DE2436364A1 - Additives for petrol, diesel and heating oils - and solid fuels contg. mixts. of alcohols, oxidn. accelerators and fatty acids in lube oil - Google Patents

Abstract

Fuel additive compsns. contg. (A) 10-90 wt.% hydrocarbon oil or synthetic lubricant as carrier, (B) 5-30 wt. % aliphatic, olefinic or aromatic 2-18C alcohols or mixts. of these, (C) 0-12% oxidn. accelerator, and (D) 5-85% 2-27C fatty acid or its salt with metal cations of valency 1-4. The additives are used in petrol, diesel or heating oils, or solid fuels for industrial boilers, in amount of 0.0001-25 (0.05-5) wt.%. Improved combustion efficiency is obtd. giving up to 25% more milage in vehicles and 10-15% reduction in fuel consumption in heating plants. Detergent and lubricating properties of oils are improved.

Description

Istvan Berenyi, 5 Köln 1, Maastricher Str. 23 and Rolf W. Gerling, 5 Kolben 1-, Maastricher Str. 21-23 Method of Increasing the Combustion Efficiency of Coals and Hydrocarbons Used as Fuels This invention relates to novel additives for lubricants which are relatively simple in composition and which combine highly effective detergent properties and improved lubricating properties and improved sealing properties without one property adversely affecting the other. The mode of action of the additives according to the invention has not yet been fully clarified; however, they seem to be effective according to the principle of reversibility, i.e. depending on the local operating conditions in the environment in question, e.g. In - an internal combustion engine, the detergent effects, lubricating and sealing properties are reversible under changing conditions. In other words, the lubricating, detergent and sealing properties change with the physical state of the operating environment, the temperature, the pressure and the shear forces exerted on the media, the particular lubricated parts and the tolerance between the parts. Each of these three desired properties is kept at a locally optimized level depending on the operating conditions. Under different conditions, adjustments to the optimal lubricating, detergent and sealing effects are achieved by the operating conditions, eg speed, pressure, temperature and degree of friction of the moving parts.

In the lubrication system containing the additive according to the invention are the additive and the oil in general at a low intrinsic viscosity with a high Maintained penetration, however, the lubricating viscosity and consistency change and, depending on the operating conditions that occur, optimally themselves to adjust.

The lubricant additive according to the invention consists of a binder or carrier serving hydrocarbon in the form of a mixture of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons and known synthetic organic, organic-inorganic or inorganic lubricants, aliphatic, olefinic and aromatic alcohols and fatty acids and their Metal salts.

The binder makes up 10 to 90%, preferably 40 to 90% by weight Addition. The aromatic hydrocarbons in the binder make preferred 0 to 15% by weight of the additive, 5% by weight being particularly preferred. As aromatic Hydrocarbons are preferred from the benzene and naphthene series, with benzene itself is particularly preferred. The binding agent basically consists of mineral, i.e. petroleum and coal distillates, animal oils and vegetable oils, e.g. castor oil, and known synthetic organic oils, i.e., glycol esters, alkyl glycols, and organic-inorganic oils, i.e. silicone oils, e.g. tetraethylsilane, and mixtures these oils.

The alcohol component of the additive is aliphatic, olefinic and aromatic alcohols and their mixtures are used, the alcohols 2 bisis Contain carbon atoms.

The alcohol makes up 5 to 30% by weight of the additive.

The fatty acid and / or other netali salts and their mixtures weruen from saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with 2 to 27 carbon atoms, preferably 15 to 27 carbon atoms, in particular 15 to 18 carbon atoms, selected. The metal cation of the salt has a valence of 1 to 4. The fatty acids or their metal salts make 5 to 85 wt.

of the addition.

The addition converts the Newtonian oils of the binder as well as those of the lubricating oil in the system to which the additive is added to non-Newtonian oils around.

Of the fatty acids, palmitates, oleates and stearates are preferred. Examples of suitable metal cations are metal cations of sodium, lithium, To mention aluminum, lead and cadmium. The salts of the fatty acids are in the carrier oils dissolved or dispersed at the beginning of the production of the additive.

A further component is in the additives according to the invention optionally, but preferably, an oxidation promoter or catalyst, e.g.

Nitromethane, in an amount of 0 to 12, preferably 1 to Di0, especially 1% used.

In addition, high performance inorganic lubricants, e.g. Molybdenum sulfide, titanium dioxide and titanium chloride are used. These substances can be used in Quantities of 0.5 to 15 wt .- * are added. As metal cations in these Compounds such as those of magnesium, nickel, titanium and molybdenum are used and in the form of palmitates, stearates, oleates, naphthenates, chlorides, nitrates, Oxides, sulfides and phosphates can be added.

Also optional are colloidal in amounts from 0.5 to 15% by weight dispersions of absorbents, e.g.

Titanium dioxide and / or silicon dioxide, used both in oil molecules from the carrier or binder of the additive as well as from the system to which the additive is added added will absorb, and thereby the one described below Promote and accelerate the transformation process.

