DE2524356A1 - Floating hollow mirror for solar energy power system - has arrays of hollow mirror components mounted on pivotable axes - Google Patents

Abstract

A floating hollow mirror for a solar power system is as in 2441770. It uses an array of hollow mirrors of rectangular cross sectional design and constructed from a series of small sections mounted on a static horizontal axis which can be pivoted in a vertical sense. The mirror components are situated very close to one another in rows and are connected to a torsional rod mounted behind them or in their shadow, so that this rod provides common pivot drive. One or more such mirror arrays are mounted on a floating base so that all may be rotated in a common horizontal plane.

Description

Short title: Floating concave mirrors for solar radiation power station belonging to the main patent application P 24 41 770.7 floating sunbeam fishing gear was standing The state of the art was in the Hanptpatentanmoldung P 24 41 770.? presented. There it can be examined, documented by literature and analyzed.

Concave mirrors have been known since ancient times. In recent times there have been trial sites built to explore the economics of power generation, in Egypt, Russia, America and India. The big mirror in the Pyrenees is well known.

In power plants with many individual mirrors, each mirror needs one Windproof foundation with 2 axes of rotation, a precisely working control and drive machine and some steam pipe joints. These are often leaky and allow steam to escape and air penetrate into the vacuum at night, thus causing energy losses. The maintenance the many items is expensive.

With large mirrors, large wind forces arise. The structure must be stiff be and will be heavy and expensive. With the long focal length, the production is the individual mirror tiles and their adjustment to a sharply defined focal area a problem. A large mirror can melt iron in the burning area and or control errors destroy his own steam generator.

Concave mirror power plants will work in countries with a lot of snow and have to survive the rare but violent rain and sand storms there. Test facilities can easily be covered with tarpaulin by hand. power plants but that the sunshine Take advantage up to the last minute, need covering devices that are centrally controlled Close and open quickly and safely even in the presence of wind and in any state of motion are stable and windproof.

Description of the invention Floating Sunbeams; devices and Floats for such devices sinc in the patent application P 24 41 770.7 and in of the additional patent application P 25 o8 767.6, enn the concave mirror steam system a sunbeam raft floats on a wave-protected water surface, then this results in significant simplifications of their construction elements and significant operational benefits.

1. The plant can be very large. It becomes as a whole in the horizon circle turned. The mirrors lie close together in long rows on horizontal axes directly coupled and tilted by a few drive machines.

2. The mirrors consist of small mirror tiles that are individually adjusted and like roof tiles repel the rain. You can climb steeply in storms be inclined downwards and then form a flat roof with low wind resistance.

3. The boiler pipes are steep and can generate dry steam. The water level can be regulated by the central feed water pump. The boil pipes can generate steam even when the sun is low.

4. The steam pipes are short and have only a few pipe joints.

The system can rest at night and under clouds with vacuum vapor and delivers the full amount corresponding to the position of the sun shortly after the sun appears Power.

The following sections and pictures describe the elements of honor and describes procedures that are simplified or made at all by swimming the facility are only made possible.

'he geometry of the concave mirror, Fig. 3 shows a doubly crimped Parabolic surface, also called elliptical paraboloid, with its 2 green parabolas, of which only the vertical one is used to heat a boiler. The carrier tray is laid out with individual mirror tiles, which are shaped as gel surfaces their and individual focal points or short focal line with small errors on the Throw boiling pipe.

@if you move these mirror tiles one by one by a little bit twisted upwards - then their focal points shift upwards and irradiate an unsymmetrical parabola. In the special case of the paraboloid of revolution, they irradiate a straight reference line parallel to the axis.

he mathematical formulas say: Every mirror surface z = g (x) + h (y), whose function h (y) is a parabola h = yf / 4fy, creates a dividing line in the Plane of symmetry y = o. en a mirror zone x = const. in full width from the sun is irradiated, then the associated point of the focal line is also with full intensity heated.

A mirror with inclined mirror tiles, the supporting shell at the bottom an elliptical paraboloid and a paraboloid of revolution at the top, a boiling tube can be heat, which is steep at the bottom and flat at the top and therefore with every mirror inclination has a clear difference in height from the water inlet to the steam outlet.

By choosing a suitable function g (x) and inclination @available optimally meet the following requirements at the same time:?. The carrier tray is a Membrane shell that can be manufactured with little material and is stable and stiff against wind loads. Their upper and lateral marginal disks face the direction of the sun and shrink the usable beam cross-section only slightly.

