DE2643427A1 - APPLICATION ROLLER - Google Patents

Description

DR. ING. E. HOFFMANN · DIPL. ING. W. EITΙΛ)) B, RtP. XAT. K. HOFFMANN

PATENTAN V / AIAJE D-8000 MDNCHEN 81ARABELLASTRASSE 4 - TELEPHONE (08Π) 911087

D / 74745/75541 28 436 r / my

XEROX CORPORATION, Rochester, N.Y. / UNITED STATES

Applicator roller

The invention relates to the development of electrostatic latent images. The invention particularly relates to the development of electrostatic latent images through the use of liquid toners or developers. The invention relates specifically to methods and devices to liquid toner or developer to a To give up the receiving surface.

In electrostatographic imaging, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent 2,297,691, a plate, which contains a layer of a photoconductive, insulating material on a conductive substrate over which Surface imparted a uniform electric charge, and it then becomes the object to be reproduced or exposed to the copy using conventional projection techniques. With this exposure, the plate becomes accordingly in areas the radiation density, whereby an electrostatic, latent image is generated on or in the photoconductive layer will. The latent image is developed with an electrostatically charged, finely divided developing material or toner brought about, which is brought into surface contact with the photoconductive layer and thereon electro-

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table is held in a pattern that corresponds to the electrostatic latent image. This is then developed Powder image is usually transferred to a carrier surface, e.g. made of paper, on which it is carried out by suitable means can be fixed.

Electrostatic latent image development can also be accomplished with liquid instead of dry developer materials 084 043 and 3 806 354. In these methods, an electrostatic latent image formed as described above is developed or made visible by applying a liquid toner or developer to the imaging surface on the surface of an applicator roller or developer dispenser having a plurality of raised portions or "lands", which defines a substantially regular, patterned surface and is presented with a plurality of recessed portions or "valleys" below the raised portions. The recessed parts of the applicator roller contain a layer of liquid toner which is kept out of contact with the electrostatographic imaging surface. Developer is loaded, is brought into development configuration with the imaging surface., The liquid developer is attracted to the recessed parts of the application _{surface f to} develop the image-bearing surface. The developing liquid can be pigmented or colored. The development system described in U.S. Patent 3,084,043, also sometimes referred to as "out-of-contact development", differs from electrophoretic development systems, which have a significant amount

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Contact between the liquid developer and both the charged one as well as uncharged areas of the electrostatic latent imaging surface during development.

The applicator rollers used in the liquid off-contact development process are carefully made and are substantially uniform Properties. The working surface of such rollers for applying a liquid developer to an electrically charged, photoreceptive surface has z.3. a multi-spiral one Thread patterns up to about 300 turns / 2.54 cm with a right or left spiral pitch of about 45 °. Other angles from about 20 ° to about 80 ° from the axis can also be used. The thread configuration has typically a pitch of about 12.7 x 10 "cm, a top land of about 2.54 × 10 -4 cm, and a depth of about 35 to 65 / rev. The seed roll size can typically be one Corresponding to a diameter of about 3.81 cm and a length of 23.9 cm with the exception of the tenons.

The applicator rollers either run in physical contact or in very close proximity to the surface bearing the latent image. This surface can be any dielectric material or it can be a photoreceptor. The photoreceptor can be a suitable sensitive one Contain material piled on a suitable base. Any suitable photoconductive materials and substrates can be used * Preferred photoconductors are selenium, selenium alloys, and halogen-doped selenium, although organic photoconductors can also be used. Typical substrates are nickel, brass and aluminum. If so desired For example, an intermediate layer may be provided between the photoconductive material and the substrate to select selected To achieve adhesive or electrical properties, and there can also be an insulating coating layer over the photoreceptor

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are present. As a further alternative, a fabric can be placed between the photoreceptor and the applicator roller on the photoreceptor be in the mood. With such an arrangement, the toner or developer is developed on and later off of the fabric transferred from the tissue to a receiving substrate.

It can be seen that the two structures, namely the photoreceptor and the applicator roller, are in close conformity and have to work within tight tolerances to produce a high quality image.

