DE279732C - - Google Patents

Description

IMPERIAL

PATENT OFFICE.

PATENT LETTERING

CLASS 21 d. GROUP

WILHELM UHDE in GERA-R.

As a generator and motor for pulsating and almost constant direct current usable DC machine without commutator.

Patented in the German Empire on June 3, 1913.

Contents overview

of patent 279732 on direct current generators and motors

without commutator.

DC generators without a commutator.

1. Direction of previous attempts.

2. Basic idea of the new invention.

2. Previously known DC machines. 4. New DC machine.

a) DC machines of the homopolar type.

A. Execution with really existing "resistors".

I. With the use of sliding contacts.

1. Generation of a direct current voltage at the external terminals of the Machine.

2. Return of the current without inducing a counter voltage.

. 3. Return with induction of a usable voltage with return through the whole machine.

4. Lead through half the machine, under one kind of pole.

5. Immutability of the ratios when applying any rigid current branches.

II. Without using sliding contacts with use without sliding contacts periodically changing resistances.

1. Principle of generating an always rectified E.M. K. to the External clamping of the machine.

2. Size of the current generated in the outer conductor.

3. List of resistors that can really be changed without sliding contacts.

4. Execution of the periodic change of a real resistance.

5. Execution of case 1 in a), A, II, 1.

6. Execution of case 2 in a), A, II, 1.

7. Execution of the return line.

8. Other forms of ladder branching.

B. Execution with only apparently variable resistances.

1. The apparent increase in resistance as a means of generating direct current.

2. The skin effect as a means for an apparent increase in resistance.

3 · The eddy current as a means for an apparent increase in resistance.

C. Generation of a direct current by switching on self-induction, mutual Induction etc.

b) Machines of the homopolar type and the alternating pole type when producing

Alternating currents.

i. General.

I. Conductor arrangement for generating a direct current component.

1. Version with ladders connected in series.

2. Execution by attaching two periodically changing Resistances.

3. Difference in the behavior of the circuits under 1. and 2.

II. Conductor arrangement for generating a direct current.

i. Principle of direct current generation. 2: Generation of a direct current by combining two circuits with periodically variable resistances according to b), I.

3. Rotating AC - DC converter.

4. Reduction of the current pulsations.

5. Application of the Poggendorf compensation method.

6. Application of the zero and compensation methods of measurement technology.

7. Application of the Wheatstone Bridge.

8. Thiermann's compensation circuit.

DC motors without a commutator.

a) DC motors with DC field.

ι. Constant excitation operation. 2. Operation by reversing the excitation.

b) Operation of AC and rotating field motors with direct current.

α) By connected to the engine. Facilities.

1. Generation of magnetic alternating current fields.

2. Generation of magnetic fields that have an arbitrary phase shift own.

3. Generation of a rotating field with two-phase alternating current according to the Wheatstone Bridge.

4. Creation of a rotating field by superimposing it periodically variable DC fields.

5. Manufacture of a rotary field motor according to 4:

I. with a steel magnet as

Anchor,
II. With an electromagnet

Slide feathers as anchors,

III. with an electromagnet with a fixed winding as the armature.

6. Simultaneous use of the carrier of the rotating field winding for recording the variable bismuth resistances.

7. Rotary field synchronous motor.

8. Generation of a rotating field by means of pure alternating currents from direct current. ,

ß) Operation of AC motors from a DC source by equipment not connected to the motor.
105

DC generators and motors without a commutator.

The object of the present invention is to be achieved, direct current generators and motors that operate at any voltages and normal peripheral speeds can be operated without a commutator or without variable contacts.

DC generators without a commutator.

i. Direction of previous attempts.

To arrive at a construction of a DC machine without a commutator, Up until now, people have always tried to achieve this goal by keeping closed ones I tried to arrange turns so that the relative movement between conductor and magnetic field in the conductor an excess of E.M.K. of always the same sign should be induced. Achieving this, however, is within a closed turn not possible.

Because all machines deliver E.M. K. K. in a fixed, closed coil, with which the arithmetic sum of all instantaneous values within a certain number of periods, but at least within one revolution of the machine in the steady state the value Owns zero.

Like .man also the closed turns

and however one may design and move or change the magnetic field, one always obtains when one has received a certain emf in a part bc of the turn (Fig. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 32) , in the remainder from the turn an emf

of the same size but opposite sign, i.e. a total induced E.M.K.

in every moment

a) of the value zero if the E.M.K.K. in the individual ladder sections at the same time (Fig. 16, 20, 22 and 26) or

b) of the value · ξ ο with a changing sign when the EMKK are induced one after the other, with EM K 0) of always constant (FIG. 18) or ß) changing signs can be generated in one and the same conductor particle.

Even if the arrangement in the machines is made in such a way that

1. the winding just from a simple one Circuits (Fig. 16 to 21) or of any current branches (Fig. 22 to 25), or

2. the individual machine poles are continuous (Fig. 14) or in individual poles (Fig. 16 to 21) are resolved or both take place at the same time (Fig. 15, 22 to 25) or alternating poles or the same poles or both at the same time are used, or that one uses the magnetic Pulls the field apart in one place in order to push it together again in another place, or

3. Individual conductor parts are permanently or only temporarily in a magnetic medium (cf. the journal Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau, Vienna, year 1911, p. 897 f.), or

4. Choke coils and self-induction made periodically variable in amplitude or mutual induction is used, or ·. '

5. the machine pure alternating current voltages (Fig. 1 to 3) or distorted or multiple Generates voltages passing through zero within one period (Figs. 4 to 9), never, delivers such a machine without applying the following to be developed Thoughts a direct current.

2. Basic idea of the new invention.

Because furthermore

Firstly: in the unipolar machines (solid part of FIGS. 11 to 25) from Faraday to the modern slip ring machines coupled with steam turbines, the massive winding abc is only used as far (bc) as in it "always only EMKK of the same direction are induced (part bc in FIGS. 11 to 25), it must since the opposite voltage in the residues from the turn, as shown in bc is induced, the metallic compound from the 'division points b to the outside through not the induction unsuccessful, conductors resting on slip rings take place in order not to cancel the voltages induced in the turn part bc in a line through from to the outside through the oppositely directed voltages induced in the turn parts from;

Secondly: in every machine a series connection of turns without slip rings is only possible if the point δ is connected to the outside by a conductor ab suffering from the opposite induction and then in the entirety of the conductors cb and ba within one period or within one revolution The EMF of the machine is always induced by the arithmetic mean value zero, the aim of the invention, regardless of whether the machine is built with direct or alternating poles, continuous or subdivided poles or consists of a combination of these poles, nevertheless between the exit and entry terminals c and a of the winding cba to achieve a resulting direct current effect without variable contacts attached in the circuit, in that the effect of the counter voltages that occur is wholly or partially suppressed, namely

A. by installing without changeable contacts

1. Real (bismuth, selenium, etc.) or

2. periodically changing only apparently (skin effect, eddy currents, hysteresis, etc.) Resistance ladders that act as a voltage or energy loss, or

B. by the inclusion of direct amplitudes periodically made variable Counter voltages (mutual induction, self induction), or

C. by installing A. and connecting B. at the same time in the conductor ba or its branches, in which the counter-voltages, which are to be weakened in their effect, are induced.