It is assumed that the self-optimizing combination of detergent, sealing and lubricating effects of the lubricant additive according to the invention is achieved by the equilibrium between the alcohols and hydrocarbons with aldehydes and acids due to an oxidation-reduction process that occurs during the temperature change treatment and takes place under the pressure conditions during manufacture and use of the additive. The following equilibrium reactions are believed to take place: hydrocarbons + alcohols Aldehydes + acids alcohol + acid aldehyde + oxygen Ester acid aldehyde + hydrogen Alcohol The aldehydes form acids with the addition of oxygen and form back into the alcohols with the addition of hydrogen, and the reaction of the alcohols with the acids forms lubricious esters. The aliphatic, aromatic and olefinic, lubricious hydrocarbons, together with the alcohols, have both a detergent effect and a lubricating effect. By measuring the proportions of the components, the detergent, lubricating and sealing effects can be weakened or increased.

If an excess of alcohol is formed, it will react with the organic acids with the formation of esters, which are good lubricants and reinforce the lubricating and sealing effects.

The degree of saturation of the high molecular weight organic acids and the The degree of oxidation affects both the lubricating properties as also the sealing properties. The higher the degree of saturation2 deho the degree of reduction, the stronger the smearing and sealing effect and the higher the unsaturation and the alcohol content, the stronger the detergent effect.

The total mixture obtained when the additive according to the invention mixed with pure Newtonian lubricating oils contains non-Newtonian oils that serve as a carrier or dispersant and are made of pure olefinic and / or aliphatic or aromatic mineral oils with or without added plants; ilv or animal Oils and with or without synthetic oils with viscosities exist and in the range of SAE 5 to 140. The carrier contains 10 to 90 of the additive mixture from hydrocarbon oil to synthetic oils in the carrier varies from 90:10 to 100900 The degree de Abdict-9 cleaning or smearing effects depends on both of the above The proportions of the starting materials also depend on the temperature change and pressure treatment during production (preparatory heat cycling and pressure). The longer the duration the thermal cycling treatment and the higher the temperature and pressure are, The end product has all the more pronounced lubricating and sealing properties, and vice versa the emphasis is on cleaning action and easier lubrication, the weaker the Temperature change and pressure treatment is.

The lubricant additive according to the invention is produced as follows: The fatty acids and / or the metal salts of the fatty acids are used as carriers serving hydrocarbon dispersed or melted and then with the hydrocarbon mixed. The obtained dispersion is then subjected to heat treatment among the following subject to the specified conditions in terms of time, temperature and pressure and cooled, whereupon the other ingredients are added become, or the rest Ingredients are made after mixing the fatty acid or its salts with the carrier added.

As already mentioned, using higher temperatures and Prints and prolonged temperature change treatments initially have heavier consistencies formed and tougher mixtures obtained.

In the manufacture of the additive according to the invention, the metal salts are used at temperatures from 50 to 4380 ° C., preferably from 27 to 25700, in particular at 930C, melted or dispersed. During the entire manufacturing process there is pressure at 1 to 30 atm., generally at 1 to 10 atm. held. After melting of the metal salts of the fatty acids, the temperature is set to 38 to 260 ° C., preferably at a value in the range from 38 to 121 ° C9 sets the components of the carrier to and lasts 5 minutes to 12 hours, preferably 15 minutes to 4 hours, in particular 1 hour at this temperature0 The mixture then becomes optional but preferred between a temperature of -1 and 26000, preferably of 38 and 149 ° C9 in particular from 79 to 104 ° C for 30 minutes to 6 hours9, preferably 1 hour to and fro0 About 2 to 25 cycles are completed during this time, with 5 cycles being preferred werden0 The material is then generally cooled to room temperature, whereupon the remaining ingredients are mixed in.

The lubricant additive according to the invention is made with conventional lubricating oils used in amounts of 3 to 95 parts per 100 parts by weight of lubricating oil. In most In cases it is sufficient to add about 0.47 l to the crankcase of a car engine to achieve the desired cleaning, lubricating and sealing effect.

It has been rounded off by introducing 0.5 to 5% of that with crude mixed additives in the above Cylinder also the performance of the engine is increased.

Pure oil is Newtonian oil. It becomes thinner when heated. All Newtonian oils are measured according to their viscosity at 2500 (770F) classified with an SAE number. For example, a 30 weight oil means 30 weight oil) the SAE viscosity number 30 at 25 ° C.

However, when Newtonian oil is heated in the engine, it becomes thinner and the lubricity of the oil deteriorates 0 This undesirable dilution ratio is reflected in the "Viscosity Index" as a standard used by A.S.T.M., S.A.E.

and many other organizations.

In the case of Newtonian pure, unmodified oils, the absolute or kinematic tenacity represents the resistance to the flow and is a direct one Function of consistency, which is the measure of relative hardness, measured by their nearly reciprocal function of "penetration" represents.

Kinematic toughness - for consistency 1 non-Newtonian penetration or modified oils, which are multigrade oils, are in contrast to the pure ones Oils thicker when heated and thinner when cooled0 Furthermore they are not classified at 2500, but at 0 ° C and 100 ° C. For example an SAE 10W-30 oil has a viscosity number of 10 at 0 ° C and 50 at 100 C.

This classification actually corresponds to a pure SAE oil In. 10 at 0 ° C and a pure oil of SAE No. 50 to 100 ° C. This training the reverse effect in multi-grade oils is to prevent a loss of lubricity to be avoided when the engine is running.

However, tests have shown that the lubricity of the oil despite the more increased thickness at higher temperaturesii is actually only slightly improved will.