2. The mirror tiles can be inclined with an overlap of the non-developable supporting shell without loss of space. they lay such as roof tiles or roof slate and protect their sensitive backs against Rain and drifting sand. You can benefit from thermal and elastic deformations of the The supporting shell is not loaded, deformed or destroyed. Every mirror tile is accessible from the front and can be individually assembled, exchanged, can be repaired and precisely adjusted to their focal point.

3. The surface of the @iederchrs is unique and unchangeable an irradiated part and a non-irradiated part, which is covered with thermal insulation is. @an uncovered part can radiate useless @earms back into the open space, no insulating material can be irradiated and scorched.

4. In every inclination during operation, the boiler has a clear slope and lies above the water pipe and below the steam pipe. Never steam can come into contact with the cold feed water.

5th km morning and evening when the lower part of the mirror is in the shade of the adjacent row of mirrors, the lower part of the boiler pipe only contains cold feed water does not give off any heat. But the upper part of the mirror heats the upper part of the boiler pipe with full intensity and can full of steam Generate temperature and full pressure.

6. The upper part of the boiler tube can be irradiated a little or a lot intensely are considered the lower. So can also at low.

Position of the sun and radiation weakened by haze generates steam and when the sun is high, dry superheated steam can be generated.

7. The water level is in all boiler pipes in the entire system be the same, but may differ slightly in each winner. @an empty Boiler pipe can radiate its heat back uselessly, no overfilled boiler pipe can convey harmful hot water into the steam pipe.

8. When the water level is high, there is a lot of wet steam, when the water level is low dry superheated steam can be generated. The water level can be clearly, quickly and controlled with sufficient accuracy by the activity of the central feed water pump so that, depending on the position of the sun and the weather, the optimal continuous output of the turbine is produced.

There are no storage-prone water level controllers in the outdoor facilities.

9. The steam generation can be stopped quickly and safely, by tilting the mirrors a little downwards from the position of the sun. Included the boiler pipe fills with feed water. The focal rays move downwards eg, some like to hit the uninsulated cold feed water pipe and heat it, but no focal jet can hit the thermal insulation of the steam pipes and overheat or burn.

Mirror surface, mirror material @eka @@@ are the three types of mirrors: Catallic mirror glass plates with metal coating on the back. Totally reflective glass prisms.

Metal mirrors reflect the heat rays, but they disperse them rays of light as soon as they are scratched by cousins or coarse fenigies. One a thin layer of lacquer protects the metal, but has to be cared for and often renewed will.

Glass mirrors with metal backing have many advantages: They are weatherproof and can be easily cleaned without damage.

The sensitive rear side is protected from rain by the tight support shell and sandstorm protected. Condensation is from selected top layers, too repelled by an aluminum foil. The cut edges must also be protected. In this way, these mirrors can have a long lifespan in the dry, subtropical climate.

Glass mirrors with silver backing are the most effective and currently also the cheapest mirrors. The cost of silver per unit area are less than the cost of the glass panel.

If you have all the energy needed in the world with silver mirrors e @@ eugen would then not have enough silver on earth.

Therefore, the mirrors should be shown here, the ones without Metal get by, namely the totally reflective glass prisms.

Figure 24 shows the beam path in prisms with 1, 2 or 3 reflecting ones Areas and a diagram of the efficiency as a function of the angle of incidence.

With the 6o0 prisms (Fig. 24 d), the air gaps must be through a threads must be kept open so that condensation and dust must be sucked in can be safely prevented. The light is reflected 3 times and must have 6 glass surfaces penetrate. The lateral displacement of the reflected rays cannot be corrected will.

The special feature of the 90 ° prisms, picture tW c), is that the beam component incident transversely to the prism axis is reflected in its own plane. The lateral offset of the reflected rays is small and can be completely corrected by a slight curvature of the inclined surfaces. These prisms must be installed in concave mirrors in such a way that the prism axis lies in the plane formed by the sunbeam and focal point, i.e. in the radial direction in the case of surfaces of rotation. They are wedge-shaped in plan and can be glued together on the side surfaces u to form flat mirror tiles (Fig. TD The prisms with @ reflective surface (picture <@ b) are only suitable for the steep parts of the surface of deep concave mirrors. There they work with better efficiency than silver mirrors. The dimensions X, u, v, k, 1 do not influence the direction of the rays, their errors only limit the amount of light rays reflected. These prisms must be installed in concave mirrors in such a way that the prism axis is perpendicular to the plane formed by the sunbeam and focal point, i.e. in the circumferential direction in the case of rotating mirrors. They can be ground either as circular arc prisms with spherical surfaces or as small mosaic stones with flat surfaces and then put together on the side surfaces and on the front surfaces to form flat mirror tiles. (Fig. 25 Fig. 37 shows a deep concave mirror with radial 90 ° prisms in the flat area and tangential prisms in the steep area. @@@@@@ The mirror tiles The mirror surface consists of many individual mirror tiles.