In compact electrostatic copiers, the photoreceptor and form roller are typical Small diameter cylinder to facilitate operation in a limited space. However, they are also band-like Surfaces used. Operation is typically at speeds of about 10.16 to 25.4 cm / sec, although a moving contact that acts in a transfer of the liquid developer from the applicator roller to a photoreceptor results, can also take place at speeds generally from about 5.08 to about 177.8 cm / sec. the Fluid development of images at such speed makes a cooperation between the. Photoreceptor and the Application roller required.

Once the developer is properly applied to the applicator roller and its patterned or engraved surface, then the developer must be approved by the countries or raised Parts are cleaned away prior to contact with the surface bearing the latent image. This requires a close conformity and close tolerances between the application surface and a squeegee device such as a blade or a tissue. An effective scraping or cleaning of excess developer from the land surfaces of the Application roller also removes at least one

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Part of the developer from the valleys of the applicator roller what is due to the surface properties of the developer.

The quality of the applicator roller is a critical factor in the liquid out-of-contact development process. Materials that are suitable for making the applicator roller are limited. The surface conformity between a hard metal applicator roller and a hard photoreceptor surface is very critical as only one is very critical poor development occurs when non-uniform separation occurs. On the other hand, the photoreceptor damaged if the hard form roller is not in precise alignment, too close, and not in line with the photoreceptor is arranged.

The manufacture of a finished metal roller with high Quality under technical conditions with low tolerance deviations is technically difficult. The mechanical engraving requires a number of stages. The originyl layout of the pattern with opposite hand and with a multiple Size is made of a polyethylene terephthalate resin material produced Bas Original »Layout becomes photographic back to size on a clear polyethylene terephthalate resin material scaled down. Then, the original layout is photoetched onto an original engraving cylinder Applied from hardened and ground tool steel. It just gets the outline of the pattern and do not transfer the pattern depth * The photo-etched original engraving cylinder is mechanically etched to the desired depth and contour using an original engraving. These Level is critical and requires great skill. The tools and facilities that will be used are relatively simple, and they are similar to jewelers etching devices. The success of the subsequent engraving

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This depends almost entirely on the skill of the original engraver. The original cylinder is then used to make original pressure rollers for engraving the rollers. A roll blank is machined to tolerance using conventional measures. An extension is left at one end which is used to drive the roller during the mechanical engraving process. After engraving, the expansion is turned off. The roller material usually consists of an AlSl, 1015 or 1020 steel. The roller is now ready for engraving. During the engraving process, the roller is placed in a special lathe designed for this purpose. The roller is placed in the machine with the roller webs held by U-shaped bronze bearings. The expansion left on the roller is allowed to engage a driving chuck that drives the roller during the engraving process. The original engraving roller is fastened in a tool holder directly above the roller. The tool holder rests on the lathe bed and is moved back and forth by a guide screw. The original platen is freely floating in the U-shaped bronze bushings in the tool holder. By means of an adjustment wheel, it is brought into contact with the rotating roller blank _f and it adopts the speed of the roller blank and is driven by the frictional contact. The movement along the roller blank is controlled by the guide screw that drives the tool holder »The roller blank rotates The movement of the original platen along the length of the roller blank is also very slow and is approximately 2.54 cm in 3 minutes for small rollers. It is considerably lower for larger rollers. With larger rollers it is almost impossible to see the movement of the pressure roller down the roller because it moves so slowly. The origi-

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nal print roller hardly comes to a single pass Floor. Usually at least two passes are required on each roller, and sometimes significantly more. The amount the loading per run is at the discretion of the operator. During the engraving, the roller is continuously flooded with a lubricant. After engraving the web expansion is turned off and the roller is degreased and it is given an impact coating made of copper. The final stage consists of a plating with a thin coating of hard chrome. Both plating operations require considerable skill. The usual plating measures namely, complete and uniform plating of such complicated ones did not normally occur Configurations result.