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) defines the Viscosity "as the resistance to flow of a liquid, viscosity is thus a Measure of the combined effect of adhesion and cohesion = thickness of a liquid. According to the definition of the viscosity scientist (Saybolt, Poiseuille etc.) is the viscosity of a substance the shear strength of a liquid film, the two Separates surfaces. The effective viscosity is measured in poise. Poise is the one Force measured in dyne required to move 1 cm2 of a flat surface a speed of 1 cm / sec. to move while trending the movie between the two Surface is 1 cm thick. Thus, apparent viscosity = shear stress (shear stress) shear rate <shear rate) The shear stress is defined as the force that is required to go over a certain constant speed to generate the given friction area. This definition can be given by the following Equation can be expressed: required force shear stress = friction area The thrust speed is defined as the speed over the thickness of the olfactory film is required (or applied). This expression can take the form can be written using the following formula: thrust speed ~ reached constant Speed Thickness of the lubricating oil film According to this correlation, the apparent one Viscosity is inversely proportional to the thickness of the lubricating film and directly proportional the constant sliding speed achieved under identical conditions in in reference to exerted force and friction area.

In non-Newtonian oils, the thickness of the lubricating film is not only the function of pure consistency is still roughly an equal function of its kinematic Toughness.

This similarity of behavior only applies to constant constants Velocities of Newtonian Liquids.

For all pure Newtonian oils, the effective viscosity is or the thickness of the oil at all thrust speeds at a given temperature constant. Non-Newtonian oils, doh. Multigrade oils have a viscosity that is not constant at all thrust speeds, as is the case with Newtonian oils, but rather a viscosity that changes with changing shear speed and shear stress changes.

The SAE Yearly Handbook (1972) names three different types of viscosities: effective viscosity (as a function of the combined effect of molecular cohesion and adhesion of the lubricant), lubricity of the oil, apparent viscosity (apparent viscosity), i.e. the thickness of the oil that the engine feels, and the temporary Viscosity, that is, the property of the oil, its viscosity under changing To change conditions of temperature, pressure, shear forces, etc.

By adding the additive according to the invention to Newtonian oil instantly made this a non-Newton-like oil. Hence, on the equation by Poiseuille, bearing in mind that for non-Newtonian Liquids the viscosity stated in the formula is actually the apparent viscosity is as defined in the SAE handbook. The formula also shows that the apparent Viscosity is a reciprocal function of the lubricity of the fluid. Of the The reason is that the viscosity of a non-Newtonian oil is not constant Shear rate ratio has as with Newtonian oils. With Rather, as the shear rate increases, the viscosity is lower, and vice versa the apparent viscosity increases with decreasing shear rate. This reciprocal Function of the apparent viscosity and the effective viscosity can be as follows can be written: Apparent viscosity = 1 effective viscosity The full formula von Poiseuille can be expressed as follows: required force apparent Viscosity friction surface or true lubrication = speed efficiency index Thickness of the For non-Newtonian modified oils the apparent viscosity, the density and consistency to a more complex function of shear stress and Thrust speed.

Apparent viscosity = shear stress, shear speed where shear stress = force exerted friction surface also reached constant shear speed R te = Thickness of Lubricating Film (Sbear) A consideration of this formula shows what happens when an additive, the polymers that thicken the oil, and / or Contains rubber isobutanes or similar sticky substances, with which the oil is introduced into the crankcase or into the combustion chamber.

First, the thickness of the oil film as well as the cohesion of the oil or of combustible hydrocarbons increases, i.e.

the apparent density (flow resistance) increases. This means, that the pushing speed is greatly reduced when the same force as before Introduction of the additive is exercised. A reduced pushing speed can will have one of two results: If the force exerted is the same, Twill the speed of movement of the lubricated surfaces is lower and the displacement speed is lower the moving parts will be smaller, and this means that the motor when taking up the same force runs slower. If now an increased force is exerted to the Bringing the engine back to the same speed increases the shear stress, and this leads to increased heat build-up in the engine, including increased friction the intermolecular friction of the lubricant itself, increased wear of the Parts and shortened engine life.

The additive according to the invention has the effect of lowering the apparent Viscosity by reducing the thickness and the intermolecular friction of the oil film in the engine as well as a reduction in the cohesion of the oil, although it is extremely important must be taken into account that the effective viscosity or lubricity is greatly improved, and not just by a few percent, but many times over.

This reduced oil film thickness and reduced cohesion has one increased pushing speed of the moving parts with the same force exerted Episode. Therefore, less force is required to achieve the same engine speed, and this means that the shear stress is reduced and the detrimental mechanical Deterioration of the lubricant itself is decreased. This in turn the wear on the parts is reduced, the operating temperature of the engine is lowered and in total extends the life of the engine. However, if the original Force is applied it would mean that the engine is actually running faster. The addition of the additive according to the invention to the engine or fuel one Motor can cause increased power output.

This was not only theoretical but also dynamometric as well proven on the racetrack where cars with and without additive in quarter mile acceleration tests (400 m) were tested. In any case, it was the time the car took for the route of 400 m, shorter and the top speed higher, proof that the Engine made more effective horsepower. The increase in effective horsepower output is not only due to the improved lubrication, but also to the improved sealing due to pistons, rings, etc. For example, the compression is increased and the combustion process more complete and efficient, so that at the same time less Air pollutants are generated. The optimal effect is achieved when the Additives both on the crankcase side of the piston and on the combustion chamber side of the piston is added by adding to the fuel.