These are cut as squares, rectangles or circular ring sectors and as spherical surfaces, double unequally curved circular arc surfaces, circular cylindrical surfaces or circular conical surfaces bent and ground.

Mirror tiles made of totally reflective prisms are called circular ring sectors cut to size and rotated on the supporting shell in such a way that the prism axes are radial or lie tangentially.

Figure 26 shows some examples of how the tiles are cut.

The mirror tiles are gaping like roof tiles or roof slate Butt joints or laid with overlapping joints.

The joints remain open or are made with sprouts or profile strips closed, which consist of glass, thin sheet metal, rubber or Xunsstoff and so soft or designed in such a way that they adapt to the variable spacing of the tiles adjust.

Figure 27 shows a sprout above the butt joint and a profile strip in the overlap joint.

The lower surface of the shoot is concave. In the side Shallow wedge-shaped cavities, the penetrating water is controlled by capillary forces held, runs down along the edge, but cannot get into the wide butt joint penetration.

The sprout has hooks formed on the ends or special wire hooks, which are shaped so that no water by capillary forces behind the mirror tiles can be sucked.

The profile strip in the overlap @@ joint is extended over its entire length to the Edge of the lower mirror clamped on. The Kle @@ jaws are also shaped in such a way that that no water is sucked behind the mirror tiles by Kapi @@ forces Ti.

The attachment of the mirror tiles The mirror tiles are each on 3 Points attached to the rragshell and thus stored in a stable manner. The upper The attachment point is immobile and can be hidden.

The 2 lower fastenings are accessible and movable.

with them, the mirror tile can be precisely adjusted.

Figure 28 shows a mounting structure called Schcbewinkcl. The 2 legs of the angle are made of staetall, glass or plastic uhd are connected to one another elastically or with a hinge. The slide consists of one Hing part, which includes both legs from the outside and holds them together, and made of an elastic Sheet metal that presses against the legs from the inside and spreads them outwards. This Sheet metal is bent up like a hook at both ends, and these hooks hold a ring part and sheet metal together. so that the slider clamps the legs and turns itself through heibung holds on. If you press the ends of the sheet together with pliers, then the sheet metal kinks and loosens from the thighs, and the slide can go with it the pliers are moved and thereby changes the opening of the angle and the Distance between the mirror tile and the supporting shell. As soon as you get rid of the pliers leaves, the sheet clamps the slide firmly.

Picture i19 shows various fixings made from nuts and bolts exist. With special wrenches that are flat, shaped as hooks and are cranked at suitable points, all screws and nuts are light accessible. The nuts are held in place by lock nuts.

Any fastening designs are depending on a material the supporting shell attached to it by means of bolts, expansion dowels, Wood screws, sheet metal screws, through screws with nuts, or suitable permanent adhesive.

The fastening structures hold the mirror tile with elastic Hook from wire or flat steel en 2 opposite points so that the mirror tile does not receive any bending forces. With heavy mirror surfaces and large clamping forces be placed underneath load-distributing rubber buffers or metal plates. When the clamping force not sufficient to prevent the mirror tile from shifting in its plane, then rubber wedges can be inserted between the hook and the face.

Except for the 3 fastening points, which place the mirror tile in the perpendicular direction hold, there may be more simple studs that facilitate the shift Prevent in the tile level. Figure 26 shows the distribution of the fastening points on the tray.

The supporting shell The supporting shell acts statically as a membrane shell and is by 4 flat edge discs and either 2 Diagolalsoheiben or a torsion tube spatially stiffened. (Balance 30) It can consist of any weatherproof material or be composed of different materials, namely: sheet metal, corrugated sheet, trapezoidal sheet, glass, plexiglass, concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, terrocement, Pumice concrete, aerated concrete, Lternit asbestos cement, wood, plywood, wood fiber boards, Heraklit wood wool cement, Stone wood, gypsum, screed gypsum, clay, brick, earthenware, porcelain, expanded concrete, brick chippings, Steel fiber reinforced concrete, glass fiber reinforced concrete, glass fiber reinforced plastic, blockboard, formica or any plastic.

It can also consist of a network or latticework with is covered with a windproof foil, namely a steel net with 3 rod directions, welded like structural steel mesh.

The edge disks protrude from the shell surface to the front and back and should swirl the wind flow finely, so that no wing suction forces and no vibrations arise.

