 9 parts of water per 1 part of tobacco, after which cellulolytic Preparation added in an amount of 8 g / 1 kg of tobacco and at a temperature of 50 ° C introduced over a period of 24 hours became. The process carried out under these conditions allows obtaining the following Results Effective time of the preparation Amount of reducing sugar in% in hours + b 9.8 1 9.8 Example 2 The tobacco, the preparation and the process conditions correspond those in Example 1, with the difference that after adding the preparation the sample is stirred. The process performed under these conditions yields the following Results: Time of action of the preparation amount of reducing sugar in hours % 0 9.8 1 12.7 3 20.3 24 60.9 Example 3 The tobacco, with a moisture content of over 6.5%, was mixed with water in an amount of 9 parts of water per 1 part of tobacco poured on, then pectolytic preparation was added in an amount of 6 g / 1 kg Tobacco was added and at a temperature of 450C for a period of 24 Hours held. The process performed under these conditions resulted in the following Results: Time of action of the preparation amount of reducing sugar in hours % 0 15.1 1 17.8 3 22.5 24 3O.5 Example 4 The tobacco according to Example 1 became cellulolytic Preparation obtained from Trichoderma viride and pectolytic preparation from Aspergillus phoetidus, added in an amount of 2 g / 1 kg of tobacco. The process was carried out at a temperature of 45 ° C. for a period of 48 hours. The following results were obtained under the conditions described: Effective time of the preparation Amount of reducing sugars in hours in% 0 15.3 3 29.0 24 37.8 48 65.7 Example 5 The tobacco was mixed with water heated to 450C in an amount of 9 parts of water per 1 part of tobacco poured on, after which a preparation of pectin atliases was added in an amount of 12 g per 1 kg of tobacco and held for 6 hours. The process carried out under these conditions allows a reduction in the amount of pectin by at least 25%.

Example 6 The tobacco was heated to a temperature of 0 55 ° C Water is poured in an amount of 9 parts of water per 1 part of tobacco, after which 5 g of the preparation of pectinic enzymes and 5 g of the preparation of cellulolytic enzymes 1 kg of tobacco was added to each and held for a period of 8 hours, the sample has been stirred for 6 hours since the preparation was added. The on the process carried out described allows a reduction in the amount of Pectin by at least 45% and cellulose by at least 2%.

Example 7 The tobacco was heated to a temperature of 50 ° C Poured water in an amount of 9 parts of water per 1 part of tobacco and then became a preparation of proteolytic enzymes in an amount of 0.15 g per 1 kg Tobacco added. After 4 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis carried out under the conditions described - a reduction in the amount of protein by at least 4.5% achieved.

Example 8 Ground tobacco was heated to a temperature of 45.degree poured heated water in an amount of 9 parts of water per 1 part of tobacco, after which a preparation of pectinate in an amount of 12 g per 1 kg of tobacco was added and kept stirring for 4 hours. To the one prepared in this way Binder was introduced at 20% tobacco dust in relation to the mass of the binder and homogenized over 5 minutes. The resulting mixture was diluted with a thin Layer of silicone oil covered glass plates and placed at a temperature of 800C dried.

Example 9 Ground tobacco was in. With water heated to 70 ° C a quantity of 9 parts of water per 1 part of tobacco, after which a preparation, which contains a mixture of enzymes and oxyreductases, hydrolases and liases, Added in an amount of 12% by weight and kept stirring for 24 hours became. Then 90% tobacco dust and 5% sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, in relation to the binder mass, added and homogenized for 10 minutes. The resulting mixture was formed into tapes and dried at 230 ° C.

Claims (13)

Process for processing tobacco PATENT CLAIMS 1. Process. for processing tobacco by means of enzymes, therefore not indicated that tobacco is exposed to enzymes from the class of oxyreductases and / or Liases and / or microorganisms which are the source of these enzymes after which processing takes from 10 minutes to 48 hours at a pH of the medium from 2.8 to 9.5, at a temperature from 20 to 9QOC, with the enzymes in an amount from 0.0001 to 4.0% by weight can be added. 2. Process for processing tobacco using enzymes. in this way it is not noted that the fermented tobacco of the Action of enzymes from the class of oxyreductases and / or hydrolases and / or Liases and / or microorganisms which are the source of these enzymes after which processing takes from 10 minutes to 48 hours at a pH of the medium of 2.8 to 9.5, at a temperature of 20 to -90 ° C is carried out, the enzymes being added in an amount of 0.0001 to 15% by weight will. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e i c Not that the processing is carried out in an aqueous medium. 4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e i c Neither does dried tobacco undergo processing. 5. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e i c It does not mean that shredded vegetable matter is subjected to processing. 6. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e i c Not that the enzymes come in the form of solutions and / or extracts and / or extracts .and / or be added in solid form. 7. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e i c Not that the enzymes take the form of a liquid after the bacteria are grown and / or actinomycetes and / or fungi are added. 8. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e i c Not that the process of stirring the raw material at one speed from 5 to 50 rpm. 9. Process for the production of smoking material from plant matter, in particular from tobacco, namely from crushed raw material, by means of enzymes, thereby g e k e It is not noted that the mixture of water and plant matter, which means Enzymes from the class of oxyreductases and / or liases are converted into binders being crushed tobacco in a lot. of up to 90% is added, after which the paste obtained is homogenized, shaped and kept at a temperature of 80 to 3000C is dried to a humidity of 5 to 20-. 10. Process for the production of smoking material from plant matter, in particular made from fermented tobacco, crushed by enzymes, thus no signs e t that the mixture of water and vegetable matter produced by means of enzymes from the Class of oxyreductases and / or hydrolases and / or liases converted into binders crushed tobacco is added in an amount of up to 90%, after which the paste obtained is homogenized, shaped and kept at a temperature of 80 to 3000C is dried to a moisture content of 5 to 20%. 11. The method according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e i n e t that the pulp is moisture-retaining and / or elasticity giving up and / or giving up the coloring and / or giving up the aroma and / or modifying the burning and / or improving the color and cohesion of the ashes and / or preservatives and / or inorganic fillers and / or drugs and / or agents improving the sensory sensations of smokers and / or Film formers are added. 12. The method according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e i n e t that the homogeneous mixture is formed into sheets. 13. The method according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that g e k e n n -z e i c h n e t that the homogeneous mixture is formed into ribbons.