Other manufacturing processes for rolls simp rather in nature _s have one or more disadvantages "such as _e Thus, a more spirally patterns are produced by a multi-Dies-threading, but it is very difficult in this process a lead angle of about 450 and the maximum available lead angle is usually about 25 ° from normal to the axis. When creating a multi-spiral pattern on the applicator roll, a minimum of 150 turns / 2.54 cm is usually desirable and about 180 turns / 2.54 cm is preferred. With multiple die tapping, it is difficult to make a die that is about 180 turns / 2.54 cm. Furthermore, a special feed machine that can feed small rollers at about 1.27 cm per revolution is required for small rollers with a diameter of about 2.54 cm and a length of about 22.9 cm. However, even if this feed rate is quite slow and involves considerable set-up time, this method still results in low production rates. A photo engraving /

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chemical etching can be used likewise for the production of patterned rolls, but has a major drawback. Namely, it is very difficult to align and join the ends of the lap to make a continuous pattern. Another limitation arises from the fact that the maximum available etch depth is usually about 25 / rev. While a cylindrical panographic engraver can produce a multi-spiral pattern, the alignment of the winding pattern is a problem as it does in the photoengraving process. An electronic and automatic cylinder engraving machine can produce approximately 180 TPI (turns / 2.54 cm) for a multi-spiral pattern with a lead angle of 45 ° or for other patterns on continuous, cylindrical surfaces. However, since this is a real engraving process, it is slow and therefore expensive. Electrochemical grinding will also be unsatisfactory to produce a roll of about 180 TPI because the finest grinding wheel has a single particle size nearly as large as the largest thread dimension.

In view of these and other problems of metal application rollers, attempts have been made to apply polymers and other elastomeric materials. The thermal expansion, the swelling, the recovery of elasticity and pattern distortion, however, are all problems that make the use of such materials difficult. ”Furthermore, it seems Casting techniques for such materials do not appear to be suitable in practice. Attempts at open pouring generally have failed due to poor concentricity control and unreliable mold filling. A Spinning molding generally suffers from clad assembly difficulties accompanied.

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Since almost all currently known processes for the production of applicator rollers in sufficient quantities in one or otherwise, there is a continuing need for an improved roller and a method of making them.

The aim of the invention is to provide an improved development process. It's another one The aim is to provide a special application roller. It is another object of the invention to provide an applicator roller that has dimensional and surface stability during operation Invention a special method for the production of application rollers are provided.

The invention now provides a hard, dimensionally stable, thin, thermosetting surface, which carries the desired application surface pattern coated on a resilient layer, which is of a Carbide shaft is carried. *

The invention also provides a method for Manufacture of the desired fine-structured applicator roller made available, in which you have a resilient, with a Bushing covered steel shaft covered with a thin, unhardened, thermosetting material, embossed. After admission After printing the desired pattern, the embossed blank is separated from the original and thermoset.

The embossing is usually done in such a way that one has a flat plate of the material, -die as Blank is referred to, passes through an interface zone, which is created by an original, the patterned roller and a replacement roller is formed. The embossing roller pulls the blank through the gap and prints an exact reproduction of your

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swept pattern on the relatively soft surface. There the flat plate is generally continuous, there is no need to add the first and last teeth of the to adapt to the embossed pattern. This technique can also be used to create a continuous pattern To apply circumferential or continuous surfaces by embossing, provided that the pattern inclination is sufficiently fine and that the material is structurally weak enough to permit the formation of integral numbers of "teeth" or lands.

Non-integral teeth, such as those formed during the first revolution of a blank, the circumference of which corresponds to the Perimeter of the original mismatch can be made integrally by moving the material around the perimeter are formed during embossing. The quality of the tooth profile depends on the slope diameter that is inside the surface of the blank is formed. The process of averaging out non-integral dental errors is rather complicated and it involves a continuous redistribution of the material and a reformation of the corresponding Diameter during the process. During the embossing, the averaging of the last tooth error is a function the physical properties of the coating material and the substrate. The driving support of the blank allows the continuous formation of circumferences of inclination, and depending on the variation in the nip pressure and the coating viscosity. This tooth averaging phenomenon progresses until a stable amount of inclination is obtained. One insufficient stabilization of the slope range leads to distortion of the pattern.

Any hard shaft material can be used in accordance with the invention. Steel, stainless steel, Nickel, brass, or any other similar material can be used. It is preferred to be conductive Mater ja lien to use.

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An elastomer or an elastomer-like, resilient material is used to cover the shaft. materials such as nitrile butadiene rubber, resilient polyurethane rubber, silicone rubber, isoprene rubber, chloroprene rubber, Styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber and the like can be used. These materials should have a Shore A hardness from about 50 to 90, however values of about 70 are preferred. Wall thicknesses of the resilient material should about 0.13 cm to 2.54 cm, with thicknesses of about 0.23 cm to about 0.51 cm being preferred.

Particularly preferred, resilient substrate materials are e.g. nitrile rubber tube, Compound 3431, modified, and molded, conductive neoprene (10 ^ ohm-cm), 70 Shore A, both from American Roller Co., Union Grove, Wisconsin, as well as molded, conductive polyurethane (10 ^ 0hm-cm), 70 Shore A, by Garlock, Inc., Rochester, New York *

The resilient substrate material can be in the form of a Tube present, which is placed around the hard metal shaft or the material formed around the shaft. An injection molding the resilient, elastomeric material is preferred.

The manufacture of the blank is an important step in the manufacture of an applicator. Although minor surface imperfections of the blank can be averaged out during final coating, but can Their "presence impair the effectiveness of the process. A final grinding for sizing and aligning may be useful if necessary in order to obtain an end product of uniform quality.

An important feature of this invention is the surface coating. It was found that a thin layer a thermosetting material that is covered on a resilient

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Wave is applied, the applicator roller according to the invention gives dimensional stability and the necessary resilience for good photoreceptor / support roller system conformity to impart without a high risk of damage to the relatively fragile photoreceptor surface consists.

Many materials are suitable to provide a surface according to the invention. It has has shown that polyurethanes are particularly well suited for the purposes of the invention. A Janes order sample will be formed in the elastomer. If it is uncured, this pattern must be maintained until the coating is complete is cured. The quality of the rollers is usually largely determined by the viscoelastic properties of the elastomer coating and controlled by the hardening behavior. Embossing is the preferred way to get the desired Create patterns.

Early in the embossing process, the voltage values are very high, since the contact is limited to the countries of the original is. As the material deforms, the contact area increases until total contact is achieved and the Voltage value is lower. After a total contact there is no longer a complete deformation, however an internal viscous flow continues to redistribute stresses in the elastically deformed material, whereby this stress relaxation serves to reduce the amount of elastic recovery.

For a preferred hollow embossing, the coating should have a low viscosity and a high elastic modulus (low elastic grant). The need to keep track of the original countries in the grooves formed bears out however, has a low limit on this viscosity. Also mui

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the cohesive strength (viscoelastic strength) must be greater than the adhesion attraction to the original roller in order to achieve a Prevent "hot offsetting".

With the use of many materials, there is a tendency when the roller formed is removed from the embossing mount the residual elastic recovery tends to decrease the depth of the grooves, which is referred to as slippage will. The surface tension also promotes leveling. Thus the viscosity of the material must be high enough so that these forces are counteracted. Disadvantageously, however, the viscosity normally increases with increasing « Temperature that is usually present during hardening.

The thixotropic behavior of the coating material is due to the leveling forces, mainly elastic recovery and counteract the surface tension until the material has hardened. The thixotropic behavior describes a change viscosity over time at constant shear rate. The viscosity decreases after an increased shear rate has been placed on a material and eventually reaches an equilibrium value. When the shear rate decreases or is removed, the viscosity will increase over time until a higher equilibrium value is reached. The initial viscosity is a function of the shear history. The thixotropic Behavior is believed to be due to a change in intermolecular forces, or molecular orientation in filled systems of interparticle attachments. The energy input from a shear field breaks the Size of the attachments. When the shear field is removed the thermal motion allows reorientation or rebinding.

It has been found that an uncured polyurethane material is dispersed into the carbon black pigment so that the

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Volume resistivity is about ΙΟ "'ohm-cm, the correct ones Has properties to be embossed in such systems.