The edge disks lie in the plane of the sun's rays or otherwise behind the cantilever, so that it has the effective cross-section of the mirror surfaces, too of the neighboring rows of mirrors only slightly diminish.

The lateral edge disks contain the 2 inclination bearings in their plane and the connections of the tilt drives, and they have the necessary reinforcements. and possibly rigid and torsionally rigid crankings.

The upper edge of the disc can be fitted with a water inlet or gutter as a hatch roof be trained. It can be covered with special roof panels. She can be extreme wide so that when the mirror is inclined to the horizon, it forms the roof plate of the watchbar mirror row touches and that all roof panels together form a windproof closed roof area form.

Figure 34 shows a safe protection against rain and ind, in particular against the tropical catastrophic storms; The mirrors are down to about 90 ° tiltable. Immediately before a bad weather front hits, all mirrors are turned off lowered by the central tilt drive in a few minutes. In this condition all supporting shells together form a horizontal undulating surface with very little Wind resistance.

The rainwater is directed from the edge discs to the ticks, there caught in funnels and either through downpipes into the pool water or through A special rain system is routed into rainwater tanks, where it is later used as drinking water or boiler feed water can be used.

The camps The mirrors stand close together in a long row.

Small mirrors could be rigidly mounted on a continuous tube which also serves as a bearing, drive shaft and feed water supply line. at The functions are separated according to the size of the mirror.

Each mirror rests on 2 pivot bearings or roller bearings. These sit firmly in the planes of the 2 lateral edge discs and are on the support pillars in limited ate transversely tiltable and slidable either by playing on the bearing pin or with rubber buffers underneath. In this way, the supporting shell does not receive any local bending moments from the bearing and no constraining forces as a result of its own thermal expansion or as a result deformations of the floating foundation.

The bearings are commercially available lubricated plain bearings with a hub and Axle journals or roller bearings or ball bearings and consist of the usual steel, Cast iron, bronze or brass or made of pressed wood or suitable plastic. she can also be simple rolling elements that are molded directly onto the itand disks are and are made of their material, and they can be on a flat or curved Roll off the runway on the support column, using a rubber tire or a flat one Rubber band can be arranged between the rolling surfaces.

All steel parts are water-repellent and painted or with attached rifles protected against lying. All plastic parts are through Sheet metal strips or cornices formed on the mirror against permanent direct sunlight protected.

The supporting pillars are narrow and the side elevation is shaped so that they support the reduce the usable mirror surface only a little and the tubes that go with the tilting, namely, do not interfere with the water pipe, steam pipe and torsion bar. (Picture 30, 31, 35, 36) The torsion bar The inclination of many mirrors in a row is operated jointly by a torsion stiffener arranged behind the mirror Rod or a wide thin-walled box girder or a similar pipe made of steel, Aluminum, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, Eternit asbestos cement or fiberglass plastic or from other material. This torsion bar is made with thin bars or with a thin disk torsionally rigid on one or both side edge disks of the mirror connected, but movable in its longitudinal direction, oscillating or softly elastic, so that it does not introduce any coercive forces into the mirror slide. Lr can be long or short pieces that are torsionally stiff, but otherwise movably coupled, Cardan joints, claw couplings or i.lembrane flange couplings. Lr can by the way serve as a counterweight for the mirrors and sit on a long lever arm.

The torsion bar is driven by one or more cranks, namely trusses or panes that can be rotated precisely in alignment with the mirror bearings are mounted and are torsionally rigidly connected to the torsion bar. This crank will driven either by a Eurbel rod or by a gear segment attached to it with pinion or helical gear.

The number and spacing of the crank or gear drives is determined due to the rigidity of the torsion bar and the required accuracy of the Mirror tilt. The mirrors tiltable on the horizontal axis with their vertical standing boiler pipes allow relatively large deviations in inclination.

The inclination drive The inclination drive of a normal system tanned According to scheme: A. Central drive machine 3 gears across the direction of the sun and toothed racks, or worm gears 4.Pushrods along the direction of the sun, or shafts 5. Cross head on horizontal slide rail, also with screw 6. Crank rod @. Crank 8. Torsion bar perpendicular to the direction of the sun The push rods and shafts lie ground in the shadow of the mirror or special metal strips attached extreme thermal expansion avoided.

The same scheme applies to larger systems, but they are inexpensive Make electric or hydraulic servo motors built in. Their principle is known: the force path is interrupted, as soon as there is a path difference at the interruption arises, this switches on the servo motor, and this moves the further driving Component until the path difference disappears.