The induction of the counteracting tension ba itself should not be prevented, since neither its size nor its occurrence can be influenced because it is conditioned by the nature of the lines of force.

3. Previously known DC machines.

So far have become known on machines for generating direct current or for generating an alternating current with a direct current component, the entire den Direct current drawn from the outside of the machine through the interruption points the variable contacts must:

1. The unipolar machine, regardless of whether the machine to produce a continuous Effect with a uniform magnet (Fig. 14) or with divided poles with ladder branches (Fig. 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 and 25) or specially shaped is, .

2. the ordinary DC machine with commutator and

3. the alternator with periodically made variable by slip rings Resistors that supply an alternating current with a direct current component (electrotechnical Journal 1910, p. 297).

With regard to the latter machine, it should be mentioned that by simply connecting them in series several such windings, in which the voltage or resistance maximum values at different times

ao occur one after the other, analogous to the one after the other switched windings between two brushes of the ordinary commutator DC machine to reduce the pulsations, 'never a continuous direct current effect, but only an alternating current - with even distribution a pure one Alternating current without any "direct current component" is obtained with a direct current component, the arithmetic mean of which in the limiting case instead of the desired, less pulsating, constant finite value, takes the value zero.

A built-in winding also delivers maximum values in a closed winding periodically made variable. Self-induction or mutual induction never one Alternating current with a direct current component, but always only a current with an arithmetic mean value of zero. The changeable one Self-induction, mutual induction, etc. has to do with the size of the arithmetic Mean value of the current has no influence at all, but only changes the shape of the current curve, as does the integration of the corresponding one Shows differential equations.

4. New DC machine.

In contrast to the machines just mentioned, in the machines to be described below, the delivery of a direct current is to be shown, in which the direct current to be taken from the external terminals of the machine does not need to go through any sliding contact
a) the same pole type and

b) the alternating pole type, namely
I. using sliding contacts, II. Without using sliding contacts. According to the explanations under 2. Basic idea of the new invention (p. 3) the execution is to be shown with:

A. really variable periodic resistances,

B. apparently variable periodic resistances,

C. by the inclusion of amplitudes which are periodically made variable Counter voltages.

a) DC machines of the homopolar type.

According to the basic principle under 2, there can be real or only apparent resistances constant values or values that are periodically changed without sliding contacts can be used.

These can weaken the effect of an induced voltage by reaching a terminal voltage that is lower than that of the induced voltage, only by causing a voltage or energy loss in the conductor. Such a voltage drop or energy loss can only occur when a current passes through the relevant conductor part. If, therefore, a voltage loss should occur in the conductor system ahc (FIG. 26) in the conductor bc or ab, even if the conductor system abc is not closed, the conductor part ab or bc must be closed by a shunt η so that the conductor part bc or ac der Becomes part of a closed circuit.

As long as the counter-voltage induced in the conductor parts ab or bc is effective, the effect of the induced counter-voltage must be reduced or increased in a two-conductor due to the ohmic voltage loss caused by real or apparent resistances in this conductor part ab or bc or in a branch conductor in order to obtain a usable terminal voltage at the outer terminals α and c of the overall conductor abc.

This results in the following design forms:

A. Execution with really existing ones

Resistances.

I. With the use of sliding contacts.

i. Generation of a direct current voltage
on the outside clamps of the machine.

If you don't just think about the ladder with the unipolar machines, as before of one pole type, as indicated in FIGS. 11 to 25 by the solid lines is, but also over the poles of the opposite polar type, as dotted by the lines drawn, then one can look at the two resulting two

Think of ladder parts bc and ab as a single ladder abc going through the whole machine.

By means of a sliding contact attached in the branch point b of the conductor, the unipolar machines thus obtained give the image of a three-wire machine with a double effect, the two conductors from and bc in the de-energized state and with the same load

ίο the external terminals α and c of the conductor combination abc have the resulting zero voltage.

Several such systems conductor abc, a'-b'-c ', a "-b" -c "... Could be as shown in Fig. Ii already partially specified to 25, with the terminals or α c behaviourless parallel switch.

If, on the other hand, these conductors are connected one behind the other by outer wires d according to Fig. 28, so that the Leitev system abcd-a'-b'-c'-d'-a "-b" -c "-d" -a '"- b '' - c '... "a ⁿ b ⁿ c ⁿ obtained without any interruption, so is α to the end clamps and c' of this series-connected conductor zero voltage available as long as the sliding contacts of the individual conductors no power or per two belonging together, e.g. ab and bc, carry the same current.

However, as soon as one half of the ladder, e.g. B.

ab, is not loaded at all or is less loaded than the associated other half bc due to the arrangement of a shunt, the resulting voltage ac is no longer zero, but differs from zero by the size of the difference in the voltage drop of ab compared to that of bc. If one now effects in all ladder systems a'-b'-c ', a "-b" -c ", a'" - b '"- c'" ... a ⁿ b ⁿ c ⁿ similar conditions, as may be obtained by series connection of these conductors systems according to Fig. 28 α between the end jaws and obtain c "or parallel connection between the a- and c-clamps any resulting DC voltage without these one behind the other or parallel connected conductors a sliding contact or a power interruption as with a commutator needs to be present if the poles are allowed to rotate.

2. Return of the current without inducing a counter voltage.

Up to now we have tacitly thought that the return of the current from the c-terminals was effected by a wire d (Fig. 28) led around the outside of the machine. However, this is not necessary; the return line within the machine can also be brought about as desired under the two types of magnetic poles without the return line becoming the seat of an undesirable counter voltage. One sees this immediately if one only remembers that the entire conductor system abc in general (without the shunts η with the sliding contacts) is the seat of an alternating current Ε. MK is, when the sum of instantaneous values within a period when any arrangement to zero and, in particular in the arrangements of FIGS. 12, 13, 14, 16 xy, 20 and 21 when the portions AB and BC at the same time the induction subject, has the value zero at every instant and the superposition of a quantity, the sum of which has the value zero at every instant or within a period, cannot change the resulting useful voltage generated.

If one chooses the return line in such a way that the inductive, If tensions result in the value zero at any moment, one obtains at the External clamping of the closed winding a direct current voltage, the magnitude of which is equal to the generated useful voltage at every instant is; in the other case one gets a terminal voltage, its arithmetic Mean value is equal to that of the generated useful voltage, but a different one Curve shape due to the superimposition of the alternating current voltage generated in the return line in this case.

With the arrangement of the return line according to FIG. 27, the usable terminal voltage ac obtained in the conductor system abc with the shunt η does not change its instantaneous value at any moment through the return line d - under both types of poles - since the resulting terminal voltage in the return line at every moment Zero is induced.

3. Return with induction of a usable voltage with return through the whole machine, under both poles.

However, the arrangement of the return line can be made even more favorable if the principle of generating a useful terminal voltage at the external terminals α and c is also applied to the return line d , by causing a return line d to also produce a signal in the same sense as in resulting voltage acting on the main line abc is generated. Here, as shown in FIG. 29, one only needs to ensure that the conductor part ^ ₁ -S _{1 in the return line A 1} -O ₁ -C ₁ is closed by a shunt W ₁ when the conductor part bc in the conductor system abc a shunt η is closed.