Another consideration of the formula for apparent viscosity shows how the addition of the additive according to the invention to the engine oil its lubricity improved. It has been shown that both Newtonian and non-Newtonian oils Oils that have been modified by adding the additive according to the invention, the apparent viscosity is an inverse function of the effective viscosity. When the force needed to generate a certain constant speed is required, and the same friction surface with reduced thickness of the oil film stay, the speed of the moving parts increases. This proves that a stronger lubrication takes place. So the additive added to the oil increases accordingly of the invention lowers the oil's soaking ability or the effective viscosity the apparent viscosity of the oil. An additional effect of increasing the effective Viscosity (the true lubricity ) is that the Engine can run cooler and with less friction and stress. But when the same force as it was before the addition of the additive according to the invention was exercised, the engine runs faster because the apparent viscosity (flow resistance) of the oil has been reduced.

The additive according to the invention also has the advantageous property the temporary change in viscosity. This means that the oil in combination with the additive according to the invention its effective intrinsic viscosity not only to temperature changes like oil without the additive according to the invention, but also to local changes in pressure, speed and friction of the motor reacted. The consequence of this precisely verifiable advantage is a self-optimizing one Effect, i.e. aetomatic acceptance of optimal behavior. Where the oil on fast Movement of internal parts and high friction affect the valve drive, for example (valve train), the combination of oil and additives according to the invention has one increased effective viscosity - (lubricating effect), wdby better lubrication where it is needed most. When the RPM or speed and friction in the engine are lower, the oil has a lower apparent viscosity and a higher flow rate, creating more lubricant per unit of time fed to the same area and not hindered the work of the engine, such as it is the case when thick and sticky additives are used, a motor, too The oil of which the additive according to the invention has been added also brings more Performance due to the additional sealing properties that the additive according to the invention gives the oil in addition to the already increased soothing effect, namely better sealing, lower. Leak between piston rings and cylinder Wall, higher compression, complete combustion and effective performance. the The invention thus additionally leads to an even more effective utilization of the power to the performance that results from the increased lubricating effect of the els, which in turn increases the power efficiency. The property of the temporary change in viscosity of the additive according to the invention enables the oil to develop its increased capacity Sealability in the cylinder and piston ring area, resulting in better compression and lower performance loss due to leakage between piston rings and cylinder wall can be achieved.

It also reduces oil consumption and, more importantly, one Contamination of the oil by gasoline escaping past the piston rings is diminished.

The result is better fuel economy and more complete Combustion, so that by using the additive according to the invention another A gain in performance is achieved and fewer air pollutants are formed will.

The additive according to the invention also increases the cleaning power of the oil, i.e. the ability to remove sludge and dirt deposits, without deteriorating the lubricating effect of the oil. It enables a slight contact of the lubricant with the surfaces to be soaked and the adhesion on these areas this property is extremely important because of today Lubricating oils on the market reduce the cleaning effect at the expense of lubricity is achieved. Finally, the additive according to the invention gives the oil a polar-electro-ionic thin metal-seeking film (polar-electro-ionic, thin, metal seeking film), which causes the oil on the working parts where the lubricating effect is required, is liable. This electro-ionic polarization effect caused by the additive produced according to the invention explains its long lasting properties and ensures lubrication if an engine is too is started for the first time after a long period of inactivity.

The proven ability of the additive according to the invention is the effective one Bring lubricating viscosity to a multiple of the usual viscosity, its temporary to change locally optimally developed viscosity and its cleaning, lubricating and sealing properties depending on the different speeds, frictions, Optimal pressures and temperatures enable the engine to run aground the significant increase in its lubricity to run cooler. The engine gives also more power from because the seal is improved, but the movement of Valves and pistons are not obstructed, as is the case when the oil has an additive is added, which makes the oil thick and sticky.

The additive according to the invention mixes with that used as a carrier Base oil and imparts the modifying ability to the entire lubricating oil or combustion chamber hydrocarbons through molecular and intermolecular changes it induces, whereby the oil is converted into a much more effective lubricant and sealant will.

The achievement of the optimal coordination between cleaning, flocculation preventing, Lubricating and sealing properties are achieved according to the invention by a lubricating oil additive Achieved, depending on the occurring speeds, temperatures, pressures and tolerances automatically its most important and according to the operating conditions occurring locally The required property forms without the other properties deteriorating will.

The treated lubricant exhibits temporarily controlled viscosity changes depending on the local conditions such as load, pressure, temperature and Thrust effect During operation on. Excellent penetration, Flow velocities and high lubricity of thin films are achieved Because of the thin films, the additive lowers the apparent viscosity while it increases the intrinsic viscosity. Higher sustained speeds with the same fuel supply are due to the non-cohesive and intermolecular Adhesive properties of the additive achieved. The viscosity and the flow resistance are lower. An irreversible thickening under load or due to high temperatures does not take place.

The degradation or adverse change and deterioration the penetration are less, and there is no permanent deterioration in the Lubricating effect instead.

For most applications, the additive is formulated so that the Viscosity of the lubricant with additives in operation by 1 to 10 SAE viscosity units is lower than usual. Dynamometric performance measurements result an increase in the output of 10 to 45% depending on the dynamic Condition of the engines used. Furthermore, the operating temperatures are lower, a sign of less friction.