In large systems, some mechanical drive elements are through replaced electrical circuits with the one known as the "electrical wave" Connection of several motors, or by potentiometer or induction bridge circuits, which imitate the aforementioned mechanical principle scheme. After all, every row of mirrors can or each individual mirror can be tilted by its own electric motor with gear.

The inclination drive is controlled optionally by hand according to the position of the sun of solar cells according to the position of the sun from time clock and mechanical cam disks from a small electronic calculating device by time.

The control according to time and the calculated position of the sun is advantageous: When the sun is covered by clouds, the drive continues, and as soon as the The sun appears, the rays hit the boiler tubes and generate steam.

It can be advantageous that only the coarse setting is made by the control center according to time and the calculated position of the sun, the fine adjustment by external solar cells is controlled according to the observed position of the sun.

If the steam generation should be throttled or stopped, then the mirrors are deflected exactly downwards from the direction of the sun, and they are otherwise steered from below.

The fuel stalls go down more strongly, only hit there the uninsulated water pipes and support rods and cannot be made of Styrofoam insulation scorch and drive no workers.

The control center should be able to control all mirrors without help at all times to quickly divert external energy from the direction of the sun in the event of any disturbances and to bring it safely down to the rain position when the storm is approaching.

The boiler tubes The boiler tubes should as much as possible of the injected Give off heat to the steam and just radiate it back outwards. Your absorbent and radiating surface is small and can idle to a very high idle temperature be heated. During operation, however, the operating temperature should be this Surface area small and close to the steam temperature so the surface area only gives off some heat.

The heat conduction between the absorbent surface and the barrels or the steam must be as good as possible.

The rays arrive from an opening angle of about 2.450 and coat about 3/4 of the circumference. The non-irradiated back is through a thermal insulator covered, made of 2 bare metal foils with an intermediate Glass wool or similar material is made and the heat radiation and heat dissipation prevented.

The sides of this insulating shell are slanted and bare.

They should reflect rays approaching the side onto the ear and help that the uninsulated, but only slightly irradiated zone of the hand zone as possible can be small.

The diameter of the boiler pipe should be small, but so large that all theoretically arriving rays hit the surface steeply, it should i.e. 2 - 3 times larger than the images of the sun produced by the mirror tiles including scatter.

When several individual mirror tiles are faulty and with larger ones Reflect the scattered area, then you can put an additional reflector on the boiler pipe put on, which consists of bare metal and is shaped according to an evolve nte, all of the rays passing sideways after 1 or 2 reflections on the pipe brings. (Fig. 32 b) Boiler pipes made of steel or other metal boiler pipes made of steel can be welded directly to the water and steam pipes and This advertising binding is maintenance-free, permanently sealed, even with frequent temperature changes.

The pipe wall is as thin as possible and is made of high-strength material. The outer surface is smooth, bright and rust-free, it is very thin with a black layer of bitumen1 lacquer or with a burned-in Cl-RuE. layer rJed-ckt.

The cheapest absorption layer soot with chemical and metallurgical Experiments searched and selected theirs.

The dissipation of heat to the boiling water is not a problem, because it is a small increase in temperature that consumes a large amount of heat to generate steam. But also the resulting adherent and rising masticatory bladders and the Steam space above the water level still removes a lot of heat from the pipe wall, therefore the inner surface of the pipe should be covered with heating fins. The ribs can be worked from the solid material by rolling, milling or thread cutting, But they can also be made from retrofitted, welded, soldered or jammed parts.

Fig. 32, 33 shows various examples: Wave rings are inserted into the finished bent tube inserted and compressed by a suitable gripper that it press against the pipe wall.

A coil is inserted into the ear and threaded through a thread existing chain pulled together so that it presses against the pipe wall, whereby the Drilling evasion of their free one is prevented by a co-moving pipe.

Longitudinal ribs are inserted into the pipe and then from the aforesaid Wave rings or spirals pressed against the pipe wall.

Because the elastic tension of the pressed-in parts at high temperature is lost quickly, they should be soldered to the inner surface of the pipe. They are covered with solder before insertion. After inserting the whole thing The tube is heated, and the parts solder themselves.

There must be no rust on the inner surfaces of the pipes and on the ribs, as this holds the vapor bubbles in its pores and so the heat conduction considerably with special needs.

Therefore, the inner surfaces and ribs should be galvanized, cadmium-plated or tinned or sold or they should be made of brass or copper. Whether the lay-on metal can also serve as soldering metal, and whether the covering is in front or after soldering or in a joint operation that will arise from practical experiments.

Boiling tubes made of glass.

