DE2619432B2 - Flame retardant hose - Google Patents
Flame retardant hoseInfo
- Publication number
- DE2619432B2 DE2619432B2 DE2619432A DE2619432A DE2619432B2 DE 2619432 B2 DE2619432 B2 DE 2619432B2 DE 2619432 A DE2619432 A DE 2619432A DE 2619432 A DE2619432 A DE 2619432A DE 2619432 B2 DE2619432 B2 DE 2619432B2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- intermediate layer
- polyurethane
- synthetic resin
- glass fiber
- resin intermediate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012764 mineral filler Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- JCCZVLHHCNQSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na][Si] Chemical compound [Na][Si] JCCZVLHHCNQSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011527 polyurethane coating Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
- B32B1/08—Tubular products
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/12—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/40—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyurethanes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
- F16L11/12—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with arrangements for particular purposes, e.g. specially profiled, with protecting layer, heated, electrically conducting
- F16L11/125—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with arrangements for particular purposes, e.g. specially profiled, with protecting layer, heated, electrically conducting non-inflammable or heat-resistant hoses
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L57/00—Protection of pipes or objects of similar shape against external or internal damage or wear
- F16L57/04—Protection of pipes or objects of similar shape against external or internal damage or wear against fire or other external sources of extreme heat
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/02—Coating on the layer surface on fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/26—Polymeric coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
- B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
- B32B2262/101—Glass fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
- B32B2305/08—Reinforcements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2601/00—Upholstery
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2221/00—Details or features not otherwise provided for
- F24F2221/30—Details or features not otherwise provided for comprising fireproof material
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich gattungsgemäß auf einen schwer entflammbaren Schlauch, insbesondere für die Führung von Warmluft, bestehend aus Innenmantel, Außenmantel und Kunstharzzwischenschicht, gegebenenfalls mit eingebetteter, schraubenförmig umlaufender Drahtarmierung, wobei der Innenmantel einerseits, der Außenmantel andererseits aus eine engmaschine Diffusionssperre bildendem Glasfasergewebeband schraubenwendelförmig gewickelt und durch die Kunstharzzwischenschicht in ihrer Wickelnaht sowie miteinander verschweißt sind.The invention relates generically to a flame-retardant hose, in particular for guiding hot air, consisting of inner jacket, outer jacket and synthetic resin intermediate layer, optionally with embedded, helically encircling wire armouring, with the inner jacket on the one hand, the outer jacket on the other hand from a glass fiber fabric tape forming a tight diffusion barrier Wrapped in a helical shape and through the synthetic resin intermediate layer in its wound seam and are welded together.
Bei den bekannten gattungsgemäßen Schläuchen (DE-OS 2025351), die hauptsächlich als Umhüllung für Kabel oder Leitungen bestimmt sind, besteht die Kunstharzzwischenschicht aus Polyvinylchlorid. Das engmaschige Gewebeband mag dabei als Diffusionssperre wirken, da es die Flammen vom Kabelinnern abhalten soll. Diffusionssperre bezeichnet ein engmaschiges Gewebe, dessen Maschenweite und Fadenaufbau so gewählt sind, daß auch bei erhöhten und hohen Temperaturen Sauerstoff in einer für die Entzündung ausreichenden Menge nicht an die Kunstharzzwischenschicht gelangen kann. Die Entflammbarkeit ist dadurch reduziert. Nichtsdestoweniger bestehen Nachteilen. Diese resultieren aus dem Chlorgehalt des Polyvinylchlorids, der zur Folge hat, daß bei hohen Temperaturen und insbesondere bei der Verbrennung, tritt diese trotz der beschriebenen AuslegungIn the known hoses of the generic type (DE-OS 2025351), which are mainly used as a cover are intended for cables or wires, the synthetic resin intermediate layer consists of polyvinyl chloride. That Close-meshed fabric tape may act as a diffusion barrier as it removes the flames from inside the cable should keep. Diffusion barrier describes a close-meshed fabric, its mesh size and thread structure are chosen so that even at elevated and high temperatures oxygen in one for the ignition sufficient amount cannot get to the synthetic resin intermediate layer. The flammability is thereby reduced. Nevertheless, there are disadvantages. These result from the chlorine content of the Polyvinyl chloride, which has the consequence that at high temperatures and especially during combustion, this occurs despite the design described
ein, Chlor frei wird, woraus in Anwesenheit von Wasserdampf Salzsäure entsteht, die stark korrodierend und außerdem gesundheitsschädlich ist.a, chlorine is released, from which hydrochloric acid is formed in the presence of water vapor, which is highly corrosive and is also harmful to health.