Most of the tests were with two-stroke and four-stroke internal combustion engines carried out with very different levels of wear. For example were new cars and used cars with mileage up to 400,000 at the test involved. When testing the internal combustion engines, electronic instruments were also used, e.g. the Allen Analog 70, which is able to provide the true power output from cylinder to cylinder at any speed or under a load that comes with generated by a mechanical dynamometer. With V-8 engines the power from cylinder to cylinder is measured, calculated and / or averaged. Of the Analog 70 shows electronically the power output of the tested cylinder in Percent of the total power output by the engine. The same performance improvements were also under very high in mechanical dynamometers indicating overall performance different speed and load conditions.

The power measurements were made with the engine running (dynamic compression measurement) carried out using common crankcase lubricants of various types.

Comparative measurements were then made after the additive according to the invention initially added to the usual lubricant of the tested engine and then wine was worked into the lubricant. Give the measurements while idling Information about the operation of the valve system and the measurements at cruising speed primarily concern the behavior of pistons and piston rings, the sealing ability and dynamic compression. -In some cases, cylinders showed with initial lower dynamic compression improvements by several 100, '.

On average there was an overall improvement of at least 10 to 45% noted, with cylinder-to-cylinder improvement in older engines in certain cases was 100 to iso% or more. In all cases the operating temperature was of the engines after the addition of the additive according to the invention is significantly lower. The greatest improvement was seen in older engines. If the additive mixed according to the invention with polymer additives or in a crankcase that If these additives were not given, a somewhat smaller improvement was noted0 Known additives appear to be those obtained with the additives according to the invention To partially cancel the advantages. To see the improvements made with the rubbery, sticky, polymeric additives are achieved, according to the invention to the highest degree To achieve this, it was necessary to include all heavy rubbery polymeric additives rinse carefully, pure lubricating oil or multigrade lubricating oil fill in and then add the additive according to the invention.

By adding the additive according to the invention to the engines a noticeable improvement in performance was achieved after 5 to 30 minutes, however the optimal performance improvement was generally found after the Engine warmed up and cooled down several times, the optimal improvement is generally reached after 80 to 400 km and easily more than 6500 up to 8000 km, whereupon the improvement generally becomes smaller.

It was also found that after running 80 to 160 km with the additive according to the invention the valve system of all tested engines, if examined, was completely free of sludge. This test included engines, that had been driven 65,000 to 67,000 km or more.

The viscosity measurements were made using laboratory rheological tests according to the Gardner method ASTM D 1545-63 durahggaS "tdrt.

It should be noted that virtually all efforts to date have been directed to lubricant additives to develop, were aimed at obtaining lubricants at low levels Temperatures have a low viscosity and at high temperatures an increased, even irreversible viscosity would be maintained. Experts assumed that the The only way to adequately lubricate hot engines is to thicken the oil.

It has been found that this is not the case and that the desired Do not lubricate without increasing the effective viscosity under high temperature conditions can be achieved because by thickening the oil only the intermolecular friction (Shear stress) is increased. Even the best of high molecular weight, crystalline, rubbery, severe tough polymer additives do not actually improve the lubricating effect.

The strong cohesion between the molecules increases the shear stress and increases the intermolecular cohesive forces of the paraffinic and olefinic Base oil The additive according to the invention loosens the intermolecular adhesive forces. This has a temporary decrease in viscosity, but with higher true lubricity As a result, the microcrystalline substances lose together with the base material their inherent viscoelasticity, making them smaller and more spherical amorphous molecules decay, which are analogous to the balls in heavily lubricated ball bearings are and easily roll over each other with an extremely reduced friction surface.

The additive according to the invention imparts the following to the lubricant extremely desirable properties: under the same temperature conditions it has a lower apparent viscosity and higher intrinsic viscosity as a result of the thinner lubricating films formed, lack of tackiness with increasing Temperatures, lower consistency, lower friction surface, lower flow resistance, small increase in consistency even under heavy use or high pressure and greatly increased penetration ability.

When using the rheological viscosity measurement method (Gardner) served In contrast to the usual measuring methods, the appearance of the miniscus of the bladder for determination the low stress viscosity as a viscosity value and the complete cessation of the movement of the lower miniscus to identify the itself change the and / or higher tension viscosity. The greater time difference that found in particular at lower kinematic toughness (measured in *) turns out to be a correlated measure of the higher true lubricating effect.

To further illustrate the invention, the following are presented Composition, Manufacture, and a Number of Representative Lubricant Additives described according to the invention. It also shows the results of engine performance tests with a number of vehicles using the additives according to the invention called.

These results prove the great improvements that can be made with the additives can be achieved according to the invention. For the most part, they were average Improvements on the order of 10 to 45% when tested from cylinder to cylinder established. The performance, however, was particularly evident on the older vehicles increased by several 100%, with the average improvement 80 to 130% cheat. The test values mentioned are only representative.

The twelve additives listed in the following table were as produced as follows: The stearates were first placed in a closed vessel (autoclave) melted and / or dispersed at about 1210, whereupon the natural oils and synthetic oils in the stearates under a pressure of about 1 atm. or more dissolved and the constituents 1 hour at 930C. The temperature was then increased to 12,100 and held at this level for 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 3800, then heated again to 12,100 and held at this temperature for 1 hour. This Temperature cycling was repeated three to six times, whereupon the mixture up 1000 was cooled. The remaining ingredients were added and with the stearates and carrier oils well mixed. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature.