Glaz boiler pipes work with particularly good Sirkungsgran, as long as the pipe wall is not too thick, which depends on the vapor pressure and glass strength. That Light penetrates through the glass and is only absorbed inside the tube. (@@@ 32 The best absorption is achieved when the brewing water is mixed with a dark one Dye is colored. This should not become solid when evaporating, but into subsequent flowing water diffuse back; it must not cisch if it overheats change, and et "a dried dye should be used in a rinsing process, namely can be quickly released by raising the boiling water level briefly.

So also in the steam room. absorbs the light and the noise to the If steam is passed, a suitable solid absorption body should be placed in the boiler pipe to be available.

Coarse San, a mixture of red and green glass balls, is suitable or glass stones. The light penetrates deeply through several grains, and the warmth is evenly distributed to the steam from large surfaces.

Figure 34 shows some specially shaped absorption bodies.

Short bars with a star-shaped cross-section or distributed all around broad wings lie loosely one behind the other in the curved boiler pipe. The broad ones Wings overlap and form continuous walls, all of which come in from all sides Light rays, also catch the rays arriving tangentially at the right hand side. Between The walls consist of wide, continuous channels in which the steam rises unhindered and the water it has taken with it flows back slightly. Lots of transverse openings near the axis distribute water and steam evenly over the cross section and prevent that in one channel the steam conveys cold water upwards, while in the other channel hot water flows down.

One property of the glass tubes must be considered: only the rays, which are aimed at the interior of the glass tube from the start penetrate there a. only marginal rays directed by the refraction of light to the inner wall are there totally reflected and escape to the outside again. This applies to air-filled items Pipe and is a little cheap. Wassergef @@@@ te part. That is why the back side is not irradiated of the glass tube etched flat or with flat shaped or ground prisms provided and covered with a smooth mirror to stop the unused rays and deliver at least part of the scattered light to the inside. A part the rear wall can be made of white milk glass (Fig. 32 α) and causes the same effect.

If individual mirror tiles scatter badly, then how can a reflector is placed on the steel pipes, which is placed on the inner wall of the pipe related involute is shaped. This catches those passing in the air Beams and throws them into the interior, but he cannot do the ones that go into the glass tube Affect marginal rays.

One might think of the total reflection of the marginal rays to prevent the inner wall by etching the inner wall inatt or with fine Longitudinal threads or fine grains or a thin layer of dark colored glass proven. Local warming and considerable tension can arise generate in the glass tube. This problem can only be solved by experiment.

The feed water pipe The steam system works with a condenser, which are cooled by the swimming water or by the Hucenluft. The dining eater pipes therefore do not need thermal insulation. They lie in the shadow of the mirror or under special shade roofs and therefore do not generate any extreme thermal expansion.

Each boiler pipe is held in place with 5 thin support rods, which are attached to the support shell or its edge discs. The supporting bars on the foot of the boiler pipe are thin pipes, one of which is used as a feed water pipe Painted black and warms the feed water in direct sunlight. This pipe opens into the water pipe from above with a thin elastic pipe loop 1st order in such a way that with a certain inclination of the mirror the water pipe into the Boiler pipe can be vented into it. (@@@ 30 The 1st order water pipe is running in front of, behind or under the mirrors and is on the supporting shells or edge discs Slidably attached with clamps. Pipe loops are used at certain intervals Compensation of expansion differences available.

With a certain inclination of the mirror, namely the morning-evening inclination the water pipe with the pipe loops should be on a steady slope so that it can be used Central can be drained.

The 1st order water pipe is movable on the 2nd order water pipe connected either by articulated joints or, better, by a known one Commercially available high-pressure hose that remains tight even when there is negative pressure.

The 2nd order water pipe runs in the direction of the sun across the Rows of mirrors. bs is mounted on levers that drive the mirrors are coupled and move the hohr upwards and forwards so that at the connections 1st order only small differences in position arise.

The higher-order connections are elbows with twist joints and adjustable stuffing boxes. The higher-order water pipes are rigidly attached to a floating foundation or with pendulum clamps on the The steam pipes The steam pipes experience large and rapid temperature changes.

They themselves and their supports must be carefully designed so that no plastic deformations occur in the material and no constraining forces in Boiler pipes, mirrors or Schwinm foundation are brought.

They should have the smallest possible volume and small urn capacity and have small flow resistance, are rustproof and smooth inside and have thin walls made of high strength material The straight thin tubes of the 1st order are of double-walled evacuated glass tubes, like the well-known thermos flasks are manufactured unc work. The connections, fittings and expansion loops and the higher order pipes are made of glass wool, bare aluminum foil and Foam glass or Styrofoam shaped pieces, the air spaces are divided, and the whole insulation is covered with aluminum sheets, so that no radiation and there is no convection, no rainwater penetrates and no warmed up Air escapes.