Andererseits kennt man seit langem für die verschiedensten Verwendungszwecke das Kunstharzpolyurethan. Polyurethan ist jedoch sehr leicht brennbar, so daß Polyurethan für schwer entflammbare Gegenstände nicht geeignet erscheint.On the other hand, synthetic resin polyurethane has long been known for a wide variety of uses. However, polyurethane is very flammable, so that polyurethane is suitable for flame-retardant objects seems unsuitable.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen gattungsgemäßen Schlauch unter Verzicht auf den Einsatz von Polyvinylchlorid aufzubauen.The invention is based on the object of providing a hose of the generic type, dispensing with the Use of polyvinyl chloride to build up.
Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe lehrt die Erfindung, daß die Kunstharzzwischenschicht aus Polyurethan mit einer Beimischung von unbrennbaren Füllstoffen insbesondere feinkörnigen mineralischen Füllstoffen besteht und das Glasfasergewebe aus Fäden oder Garnen in Leinwandbindung aufgebaut ist. Nach bevorzugter Ausführungsform der Erfindung weist das Polyurethan eine Beimischung von Natriumsilizium, vorzugsweise in Mengen von 5 bis 25 %, insbesondere in Mengen von 10% auf. Die Leinwandbindung besitzt zweckmäßigerweise einen Aufbau von 15:15.To solve this problem, the invention teaches that the synthetic resin intermediate layer made of polyurethane with an admixture of non-flammable fillers, in particular fine-grain mineral fillers and the fiberglass fabric is made up of threads or yarns in a plain weave. After preferred Embodiment of the invention, the polyurethane has an admixture of sodium silicon, preferably in amounts of 5 to 25%, in particular in amounts of 10%. The plain weave possesses expediently a set-up time of 15:15.
Die Erfindung geht von der Erkenntnis aus, daß eine Diffusionssperre, die in der beschriebenen Weise aus Glasfasergewebe in Leinwandbindung aufgebaut ist, sich durch Engmaschigkeit und Fadenaufbau für alle Einsatzfälle und Verwendungszwecke erfindungsgemäßer Schläuche so einrichten läßt, daß diese sehr schwer entflammbar sind. So sind die erreichten Vorteile darin zu sehen, daß bei einem erfindungsgemäßen Schlauch auf den Einsatz von Polyvinylchlorid vollständig verzichtet werden kann. Folglich treten auch bei hohen und extrem hohen Temperaturen und selbst bei Verbrennung Chlorgase nicht mehr auf. Von besonderem Vorteil ist die Tatsache, daß die Schläuche sehr einfach hergestellt werden können. Aus Glasfasergewebeband, welches einseitig eine Beschichtung aus Polyurethan aufweist, werden über eine Mandrille, im allgemeinen gleichzeitig, Innenmantel und Außenmantel gewickelt, und zwar mit Überlappungsnähten in bezug auf den Innenmantel und auf den Außenmantel. Eine schraubenwendelförmig umlaufende Drahtarmierung kann eingewickelt werden. Die Verschweißung von Innenmantel und Außenmantel aufeinander und die Verschweißung in der Wickelnaht, insbesondere also in der Überlappungsnaht, erfolgen kalt mit Hilfe eines Lösungsmittels. The invention is based on the knowledge that a diffusion barrier in the manner described is made up of fiberglass fabric in plain weave, characterized by tightness and thread structure for all applications and uses of the inventive hoses can be set up so that these are very flame retardant. The advantages achieved are to be seen in the fact that in an inventive Hose on the use of polyvinyl chloride can be completely dispensed with. Consequently step chlorine gases no longer appear even at high and extremely high temperatures and even when burned. from A particular advantage is the fact that the hoses can be manufactured very easily. the end Fiberglass fabric tape, which has a polyurethane coating on one side, are over a mandrel, generally wound at the same time, inner jacket and outer jacket, with Overlap seams with respect to the inner jacket and the outer jacket. One helically shaped circumferential wire armouring can be wrapped. The welding of the inner jacket and Outer jacket on top of each other and the weld in the winding seam, especially in the overlap seam, take place cold with the help of a solvent.
Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand einer Iediglich ein Ausführungsbeispiel darstellenden Zeichnung ausführlicher erläutert. Es zeigtIn the following, the invention is illustrated by means of a drawing which shows only one exemplary embodiment explained in more detail. It shows
Fig. 1 perspektivisch eine Ansicht eines erfindungsgemäßen, schwer entflammbaren Schlauches, teilweise aufgeblättert,Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a flame retardant hose according to the invention, partially peeled,
Fig. 2 den vergrößerten Ausschnitt A aus dem Gegenstand nach Fig. 1 und2 shows the enlarged section A from the object according to FIGS. 1 and
Fig. 3 den vergrößerten Ausschnitt Baus dem Gegenstand nach Fig. 1.Fig. 3 shows the enlarged detail Baus the object according to Fig. 1.
Der in den Figuren dargestellte schwer entflammbare Schlauch dient insbesondere für die Führung von Warmluft. In seinem grundsätzlichen Aufbau besteht der Schlauch zunächst aus einem Innenmantel 1, einem Außenmantel 2 und einer Kunstharzzwischenschicht 3. Im Ausführungsbeispiel ist zusätzlich eine zwischen Innenmantel 1 und Außenmantel 2 eingebettete, schraubenförmig umlaufende Drahtarmierung 4 vorgesehen. Der Innenmantel 1 einerseits, der Außenmantel 2 andeierseits sind aus Glasfasergewe-The flame-retardant hose shown in the figures is used in particular for guiding Warm air. In its basic structure, the hose initially consists of an inner jacket 1, a Outer jacket 2 and a synthetic resin intermediate layer 3. In the exemplary embodiment, there is also one between inner jacket 1 and outer jacket 2 embedded, helically encircling wire armouring 4 provided. The inner jacket 1 on the one hand, the outer jacket 2 on the other hand are made of glass fiber fabric
beband S schraubenwendelförmig gewickelt. Das kann mit gleicher oder unterschiedlicher Steigung geschehen sein sowie mit gleichem oder unterschiedlichem Drehsinn. Die Glasfasergewebebänder 5 von Innenmantel und Außenmantel können auch unterschiedliche Breite aufweisen. Jedenfalls sind aber Innenmantel 1 und Außenmantel 2 duich die Kunstharzzwischenschicht 3 in ihrer im Ausführungsbeispiel als Überlappungsnaht 6 durchgeführten Wickelnaht sowie miteinander verschweißt.beband S wound in a helical shape. This can be done with the same or a different slope as well as with the same or different directions of rotation. The fiberglass fabric tapes 5 of Inner jacket and outer jacket can also have different widths. In any case, there are inner sheaths 1 and outer jacket 2 duich the synthetic resin intermediate layer 3 in their winding seam implemented as an overlap seam 6 in the exemplary embodiment as well as welded together.
Die Kunstharzschicht besteht aus Polyurethan 3.The synthetic resin layer consists of polyurethane 3.
Das Glasfasergewebeband 5 ist als engmaschige Diffusionssperre ausgebildet.The fiberglass fabric tape 5 is as close-meshed Diffusion barrier formed.