4. Line through half the machine, under

through a polar species.

To the in the conductor parts bc of the winding system abc by the shunt η means

To achieve voltage loss occurring in slip rings, it is not necessary to lead the conductor abc through the entire machine. Rather, it is sufficient from point b onwards to use any conductor d leading to the outside - to c to - instead of conductor ab , since the same resultant voltage is generated in each of these conductors within one period as in the conductor

ίο off.

■. Return arrangements, some of which are shown in FIG. 30, are thus obtained. In this figure, d represents the return line.

At the same time, the figure shows that even when single poles are used, one completely gets continuous effect, though half the pole faces of the individual poles or the conductor parts are offset against each other broken or obliquely passes under the relevant type of pole.

5. Immutability of the ratios when using any rigid Stromverzweia ₅ conditions.

Nothing at all is changed in the considerations just made if the conductors ab or bc are branched as rigidly as desired within the machine under the relevant pole type, as z. B. FIGS. 22 to 25 show, or if the poles, instead of uniformly, are arbitrarily resolved into narrow and wide individual poles.

31 corresponds to the current branching in FIG. 22 when the return line d is routed through the whole machine when the points 3 'and 4' are connected and through half the machine when the points 3 and 4 'are connected.

There is zero voltage between the outer terminals 1 and 6 of the machine when the resistances of the conductors 11 / and 22 'are equal to one another. If the resistances are different, a pure alternating current voltage is present. If the voltage 2 e is induced in the conductors 11 'or 22' and therefore the voltage e in 33 'or 44', the alternating current voltage at the external terminals 1 and 6 'of the machine is < β. It reaches the value e when the resistances of the conductors 'and 22' are equal to each other and the conductors are arranged so that their distance becomes equal to that of two poles.

Nevertheless, strong currents and energy losses occur in the current branches, if voltages of the same magnitude are not induced in the individual branch conductors at the same time it is not possible to

'. to replace the shunt formed by rigid connections as long as the resistances of the conductors are unchangeable, since the induced counter voltage in the branch conductors can only be reduced to the value e of the useful voltage due to the ohmic voltage losses occurring in them, i.e. the resulting voltage zero or one pure AC voltage is obtained.

II. Without using. Sliding contacts with use without sliding contacts periodically variable resistances.

i. Principle of generation, always rectified E. M. K. on the outside clamps of the machine.

In L, 5. we have seen that when avoiding the sliding contacts for the shunt by attaching a rigid connection (e.g. the conductor 22 'as a shunt to the main conductor 11' of FIGS. 22 and 31) '. in the branching formed in this way between the external terminals α and c of the machine despite the voltage that is always rectified between the terminals ab and bc

1. Either no electricity or.

2. an alternating current is created.
The former is the case when those in the

two conductors 11 'and 22' with a ladder branching of two conductors (Fig. 22 and 31) alternately induced voltage 2 e in the direction ba due to the ohmic voltage loss caused by the shunt currents with the same resistances of the conductors 11 'and 22' to half the value is reduced, that is, a terminal voltage ba of the value β delivers, which is the same size, but in the opposite direction to the voltage bc = e , which is induced in the unbranched conductor 33 'from the uniform south pole S is. The terminal voltage ac of the conductor junction ii ', 22' and 33 '

2 C

therefore has the value e = o.

It is assumed here that one pole, for example the north pole N, is subdivided and the conductors are arranged so that one branch conductor, e.g. B. 22 '(Fig. 22 and 31), is located under a pole gap when the other branch conductor 11' is under a pole.

If, on the other hand, it is ensured that the ohmic voltage loss which is caused by the alternating current flowing in the conductor branch 11 ', 22' is not distributed evenly over the two branch conductors 11 'and 22', but to a greater extent either on the respective im magnetic fields (under the pole) or on the conductor located outside the field (under a pole gap), since the conductor located in the magnetic field is the seat of the induced E..MK 2e ,

i. the terminal voltage from conductor 11 'and 22' below half the value e of the inductive

adorned E. M. K. 2 6 sink when on the respectively The larger part of the ohmic voltage loss does not apply to conductors located in the field and

2. Increase the terminal voltage ab at the conductors ii 'and 22' over half the value of the induced EMF 2 e if the smaller part is omitted on the branch conductors located in the magnetic field.

Since the conductor 33 'provided as a copper conductor supplies half the EMF e of the EMF 2e induced in the conductor 11' or 22 'as the terminal voltage bc , the branch conductor connection ii', 22 ', 33' at the external terminals α and c results in a always rectified emf that

in case 1: acts in the direction of the EMF e induced in the conductor 33 'because the latter is greater than the terminal voltage present at the conductor connection 11', 22 ', and

in case 2: a usable terminal voltage from the opposite conditions, that of the E.M.K. induced in conductor 33 '.

is directed in the opposite direction, since the latter is smaller than the terminal voltage present at the conductor connection from.

In order to achieve these relationships, it is now a question of ensuring that that each time that branch conductor that is in the magnetic field,

in case 1: a larger ohmic voltage loss and

in case 2: a smaller ohmic voltage loss possesses as the branch conductor or conductors not located in the magnetic field. ■

This means that the resistances of the branch conductors 11 'and 22' periodically, accordingly the speed of rotation of the machine (Fig. 32) - field or ladder -, have to change in order to achieve a variable ohmic voltage loss.

This change in resistance can either be a real one or only one be apparent. In any case, it fulfills its purpose, if only it has an appropriate one Loss of tension or energy causes.

2. Size of the generated in the outer conductor
Current.

Until now it has always been tacitly assumed in the representation that with the rotation of the pole wheel (Fig. 32) rotate the lines of force and by cutting the The described effects can be produced on the winding attached to the stator. . Around. now to show that one arrives at the same result if one does this does not make a very convenient assumption for the development of the basic ideas Size of the currents in the individual conductor parts of the current junction according to FIGS. 33 and 34 according to Gorges, without rotating or not rotating the magnetic line of force when the pole wheel rotates (Fig. 32) makes any assumptions do. It is only intended to reflect the fact of changing the number of calculations Lines of force are used as a basis, which enforce a closed circuit of conductors, without making any assumptions about how this change will come about.

Then Kirchhoff's theorems and the general law of induction yield a closed one Circuit

e =

dN

io ⁸ German

which are recognized as generally valid by all sides, the following relationships.

I. According to Fig. 33, at point α or b:

(1.) i ₃ = I ₁ + i _% .

II. For the circuit i-i'-2'-2 'one obtains: It decreases the number of lines of force when

the pole wheel is rotated in the direction of the feathered arrow or the conductor system abcd in the opposite direction in the direction of the feathered arrow, and therefore an EMF 2 e is induced by the direction of the current i ₂ . It is for this:

(2 :) 2e - i ₂ R ₂ +

= 0.

III. For the circuit 2-2'-3-3'-4-4'-5-5'-6-O ' follows:

The number of lines of force increases by half the value as in 1., therefore becomes a

EMF induced by the values = - e , the

seeks to generate a current in the direction of the current i _3. So it is:

■ + ■ H ^R 3 = 0.

