DE2709146C2 - Use of wind energy - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to the use of wind energy by controllable wind power plants with adjustable turbine blades on the horizontal axis and with over gear

ίο driven useful energy producers (e.g. electricity generators) as well as subsequent useful energy distribution. The technical and economic use of the Wind energy, which can be done in various ways, is known to be hindered by the fact that the fluctuating Energy consumption is also offset by a fluctuating gross wind energy supply, which also with the altitude of the installation site above sea level, its respective wind position and the Axis height of the wind power plant above ground according to the wind speeds in the respective planetary boundary layer changed. Another obstacle to the use of wind energy is the relatively low annual average energy density despite periods of strong winds. Show anyway Model calculations based on measurements by the German Weather Service, that in the annual mean already Up to a height of around 110 m, there is enough useful energy to cover sufficient economic needs Available.

There are different views on the performance mechanical design of wind power plants. In order to achieve the greatest possible utilization of the gross wind energy, it is necessary that on the one hand the changing wind energy in the best possible way

} .s is collected, on the other hand the recovered useful energy is distributed optimally and as required without losses. The invention therefore has the purpose of providing a largest possible collection of wind energy through the best possible design of the wind energy collector and to achieve the associated and required optimal consumption of useful energy.

It is Z. At the moment no method is known by means of which the size of the useful energy converter downstream of the wind turbine, z. B. power generator, can be determined optimally. The wing loading of the wind turbines therefore varies depending on the designer's opinion. Betz (1) already stated in 1924 how big the is theoretically optimal achievable power at a given wind speed. Information about the design of useful energy converters for the greatest possible collection of useful energy from the gross wind energy with the changing wind speeds during a year, as is the design of systems with increasing height above ground. The older wind drives (e.g. windmills) were wind-guided and equipped with fixed gear ratios. With increasing wind the power increased until the system had to be switched off when the strength limit was reached. With modern wind power drives the power and thus the speed of the useful energy converter is usually given, and their Regulation is effected by aerodynamically shaped, twisted and rotatably mounted turbine blades. at Wind-guided wind drives can achieve the desired constant speed with the speed-controlled wind drives the optimal wind energy generation cannot be maintained. Betz (1) already described how the energy extraction of the gross wind energy at speed

managed systems. In addition to the older one Literature on useful energy generation from gross wind energy (except for Betz e.g. van Heys, Meyer, Honnef, Kleinhenz, Hütter) the state of the art should be around of the system study carried out on behalf of the Federal Minister for Research and Technology (2).

The previously known methods for designing wind turbines do not allow a maximum (greatest possible) Utilization of the annual wind energy. This applies to both the optimal (best possible) Power size of the useful energy converter as well as with regard to the changing wind energy Reason as well as the constant adjustment to the changing wind speeds. The ones that have become known so far Wind turbines represent a rigid aerodynamic-mechanical (mostly aerodynamic-electrical) Energy system whose useful energy converter (e.g. electricity generator) does not come from the gross annual wind energy deducible physical-technical-business * j economic performance has received, their useful energy converter (e.g. power generator) not the gross annual wind energy, which increases with the height above ground is adapted and in which either the turbine blades and their speed for a fixed wind speed are designed and thus poorer efficiencies for higher and lower wind speeds and as a result do not result in the optimal achievable performance, or if you do without Constant speed, with a fixed blade setting, the 3 «optimal performance over a certain speed range of the wind is retained, but the resulting electrical and mechanical useful power because of the variable speed and the variable voltage is of limited use. j-,

The invention is now based on the object of the annually accruing gross annual wind energy both in the levels as well as in the height extension to use as much as possible with the possibility of the so Always deliver the useful energy gained in the best possible way, with the solution both for island operation and Must be suitable for the network feed and technically in a modular system of any size and should be economically expandable.

The object is achieved according to the invention by the 4, characterizing part of claim 1 specified Measures resolved.

In order to optimize the wind energy conversion system, patent claim 1 includes three measures suggested: -, 0

1. Under the annual duration curves of the wind at a certain location there is a maximum of the energy accumulation only for the wind path line of the partial gross wind energy

e _O v = Po (v) ■ dt (v): (e _ov ) max, ^rj

A b b. 3 Its associated, specific gross wind output Po opt is the optimal gross expansion output. It is based on the optimization of the useful energy generator (e.g. electricity generator) after reduction with the degree of efficiency ω as the specific, installed net expansion capacity p, " _s . The optimal expansion capacity derived from this annual wind speed curve only applies to the place where the wind power plant is set up or attached, i.e. only to its mean annual wind speed V.