Between the head of the boiler pipe attached to the mirror and the on 1st order steam pipe lying on it or displaceably mounted above it a thin, soft, elastic intermediate tube. This opens diagonally below into the steam pipe in such a way that whatever the operating inclination, the one located in the steam pipe Condensation can drain back into the boiler pipe.

The first-order steam pipe runs in a straight line in front of the mirrors and has elongation loops at regular intervals, or it is in triangular or square zigzag line.

In this position the pipe casts shadows on the mirrors, but this is the case Optimal location for construction costs and gear.

The connection of the 1st order steam pipe to the 2nd order steam pipe consists of knees and torsion joints with stuffing boxes or a heat-resistant one High-pressure hose, or from several thin, coiled elastic tubes, which are covered together by a flexible insulating hose.

The steam pipe joints are the weak points of the whole steam system, and it is the main advantage of the floating system that there are few of them Joints are required.

It is advantageous to have two articulated lines at each articulated connection be present next to each other, and in front of and behind them valves have such a that one line is in operation, the other only serves as a reserve and thus repairs without business interruption, even without disturbing the night Vacuum state enables.

The 2nd order steam pipe is mounted on levers operated by the tilt drive the mirror is operated and the tube is lifted and moved in such a way that * the aforementioned Connection joints only have to overcome small Ufegdifferences, and that in the pipe the resulting condensation can always drain back in the direction of the boiler pipes.

The higher-order connections consist of elbows and torsion joints with adjustable stuffing boxes. Again, these should be present twice and during of the company be interchangeable.

The steam material A steaming system operated with wet works with limited efficiency, because of the amount of energy that is transferred to the cooling water in the condenser goes off, is great. Other materials, namely carbon tetrachloride, trichlorofluoromethane, Dichlorodifluoromethane or benzene waste less condensation energy, deliver but also-a much smaller steam volume. With such materials the turbine can Generate 1.5 times more mechanical energy with the same sunbeam area, the feed pump but must drive 12 times the mass through the pipes. Since delivery and storage, Fire protection systems and protection of the environment against accidentally extracted material A significant burden on the cost-benefit ratio is likely to be the low one Surrender to the increase in efficiency, and one becomes the floating sunbeam steam power plants operate with steam.

The water-steam circuit Fig. 38 shows the circuit diagram of the steam system. It is basically the same as with other steam systems, but contains some special features.

There are no equalizing tanks with a free water level between the water pipes and the steam pipes, for every contact of the steam with the cold Feed water causes energy losses.

The feed water pump SP is supposed to be sensitive to the water level in the boiler pipes control and is therefore finely adjustable, a piston pump with variable speed or a group of centrifugal pumps with throttle valves, individually controllable and lockable depending on water requirements.

The feed water pump is controlled by a device that controls the water level measures in some boiler tubes or in special riser tubes and with the setpoint compares. The setpoint is a constant line on the inclinable boiler tubes, a constant height difference to the ear head or an empirical puncture the end. Mirror inclination and sunbeam intensity.

A computing device is available for large systems. This leaves that Setpoint fluctuates between dry steam and wet steam generation and seeks that in between maximum effective continuous power on the turbine shaft, registered where mirror inclination and sun ray intensity are, air and cooling water temperature and then controls the setpoint of the drum level according to the stored experiences.

The water pipes can be positioned horizontally or on slopes and counter slopes. Small valves at the apex and bottom points are used for venting and emptying under construction.

Each higher-order water pipe branch has a valve, or also an automatic Y.ugellil with which the articulated hose and the associated Mirror ihe can be switched off without disturbing the rest of the system.

The boiler pipes have no joints and no valves. Each steam pipe confluence higher order has 1 or 2 connections for articulated hoses or tubular articulated chains each with 2 valves such that the joints without disturbing the rest of the system, in particular without disturbing the nightly vacuum condition, detached, sealed, repaired or can be exchanged.

The condensation water in the steam pipes should counteract the pipe gradient the steam flow back into the boiler pipes. A narrow strip of sheet metal, just or curved downwards, lying loosely at the bottom of the steam pipe, the water can against protect the flowing steam. A thin walled pipe can be at the bottom of the steam pipe lie, its rear end protrudes into the next joint connection or boiler pipe a little downwards and so sucks back the condensation water with liver effect.

If the gradient of the higher order steam pipes is not enough, then there may be routes with an opposite slope. The Xondenswasser is at the base points collected and from small automatically controlled electric pumps by small Pipes that are in the steam pipe or at least in its insulating jacket, conveyed back and evenly distributed over several boiler tubes.