The excellent properties of the pigmented urethane elastomer are believed to be directly due to the controlled thixotropicity which is controlled by the carbon black structure. Improved materials are obtained by adding less than about 20 weight percent fumed silica, which improves thixotropicity. Well dispersed amounts of from about 2 to about 8 percent are preferred.

Any of the blocked urethanes, the unblocking a of greater than about 10O ⁰ C and preferably 120 to 175 ° C have, can be used. Such materials are preferably diluted with solvents such as xylene and / or toluene to a viscosity of about 100 cP for application.

The urethane is applied by spraying, dipping, or other conventional means to make it uniform Coating with 101.6 to 304.8 / U can be obtained. A thickness of 127.0 to 177.8 / u is preferred

One technique for uniform layering is spraying. It has been found to be useful to add about 50.8 / u. per pass with a pot pressure of 1.41 kg / cm and one

Use air line pressure of 3.16 kg / cm. Three runs are generally sufficient to coat the resiliently coated shaft.

The coated roller should be allowed to dry thereby releasing the solvents prior to embossing. A period of a few minutes to 24 hours is required depending on the solvents used

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so. After this time, the viscosity is stabilized, which allows optimal embossing.

An engraved metal original is made using the techniques described above or other high quality techniques produced using the negative of the pattern to be produced. The hollow embossing original and the blank are brought together and rotated under pressure over a period of time to bring the desired pattern into the surface of the blank is hammered.

The embossment may be done at any temperature, but it has been found that rolling can be obtained with verbeserter quality, when the process at room temperature, that is, carried out at temperatures of from about 18 to about 35 ⁰ C. The viscosity of the thixotropic polyurethane is sufficiently high at room temperature that no offsetting takes place. No mold release agent is required under these conditions, but can be used if necessary.

The original is brought into contact with the urethane-coated, spring-covered ¥ elle and rotated, while the contact pressure is increased. While any contact force can be used, it is preferred Pressures of about 9.07 to about 13.6 kg / 2.54 cm should be applied to the embossing at room temperature. The contact is maintained for 2 to about 20 minutes, but can become elongated in the case of poorly coated blanks. After a few revolutions, a wave motion or a flow of the pattern can be observed, which is a reorientation of the material in order to eliminate last tooth errors. This pattern flow is actually the appearance the transverse twist that occurs and disappears. The separation can be accomplished by a sudden release will. .

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Once released, the uncured, urethane-coated, patterned applicator roll is cured. Any curing technique can be used. The roller can be placed in a hot air oven at about 100 to about 225 ° C and cured, for example, for 1 to 15 minutes. Typically deblocked baking at 120 ⁰ C over a period of 10 to 12 minutes, the urethane and initiates curing. Materials with higher thixotropic properties can be cured more quickly, thus avoiding material deformation if such a tendency is observed. After the heating step, the roller should be left at room temperature for about 18 to 72 hours to develop the proper properties.

Hardening can be done at the same time as embossing. In this stage, the coated roller is heated for about 4 to 10 minutes at temperatures of about 150 to 90 ^° C. before the embossing. The embossing step is then carried out as described above except that a radiant heat source is used to maintain the surface temperature. Once released, the hardened, embossed roller should be allowed to stand for 18 to about 72 hours for full properties to be developed.

The invention is illustrated in the examples. All parts and percentages are by weight when nothing else is indicated.

example 1

A steel shaft with a length of 30.5 cm and one About 1.91 cm in diameter became about 0.51 cm thick with a molded conductive neoprene rubber covered. The neoprene rubber available from the American Roller Company, Union Grove, Wisconsin was made with

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Carbon black mixed on a roller mill to obtain a resistance of 1 (K ohm-cm and a hardness of 70 Shore A, before it was applied to the steel shaft by injection molding and hardened at the same time. The coated shaft was ground to a constant diameter.

The surface of the ground, coated shaft was coated to a thickness of 127.0 / rev with an end-blocked, thermosetting solvent-based polyurethane elastomer containing dispersed carbon black to adjust the volume resistivity to 10 ^ ohm-cm and evaporated silica to make the thixotropic To increase properties, spray coated. This material is available from Hughson Chemical Company, a division of Lord Corporation, Erie, Pennsylvania, under the trademark Cheraglaze TS-1960-71. This material is highly shear thinning. At 40 ⁰ C, the viscosity decreases from 10 P to 10 P when the shear stress is increased from 4.0 χ 10 to 1.25 x 10 ^ dyn / cm ² . The thixotropic yield stresses were 5 x 10 and 9 x 10 dynes / cm at 65 ° and 56 ° C, respectively. The urethane hardens at 150 ^° C.

The uncured, urethane-coated, with neoprene covered steel shaft was mounted on spikes. A cleaned, engraved steel original was used, the one had a uniform pattern with helical grooves with a depth of 65 / µm and that at 67 1/2 ° to the roll axis was inclined. The distance was 180 turns / 2.54 cm. This patterned original was made with the rotating, urethane-coated Brought into engagement with the blank and driven by the frictional contact therewith. The embossing process was achieved through the intimate contact between the surfaces of the urethane-coated blank and the engraved steel original. The pressure between the two surfaces was to a maximum of 11.3 kg / linear 2.54 cm of the roller increased while the two rolling surfaces at a speed

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speed of 60 I ^ min were increased. The embossing was about 40 min continued. At the end of the process, the separation was achieved by a spring-actuated, attached, quick-release setting mechanism in order to avoid destruction of the to avoid freshly embossed patterns.

The hollow embossed roll was placed in a hot air oven at a temperature of 120 ⁰ C for about 10 minutes by covering the surface of the sample was fixed by curing. Full depth cure was accomplished by letting the roller stand at room temperature for about 48 hours.

Example 2

The procedure of Example 1 was exactly repeated with the exception that, prior to embossing, the coated roller was heated in a hot air oven at a temperature of 125 ° C. for about 8 minutes in order to partially precure the polyurethane. The roller was then positioned and engaged for embossing. The engraved original and the blank pre-cured, the hollow should be shaped were placed under radiant heat * that the surface temperature of the urethane was about 12O ⁰ C. Embossing and hardening were done at the same time. After about 10 minutes the roller was ready.

Example 3

The procedure of Example 3 was essentially repeated to produce various rolls. this shows that the method has a wide breadth in terms of variables. The results of a representative number of these tests after the development essentially was complete are summarized in the table below.

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Roller Durometer Thickness Coating Här Devi Upper Country No. value of the line thickness line radius Socket socket deep of country- (/ u)

(Shore A) (cm) (cm) ( ₇ u) height (/ u) wavy- '

'' speed

Ou)

AM-53 73 0.24 0.010 46 4.8 40 24 AM-54 73 0.24 0.010 44 2.5 42 34 G-66 75 0.30 0.016 43 6.2 32 7th R-45 83 0.46 0.013 51 7th 7th 7th G-33 7th 0.23 0.010 55 3.8 25th 7th 13th 75 0.23 0.010 53 . 3.8 21 29 G-50 76 0.23 0.023 42 6.2 25th 40 G-46 75 0.23 0.016 43 3.8 15th 36 R-42 83 0.52 0.016 45 6.2 38 40 at game 4th

An imaging system similar to that described in U.S. Patent 3,656,948 has been put together. A tough one Photoconductor in the form of a drum with a surface layer of selenium with a thickness of about 50 / u on one The conductive metal substrate was positively charged to about 450 volts and in a conventional light-and-shadow image exposed. This exposure correspondingly formed the electrostatic latent image on the surface of the photoreceptor the dark areas of the light-shadow image -

The applicator roller formed in Example 1 was in the developer housing in contact with the photoreceptor surface appropriate. The developer used had the following composition;

30 parts of mineral oil which acts as a carrier and which has a kinematic viscosity of about 15.7 to 18.0 cSt. at 25 ° C and has a density of 0.85. The product is under the trademark of the Pennsylvania Refining Company Drakeol 9 available;

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18 parts by weight of a resinified, predispersed carbon black pigment, consisting of about hO% carbon black pigment and 60%

Ester gum available from CIBA under the trademark Microlith CT;

3 parts by weight of methyl violet tannate;

15 parts by weight of an alkylated polyvinylpyrrolidone, which acts as a further pigment dispersant and secondary carrier; and

0.5 part by weight of a synthetic wax available by Moore and Manger, Inc., under the Paraflint trademark RG.

This developer was mixed well together and placed in the developer housing. During operation was the developer was charged onto the applicator roller and scraped off so that the land areas were clean. The applicator roller, which was resilient, lightly contacted the selenium drum surface and the developer carried in the grooves of the applicator roller was drawn to the electrostatic latent image in image configuration, making the image visible became. The development speed was 25.4 cm / sec.

The developed image was transferred to paper and the copy examined. It was found that she was generally equivalent to a copy with the corresponding mechanically engraved element of low carbon Stole. This element had a chrome plating with essentially the same pattern as the applicator roll of the example 1.

Example 5

Example 4 was repeated virtually in entirety, except that a standard test pattern was used, that had both a line copy and a fixed counter copy. 1000 copies were made and visualized on the

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Quality examined. The quality seemed to stay the same from the first to the last copy. The quality was essentially the same as that in Example 4.

Example 6

The photoreceptor of Examples 4 and 5 was visually examined to determine whether during the extended Copy cycle a surface damage occurred. There were no surface defects, scratches, grooves and the like. established.

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Claims (18)

Claims (1y applicator roller for the liquid development of electrostatographic images, characterized in that they have a hard, dimensionally stable, patterned application surface contains, which has been applied to a deformable, resilient substrate, which is a hard metal shaft covered. 2. Application roller for the liquid development of electrostatographic, latent images, characterized in that that they have a hard, dimensionally stable surface made of a hardened polyurethane with a thickness of about 101.6 to about 304.8 / U (4 to 12 mils) and an embossed, substantially uniform pattern of countries and valleys, the surface of a cemented carbide substrate having an overlying resilient coating will be carried. 3. Application roller according to claim 2, characterized in that that the resilient coating consists of an elastomer-like material with a Shore A hardness of about 50 to about 90. 4. applicator roller according to claim 2, characterized in that the resilient coating has a volume resistance of about 10 ^v ohm-cm. 5. applicator roll according to claim 2, characterized in that _f that the resilient coating has a wall thickness cm (0.05 to 1 inch) from about 0.127 to about 2.54 " 6. applicator roller according to claim 2, characterized in that the polyurethane surface has a volume resistance of about 10 ^ 0hm-cm. 709818/0953 • Sl- 7. applicator roller according to claim 2, characterized in that the polyurethane surface has a thickness of about 127.0 Ms about 177.8 / U (5 to 7 mils). 8. applicator roller according to claim 2, characterized in that the resilient coating made of an elastomer-like material with a Shore A hardness of about 70. 9. A method of making a patterned applicator roller for developing electrostatographic images, characterized in that forming a resilient surface on a hard shaft, the resilient surface with a thin, uncured, thermosetting, polymeric material coated, a pattern is printed on the surface of the uncured, thermosetting, polymeric material and that the thermosetting polymeric material hardens. 10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the pattern on the surface of the uncured, thermosetting Applies polymers by embossing. 11. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the uncured, warmeharten.de, polymeric material is a Has a thickness of about 101.6 to about 304.8 / U (4 to 12 mils). 12. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the uncured, thermosetting, polymeric material Is urethane. 13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the urethane is mixed with carbon black pigment in a sufficient amount that the coating is given a volume resistivity of 10 ^ ohm-cm. 709818/0953 _ 2643A27 14. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the urethane is less than about 20% by weight of evaporated silicon dioxide have been added. 15. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the resilient surface has a Shore A hardness of about 50 until about 90 has. 16. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the resilient surface has a wall thickness of about 0.127 to about 2.54 cm (0.05 to 1 inch) ". 17. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the resilient surface has a Shore A hardness of about 70. 18. The method according to claim 9 *, characterized in that that printing and hardening are carried out at the same time. 709818/09 53