. IV. The three equations (1.), (2.) and (3.) are sufficient to determine the three currents i _v i ₂ and i _s : From (1.) and (2.) it follows:

H + H - H = ° + ^R i, '

λ TP 1_ λ J? ! _ OP —LT

"X 1 T ^ ^ 2 ^1V 2 I - ^e Γ - ¹ HO

'(4.) i ₂ (R ₁ + R ₂ ) - i ₃ R ₁ - + 2 e. ■ '-

From this equation (4.) and the equation (3.) one obtains:

H (Ri + ^ 2) - H Ri - + ^{2 e} - ^ 2

H Ri + H Rs = ^e , + (-Ri + Rz)

(5.) i ₃ [R _z (R ₁ + R ₂ ) + R ₁ R ₂ ] = - 2 e · R ₂

. + 6 (B ₁ + B ₂ ) or

- e -

R ₁ B ₂ + R ₃ (R ₁

V. Equation (5.) shows that i _{3 is} positive if R ₁ > R ₂ , i _{3 is} negative if R ₁ <A ₂ , that is, the external conductor current in the former case has the same direction as that in the conductor 33 '

(6.) '
and

- 2 e + LR ₂

induced voltage and in case 2 the opposite Direction, exactly as it is developed under 1. according to the intersection theory is. It is on '

R ₁ + 2Ä3

R ₁

VI. Exactly the same size values with the opposite sign are obtained for the second position (Fig. 34). the current junction, where the conductor 22 'is now in the magnetic field is instead of 11 'as before, since nothing changes in the sizes, than the sign of the induced tension

sounds. This results in

(6 *.) J ₂ '=

R ₁ -

τ>τ> ι ~ D f T) ι Ί> \ JX-, JX ₉ -ή- ilo I Zv ₁ Η- JXo)

^ 1 + 2Y? ₃

■ ^ 1 ^ 2 + ^ (- Rl + R2)
-Rl + 2R ₃

R ₁ R ₂ + R ₃ (R ₁ + R ₂ )

VII. Is e.g.

(8.) R ₁ = i, 6R _2>

so you get

(9) h

while when

(10.)

0.23

R ₃ + 0.62 A ₂

R ₁ = R ₂

is and in the conductors ii 'and 22' no back EMF is induced, the EMF e induced in the conductor 33 'the current

R ₃ + 0.5R ₂

which is about four times as large as i ₃ according to (9.).

VIII. When rotating the pole wheel (FIGS. 32, 33 and 34), make sure that -R ₁ > R ₂ when the conductor 11 'is in the magnetic field and when the conductor 22' is in the magnetic field Field is located, R ₁ < R ₂ , the outer conductor currents i ₃ and i ₃ ' according to equations (5.) and (5 *.) Have the same sign in both cases, and there only these two possibilities when the pole wheel rotates occur that either the conductor 11 'or the conductor 22' is located in the magnetic field of a north pole N , the currents i ₃ and i ₃ ' therefore have R ₁ R ₂ + R ₃ (R ₁ + R ₂ )

R ₂ + ₂ R _S

R ₁ R ₂ + R ₃ (R ₁ + R ₂ )

same sign ,, and the machine supplies a continuous direct current.

IX. The same is the case if, conversely, it is ensured that the branch conductor that is not in the magnetic field has the greater resistance. Then only the direction of the current of i ₃ and i ₃ is reversed, including that of the direct current generated.

X. Because the total number of lines of force is between conductors 33 'and 44' at all does not change with the rotation of the pole wheel, this part 33 ', 44' of the conductor loop by arranging the connection 3-4 '(Fig. 31) can be omitted without affecting the effect to change anything. The calculations made therefore also apply without further ado for the simpler connection α-δ-5-5'-6-6 ' under a polar style.

3. List of without sliding contacts
really changeable resistances.

Periodically variable resistances without variable contacts are obtained without the cross-sections or lengths of the conductors are made variable or by a commutator Parts on or off by making the circuit entirely or only partially from bismuth, selenium or from another body produces that with changed magnetic exposure or in changed temperature conditions conducts better or worse, or if the direction of the current flow has changed opposed to the latter a certain resistance (aluminum cells, mercury vapor lamp, AC rectifier). In the first case one has the bismuth ben no to bring the standing part periodically in or out of a magnetic field, in the second If the selenium is alternately exposed or darkened, in the third case the Alternating between heating and cooling of conductors and, in the fourth case, the direction of the current reversed, since in all of these cases the resistance of the conductor in question changes becomes or against-E. M. K. occur. For example, those common in the art increase magnetic inductions the resistance of a bismuth conductor to 1.6 times the amount.

As long as the bismuth conductor remains in the magnetic field, it retains this value, to immediately assume its previous resistance value as soon as it leaves the magnetic Field brought out is.

4. Execution of the periodic change of a real resistance.

If the conductors 11 'and 22' in FIGS. 31, 32 and 33 are made of bismuth, the electrical resistance of the conductor n ', as soon as it is under a magnetic pole, will have a value twice as great as before, where it was not in the magnetic field, so assume the value nw , and vice versa its resistance returns to its original value. Amount w decrease, that is to say equal to that of the branch conductor 22 ', as soon as it is again outside the magnetic field.

The same is the case with the conductor 22 'as soon as it is inserted instead of the conductor ii' magnetic field is brought.

■ 5. Execution of case 1 in a), A, II, 1.

If the conductor system according to FIG. 31 is therefore attached to a stand according to FIG. 32 and the magnet wheel is allowed to rotate, the conductor 11 'enters a magnetic field when the conductor 22' is located outside it and vice versa. As long as one of these conductors is in the magnetic field, its resistance w rises to the "fold amount, and we have implemented case 1 in a), A, II, 1 with rotating magnetic poles and stationary conductor branches or rotating conductor branches and stationary magnetic poles, according to which each time one of the two branch conductors 11 / or 22 ', as long as it is in a magnetic field, should have a greater resistance than the other branch conductor which is not in the magnetic field at that moment. Such a machine then supplies an EMF always in the same direction at the external terminals a-6 ' (Fig. 33) of the conductor branch, i.e. a direct current when the external circuits are closed.

6. Execution of case 2 in a), A, II, 1.

In this case, that of the two branch conductors 11 / and 22 'should be the opposite to 5., have the greater resistance that is not in the magnetic field.

The handling of this case is shown in FIG. 35.

One needs here the conductors 11 / and 22 ', which are to deliver a terminal voltage from which the voltage induced in the conductor 33'

- should predominate to make only two parts, namely one part from one Metal, which does not change its resistance in the magnetic field, and the other, Bifilar-wound part made of bismuth, half a pole pitch away, as shown in Fig. 35 shows. The bismuth part of each branch conductor is then in a pole gap, i.e. not in the magnetic field, and therefore has its least Resistance when the associated non-bismuth part is in the magnetic Fields is located and here the seat of the induced voltage becomes. Are both branch leaders as before, half a pole pitch apart, so has that of induction instantaneously exposed conductor exhibited its lowest and the other branch conductor its highest resistance, as it realizes should be.