Die Fig. 2 und 3 sollen den Aufbau einer solchen Diffusionssperre deutlich machen. Im übrigen kann das Polyurethan eine Beimischung von unbrennbaren Füllsto.'fen 7, beispielsweise mineralischen Füllstoffen 7 aufweisen. Im Ausführungsbeispiel besteht das Glasfasergewebe aus den eingangs spezifizierten Faden, wobei Leinwandbindung verwirklicht ist, und zwar 15: 15, d. h.mit 15 Schußfäden Sund 15 Kettfaden 9 pro Zentimeter.FIGS. 2 and 3 are intended to make the structure of such a diffusion barrier clear. By the way, can the polyurethane an admixture of incombustible fillers 7, for example mineral fillers 7 have. In the exemplary embodiment, the glass fiber fabric consists of the thread specified at the beginning, where plain weave is realized, namely 15:15, d. i.e. with 15 weft threads and 15 warp threads 9 per centimeter.
Hierzu 1 Blatt Zeichnungen1 sheet of drawings
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2619432A DE2619432C3 (en) | 1976-05-03 | 1976-05-03 | Flame retardant hose |
| NL7704452A NL7704452A (en) | 1976-05-03 | 1977-04-22 | DIFFICULTY FLAMMABLE HOSE. |
| SE7705010A SE7705010L (en) | 1976-05-03 | 1977-04-29 | RESPONSIBLE HOSE |
| DK191977A DK191977A (en) | 1976-05-03 | 1977-05-02 | DIFFICULTLY FLAMMABLE HOSE PARTICULARLY FOR FLOWER OF HOT AIR |
| FR7713195A FR2350535A1 (en) | 1976-05-03 | 1977-05-02 | HIGHLY FLAMMABLE PIPE |
| GB18211/77A GB1525095A (en) | 1976-05-03 | 1977-05-02 | Hose |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2619432A DE2619432C3 (en) | 1976-05-03 | 1976-05-03 | Flame retardant hose |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2619432A1 DE2619432A1 (en) | 1977-11-10 |
| DE2619432B2 true DE2619432B2 (en) | 1978-08-24 |
| DE2619432C3 DE2619432C3 (en) | 1980-01-31 |
Family
ID=5976901
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2619432A Expired DE2619432C3 (en) | 1976-05-03 | 1976-05-03 | Flame retardant hose |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE2619432C3 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK191977A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2350535A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1525095A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7704452A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7705010L (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3544810A1 (en) * | 1985-12-18 | 1987-06-19 | Eilentropp Hew Kabel | PROTECTIVE COVER AGAINST OUTSIDE HEAT AND FIRE FOR STRING-SHAPED GOODS |
| GB8608055D0 (en) * | 1986-04-02 | 1986-05-08 | Shell Int Research | Fire resistant plastic pipe |
| ITMI20050348A1 (en) * | 2005-03-07 | 2006-09-08 | Colbachini Spa | FLAME RESISTANT TUBE FOR BRAKING SYSTEMS |
| US9188257B2 (en) * | 2012-05-03 | 2015-11-17 | Gates Corporation | Flame resistant hose reinforced with fiberglass cord fabric |
-
1976
- 1976-05-03 DE DE2619432A patent/DE2619432C3/en not_active Expired
-
1977
- 1977-04-22 NL NL7704452A patent/NL7704452A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-04-29 SE SE7705010A patent/SE7705010L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-05-02 GB GB18211/77A patent/GB1525095A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-05-02 FR FR7713195A patent/FR2350535A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1977-05-02 DK DK191977A patent/DK191977A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2619432A1 (en) | 1977-11-10 |
| SE7705010L (en) | 1977-11-04 |
| DE2619432C3 (en) | 1980-01-31 |
| GB1525095A (en) | 1978-09-20 |
| FR2350535A1 (en) | 1977-12-02 |
| DK191977A (en) | 1977-11-04 |
| NL7704452A (en) | 1977-11-07 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C3 | Grant after two publication steps (3rd publication) | ||
| 8339 | Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee |