DE2430764A1 - METAL WIRE FLEECE - Google Patents

Description

MANITZ, FiNSTERWALD & GRÄMKOW

2 & JUNE 1574

D 20 ^ 0

DUNLOPLIMITBD.
Dunlop House, Ryder Street, St James's, London SW1.

Metal wire -VIi e s

The invention relates to metal wire fleeces or felts.

GB-PS 1 ol6 551 describes how a fleece or * felt made of continuous, artificial fibers such as e.g. textile fibers or metal wires are produced can. The fleece according to this British patent no.

409884/0439

»" «Η Jit ^NITZ " ^DIPt - ' ^ING · ^M · ^F ' ^NS - «RWAL _D DIP L. - ING. W. GRÄMKOW ZENTRALKASSE BAYER. FOLK BANKS

TE ^ Oe _{5, 2,} fo _r r ⁰ x _p ^{ERT "K0CH" STBASSE} * ^{7 STUTTGART S0 TBAD} CANNSTATT. MÖNCHEN, ACCOUNT NUMBER 7 ₂ 7 TEL. (089) 2242ti. TELEX 05-29672 PATMF SEELBERGSTR.23 / 2S.TEL. (07ll) S67261 POSTSCHECK = MÖNCHEN 77062-805

1 ol6 551 has a needled mat made of nested, essentially aligned, curled, continuous, artificial fibers; Furthermore, a method for producing the fleece is described by adding stretched or stretched fibers to one another aligned, the fibers to

loosened the curled condition and barbed the resulting mat of fibers Needle is needled.

The crimping or creasing of the artificial fibers in both textile fibers and metal wires can be achieved in several ways. This includes, for example, false twisting, in which the fibers or bundles or strands of fibers are twisted or twisted, the twist is stabilized, for example by passing through a series of rollers, and in which the twist is removed; Furthermore, a stuffing box treatment is possible, ie the fiber (s) is (are) fed into a chamber, the outlet of which is smaller than the inlet, whereby the fiber (s) are crushed or crushed; Furthermore, a gear crimp is possible in which the fiber (η) is between rollers provided with grooves or ribs

409884/0439

is (are) passed through} finally can still a. "Kant curling can be carried out in which the Fiber (s) is pulled over an edge

In the production of a metal wire fleece according to the previous proposals, as can be found, for example, in GB-PS 1 ol6 55 1, it has been found that the wires should preferably be crimped using the edge or edge crimping process. This method results in the preferred, helical one; or «spiral crimping, the amplitude or size of which can be varied considerably according to the crimping conditions used, eg the radius of the crimped edge, the cord tension, etc." The large amplitudes that are possible for them, the tendency of an arrangement or grouping of loosened, crimped wires to interleave into one another is high can.

4098 84/0439

However, the applicant has found that difficult peculiarities in the production of nonwovens from wire crimped at the edge or bundles or strands of wires occur when the size of the metal wires used is so large that it is sufficient that the wires approximately 100 or more times stiffer than polymer fibers, e.g. nylon or polyester threads. The applicant has determined that the r, andcruffled structure is not was torsion-free.

This finding is a surprise, since it was previously known that the edge crimping processes yield yarns or threads free of twisting force which have continuous helical lines or spirals with a randomly or statistically alternating S ^ or Z twist direction; in this regard, for example, reference is made to the book "Modem Yarn Production from Man-Made Fibers", edited by GR Wray, published by Columbine Press, Manchester 1960.

The one that occurs with crimped stiff wires Problems are that the wires tend to reinforce one another rather than nested one Fiber mate has a rope-like structure

form; or if a mat can be formed,

40 9884/0419

so the fleeces tend to twist in one direction of rotation or to curl or to curl the other.

The invention is therefore based inter alia on the object a method for producing a non-woven fabric from the above-mentioned rigid wires and such a non-woven fabric to accomplish"

According to the present invention, a method the following steps to produce a fleece: Continuous metal wires or bundles or strands of wires are crimped, each one being

- 7 2 wire a torsional stiffness of more than 2 χ 10 Nm

2
(Newton m) has; then each wire or bundle of wires is passed under tension over a curved surface with at least some of the wires or bundles of wires being passed over the surface in such a way that the predominant resulting helix is in the opposite direction to which the remaining wires or bundles of wires lies; then the crimped wires, or bundles of wires under tension, are arranged continuously in alignment with one another, and then the structure of wires thus produced is continuously loosened so that they can nest into one another, if a mat were to be formed.

stands. 4 09884/043 9

According to a further aspect of the invention, a fleece has a mat of nested, substantially aligned, edge-crimped, continuous metal wires or bundles of metal wires on, each having a torsional stiffness

- 7 2 2

of more than 2 χ 10 Nm (Newton m), the nesting of the wires in the manner of a Mixing in three dimensions takes place as a result is produced that the crimped wires or bundles' of wires with mixed, remaining torsion direction be laid under tension, with the tension subsequently being loosened.