7. Execution of the return line. _8th

According to the explanations under a), A, I, 2, 3 and 4, the return line can be produced with or without the induction of an EMF, in the latter case either in the favorable or the opposite sense, depending on the intended purpose. In this case, the return line can take place through the entire machine or only under one type of pole. As an example of this, FIG. 36 is intended to show the execution of a), A, I, 4, the branch conductors of the return line cd being made of bismuth and assuming, according to 5., a terminal voltage cd which acts in the same way as the terminal voltage .

95 8. Other forms of ladder branching.

No matter how the ladder branches are carried out, at the ones set out above In principle, nothing is changed. This is shown by the bills for the circuits set forth in FIGS. 24, 25, 37, 38 and 39 or for any others Stream branches.

B. Execution with only apparently changing resistances.

i. The apparent increase in resistance as a means of generating direct current.

After previously under A, II only the actual increase in resistance of a conductor as Means was used to generate a direct current, it will now be shown how those in »2. Basic idea of the new invention «listed apparent increase in resistance can be used for this purpose.

As the best known of the numerous means available to electrical engineering, the the application of the skin effect should now act like an apparent change in resistance and the application of eddy currents are shown.

2. The skin effect as a means for an apparent increase in resistance.

It is well known that conductors with a larger cross-section have the property of the so-called "skin effect", that they are at higher periods. for the electrical alternating current passed through apparently increase their ohmic resistance. Using ladders

ίο made of suitable material, especially iron, and with the largest possible cross-section, the skin effect already reaches considerable values with the usual number of periods. When the north poles N move past under the conductor system 11 ', 22' according to the diagram in FIG. 39, voltages are induced in these branch conductors, so that an alternating current flows in the conductors 11 'and 22', the number of periods in this case being six times as large as the number of periods which the entire conductor system ii ', 22'-66', 77 'has when the conductors 11', 22 'have moved from the position shown into the area of the following north pole group. Namely, between conductors 1 ', 2' and 12, as long as conductors n 'and 22' move over a group of north poles, a voltage always in the same direction occurs, which during all this time the conductors 66 'which are not in a magnetic field. and 77 ', so that during this time a current from 1', 2 'to 6', 7 'or from 6, 7 to 1, 2 in the connecting lines of the conductor systems 11', 22 'and 66', 7 / flows.

The direction of these currents is reversed as soon as the conductor 11 'or 22' over the six north poles or the associated six pole gaps and the Head 66 'or 77' have taken their place.

When the conductors 11 ', 22', 66 ', 77' are made as thin copper wires, an always rectified terminal voltage will be formed between the terminals 5 and 5 ', which is opposite to that of 33' and the same size. The resulting terminal voltage ac between 5 and 3 'is therefore zero and the machine does not supply any current.

Nothing changes in this result if we use the conductors 11 ', 22', 66 'and 77' Creation of a skin effect strong and made of iron, for which only a small one Alternating currents with a number of periods, which flow through the connecting lines 1 ', 2'-6', 7 ' or 67-12 between the ladder systems 11 ', 22 'and 66', 77 'and in each case by the conductor system not located in the area of the north poles 66 ', 77' or ii ', 22' flow.

The conductor system ii ', 22' located in the area of the north poles, on the other hand, is operated by alternating currents significantly higher number of periods - in Fig. 39 six times greater - flowed through, so that a great skin effect occurs and the conductors 11 'and 22' act as if they were a significantly higher one. Resistance than those not in the magnetic field Ladder 66 'and 77'.

We therefore have the same effect without the use of bismuth as we used to do with manufacture the conductor 11 ', 22', 66 ', 77' achieved from bismuth, namely that of the magnetic The conductor located in the field acts as and only as long as it is in the magnetic field is as if it had a higher resistance than that not in the magnetic field located branch conductor.

As a result, formed after the earlier clashes at points 5 and 5 'a DC voltage from the below that of 33' is located. Therefore, the voltage 33 'outweighs the resulting voltage ab between 5 and 5', and the arrangement of the conductors according to FIG. 39 provides a direct current leaving the terminals 5 and 3 '.

Because the size of the resulting skin effect is independent of the strength of the ladder 11 ', 22', 66 ', 77' of the current flowing through, by installing choke coils in these conductors, you can approximate the current intensity in them to the direct current leaving terminals 3 ', 5.

To increase the effect, the individual north poles N can be beveled towards the edges so that their distance from the stand in the middle is the shortest. ,

Nothing is changed in the end result, the generation of a direct current, if one forms the north pole according to Fig. 24 or the return line only under one Polart leads through.

3. The eddy current as a means for an apparent increase in drag.

If you surround the conductors 11 ', 22', 66 'and 77', outside the machine with metal masses - iron or copper, etc. - so are in the Metal masses induce eddy currents when the conductors of alternating currents or of in strong and rapidly fluctuating currents are traversed by their strength.

According to the explanations under a), II, B, 2, however, fast-fluctuating alternating currents only flow in those conductors which are in each case are in the area of the north poles, in Fig. 39 only in the conductors 11 'and 22', while the currents in conductors 66 'and 77' are very low because of their small number of periods sway slowly. As a result, there are strong eddy currents only in the metal pieces are induced, which surround the conductors ii 'and 22' at suitable locations, as these are used for Time alone from rapidly fluctuating currents

are flowed through. Therefore, the voltages induced in these conductors become ii 'and 22' through the counter-effects of the eddy currents, except through the ohmic voltage loss - in contrast to the one in ladders 66 'and 77' which is effective almost alone Ohmic voltage loss - greatly reduced, so the resulting terminal voltage 55 'falls below the value of the voltage 33' induced by the south pole and the machine supplies a direct current.

The emergence of eddy currents can still be favored if you open the ends the metal mass short-circuits by means of a metallic connection.

C. Generation of a direct current by switching on self-induction, mutual Induction, etc.

After the introduction, one can use self-induction, mutual induction etc. never achieve a direct current component in a simple circuit but when using current branches, as shown, for example, in FIGS. 40 and 41 and without significant energy losses. The latter figure also shows the application of periodically variable resistances without sliding contacts, if one

made conductors from bismuth.

The effect can be considerably increased if the iron core is used for interrupts the magnetic 'circle of the lines of force by a recess in which through Rotation of an iron star that is located on the armature shaft and the same number of iron teeth as the pole wheel generates pulsations of the magnetic field, a periodic one Decrease and increase the magnetic resistance of the iron cores used Self induction, mutual induction, etc. causes.

b) Machines of the homopolar type and the alternating pole type at the time of production

of alternating currents.

i. General.

While the machines described under a) of the homopolar type, which without application of the present invention would generate the voltage zero, since with them the induced voltages in the individual conductor parts are generated at the same time, the machines now to be treated of the homopolar type and the alternating pole type deliver to and for themselves alternating currents, because they either in different or the same conductor parts successively opposite voltages are induced.

Correspondingly, the homopolar type dealt with in a) already delivered currents of the same sign even in very simple conductor branches. In contrast, deliver. the machines to be treated now in the simpler forms only have alternating currents with a direct current component, that is to say currents of alternating positive and negative signs, as shown by the curves from 'cd' e in FIG. 10. Only with much more complicated conductor arrangements can currents always have the same sign. Since the design of the machine of the homopolar type for generating alternating currents is not in principle. is essentially different from the alternating pole type, so both should be treated at the same time in order to shorten the presentation.

