DE2150727A1

DE2150727A1 - FASTENING SYSTEM, COMPOSING OF SELF-CLOSING, SELF-OPENING, SELF-TIGHTENING, SELF-LOCKING AND SELF-TAPPING FASTENING ELEMENTS AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION AND ASSEMBLY

Info

Publication number: DE2150727A1
Application number: DE19712150727
Authority: DE
Inventors: Waldi Leonhard Poley
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1971-10-12
Filing date: 1971-10-12
Publication date: 1973-04-19

Description

Bezeichnung: Befestigungssystem, bestehend aus selbsttätig schließenden, selbsttä= tig öffnenden, sei bstanziehenden, selbstsichernden und selbstschnei= denden Befestigungselementen und Verfahren zur Herstellung und Mon= tage.Designation: Fastening system, consisting of automatically closing, self-opening, self-closing, self-locking and self-cutting the fastening elements and methods of manufacture and assembly.

Anwendungsgebiet: Dieses Befestigungssystem dient zur Herstellung von lösbaren und unlösbaren Verbindungen, speziell in der Kunststoffverarbeitung, im Automobilbau, in der Feinmechanik, im Maschinenbau und für Montage= arbeiten in allen anderen Wirtschaftszweigen.Area of application: This fastening system is used for manufacturing of detachable and non-detachable connections, especially in plastics processing, in automobile construction, in precision mechanics, in mechanical engineering and for assembly = work in all other branches of the economy.

Stand der Technik: Die Industrie kennt bereits sehr viele Befestigungssysteme, von denen hier nur einige der Gebräuchlichsten genannt werden sollen: z. B.: Schraubverbindungen, selbstschneidende Schraubenbolzen, Muttern, Gewindebüchsen, Einschlagmuttern Steckmuttern usw.State of the art: The industry already knows a lot of fastening systems, of which only a few of the most common are to be mentioned here: z. E.g .: screw connections, self-tapping bolts, nuts, threaded bushings, drive-in nuts, plug-in nuts etc.

Spannstifte, Spiralspannstifte, Kerbstifte, Paß stifte, federnde oder nichffedernde Haltescheiben, Spreizdübel, Spreizbolzen, Blindniete, Sprengniete, Niete, Steckverbindungen mit Kopf und federndem Schaft, Schrumpfverbindungen, Schrumpfmuttern. Dowel pins, spiral dowel pins, grooved pins, dowel pins, resilient or non-spring-loaded retaining washers, expansion dowels, expansion bolts, blind rivets, snap rivets, Rivets, plug connections with head and resilient shaft, shrink connections, shrink nuts.

Neben diesen Grundsystemen gibt es eine Vielzahl von Kombinationen, Variationen und Differenzierungen dieser Systeme. Besonders sei hier lediglich auf folgende Befestigungselemente hingewiesen: 1. Ein Befestigungsstift federnder Lippe, beschrieben in der Offenlegungsschrift 1941 398 vom 27. August 1970.In addition to these basic systems, there are a large number of combinations, variations and differentiations of these systems. In particular, only the following fastening elements should be pointed out here: 1. A fastening pin resilient lip, described in laid-open specification 1941 398 of August 27, 1970.

2. Eine selbstschneidende, aufsteckbare Mutter mit federnden Schneidkanten .2. A self-tapping, slip-on nut with springy cutting edges .

Diese Mutter wird bis zum Anschlag aufgesteckt und dann durch Drehen mit einem Schraubenschlüssel angezogen. -Beschrieben in der Offenlegungsschrift Nr. t 400 922 vom 12. Dezember 1968. This nut is pushed on as far as it will go and then by turning tightened with a wrench. -Described in the Offenlegungsschrift No. t 400 922 of December 12, 1968.

3. Eine federnde Haltescheibe, mit der Bolzen, welche mit einem Nut versehen sind, in Richtung der Mittelachse gespannt werden können.3. A resilient retaining washer, with the bolt, which with a groove are provided, can be stretched in the direction of the central axis.

Beschrieben in der Offenlegungsschrift Nr. 1 400 784 vom 28. November 1968. Described in Laid-Open Publication No. 1,400,784 dated November 28 1968.

4. In der Schweizer Patentschrift Nr. 445 955, werden Muttern aus schrumpfbaren Kunststoffen beschrieben, die auf einem Bol= zen aufgesteckt und festgeschrumpft werden können.4. In Swiss Patent No. 445 955, nuts are made Shrinkable plastics described, which are attached to a bolt and shrunk into place can be.

5. Zum anderen sind Schrumpfverbindungen bekannt, bei denen der Schaft eines Verbindungselementes erwärmt wird. Durch die mit der Abkühlung verbundene Schrumpfung (Schaftverkürzung) wer= den die Schaftköpfe gegeneinandergezogen.5. On the other hand, shrink connections are known in which the shaft a connecting element is heated. By the associated with the cooling Shrinkage (shortening of the shaft) is pulled towards the shaft heads.

Dieses Prinzip wird auch beim Befestigen von Zahnrädern und Buchsen auf Wellen angewandt. This principle is also used when fastening gears and bushings applied to waves.

Kritik am Stand der Technik: Die Vielzahl der angebotenen Erfindungen läßt erkennen, daß ein star= kes Interesse an der Rationalisierung der Befestigungstechnik besteht.Criticism of the state of the art: The multitude of inventions offered shows that there is a strong interest in the rationalization of fastening technology consists.

Dies gilt besonders für die Montage der Befestigungen, da oft ca 60 - 80 % der Kosten auf die Verarbeitung (Ansetzen, Anziehen, Si= chern usw.) entfällt, während die Fertigung der Befestigungselemente nur 20 - 40 % der Gesamtkosten beansprucht.This is especially true for the assembly of the fastenings, as there are often around 60 - 80% of the costs are due to processing (attaching, tightening, securing, etc.), while the production of the fastening elements only accounts for 20-40% of the total costs.

Die nachfolgend beschriebene Erfindung wird sich mit folgenden Befestigungssituationen befassen: Figur 1: Zwei oder mehrere Teile sollen zusammengehalten werden, wobei die Bohrung für den Befestigungsbolzen beidseitig zu= gänglich ist. Die Bolzenköpfe können versenkt oder auf der Ebene der äußeren Seitenflächen angeordnet werden. Diese Verbindung könnte z. B. als Schraubverbindung, Nietverbin= dung, Bolzenverbindung usw. gestaltet werden.The invention described below will apply to the following Fastening situations deal: Figure 1: Two or more parts are supposed to be held together, whereby the hole for the fastening bolt is accessible on both sides. The bolt heads can be countersunk or arranged on the level of the outer side surfaces. This connection could e.g. B. as a screw connection, rivet connection, bolt connection etc. can be designed.

Figur 2: Ein oder mehrere Bauteile werden gegen ein Basisteil gepresst bezw. sollen an diesem Basisteil gehalten werden.Figure 2: One or more components are pressed against a base part respectively should be held at this base part.

Dieses Basisteil kann z. B. eine Wand, eine Betondecke, ein Maschinenteil, ein Teil aus Kunststoff, Stahl usw. sein. This base part can, for. B. a wall, a concrete ceiling, a machine part, be a part made of plastic, steel, etc.

Kennzeichen für diese Art der Befestigung ist, daß der Ver= bindungsbolzen im Basisteil verankert wird. A characteristic of this type of fastening is that the connecting bolt is anchored in the base part.

Der Grund hierfür kann sein, daß die Rückseite des Basisteiles nicht zugänglich ist, daß sie nach der Montage nicht zugänglich ist, daß eine ununterbrochene Fläche erhalten bleiben soll usw. The reason for this may be that the back of the base part is not is accessible, that it is not accessible after assembly, that an uninterrupted one Area should be preserved, etc.

Figur 3: In einem Teil aus gering belastbarem Material, wie z. B. Kunst= stoff, Leichtmetall, insbesondere Aluminium usw., werden Ge= windehülsen aus belastbarem Material, z.B. Stahl, eingebracht.Figure 3: In a part made of low resilience material, such as. B. Plastic, light metal, especially aluminum, etc. are used as threaded sleeves made of resilient material, e.g. steel.

Hierdurch soll eine größere mechanische Belastbarkeit, größe= re Haltbarkeit bei wiederholtem Lösen der Befestigung und eine größere Beständigkeit gegen Oxydation gewährleistet werden. As a result, a greater mechanical load capacity, size = re Durability with repeated loosening of the fastening and greater resistance can be guaranteed against oxidation.

Figur 4: Ein oder mehrere Bauteile sollen gegen seitliches Verschieben gesichert werden. Im Aufbau können diese Befestigungen so= wohl denen der Figur 1 als auch denen der Figur 2 entsprechen.Figure 4: One or more components should prevent lateral displacement secured. In terms of structure, these attachments can be similar to those of the figure 1 as well as those of FIG. 2 correspond.

Sie unterscheiden sich von den hier beschriebenen Befestigen gen dadurch, daß die verwendeten Verbindungselemente primär gegen seitliches Verschieben sichern. Die Kräfte, welche die Befestigung in Richtung der Bolzenmittelachse sichern, sind, in Relation zu den Scherkräften sehr gering. Als Befesti= gun gse lemente werden Paßstifte Kerbstifte, Spannstifte usw. , verwandt. They differ from the fastening methods described here in that the connecting elements used are primarily against lateral Secure move. The forces exerting the fastening in the direction of the central axis of the bolt secure, are very low in relation to the shear forces. As a fastening = gun gse Lemente alignment pins, grooved pins, dowel pins, etc., are used.

Kennzeichnend für diese Art der Befestigungen ist, daß die Halte= kraft (nicht die Scherkraft) im wesentlichen abhängt von der zum Anbringen oder Anziehen aufgewendeten mechanischen Kraft.A characteristic of this type of fastening is that the holding = force (not the shear force) depends essentially on the attachment or Tightening applied mechanical force.

D. h.: die Haltbarkeit steigt mit der aufgewendeten mechanischen Kraft bis zu einem Maximum, bei dem die Belastbarkeit der Befe= stigungselemente oder die der zu verbindenden Teile überschrit= ten wird.That means: the durability increases with the applied mechanical force up to a maximum at which the load capacity of the fastening elements or that of the parts to be connected is exceeded.

Die aufgewendete mechanische Kraft behindert die Montage, insbe= sondere dann, wenn die gehandhabten Teile sehr klein sind, erheb= lich.The applied mechanical force hinders the assembly, in particular = special then, when the handled parts are very small, considerable.

Der Einsatz mechanischer Kräfte kann an folgenden Beispielen de= monstriert werden: 1. Gewinde müssen durch Drehen der Mutter, der Gewindebüchsen oder des Bolzens angezogen werden.The use of mechanical forces can be demonstrated using the following examples 1. Threads must be made by turning the nut, the threaded bushing or the bolt be attracted.

2. Spreizverbindungen müssen durch mechanische Kräfte über Hebel, Keile, Kegel usw. , gespreizt werden.2. Expanding connections must be caused by mechanical forces via levers, Wedges, cones, etc., are spread.

3. Die Schließköpfe von Nieten müssen durch Anwendung mechani= scher Kräfte geformt werden, entweder durch Schlagen (Press= lufthammer) oder durch Ziehen (Abreißstifte bei Blindnieten).3. The closing heads of rivets must be mechanically Forces are formed, either by striking (press = air hammer) or by pulling (Tear-off pins for blind rivets).

4. Beim Schließringbolzen wird ein sogenannter Schließring hy= draulisch auf einen mit Gewinde versehenen Bolzen aufgepresst.4. In the case of the locking ring bolt, a so-called locking ring becomes hy = hydraulic pressed onto a threaded bolt.

5. Einschlagmuttern müssen entweder eingepresst oder eingeschla= gen werden.5. Drive-in nuts must either be pressed in or driven in will.

6. Expansionseinsätze, wie z.B. zum Einsetzen in Kunststoffteile verwandt, noüs,een nach dem Einsetzen auseinandergepresst werden.6. Expansion inserts, e.g. used for inserting into plastic parts, noüs, een be pressed apart after insertion.

7. Spannstifte, Kerbstifte usw. müssen in die Bohrung eingepresst oder eingeschlagen werden, damit ein möglichst intensives An= legen an die Mantelfläche der Verbindungsbohrung erreicht wird.7. Dowel pins, grooved pins etc. must be pressed into the hole or be knocked in so that it is applied as intensively as possible to the outer surface the connecting hole is reached.

8. Die bereits erwähnten Steckverbindungen mit federndem Schaft sind so ausgebildet, daß dieser sich an die Wandungen der zu befestigenden Teile anlegt.8. The connectors already mentioned have a resilient shaft designed so that it rests against the walls of the parts to be fastened.

Manche Steckverbindungen mit federndem Schaft haben auf dem Schaft ein Widerlager, sodaß die zu befestigenden Teile zwischen Kopf und Widerlager gehalten werden. Die Teile können nur dann gelöst werden, wenn das Widerlager durch Zurückpressen des federnden Schaftes so weit zusammengepresst wird, daß die Bohrung der zu befestigenden Teile nun über den Schaft der Steckverbindung geschoben werden kann. Some connectors with a resilient shaft have on the shaft an abutment so that the parts to be fastened are held between the head and the abutment will. The parts can only be released when the abutment is pressed back of the resilient shaft is compressed so far that the hole to be fastened Parts can now be pushed over the shaft of the connector.

Diese Art der Befestigung ist jedoch nur für solche Fälle geeig= net, bei denen die Materialstärke der zu befestigenden Teile exakt bekannt ist und zum Aneinanderpressen der Materialien keine größeren Kräfte erforderlich sind. However, this type of attachment is only suitable for such cases net, where the material thickness of the parts to be fastened is exactly known and no major forces are required to press the materials together.

D. h.: Steckverbindungen haben nur sehr geringe Anzugswege und entwickeln nur geringe Anzugskräfte. That means: Plug connections have only very short tightening distances and develop only low attraction forces.

Die bereits erwähnten Schrumpfverbindungen sinci zwar ohne mechani= sche Kräfte herstellbar, haben jedoch folgende Nachteile: 1. Schrumpfverbindungen mit Eic,enbolzen oder Bolzen aus anderen Metallen erfordert hohe @ emperaturen und haben nur ein gerin= ges Anzugsverrnögen, da die durch die Schrumpfung hervorge= rufene Längenanderung sehr klein Ist.The shrink connections already mentioned are without mechani = cal forces can be produced, but have the following disadvantages: 1. Shrink connections with Eic, bolts or bolts made of other metals requires high temperatures and have only a small amount of tightening, since they are caused by the shrinkage called length change is very small.

Dies erfordert hohe Toleranzen bei der Herstellung der Schrumpf= verbindungen. This requires high tolerances in the manufacture of the shrink = links.

Aus diesen und verschiedenen anderen bekannter Gründen können diese Verbindungen nur bei der Verarbeitung von Metallen ein= gesetzt werden. For these and various other known reasons, these Connections can only be used when processing metals.

2. Die in der Schweizer Patentschrift 445 955 beschriebenen Schrumpfmuttern haben den Nachteil, daß der Schrumpfprozess unmittelbar mit dem Teperaturanstieg verläuft und Abmessungen verkleinert, aber nicht vergrößert werden können. Durch die Verwendung von Kunststoffen sind diese Verbindungen nur gering belastbar.2. The shrink nuts described in Swiss patent specification 445 955 have the disadvantage that the shrinking process is directly linked to the rise in temperature runs and dimensions can be reduced but not increased. By the use of plastics, these connections are only slightly resilient.

Selbstanzug kann bei diesem System nur dann erreicht werden, wenn die Mutter als Metall-Kunststoffverbindung gestaltet wird. Self-tightening can only be achieved with this system if the nut is designed as a metal-plastic connection.

Aufgabe der Erfindung: Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Verbindungssystem zu schaffen, durch welches, je nach dem Einsatzfall, ein oder mehrere der genannten Nachteile behoben werden.Object of the invention: The object of the invention is to provide a connection system to create through which, depending on the application, one or more of the named Disadvantages are resolved.

Außerdem soll eine leichte, kostensparende und einfache Montage gewährleistet sein. Voraussetzung für die Lösung ist eine Klassifizierung der Befestigungsysteme.In addition, an easy, cost-saving and simple assembly should be guaranteed be. The prerequisite for the solution is a classification of the fastening systems.

Geht man von der Einbaulage aus, so ergibt dies folgende Klassifizierung: 1. Befestigungselemente, die zusammen mit einem Bolzen wirken, (Mutter, Haltescheiben verschiedener Formen usw.), die, um den Befestigungseffekt zu erzielen, über einen Bolzen gedreht, geschoben oder auf diesen aufgepresst werden.Based on the installation position, this results in the following classification: 1. Fastening elements that work together with a bolt (nut, retaining washers various shapes, etc.), which, in order to achieve the fastening effect, have a Bolts can be turned, pushed or pressed onto them.