2. The optimal, specific gross capacity p _o " _p determined from the annual duration curve e _{OT of} the installation site, is therefore tied to this location because of its local mean annual wind speed V. In the foreseeable future, however, wind turbines will extend to greater heights of the planetary boundary layer. As is well known, the wind speeds in this area increase with height above ground and are subject to the influence of surface roughness and meteorological parameters in different ways. The further proposal in the basic claim therefore provides for the formation of wind energy sections in the height extension, which according to suitable criteria, e.g. B. according to the cost-benefit principle. In each of these wind energy sections, the useful energy generators (e.g. electricity generators) are optimized according to the procedure specified in point 1. An example is given in A b b. 2. This is based on a mean planetary boundary layer profile, with the wind speed increasing from H = 10 to H = 100 m by a factor of 1.5 and the mean annual wind energy by a factor of 3.34. According to this proposal, an optimally working wind power plant with a certain height must be optimized in individual wind energy sections by optimally designing its corresponding useful energy generator, sections 10-50 m high, preferably 15-25 m considered appropriate from a cost-benefit perspective.

3. In order to optimally use the wind energy in the respective wind speed section from the minimum speed Vmi " to the control speed v _rcg , the optimal wind turbine efficiency must be fully maintained in this speed range (A b b. 3). The third proposal in the basic claim therefore provides for the division of the transmission into a fixed and a variable part, the variable part being the speed range from v _mm to v _n . _{f is} adapted.

For the optimal start-up of the wind turbine blades until the adjustment control of the infinitely variable Adjustment gear and for power limitation, a rotation of the turbine blades known per se is provided. The rotation of the turbine blades in cooperation with the continuously adjustable part of the gearbox form a controlled system that allows the blade setting to be optimal at all times. Instead of the usual Uncertainty in the design of the useful energy generator (e.g. electricity generator) is caused by the proposed Means of using the hydrograph maxima and their application in height sections that can be optimized an optimal design of the network energy generator (e.g. electricity generator) and through the application a divided transmission with a variable part also enables optimal operation.

The advantages that can be achieved with the invention over the known prior art exist in particular in the fact that the part of a wind power station, which is used to convert wind energy, as an independent part is understood and consistently optimized. Any wind power plant can use the specified procedure operated physically, technically and economically at the site of its installation with maximum energy yield will. The uncertainties in the design of useful energy producers (e.g. electricity producers) have been eliminated. Further advantages are the preservation of the optimal development performance also in the altitude extension above ground in accordance with the mean annual gross wind

energy. By forming sections with average annual gross wind energy, the formation of autonomous, optimizable wind power plant units is possible. These wind power plant units can be assembled as components to form larger systems and thereby considerably increase the degree of utilization of the gross annual wind energy compared to previously known designs. From Fig. 3 and the application of this method to individual height sections at the location of the installation of wind power plants, it can be shown that the specific, relative degree of utilization of the net annual wind energy (m = e _p ms / e _max ) of previously known constructions and known projects of around 0.2 grows to the technically and economically optimally justifiable value of 0.6. The optimal degree of expansion determined with the help of the maximum of the partial annual duration curve (e _ov = pd (v) ■ dt (v)) and its application to the different height ranges also becomes Betz's power calculation for a current wind speed on the optimal power design for the annual mean the wind speed also expanded into areas with different mean annual wind speeds.

Because of the same mean annual wind speed at a construction height above ground and therefore also approximately the same gross annual wind energy is the summary of the power of wind turbines in approximately the same height above ground is possible. In dependent claim 2 it is therefore proposed that Wave energy from several turbines with the same or similar height above ground from a useful energy generator (e.g. power generator). This increases the number of z. B. significantly reduced by generators, whereby investment costs and maintenance costs are saved.

The optimally installed as well as the local (also in height) middle ones described above Wind energy conversion systems adapted to annual wind speeds are included in this conception ideally suited to be used as modular parts for systems of any size (Fig. 4 and 5, Claim 3). If the useful energy is generated by electricity generators, it is for parallel operation only required that additional voltage regulators be attached.

For the appropriate arrangement of the wind energy conversion units horizontal swivel arms are provided on the erection towers, which can be seen from the direction perpendicular to the wind direction (working position) can be swiveled in a direction parallel to the wind direction (A b b. 4 and 5). The panning in Wind direction is mainly intended for rest position and assembly work as well as in the event of a hurricane (claim 4).

Because of the better control of the dynamic forces when attaching several units to one Installation tower, it is useful to provide the direction of rotation of the wind turbines so that they are in pairs are directed in opposite directions (claim 5).

To compensate for the weights on the support arms in the direction of the wind and to reduce excessively large, stabilizing Forces in the direction of the wind and to avoid vibrations through the tower shadow the outer turbines can be placed in the direction of the wind, the inner turbines against the wind direction Support arms are mounted (claim 6).