The energy consumption of these Purpen is less than the energy loss, which occurs when the hot condensation water is introduced into the cold feed water, because this always reaches the boiler pipes with outside air temperature. Still are Downpipes are available at the base points, through which the condensation water then flows off, when the pumps are insufficient. The downpipes are well insulated and with a Upper valve closable so that it does not act as a condenser during normal operation works.

A steam storage tank is not required as the steam pipes are already installed store a lot of steam energy, but can depending on the location and purpose of the plant be available in very different sizes. Cloud shadow stores sit over that Main steam pipe and deliver condensation water back into the steam pipes and boiler pipes. Evening storage tanks hold on to their condensation and use its heat energy until it is cold Vacuum vapor state and deliver it to the feed water tank at the worrying point.

Rainy day storage tanks have Vorrinhtungen for reheating with any External energy and, after all, are steam boilers with their own firing.

The turbine, generator and their regulators are similar to others Steam power plants, but adapted to the special operating conditions. With 1 short Cloud interruptions run the turbine at constant speed and steadily decreasing Torque, and is then driven by the generator until the sun produces steam again.

Next to the turbine between the steam dome and the condenser is located an excess line with automatic excess valve UV.

hen the consumer power grid does not accept the power that can be generated and the control units of the generator keep the steam regulator in front of the turbine throttled, then a slight increase in steam pressure can open the excess valve, and some of the steam is blown directly into the condenser.

This blow-off can be stopped briefly as soon as the turbine resumes power, and the undisturbed dry steam is immediately full Temperature and full pressure available.

at the end of operation or in the event of malfunctions in the power plant Steam generation is reduced by tilting all mirrors evenly downwards or ended.

The condenser is designed so that the steam is in steady flow downward sinks in such a way that existing air is directly at the lowest point Concentrated above the condensate level and effectively blown off there or can be aspirated.

VP The vacuum air pump on the condenser is particularly large. Since the steam system is in the vacuum steam state for many hours every night, can Little or even a lot of air penetrate through hidden leaks, and this Air must be removed as quickly as possible in the morning. Since other starting measures, namely filling the steam with water or blowing off the air-steam mixture the steam dome consume a lot of time and energy, so should the initial start air-filled steam pipes handled by the amply sized vacuum air pump will.

KP The condenser water pump sucks the water out of the condenser into the feed water storage tank and keeps the water level in the condenser constant just below the suction opening of the vacuum air pump.

The condenser water pump and feed water pump are fundamentally separate, because they are controlled by completely different measuring elements. For large systems, an additional direct line DP with direct pump between the condenser and the feedwater line be available, which promotes a constant proportion of water in operation that only one Centrifugal pump flows through and therefore consumes less energy. On the other hand, can In the case of small systems, a single pump is sufficient, the two separately controllable Three-way valves @ is built in and so empties or drains the V, S condenser as required The boiler fills or does both, but with a relatively large amount of energy into the water swirled.

Fig. 39 shows a quarter of the water and steam pipes in plan the concave mirror system. The steam pipes are well insulated and run and dimensioned so that that the volume losses due to heat radiation and the pressure losses due to flow resistance result in the minimum energy loss. The feed water initially comes from the machine house directly to the outermost part of the ground plan and is from there through the Ziasser pipes distributed so that it always flows in the same direction as the steam. The water pipes are dimensioned in such a way that the pressure gradient of the water at full operating capacity every place is exactly as great as the pressure gradient of the steam in the steam pipes. How is the water level in all boiling pipes the same.

Foundation and rotating device The entire concave mirror system including pipelines, Machines and capacitors stands on a floating foundation and is made with this rotated in the horizontal circle (@@@ 40).

This principle is in the main patent application P 24 41 77o.7 "Floating Sunbeam i'ang devices "shown.

Constructive variants of the floating foundation are there and in the Additional patent application P 25 o8 767.6 "Floating ceilings as protection against evaporation" is shown.

Anchoring and rotary drive are in special additional patent applications being represented.

Claims (1)

Patent claims: Concave mirror for solar power plant, characterized in that the concave mirrors have a rectangular plan shape, on individual bearings around one fixed horizontal axis are mounted inclinable in the vertical direction, close to each other arranged in a long row, shaded by a back or bottom arranged torsion bar connected sid and driven by this to common inclination be, and that one or more such rows of mirrors on a floating Foundation are stored and on this and with this together in the horizontal plane to be turned around. Further detailed claims will be filed shortly will.