The nested mat of wires can be barbed using a barbed Needle to be needled.

According to a further aspect of the method, the Wires or bundles of wires each reared up after crimping, with a large number of wires or bundles of wires, some of which have a residual direction of torsion that is opposite to that of the other wires, then brought together and common be arranged to form a mat.

409884/0439

According to a preferred embodiment, the above-mentioned curved surface has a radius which is the same
or less than 13 mm.

According to a preferred embodiment, the
Metal wires made from steel wires, the individual diameter of which is greater than 0.08 mm (the essentially one

—7 2

Torsional rigidity of 2 χ 10 Nm is equivalent), but are not greater than 0.56 mm. It has been found that the upper limit of the diameter with
0.56 mm is the largest wire diameter at which crimp can currently be achieved; this is due to practical difficulties in handling the wire during crimping; the invention is intended
however, it is not necessarily always restricted to this wire diameter.

The torsional stiffness or torsional stiffness of the "wire" can be calculated as explained below
shall be.

It - is made from a wire of any cross-section
assumed that a couple of forces with a
Twist M is twisted, which engages at its ends. In a U Jbstand _Z from the origin of the turns

409884/04 3 9

Cross-section at an angle OZ , where 0 is the angle of rotation or twist angle per unit length. The factor by which the torque M must be divided to get the twist per unit length, θ, is called the torsional stiffness JD. The following therefore applies:

It is known that for a wire with circular Cross-section with diameter c [the value for jC can be calculated from:

C =

where η is the sliding or. Shear modulus of the wire material. This also applies to a wire with an elliptical cross section, with half of the main axes labeled with a_ and b_ are »

77 a% b ³ , ~ s

- ~ - η ····· ν J)

2, 2 a + b

alternatively you can also write:

4 77 2 ip 409884/0439

where A is the cross-sectional area, while Ip is the polar moment of inertia of the cross-section.

For a wire with a uniform cross-section The torsional stiffness can therefore have a general shape from "equation (4) can be approximated by for the wire, a wire with an elliptical cross-section with the same cross-sectional area and polar inertia as the actual wire is used.

The bundle of wires can be twisted or twisted into a thread or alternatively ζμ different threads, which in turn can also be twisted into a cord.

In one embodiment of the method, anyone can Wire or any bundle of wires before passing the curved surface is guided around a guide member the distance between the guide part and the surface is adjustable, whereby the angle, by feeding each wire to the surface, the amount of crimp achieved can be easily regulated to vary. According to a preferred embodiment, each wire is bent after passing the Surface guided around a second guide part, wherein

409884/0439

the obex'f laugh from a straight line, dio the Leading parts connects, is offset. The surface can either be on one side of this Line or on the opposite side of the line in the way that some of the wires do the curved surface can pass in a direction corresponding to the direction of curvature of the surface is opposite to that of the remaining wires be guided. The distance between the second guide part and the surface can also be adjusted be to vary the angle at which each wire is lifted from the surface. It has it turned out that by using a second guide part a more open screw or Helical structure is created when a crimped wire is loosened.

If the wires are passed over surfaces that are bent in opposite directions, then it leaves the type, i.e., the J5 or Z ^ configuration, the achieved screw structure control, as has been found in tests, whereby the torsional forces in the nonwovens by the use of these two structures therein can. With the help of the guide parts this

409 884/0439

Reinforce control. After an execution form dex invention can use the guide parts, and the curved Surfaces, cylindrical rods have. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention however, the guide parts can be freely rotatable, e.g. have a drive wheel construction, the rotatable parts preferably from each other in one direction are displaced perpendicular to both the line which is drawn between them as well as the direction in which the curved surface is offset from it, whereby each wire is routed across the surface at a specific angle. The versetzong the rotatable parts with respect to one another is at least 10 mm according to a preferred embodiment.

In this preferred embodiment of the invention wix-d assumed that by running a wire across the surface at a certain angle a Schlingex-n or a rolling movement in the direction is created in which the crimp and therefore the screw structure is needed, so that the rotatable Guide parts a higher or better control of the screw structure obtained by this method produce. It has been shown that a certain

40-98 84 / (H 39

Reversal of the screwing direction in a curled one Wire length occurs; however, this reversal only takes place over a short stretch of wire before returning is reversed to the first configuration of the wire (i.e., S ^ reverses to 25, 25 reverses to ^ configuration) .

According to an alternative embodiment of the invention the curved surface and / or the guide device can have at least one with a conically flared end have formed bore in a plate, each plate oscillating and / or reciprocating Can perform movements.

The webs are preferably compensated for by one of the screw structures in 5 °% of ^it is generated Diäite, but up to 3o% of one of the helical structures may be present in a nonwoven down.

In addition, it has been found that the compensation the torsional forces are supported by different or differential crimping of each wire i.e., the amplitude and / or frequency of that produced in the wires by crimping Helical shape or helix is varied.

409884/0439

The wires are grouped together, by passing the wires through a comb with adjustable width, creating different Fleece widths can be achieved in tons. The compiled Grouping of crimped wires is tensioned by passing them through a nip or nip Contact point are guided, which is formed by three non-driven rollers; afterward they are passed through a nip or a point of contact, which is formed by three driven rollers where the arrangement is designed in such a way that that they are loosened immediately after leaving the driven pair of rolling mills and placed in a needle punching machine to be led. .

After a prefertojj. The embodiment is the metal wire fleece ax-machined into an object that e.g. made of rubber or a plastic material. The incorporation of the fleece into the object during the manufacture of the object can be done, for example, by that either the material is hot or cold calendered onto the fleece is, or by spraying the material onto the fleece by a suitable method.

409 884 / OA3 9

These processes, such as calendering, are strengthened or the fleece continues to compress, so that daPj itself results in a web in the form of a substantially flat sheet.

The fleece can be strengthened or compressed, indera in a pinhole tool either in a single mat of wires or in two or more, one on top of the other laid mats is pricked by wires. Additionally or as an alternative to this, the mat or mats can be made from a sheet-shaped base material knitted or knitted or woven fabric and needled on it.

The respective degree of hardness of the nonwovens produced can be increased by increasing the number of needled punching tools is increased, which provided the mat of wires with punctures. Soft fleeces can be produced, by increasing the depth of penetration of the needles into the wire mat during at least part of the needling process is limited.

The invention will now be explained on the basis of exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying schematic Drawings explained in more detail.

409884/0439

Show it:

Figure 1 A and 1 B arrangements of the guide parts for crimping wire according to the invention, in which Z_ and S ^ structures are formed;

Figures 2 A and 2 B modified arrangements of Guide members similar to those shown in Figures 1A and 1B, forming Z ^ and J5 structures, respectively;

Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a device on which part of the Vex driving according to the invention can be carried out; and

Figure k an alternative curved surface and / or Fülxrungstoil "

According to FIGS. 1 A and 1 B, an ancestor used for crimping guide elements. The wires 1 and 2 are made over curved surfaces of cylindrical Rods 3 and 4 out. Two guide elements in the form of cylindrical bars 5j 6 and 7 > are provided for each of the dx ^ seams 1 or 2.

409884/0439

The rods 5 and 6 j 7j δ are in a preferred embodiment on the line of travel of the wires 1 and 2, respectively, as indicated by the lines AA and BB, which connect the lower ends thereof; these lines are essentially parallel to the line of movement of wires 1 and 2 as indicated by arrows C and D, respectively.

The rods 3 and k are perpendicular in opposite directions to the lines AA and BB lareetzt 5 the resulting arrangement shown in FIG. Helical lines with a Z structure, while the resulting arrangement, shown in FIG. 1B, produces helical lines with a J5 structure in the wire after the tension is relaxed or terminated.

In FIGS. 2A and 2B, arrangements are shown which are similar to those shown in de.a FIGS. 1A and 1B.

The rods 5> 6 »7 ^unt * 8, however, each act as axes for freely rotatable drive pulleys 9i, 10, 11 and 12, respectively. The wheels or disks 9» 10 and 11, 12 are in one direction from one another according to a preferred embodiment shifted, the essentially lower

409884/0439

right to lines A-A and B-B respectively and to the direction of the displacements of the rods 3 or (t is. This can can be achieved by using spacers 13 and 14 located on rods 5 and 7, respectively. This arrangement causes wires 1 and 2 to pass through the Rods 3 and 4 out at an angle v / earth so that those by wires 1 and 2 in their relaxed state formed helical lines with 25 and J3 structure can be controlled very well.

The wires crimped under tension in this way can either be stored in a frame or bobbin rack to .a number of available Wires accumulate, or can immediately enter the device can be entered to form the fleeces.

According to Fig. 3, bundles or strands of wires 15 and l6 under tension from a bobbin rack through a comb 17 with adjustable width and through a gap l8, which is not driven by three Rolls is formed, and fed through a gap 19 which is formed by three driven rollers. The rollers forming the nips are preferred according to a preferred one Embodiment covered with rubber to prevent slipping or slipping of the wires. When

409884/0439.

let the gap 19 loosens the Gr-uppo Wires and connects together to make the relaxed or to form loose fleece 20, which is passed through a needle hole tool 21, around the fleece 20 to consolidate or to compress.

Fig h. Shows schematically a cross-cut plate 33 having a bore 3 ^l t, which is provided with flared ends 35 $, such an arrangement can act as a curved surface and / or guide member. Of course, a large number of such bores can be made in the or in each plate. In addition, devices can be provided so that the or each plate can perform an oscillating and / or reciprocating movement.

The invention will now be further elucidated with reference to FIG the following examples are explained.

Example I.

A metal wire fleece was produced, indeui steel wires over a crimping pin 3, k of 3) 85 now diameter and wheels 9,10, 11,12, as they were described in connection with FIGS. 2A and 2B, were passed. The Ver-

409884/0439

The displacement of the wheels 9, 11 from the wheels 10, 12 amounted to Io uitn, the wires each having a single diameter of 0.08 mm.

The wires so crimped were then under tension to relieved or balanced bundles or strands shaped, i.e., helical lines lay in the bundles S_ ~ and Z ^ - "" structure in equal amounts. The bundles were then placed on a rotating frame, while they were shifted transversely to the frame, whereby a sheet-like structure mi ο lay parallel Drahteii revealed. The tension in the wires would-then loosened or slackened, whereby the wires connected or mixed with each other, to form the fleece.

The web thus formed was then rubberized by placing a layer of 100% crepe rubber and a layer between a layer of 100% crepe rubber and a pressure of .0.0085 kg / cm (11.5 lbs./in ") for one minute from another;! Gunimi mixture (both layers had a thickness of 0.7 mm). Crepe rubber was therefore used in one layer so that the structure of the wires in the rubberized fleece can be seen kail · ;.

409-884 / 04

For comparison purposes, a second, rubberized fleece was made in a similar way: but with the Helical lines of the wires all had 25 structure.

The relieved web was essentially flat while the unbalanced or unbalanced web was puckered or curled up in a spiral.

Example Il

Two fleeces, one of which is relieved or balanced and was essentially flat, while one was unbalanced and curled up, were as described produced in Example I using steel wires with a single diameter of 0.1 mm .

Example III

Two fleeces, one of which is balanced and substantial was flat while one was unbalanced and curled were as described in Example I using steel wires with a single diameter of 0.15 ram.

409884/0439

Delspiel IV '

Two webs, one of which is balanced and borrowed in Wesent ₇ was flat, was not compensated while the other and formed a seilähriliche structure described in Example I 3o mm were measured according using S.tahldrahten with a single diameter of o, prepared however, the fleeces were not gummed.

Example V

Two fleeces, one of which is balanced and substantial was flat, while the unbalanced one formed a rope-like structure, were according to the Description made in Example I using steel wires with a single diameter of 0.56 mm, however, the fleece was not gummed.

The webs prepared according to the invention are balanced and flat, while the unbalanced nonwovens were twisted or twisted, with the wires in addition at higher diameters, i.e., high twisting stiffness tend to reinforce each other and have rope-like structures to build.

4 09 88 47Ό 4 3 9

Example VI

Two batts, one balanced and the other unbalanced, were made as described in Example I, except that the batts were not gummed. The fleeces were prepared from strands of four wires, each with a diameter of 0.25 mm, and twisted together with a blow of 8.5 pounds. After equalizing, yielded
a satisfactory, substantially torsion-free web resulted, while the unbalanced web formed a rope-like structure.

Example VII

Two batts, one balanced and the other unbalanced, were made as described for Example I, except that the batts were not gummed. The fleeces were made of linen or strong cord with seven threads
prepared, which were twisted together with a stroke of 1Λ.7 s. each thread had four. Wires each had a diameter of 0.2 mm and were twisted together with a blow of 9.5 s_. After equalization, a satisfactory, essentially torsion-free web resulted, while the

409884/0439

unbalanced fleece formed a rope-like structure.

Certain problems then arise, -when lines or rigid cords can be formed into fleeces, as e.g. the direction of twisting of the thread or cord helical structure affected, made in the thread or cord by crimping will; i.e., the influence may be such that there is a risk that the resulting. helical Structure is the same as the twist direction, although the manufacture for the opposite Screw direction has been carried out. This difficulty can be overcome by using curling pencils larger diameter used and the offset and the spacing of the guide parts can be varied. However, this solution does not lead to very satisfactory results, so that, according to a preferred embodiment, this problem is overcome in that the helical structure is created so that it is the same as the twisting direction of the thread or the cord is. Therefore, when using the solution proposed in the last paragraph, it is necessary in the case of the Production of a balanced fleece threads or cords twisted in the opposite direction to use.

409884/0439

According to one embodiment of the invention, the formation the predominant, resulting helical Structure in the wire or in the bundle of wires to be supported by that prior to implementation During the crimping step, these are preformed, e.g. by false twisting.

- patent claims -

409884/0439

Claims (1)

Patent claims 1. A method for producing a nonwoven fabric, thereby g e k ο η η ze i c h net that continuous Metal wires (1,2j 15, l6) or bundles of wires be crimped, each individual wire being one -7 2 torsional stiffness wedge of more than 2 χ 10 'Nm, that * every wire (1, 2j 15, l6) or bundle of wires is led under tension over a curved surface ( 3, k; l8,19), wherein at least some of the wires or bundles of wires are passed over the surface in such a way that the predominant, resulting helix lies in the opposite direction to that of the remaining wires or bundles of wires that the crimped wires or bundles of wires are substantially aligned with one another under tension are continuously brought together, and that the arrangement of wires thus formed is continuously relaxed, wherein they can nest in one another to form a mat. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that that each of the wires (1, - 2f 15, l6) or bundles of Wires after crimping is ruffled, with a plurality of wires or bundles of wires, one of which some in relation to the rest the contrary A09884 / (H39 " ²⁶ ""243U764 set, have the remaining direction of rotation, then to Formation of the mat is summarized. 3 »Method according to claim 2, characterized in that that the wires (1,2; 15, l6) or bundles of wires be summarized, liidci them by a comb (17) are guided with an adjustable width, and then between one of three non-driven Rolls formed gap (l8) and a gap formed from three driven rollers (19) are tensioned, and that the arrangement thus formed is loosened when leaving the driven gap (19) to become one in the other to nest and form the mat. k. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a curved surface (3, 4) with a radius which is not greater than 13 mm is used. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the for the production of the fleece (20) used Hecall wires (1,2; 15, 16) steel wires are . 409884/0439 6, method according to claim 5, characterized in, that the fleece (20) is formed from steel wires, each a single diameter of. more than ο, οο have min. 7. Method according to one of claims 5 or 6, characterized in that the fleece is formed from steel wires - each of which has an individual diameter that is not greater than ο, 56 uiia ± at. υ, method according to one of claims 1 to 7j thereby jjelccnnzeiclmet that the nested Mat is needled in a pinhole workzoug (21). 9 '. Verftihr-s according to claim {3, characterized in that that before the needles least; 2 mats on top of each other laid .bedeil. 10. A method according to one of the types,; in (Ie 8 or 9> by the fact that a mat with a flat base material is connected to a knitted or knitted or woven fabric and then T ^: will. 409884/0439 - 20 - 11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized characterized in that the fleece (20) is calendered. 12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized characterized in that the fleece (20) is incorporated into an object. 13. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 12, characterized in that each wire (1, 2; 15, 16) or bundle of wires is guided around a first guide part (5j7) before passing the curved surface (3> ^) , wherein the distance between the curved surface (3, ¹ S:) and the guide part (5 j7) is variable. l4. Method according to claim 13, characterized by that each wire (1,2; 151l6) after passing the curved surface (3 »4) around a second guide part (6,8), the curved surface (3,4) being offset from a straight line (A-A; B-B) is that voi-binds the two guide parts, and where the distance between the curved surface (31 4) and the second guide part (6,8) is variable. 40 9 884/0439 15 · The method of claim l ^z i, characterized in that a surface is disposed on one side of the line connecting a first set of two Führuiigsteilen, and that a second surface is arranged on the side of the line connecting a second set of connects two guide parts and is opposite to the side on which the first surface is located, whereby some of the wires (1, 2; 15j. "16) can pass the curved surface in a direction opposite to the curvature The direction of the surface is through which the other wires pass « 16. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 15, characterized characterized in that first and second guide parts (5, 6 7 j 8) in the form of cylindrical rods be used" 17, the method according to any one of claims 13 to 15, characterized in that first and second guide parts the freely rotating belt pulleys (9,10,11,12) are used, which are on an axis are appropriate 409884/0439 l8j method η according to claim 17, characterized in that that the pulleys (9, 10, 11, 12) are offset from one another along their axes in one direction, which is substantially perpendicular to both the straight line connecting the axes of the parts and is to the direction in which the curved surface is offset therefrom. 19 · Ancestors according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized characterized that the wires (1, 2; 15 »l6 ■) or bundles of wires over a curved surface in the shape of an essentially cylindrical Rod (3,4) are guided. 20. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the wires (1, 2) or bundles of wires on a curved surface and / or guide pieces are guided, each of which is _s, at least one, having flared ends (35 ) in. A plate (33) formed bore (3 ^). 21. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that the plate or plates (33) oscillating and / or be able to perform back and forth movements « 409884/0439 22. "Procedure according to one of the claims 1 to 21, ■ daäüx-cli. marked that the bundle of wires each to be twisted to at least before puckering to form a strand. 23 Vex driving according to Claim 22, characterized in that that the bundles of wires are twisted to form at least two strands before crimping, whereby the strands are twisted to form an x-strong cord will·. 2 ¹ I. Proceed according to one of the claims 22 or 23, characterized by the fact that the predominant, resulting helical line is in the same direction as the Vex * - _ "-" direction of rotation in the cord or the strand made wii-d « 25. Procedure according to one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that the Dx-seams (1, 2; 15, 16) are mixed in a dex way that between 3 % and 5o % of the wires have a predominant one resulting helix, and that the remaining Dx-seams have the other, predominant, resulting helix. 409884/0439 26. Fleece, gekennzeichneχ through a mat from one another nested, essentially aligned, curled edges, continuous metal wires or bundles of wires, each individual wire being one -7 2 has a torsional stiffness of more than 2 χ 10 Nm, and the wires are nested in the manner of a mixing in three dimensions, the is produced in that the crimped wires or bundles of wires in a mixed, remaining twisting direction be laid under tension, with the tension subsequently being loosened. 27 · Fleece according to claim 26, characterized in that the fleece is a needle punched fleece (20). 28. Fleece according to claim 27 j, characterized in that at least two mats have been needled together. 29. Fleece according to one of claims 27 or 28, characterized in that at least one mat on a sheet-shaped base material made of knitted or knitted or woven fabric. 409884/0439 30. Fleece according to one of claims 26 to 29, characterized characterized in that the metal wires (1, 2; 15, l6) Have steel wires. 31. Fleece according to claim 30, characterized in that the steel wires have individual diameters larger than 0.08 mm. 32. Fleece according to one of claims 30 or 31 »thereby characterized in that the steel wires (1, 2; 15, l6) Have individual diameters that are not greater than 0.56 mm are. 33 · Fleece according to one of claims 26 to 32, characterized characterized in that the fleece (20) is calendered has been. 3 ^ b. Fleece according to one of Claims 26 to 33, characterized characterized in that the fleece (20) in an object is incorporated. "35 ·" fleece according to one of claims 26 to. 36, thereby characterized in that the bundles of wires are in the form of at least one twisted strand. ■: 409884/0439 36. Fleece according to claim 351, characterized in that the bundles of wires are in the form of at least two twisted strands that are used to form have been twisted with a strong cord. 37 · Fleece according to one of Claims 26 to 36, dadux-ch marked that between 3o % and 5o % of the wires or bundles of wires have one remaining torsion direction and the remaining wires have the other remaining torsion direction. 40988WCH39 3Γ. L e. first page