The invention sees itself as one of the itself

optimizing wind energy conversion separately optimizing consumption of useful energy. The accruing Useful energy is generated fully automatically in the order of priority of the energy requirement through programmed load increases and ί shutdown on the individual acceptance areas such as B. Mains supply, traction current, battery charging, storage, Heating, etc. distributed. For this purpose, the useful energy distribution can be done with converter sets if required and elements of adjustment and power electronics and equipped with means of control and Computer electronics are optimally adapted and programmed (claim 7).

Designations:

'' ~ v m / s mean annual wind speed

ν _m " m / s minimum wind speed for

Start-up of a wind turbine

v _rC g m / s path control wind speed

at the power limit of the wind turbine

p " kw / m ² Specific gross wind output

p _o " _p , kw / m ² Optimal, specific gross expansion capacity

p, / v) kw / m ² Specific gross wind power for a wind speed interval

dt (v) h Time segment for a wind speed

age interval

p, " _s , kw / m ² Installed, specific net expansion

power

e _m kwh / m ² Specific gross wind energy for

a speed interval

(e _O v) max kwh / m ² Maximum, specific gross wind energy for a speed interval

e _p , "si kwh / m ² Specific net annual wind energy at the installed specific power ρ

e _m j, kwh / m ² Maximum, specific net year

wind energy

m = pwst / popt relative degree of expansion of the wind turbine

η = e / e _mJ% relative degree of utilization of the network

wind energy

Bibliography:

1. Betz, A.

Wind energy and its use by windmills. From science and technology, volume 2 (1926) Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht

2. Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (Ed.) Energy sources for tomorrow? Non-nuclear - Non-fossil primaries. Part Hi: Using the Wind energy. Frankfurt am Main: Umschau VerL 1976.

also:

Honnef, H.

Wind power plants.
Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg and Sohn AG, 1932.

Kleinhenz, F.

The use of wind energy by high wind power plants.

DieTechnik2 (1947) No. IZS.517-523.
Meyer, GW

Wind power.

Leipzig: Fachbuchverlag, 1954.

Hey,] .W. van

7 8

Wind and wind turbines. Manier, G., Benesch, W.

Berlin and Bielefeld: Georg Siemens Verlagsbuchhandl., Frequency distributions of the wind speed up to

3rd edition, 1956. 250 m height for the Federal Republic of Germany.

Study Society Wind Power, Stuttgart Meteorologische Rundschau 30 (1977) No. 5, p. 144 -

Notification No. 1-6, 1953-1960. 5 152.

In addition 5 sheets of drawings

Claims (7)

Patent claims: 1. Wind energy use by controllable wind power plants with adjustable turbine blades on a horizontal axis and with gear-driven useful energy generators (e.g. electricity generators) and subsequent useful energy distribution, characterized in that the entire energy system is wind energy conversion (wind turbine - useful energy generator, e.g. electricity generator) - useful energy consumption (Energy distribution - consumer and storage) is separated into the individual systems wind energy conversion and consumption of useful energy and that in the system wind energy conversion of the useful energy generator, z. B. as a power generator, by means of the energy maximunis de: · the annual duration curve pd (v) ■ dt (v) is optimized in terms of performance and that in the case of systems higher above the ground, the construction height is at heights that can be optimized in terms of performance and strength mechanics (e.g. 10-50 m) divided and the useful energy producers, z. B. power generator, in the respective height sections by means of the energy maxima of the annual duration curves Po (v) ■ at (v) are optimally designed in terms of performance and that the optimal efficiency of the wind turbine from start-up to the determined optimal performance of the wind energy conversion system by dividing the gear into one part constant transmission ratio and a part with variable transmission ratio is retained and that the optimal useful power thus obtained is fed through a programmed distributor to the consumers and stores in a certain order of priority. 2. Wind energy use according to claim 1, characterized in that several wind turbines in a height section their energy to a useful energy generator, z. B. Generators, transfer. 3. Wind energy use according to claim 1, characterized in that that described according to claim 1 Wind energy conversion systems as modular parts for wind turbines of any size are formed (A b b.4). 4. Wind energy use according to claim 1, characterized in that the systems for wind energy conversion on continuous, horizontal swivel arms and / or depending on the tower height are mounted one above the other on the erection tower (from b.4 and 5). 5. Wind energy use according to claim 1, characterized in that the systems for wind energy conversion are arranged in opposite pairs on the swivel arms. 6. Wind energy use according to claim 1, characterized in that the systems for wind energy conversion are arranged so that the turbines of the outboard units face the wind, the wind turbines those in the vicinity of the mast lying units against the wind direction are attached. 7. Wind energy use according to claim 1, characterized in that the resulting, optimally achievable Useful energy from the wind energy conversion through programmed load distribution in the order of priority of the energy demand and on the customers such. B. Mains supply, traction current, Battery charge, storage and heating is distributed.