Table I Cleaning power Highest lubricating effect Sealing effect Light usage (Super Lubricancy) Particularly high (Light Duty) Medium duty (Extra Heavy Duty) Additional mixture 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ingredient propyl alcohol 4% 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3, 5 3.0 3.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 butyl alcohol 4.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 5.0 4.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 amyl alcohol 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 0.5 - - 1.0 - - -Octyl alcohol 1.7 4.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 2.0 0 , 5 - - 1.0 0.5 -Decyl alcohol 2.3 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 - - 1.0 - -synthetic oils @ 10.0 15.0 20, 0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 15.0 30.0 12.5 3.0 4.0 Aliphatic, aromatic and olefinic oils ** 60.0 55.0 50.0 45.0 40, 0 35.0 30.0 30.0 15.0 12.5 2.0 1.0 nitromethane - - 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.0 - 0.5 1.0 Magnesium stearate 3.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 10.0 - - 5.0 -Aluminum stearate 8.0 7.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 5.0 sodium stearate 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 - - 10.0 5.0 5, 0 2.0 lead stearate - 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 - - - - 5.0 5.0 8.0 lithium stearate 2.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 40.0 45.0 65.0 Titanste - 2.0 1.0 0.5 - - - 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Molybdenum sulfide - 3.0 4.0 4.5 - - - 3.0 4.0 9.0 10.0 4.0 * Synthetic oil (30% ethylene glycol and 70% tetraethylsilane) ** Penzoil A number of the in the table above The additives mentioned were added to car engines which had the different speedometer readings mentioned in the table below. In each case, the output of the engines from cylinder to cylinder was first measured with the Analog'70 "apparatus according to the method described above, after an oil change was carried out and clean SAE 30 oil without polymer additives (pure Penzoil) had been poured in and the speedometer reading had been noted The engines were switched off and allowed to cool0 The engines were started, warmed up and, after warming up, kept idling for a further 5 minutes Then the output of the engines was measured again and the values noted. In several cases, the treatment was repeated after about 2400 km, the power output of the engine was measured and noted. In all cases, further improvements compared to the improvement achieved after the first addition were found. In some cases, after the second Z The addition improves the lubricating and sealing properties shown in the table. In all cases vast improvements were found and in all cases the engine operating temperature was 5.5 to 200C lower after the addition of one of the lubricant additives according to the invention. Experience has shown that only when the additive according to the invention was added to engines to which various rubbery polymeric oil additives had previously been added, no significant improvement was observed. In most of these cases there was a significant decrease in performance.

Table II Automobile: Chevelle SS 454 speedometer reading at the beginning of the Tests: 40,230 km (25,000 miles) cylinders Before addition After adding additives Idle speed 4 'Idle speed 1 6.0 4.0. 7 0 7.0 4.5 2 1.0 3.0 4.5 4.0 3 2.0 4.0 5.5 4.5 4 6.5 4.5 6.0 5.0 5 2.0 3.5 5.0 4.5 6 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 7 7 , 0 3.5 6.0 4.5 8 -0.5 3.5 4.0 5.5 18.0 30.5 42.5 37.0 Table., III Automobile: Chevrolet Impala 1962 Speedometer reading at the start of testing: 290,000 (180,000 miles) cylinders before Addition After the addition of After the addition of Additive No.4 Additive No.4 Idle drive Idle trip Idle trip 1 4.0 4.0 5.5 5.5 6.0 5.5 2 4.0 3.5 5.5 5.25 6.5 3.5 3 4.25 4.5 5.25 6.5 6.5 5.0 4 4.0 3.5 5.5 5.25 4.5 4.5 5 4s0 4.0 5.5 5.5 5 , 5 5.5 6 4.0. 3.0 5.5 4.0 6.5 5.5 7 4.0 4.5 5.0. 6.0 7.5 6.0 8 4.5 3.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 5.5 32.75 29.0 43.75 42.0 47.0 41.0 Table IV Automobile: Corvette Odometer reading at the start of testing: 43597 km (27090 miles) cylinders before the addition After the addition After the addition of Additive Nr.4 of Additive Nur.4 idling drive Idle ride Idle ride 1 4.5 4.0 5.5 4.0 5.5 4.5 2 4.0 3.5 5.5 4.0 5.0 4.5 3 4.0 4.0 5.5 4.0 5.5 4.5 4 3.0 2.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 5 2.5 2.0 3.5 3, 0 3.5 3.5 6 9.0 6.5 6.5 5.0 5.5 5.0 7 4.0 3.5 5.0 4.5 5.0 4.5 8 4.5 4.0 5.0 4.5 5.5 4.5 35.5 29.5 40.5 32.5 39.0 35.0 Table V Automobile Dodge Coronet 1968 Speedometer reading at the start of testing: 20,520 km (12,750 miles) cylinders Before the addition After the addition from Additive Only. 4 idle trip idle trip 1 6.0 6.0 10.0 9.5 2 8.0 7.5 10.0 9.5 3 8.0 10.0 10.0 9.5 4 8.0 8.0 9.0 9.5 5 7.0 10.5 9.5 9.5 6 8.0 8.5 9 , 5 10.0 45.0 50.5 58.0 57.5 Table VI Automobile: Mercury Marquis 1971 Odometer reading at the start of the test: 7921km (4922 miles) cylinders before the addition After adding additive 4 idle speed idle speed 1 2.0 6.5 4.0 5.5 2 0.0 5.5 4.5 6.0 3 2.0 5.5 5.5 6, Q 4 2.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5 1.0 5.5 4.5 6 , 0 6 3.5 5.5-6.5 5.0 6.0 7 1.0 3.5-4.5 4.0 5.5 8 1.5 3.5-5.0 5.0 5.5 13.0 40.5-43.5 37.5 46.0 table VII Automobile: Pontiac GTO 1966 Speedometer reading at the beginning of the tests: 128,625 km (79,923 Miles) cylinder before the addition after the addition of after the additive Nkr4 addition of additive no.4 idle travel idle travel idle travel 1 2.5 4.0 4.0 5.5 7.0 6.5 2 -0.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 6.0 6.0 3 6.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 6.5 4 8.5 6 , 5 6.0 7.0 9.0 7.5 5 8.0 3.5 8.0 5.5 8.0 7.0 6 -2.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 6.5 7 7.5 5.0 7 , 0 6.0 7.0 6.5-8 7.0 6.5 5.5 6.5 6.0 44.0 50.5 47.0 57.5 52.5 The benefits that are achieved with the additives according to the invention are also confirmed by the following described dynamometer engine tests.