I. Conductor arrangement for generating a direct current component.

i. Version with one behind the other

Ladders.

Fig. 31 shows a simple form of homopolar type when the conductor 22 'is omitted or arranges a whole pole pitch from ii 'and both polar types, north and south poles, want to apply for one turn at the same time.

42 shows the simplest winding arrangement for generating alternating currents with the homopolar type when using only one pole system and Fig. 31 the same principle when one at the ladder junction ii '. and 22 'either conductor 11' or conductor 22 ' omits, Fig. 43 and 44 the simplest forms of winding of the alternating pole type. .. ■

If one of the two conductors 11 'or 22' is omitted in FIG. 31, or both conductors are brought in one whole pole pitch away from each other and makes it from bismuth, so this delivers Conductor arrangement an alternating current with a direct current component, if you consider the outer Circuit to the creation of a current closes.

This is because if in FIG. 10 the part ede represents the course of the voltage curve ab cde when the conductors ii 'and 22' of FIG. 31 arranged according to the above are in the magnetic field and the part abc at the time when they are outside it possess these during the half period ede resistance η * w if you w has the value during the other half cycle resistance. As a result, the resistance of the entire circuit is greater in the first half period than in the second, and we get the current profile according to curve a V cd 'e, i.e. a weak current of negative sign during the first half period cd' e, and during the another half period a V c a strong current with a positive sign, i.e. an alternating current with a direct current component

nente, since the arithmetic mean value of this alternating current over half a period is apparently greater than zero.

By simply producing the conductors abc in series in FIGS. 42 ′ and 43, however, one is not able to achieve the same thing; one would only have the effect that the resistance increases to the same extent for every half-wave. This can be avoided if, as shown in FIGS. B. can only be influenced by the north poles, since then the resistance is only increased during one half-wave, while the other, however, remains unchanged.

The same can be achieved by using a second magnet wheel next to it with half as many poles when one of the conductors, e.g. B. from, extended bifilarly wound to below these poles and leads back, this part under the second pole system made of bismuth, as shown in Fig. 47 as an example for the homopolar type.

25th
■ 2nd execution by attaching two each

periodically changing resistances.
The implementation of this method is shown in the circuit diagram in FIG. 48. The circles drawn in this figure and in FIGS. 49, 51, 52 and 56 with the winding in the vicinity indicate the supply of an alternating current voltage by means of an alternating current machine or transformer into the winding shown . In the circuit of Fig. 48 is w during the useful half the voltage curve by low internal resistance 'and large shunt resistor w reached "a lower internal voltage loss and therefore great clamping voltage. In the next half of the voltage wave is reversed w by large internal resistance' and low shunt resistance a large internal voltage drop and thus low terminal voltage is achieved.

3. Difference in the behavior of the circuits

under 1. and 2.

While after the circuit under 2. at the terminals a voltage with a direct current component is present, even if the external circuit is not closed, this is the case with those described under 1 Switching is only the case when the external circuits are closed.

II. Conductor arrangement for generating a
Direct current.

i. Principle of direct current generation.
The circuits indicated so far under b), I only delivered a pulsating alternating current, in which the curve of the instantaneous current intensity also showed negative values. The series connection of several windings according to the scheme under b), I, 1, in which the maximum values of the resistances occur one after the other, results, as already mentioned earlier, no cancellation of the current pulsations and much less a cancellation of the negative currents, but only causes the sum of the resistances becomes even more constant during a full period, so then delivers a pure alternating current.

It is different, however, with the circuit according to b), I, 2; Here, the generated terminal voltage ac also has a direct current component when the external circuit is open or closed at will, since the terminal voltage depends on the external resistance only through the internal voltage loss generated, as in any other machine.

In the following, methods are to be specified first, according to which the generation a direct current according to the scheme b), I, ι and generally also for any generated alternating current is possible.

2. Generation of a direct current by combining two circuits with periodic
variable resistances according to b), I.

^w If a pulsating alternating current according to b), I, i is generated, since the variable bismuth resistance is in the internal circuit of the machine, at the machine terminals α b of FIG. 49 in every half cycle in which the bismuth resistance is in a magnetic Field, a terminal voltage with a lower maximum value must be present than in the other half-period. The instantaneous values of this terminal voltage, equal to the difference between the generated voltage and the ohmic voltage loss, which is proportional to the current values shown in FIG. 10 by the curve a V cd'e , may be shown in FIG. 50 by the ordinates of the curve pqrst. If a second, identical device is used (Fig. 51), in which the bismuth resistor is brought into the magnetic field half a period later, the profile of the terminal voltage a 'V of this device can be represented by the curve pq'rs' t in FIG. 50 are shown.

Since the generated voltage E now has negative values within the second half-cycle, the difference always has a positive value, as is also shown in FIG. 50, which results in a voltage of an always constant direction.

. If the two devices of FIGS. 49 and 51 are therefore connected according to FIG. 52

the dotted copper wire ά α ', then between the other terminals b V there is the voltage represented by the vertically hatched areas ■ pqrq' φ and rsts' r of FIG b V.

One receives a direct current, its time course is represented by the curve of FIG.

The voltages α b or a 'V can be taken either directly from the windings of an alternating current machine or at any location from the alternating current network or transformer located there. In the first case, bismuth resistors have to be accommodated at the appropriate points on the machine in order to generate the periodic changes in resistance and connected to the circuits α b and a 'V or in the external circuits by means of connecting wires.

3. Rotating AC-DC
: converter.

In the second case, the installation of a small synchronous motor for recording and periodic change of the bismuth resistances required. One receives in this Trap a rotating AC-DC converter at the location in question.

4. Reduction of the current pulsations.

A supply of the voltages to the devices of Figs. 49 and 51, e.g. B. by means of transformers, FIG. 54 shows, which simultaneously indicates the series connection of two systems 1 and 2 according to FIG. 52. If the system 2 is supplied with voltages that have a phase shift of z. B. 90 ⁰ , it is achieved that the currents shown in FIG. 53 are superimposed on the currents shown in dotted lines in FIG. You get. then the - · - plotted resulting current intensity, the pulsations of which are less than those of the current of FIG. 53.

If you switch on inductors or if you use multi-phase currents, you can the pulsation can be made arbitrarily small.

If you connect two systems according to scheme I, b), the voltages of which are phase shifted of 18o °, one behind the other, then their currents are also superimposed on one another and one also obtains one here Current curve as in Fig. 53.

The current pulsations that occur can now also be made as small as desired, if the devices obtained in this way are further treated according to the method described above.

5. Application of the Poggendorf principle

Compensation method.

Another method for generating direct current is obtained if the EMF in the branches α b and a 'V are not switched in parallel, but against each other according to the Poggendorf compensation method.

6. Use of the zero and compensation _g

methods of measurement technology.

After we have just shown how to work in a network of branches, which is fed with alternating current, a conductor in which only a current of should flow in a constant direction, by separating either the branch resistances periodically changing or introducing variable tensions, it is easy to see that all zero methods can be used for this purpose electrical measurement technology or methods based on similar principles can use.

7. Application of the Wheatstone Bridge. _loo

As an example of this, let us consider the Wheatstone Bridge, which is shown in FIGS. 56 and 57. If E is the existing alternating current voltage in the branch T2 with the resistance R, then the current i in the bridge resistance r is obtained (cf.M as cart and Jo über t, Textbook of Electricity and Magnetism, Vol. II, p. 321 , Formula 21):

E {a'b - a V)

If one sets, in order to get the simplest possible case,

' a = b',

b = a ',

so you get

E (b - a)

■ zRr + (α + δ.) {R + r) -f 2 «δ

If you want to get a direct current according to this formula, you need, if you z. B. uses the method of variable resistances, only to make b > α when E is positive and to make a > b when E is negative. Then i is always positive, ie the Wheatstone bridge operated with alternating current supplies a direct current under these circumstances.

8. Thiermann's compensation circuit. '

As a further example of the use of zero methods, it should be mentioned that one arrives at a method similar to that described earlier if one uses the method used in Thiermann's compensation circuit (cf.Heinke, Handbuch der Elektrotechnik, Vol. 2, Die Meßtechnik, 2. Department, DC measurements, p. 293) makes the resistances periodically variable. The current branches then agree in principle with the diagram in Fig. 52, if in this figure the external circuit b ¥ is replaced by the galvanometer circuit of the compensation circuit.

DC motors without a commutator.

a) DC motors with DC field.

i. Constant excitation operation.
Each of the direct current generators specified in a) can be operated as a direct current motor without a commutator with variable resistances if it is fed by a direct current source (with main or shunt excitation) and if the conductors are made of bismuth according to the earlier information, if necessary that starts with maximum torque.

This can be seen immediately when looking at FIG. 58, which corresponds to the diagram in FIG. 31 and the generator in FIG. 32, if the conductors ii 'and 22' are made from bismuth and the conductor branches 11 ', 22', 33 'with α and c applies to a DC power source and energizes the machine.

In this version, the south poles become a continuous pole of the width -

contracted while the length of the north pole is L. If the magnetic induction has the value B, the ohmic resistance of the conductor 22 'has the value w and if that of the conductor 11' nw, the current i of the conductor 33 'becomes part of the two branch currents when the armature is stationary

ι. , η.
i "= % and Z = T-

between the two branch currents if the copper resistances are neglected:

This results in the resulting torque between the conductors 33 'and 11'

B-Li η - ι

i iL

2 ι + w

and Z. B. for η - i, 6 to
B-Li

i + η

0.23.
According to Fig. 60, the resulting torque is

ι + η ι +

and ζ. B. for , η = i, 6:

ο ^Li

B · - · 2 · 0.23.

The example just explained corresponds to the homopolar type according to a) for generating the Terminal voltage zero. Corresponding to this type are also iii FIGS. 59, 61, Ö2> 63, 64 listed some further examples, whereby the conductor parts made of bismuth - · - are drawn.

Also the direct current generators shown under b) with the generation of an alternating current voltage can be used as direct current motors without a commutator when supplied with direct current operate, even in the case under 1. with constant torque, if one feeds several windings in parallel and ensures that these one after the other with their bismuth conductors get into the field of the magnetic poles.

2. Operation by reversing the excitation.

The motors operated with direct current according to 1. have a constant excitation field and each complete actual working winding can be displaced as desired on the circumference of the rotor or stator depending on whether the stator or rotor contains the pole winding, or is made of permanent magnets.

With the shifts specified under 1., the torque comes from the differential effect of the parts of a closed turn is achieved by the fact that, with constant excitation, currents of different strengths in the individual ladder sections flow. But you can also make the facility so that during the time in which the return movement of a conductor creates a counteracting torque wants the excitation to have the value zero or the opposite sign. Then the counteracting torque also attains the value zero or the opposite Sign. To make this change you can use the ladder yourself or specially. bifilar Use coiled conductors and the methods given here. (Full or half bridge circuit, Poggendorf's compensation method, etc., Fig. 66.)

In contrast to the motors according to 1., the motors according to 2. can be operated with direct current Motors where the excitation after the. Passing by a conductor or system'120 .the value zero or the. has the opposite value as long as the return line is in

magnetic field is located, the working winding is not distributed arbitrarily over the circumference but must be as a pole winding on a relatively narrow width of each Poles are restricted.

It then changes the direction of the torque of the ladder at the transition from one pole to the other not.

no b) B. operation, of alternating and rotating field motors with direct current.

a. By devices connected to the engine.

i. Generation of magnetic alternating current fields.

It can easily be shown that with a constant terminal voltage one cannot change Direction, i.e. with a direct current voltage, through variable resistances a pure can generate magnetic alternating current field. Figures 68, 69 and 70 show how to do this by two windings through which currents in opposite directions flow and · Fig. 57 and 66 how to do this with only one winding using the Wheatstrones Bridge can reach. You can of course also use the Poggendorf principle Compensation circuit, the circuit by Thiermann and other zero methods or compensation circuits in measurement technology use. When using two windings, one can create a purely magnetic one by superimposing pulsating currents Generate alternating current field, while this in the other circuits by generation pure alternating currents is achieved.

2. Generation of magnetic fields that have any phase shift.

It will now be shown how to use variable resistances de rotating field motors can operate. For this purpose we think of apart from the proposition bismuth resistances 68 or 57 in the motors or in the auxiliary apparatus permanently connected to the motors - spatially offset from the first system a second system so that it is later than the latter in get the magnetic field. Then a second alternating current magnetic field is obtained, which changes its values with the same period as the former, but opposite the former. shows a phase shift, the size of which is determined by the relative position of the second resistance system is intended for the first. We are thus able to use alternating currents or to produce magnetic alternating current fields, which required a phase shift of any one with respect to one another Own values.

3. Generation of a rotating field with two-phase Alternating current after the Wheat -

Stone Bridge.

Therefore, if you z. B. using the method of FIG. 57, a second alternating current of direct current . generated, which compared to the first generates a phase shift of 90 °, so has one gets a system of two-phase alternating currents and when one gets these currents according to the known method around a closed ring-shaped iron core, within same a magnetic rotating field.

4. Creation of a rotating field by superimposing it periodically changing direct current fields.

The same rotating field can be obtained by a different method if one uses two current branches according to FIG. 71. If you see z. For example, according to the scheme of FIG. 45, the ring r of the lower part of FIG. 73, one time with the windings ach and adb and the other time perpendicular to this with the winding system α c 'b and α d' b, one obtains a System of windings which also generate a rotating magnetic field when the magnetic field generated by the windings α c 'b and α d' b has a phase shift of 90 ° compared to the field generated by the windμngen α cb and adb.

Two magnetic fields of this phase shift is obtained as shown in FIG. 68 but immediately when still in the windings α cb, adb, α c 'b and ad' turns b bismuth resistors and this according to the principle of Fig. 71 and 74 around the iron ring g leads with a fixed excitation coil, as the upper part of FIG. 73 shows. If the segments h enclosing the ring g and magnetized by the excitation coil rotate, then according to earlier developments the bismuth resistances of quadrants 41, 12, 23 and 34 are periodically changed so that the currents flowing in the windings α cb and adb create a magnetic field generate which compared to the field generated by the windings α c 'b' and α d 'V has the required phase shift of 90 ⁰ .

In the position of the segments shown, only the bismuth resistance of quadrant 41 is in the magnetic field, and indeed completely, so that it has the highest value it can ever assume. Therefore the current flowing through this resistor and the windings ad 'b has its lowest value and the magnetic field generated by this coil has its lowest value. Since the resistances of the other quadrants 12, 23 and 34 are now completely outside the magnetic segments h , these have their lowest

and the currents flowing through it their highest values.

The currents flowing through the windings α cb and adb have the same strength and therefore cancel each other out in their effects because they are guided around the iron core in opposite directions. The resulting magnetic field generated by them has the value zero.

ίο While the magnetic field of the coil ad 'b has its lowest value, the magnetic field of the coil α c' b has its highest value and therefore predominates. Since the field of the coil α cb and adb is zero, one obtains in the ring r a magnetic field n 's' determined by the coil α c' b and represented by the arrows, which is horizontal from the right inner circumference of the ring r - here generating a north pole n ' - runs diametrically to the left inner circumference and here generates a south pole s' .

5. Manufacture of a rotating field motor according to 4. I. with a steel magnet as armature.

If a steel magnet ns is now attached within the ring r around its vertical axis, which is attached in the center of the ring, it rotates until it comes to the position η s shown , i.e. so that its north pole η corresponds to the south pole s 'of the ring r and its south pole s facing the north pole n' of the ring. In this case, the lines of force emerging from the ring r and passing through the magnet η s have their shortest length, and the torque of the magnet η s is zero.
If one now rotates the magnetized segments h of the upper part of FIG. 73 in the direction of the arrow, for which no electrical work has to be done, since the bismuth resistors are wound bifilar or connected in such a way that the voltages induced during the movement cancel each other out rotates, as you can easily convince yourself, at the same time the magnetic field within the ring r rotates with the same angular velocity. If the rotating field moves forward, the poles n ' and s' move with it. The poles η and s try to maintain their position relative to the poles s ' and n' , and therefore the magnet η s rotates with the same angular velocity as the poles n ' and s' or the segments h.

We have now only shown how the magnet η s can be given a rotary motion if the magnetized segments k are rotated,

. for which a special source of strength was needed.

It should now be shown that this particular power source is dispensable and that its work can be done by the magnets η s. It is now obvious to arrange the upper part of FIG. 73 over the lower part and to connect the shafts of both parts to one another. Then, when the magnet η s rotates, the magnetized segments h of the upper part are rotated at the same time. In the position shown, however, the magnet η s has absolutely no tendency to rotate. In order to achieve this, the magnet η s has to be rotated somewhat forwards or backwards from its position so that it no longer coincides with the connecting line n 's' of the poles of the ring r , but forms a certain angle with it. Then the magnet ms tends to turn so that it comes closer and closer to the line connecting the poles n 's'.

During this movement of the magnet η s , because of its rigid connection with the magnetic segments h, these are rotated at the same time, as a result of which the poles n ' and s' of the ring r move further by the same angle at the same time. The consequence of this is that the poles η s never reach the poles n 's' , but always keep the same distance from them.

Therefore, the torque which the poles η and s ' and s and n' exert on each other remains constant in spite of the rotation of the magnet #s. In this way, we have obtained a DC motor without a commutator and slip rings using a rotating field, the armature of which rotates as long as its torque is greater than the resistance to be overcome.

II. With an electromagnet with slide springs as an anchor.

It is easy to see that this motor is replaced by an electromagnet instead of a permanent magnet can operate as an armature to which the excitation current is fed by means of slip rings.

III. With an electromagnet with a fixed winding as the armature.

Now the version with an electromagnet with fixed excitation is shown will. The slip rings can be avoided in this case if the electromagnet is designed in such a way that one with fixed excitation can work.

Since in the lower part of Fig. 73 it is only important that the lines of force are brought from the pole n ' to the pole s' and it is completely irrelevant whether this happens, as in the figure, within the cavity of the ring or from happens on the outer sides of the ring outside the ring or from one outside of the ring to the inside of the ring to the other

Pole, we can use any shaped iron piece as a replacement for the magnet η s to continue the lines of force. If we therefore use the connecting piece shown in FIGS. 75 and 72 to connect the outer segment h and the diametrically opposite inner piece g ', we can trace the lines of force on a diameter from the outer part n' of the ring r through this iron piece thus formed guide the inner circumference s' of the ring r.

The iron piece is then excited by a stationary excitation coil z that does not participate in the rotation, so that slip rings are no longer required.

6. Simultaneous use of the carrier of the rotating field winding to accommodate the variable bismuth resistances.
20th

It can now be shown that the carrier r of the rotating field winding can be used at the same time to accommodate the variable bismuth resistances.

7. Rotary field synchronous motor.

The lower part of FIG. 73 corresponds to a rotating field synchronous motor in which the magnetic Field of each phase generated by the superposition of two magnetic fields will. The variable currents required for each phase are shown here according to 46, 71 and 74 generated by the upper part of FIG. 73.

8. Generation of a rotating field by means of pure

Alternating currents from direct current.

If one uses as the upper part of Fig. 73 devices according to Fig. 57 or 66 or others Zero or compensation circuits, pure alternating currents are obtained immediately of any phase shift that can easily be used to operate an ordinary Can use rotating field synchronous motor.

In this case, the lower part of Fig. 73 would become one.

ß. Operation of AC motors from a DC source by equipment not connected to the motor.

In all devices for generating variable currents described so far those were directly connected to the engine; however, one can also generate an alternating current or alternating field through input

j cause directions.

The buzzer principle will be used as an example for this. This represents a special device for generating alternating currents from direct current without rotating Mechanisms or without moving parts and is shown in Fig. 67 (see Mie, Textbook of electricity and magnetism, 1910, p. 631/32). You can do this improve by having the variable microphone contact through a bifilar

j replaced the wound bismuth conductor and, after coordinating the secondary circuit with the primary circuit, omits the telephone membrane that is no longer required.
■ By means of the alternating currents generated by the devices mentioned above, any single or multi-phase motor can be operated. The synchronous motor and the ordinary asynchronous motor here assume a speed that is proportional to that of the iron core. By changing this speed, these motors can be run at any speed. .

The device for generating these periodic alternating currents can now be done like this construct that the energy drawn from the direct current network has almost no mechanical Work is converted into alternating current energy. Furthermore, since the speed of the above specified Motors is proportional to the speed of the auxiliary equipment, both can be used Coupling when a certain speed is reached.

Claims (1)

Patent claim: As a generator and motor for pulsating and almost constant direct current usable direct current machine without commutator, characterized in that those occurring in closed turns Against-E. M. K. K. in their effect by firmly (i.e. without sliding contacts) connected or interconnected with the conductor elements real or apparent resistances or counter-voltages that arise during the duration of the counteracting AC voltages periodically change their effect synchronously with these, are completely or partially suppressed, for what purpose a part of the conductor elements consists of bismuth, selenium or the like or skin effect, periodically variable Self-induction, mutual induction, capacitance, etc. j In addition 5 sheets of drawings.