In the first case it was a Chevrolet engine 327 CID with quadruple carburetors and a distance of 67,593 km (42,000 miles) driven without grease and dirt cleaned but fully assembled with the existing oil in the crankcase calmly. The riotor was installed, started and adjusted on the dynamometer. The plastic valve covers were then put on, whereupon the following observations were made were made: 1) The cylinder head was at least half full of sticky oil deposits in every corner.

2) While idling, the oil dripped from the valve rocker arms.

At 2000 rpm the oil dripped a little more, but not drastically.

3) The left exhaust pipe visibly smoked.

4) Six power measurements at different speeds (power pulls) were made. The correction factor related to the display of a dry thermometer of 40 ° C, a wet thermometer of 24.4 ° C and a barometer reading of 766 mm Hg (30.54) was 1.028. The actual power pull figures are hereinafter referred to as.

RPM Torque Corrected HP (horse power) 4250 240 196 4000 265 204 4400 250 211 5000 195 187 4500 235 203 5300 170 177 5) during During the test, the engine water temperature stayed at 880C. The one on one of the external filters the oil temperature read was also 88 ° C and the oil pressure was 22.68 kg (50 lbs.).

the rotor was then brought to idle, whereupon 0.473 1 (1 pint) of the additive according to the invention was added to the crankcase. The rotor was left idle for 5 minutes to allow the additive to mix with the oil could. The following findings were made: 1) Not the slightest foaming of the oil was found to be a sign that the ingredients of the mixture were compatible was.

2) The oil flow from the valve pushrods was at both idle and also much stronger at 2000 rpm.

A valve pushrod even began to oil completely over the valve rocker arm to squirt. This effect was attributed to the increased flow rate; which was left to the oil by the additive according to the invention.

3) The left exhaust pipe had smoke after a total of running time of the engine with the additive according to the invention in the crankcase after about 6 minutes completely stopped. This appearance was attributed to the sealing properties, which the additive according to the invention imparts to the oil.

4) After the idle period, 16 power pulls were performed. The reason for sd numerous measurements was that the examiners the The registered results initially seemed incredible and every effort was made was to find exact numbers.

A correction factor of 1.033 based on the reading of a dry thermometer of 42,200 and a wet thermometer of 24,400 and a barometer reading of 776 mm Hg (30.55) was applied. The registered actual Power values are given below: RPM Torque Corrected HP (horse power) 4600 237 210 4600 248 224 4200 270 225 4100 280 226 4000 275 217 4600 250 226 4650 242 221 4000 275 217 4400 255 222 4600 243 221 4800 238 226 4050 278 222 4400 264 229 4800 257 225 4500 246 219 4700 239 222 5) WFlrend of the test was the water temperature at 88 ° C and the oil temperature rose to 960c. It came out with a slight drop the water and oil temperature as a result of the increased lubrication. the However, the extremely large number of performance tests (power pulls), and since the water temperature of the engine is thermostatically controlled If the dynamometer's water gule has been regulated, it is possible that the motor is the Had endeavored to use a lower temperature during the second series of tests run as in the first test series, but in each case through the cooling tower of the dynamometer was artificially held at 880c.

6) The engine was then used to examine the valve lifters taken apart. It was found that the additive according to the invention the cylinder heads and the valve lifter valley had cleaned. There were signs of cleaning and cleaning everywhere Washing effect before, through which dirt and sludge are removed and then deposited in the oil pan had been.

The additives according to the invention are extremely effective in improving performance both new and old engines.

Furthermore, the properties of the additives that make it possible that the temporary viscosity changes are automatically optimally adapted to the changing ones Set the operating conditions in the engine, once. Change the additional mixtures automatically so that it applies to the operating conditions of high speed set at low load up to high load at low speed or, in other words, primarily the cleaning or exert detergent action, lubricating action and sealing action.

It has been found that the additives according to the invention improve the combustion efficiency increase in the hydrocarbons used as fuels in general and especially advantageous by increasing the efficiency of gasoline engines, diesel engines and incinerators are such as those used as a furnace for industrial boiler systems etc.

be used. So it was found that the additives improve the combustion efficiency of hydrocarbons used as fuels in both environments and engines, where kinematic energy is most important, as well as in combustion processes boost where the focus is on the available thermal energy, as in combustion chambers is the case for industrial boiler systems. The fact that the additives increase the efficiency The increase in hydrocarbon fuels is due in this day and age the prevailing energy crisis and in particular the shortage of fuel particularly important.

The additives according to the invention not only increase the efficiency in combustion processes, but also decrease as a result of more complete combustion the amount of air pollutants without them being worth mentioning to contribute to these air pollutants. Most beneficial and useful are the additives according to the invention for increasing the efficiency of hydrocarbons, However, they can also be used together with coal in combustion processes.

The additive can be mixed with the fuel before combustion or with the fuel at the time and place at which the combustion process is triggered, be injected. Furthermore, it can in the case of combustion chambers Suitable for industrial boiler systems and the like, where the fuel is frequently preheated be two or more individual components of the additive from separate bodies in Inject the combustion chamber to avoid the possibility of premature ignition largely off. In general, the additive mixture can be before or at the time the combustion in quantities of O, O00X to 10% by weight of the fuel mixed with this will. Amounts up to 25% are used in some cases with no adverse effects However, quantities above 19% do not significantly increase the efficiency increased. A range from 0.05 to 5 ″ is preferred, with an amount of 0.5 up to 5% by weight of the fuel is particularly preferred.

In the case of gasoline and diesel engines, there are increases in mileage up to 25% has been achieved.

In the case of industrial boilers, the fuel savings are in the order of magnitude from 10 to 15P, while the operating temperatures increased significantly at the same time The mechanism by which the additive mixtures according to the invention increase the combustion efficiency Boost of fuels is not yet clear, however their effect is from the strong fuel savings and other benefits quite obvious.

As already mentioned, optimal results are achieved with engines when the additives as a means of increasing the lubricity in the crankcase of the engine and also as additives to the fuel supplied to the engine be used. In the case of gasoline engines, it was found that the amount of the additive for the addition to the fuel, preferably 0.5 to 5% of the fuel weight should. As already mentioned, the additional mixture can be mixed with the fuel in the tank, injected with the fuel or mixed with the air, which in turn mixed with the fuel or in any way the fuel-containing combustion mixture is added before the initiation of the combustion process.

The increased efficiency of fuels in engines in which the Additive mixtures according to the invention are used in the fuels by Measure the load generated by mechanical dynamometers as well as by the significant increased mileage determined.

The following examples and determinations clearly illustrate the effectiveness of the method according to the invention: To 18.9 1 (5 gallons) one commercial unleaded normal gasoline, which determined a normal in the laboratory Had an octane rating of 95, 28.1 ml (1 ounce) of that listed in column 4 of Table I was added Additional mixture given. The gasoline treated according to the invention had an octane number of 105.7.

To 18.9 l (5 gallons) of a diesel fuel with an ordinary Octane number of 40.9 was 28.3 ml (1 ounce) of that listed in column 5 of Table I. Additional mixture given. The diesel oil treated according to the invention had a cetane number from 45.9.

As already mentioned, by adding the additional mixtures according to the invention in addition to fuel for boilers, fuel consumption is reduced by 10 to 15 «. In one case was added by adding 1 «of the additional mixture mentioned in column 5 Heating oil no. 6 reduces heating oil consumption by about 10%. This has been going on over a period of time confirmed by two months under industrial operating conditions.

Claims (8)

P a t e n t a n s p r ü c h e . Method of increasing the combustion efficiency of as Fuels used coals and hydrocarbons, characterized that you put the fuels before combustion in one based on the weight of the fuel related amount of 0.0001 to 25 wt .-% added a mixture that consists of a 10 to 90 wt. «Of the mixture making up the carrier, which consists of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, olefinic or aromatic hydrocarbons or their mixtures and synthetic ones Lubricants consists of 5 to 30% by weight of an aliphatic, olefinic or aromatic Alcohol or a mixture of these alcohols containing 2 to 18 carbon atoms, 0 up to 12% by weight of an oxidation accelerator and 5 to 85% by weight of a fatty acid or a metal salt of this fatty acid, the fatty acid having 2 to 27 carbon atoms and the metal cation of the salt has a valence of 1 to 4. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the aromatic Hydrocarbons in the carrier make up 0 to 15% of the weight of the carrier. 5. Process according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that the carrier 40 to 90 weight «des Make up an additional mixture that contains fatty acids and their salts from 15 to 27 carbon atoms and the oxidation accelerator 1 to 3% by weight of the additional mixture. 4. The method according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that it contain nitromethane as an oxidation accelerator. 5e method according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that the Weight ratio of the hydrocarbons to the synthetic oils in the vehicle 10:90 to 90:10. 6. The method according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that one 0.05 to 5 "of the additional mixture to the gasoline before combustion in an internal combustion engine clogs. 7. The method according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that one 0.05 to 5 «of the additional mixture to the diesel oil before combustion in an internal combustion engine clogs. 8. The method according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that one 0.05 to 5 "of the additional mixture to the fuel oil before combustion in the combustion chamber a boiler clogs.