2. Befestigungselemente oder Teile von Befestigungselementen, die in eine Bohrung eingesetzt, eingepresst oder eingedreht werden.2. Fasteners or parts of fasteners that be inserted, pressed or screwed into a hole.

Optimale Bedingungen tir die Montage- uncl Fügefahren sind bei Beachtung folgender Grundsätze gegeben, die in den erfindungsgemässen Befestigungselementen verwirklicht werden sollenÖ Grundsätze der erfindungsgemäßen Befestigungselemente: 1. Die in einer Mutter oder in einem mutterähnlichen Befestigungs= element oder in einer Haltescheibe befindliche Bohrung wird größer ausgeführt, als der größte Bolzendurchmesser, D.h.: Plustoleranz für die Mittelbohrung.Optimum conditions for the assembly and joining procedures are provided if they are observed The following principles are given in the fastening elements according to the invention should be realized Principles of the fastening elements according to the invention: 1. The one in a nut or in a nut-like fastening element or The bore located in a retaining disk is made larger than the largest Bolt diameter, i.e. plus tolerance for the central hole.

2. Die zu einer gegebenen Bohrung gehörenden Einsätze (Spann= hülsen, Spannbüchsen, Gewindeeinsätze usw.) werden im Durch messer und/oder im Umfang kleiner ausgeführt als die ent= sprechenden Abmessungen der Bohrung.2. The inserts belonging to a given hole (clamping sleeves, Clamping sleeves, threaded inserts, etc.) are becoming smaller in diameter and / or in scope designed as the corresponding dimensions of the hole.

D. h.: die größten Abmessungen der Einsätze haben gegenüber den kleinsten Innenmaßen der Bohrung Minustoleranz. That means: the inserts have the largest dimensions compared to the smallest Inside dimensions of the hole minus tolerance.

3. Die zur Herstellung der Verbindung erforderlichen mechani= schen Kräfte werden durch selbsttätige Formverä.nderung der Befestigungselemente erzielt.3. The mechanical ones required to establish the connection Forces are achieved through automatic change in shape of the fastening elements.

Ein hierfür geeignetes Material ist unter der Bezeichnung 55 Nitinol bekannt. A material suitable for this is under the designation 55 Nitinol known.

Dieses Material hat die Eigenschaft, in verschiedenen Formen stabil zu sein. This material has the property of being stable in various forms to be.

Du r<w{ Erwärmen und nachfolgendes Abkühlen verändert sich seine Form und strebt in die Ausgangsform zurück. Du r <w {heating and subsequent cooling changes its Shape and strives back to the original shape.

Der Vollständigkeit wegen sei darauf hingewiesen, daß die Form= veränderung nicht mit den bereits bekannten Schrumpfprozessen verschiedener Werkstoffe identisch ist. For the sake of completeness, it should be noted that the form = change not identical to the already known shrinkage processes of various materials is.

Kennzeichen der Schrumpfprozesse ist eine Verkleinerung der Länge oder des Umfanges der Bauteile. The characteristic of the shrinking process is a reduction in length or the scope of the components.

Die erfindungsgemäße Furmveräi0derung gestattet es, die Abmes= sunyen der Verbindungselemente zu vergrößern und/oder zu ver= kleirwrn und/oder die Winkelstellungen der senkrechten und der waagerechten Materialwandungen (Fig. 31 - 34) zu verändern. The shape change according to the invention allows the dimensions to be adjusted to enlarge the connecting elements and / or to ver = kleirwrn and / or the angular positions of the vertical and horizontal material walls (Fig. 31 - 34).

Der Einfachheit halber wird dieses Material im nachfolgenden Text als Material mit der Fähigkeit zur selbsttätigen Rückver= formung oder als Material mit der Fähigkeit zur Formverände= rung ohne mechanische Kräfte bezeichnet. For the sake of simplicity, this material is used in the text below as a material with the ability to automatically recover or as a material referred to as the ability to change shape without mechanical forces.

4. Beginnend bei einer Ausgangsform wird das Material so defor= miert, daß die Verbindung durch einfaches Stecken vorbereitet werden kann. Die anschließend aufgelöste Rückverformung schließt die Verbindung in der in den Patentansprüchen be= schriebenen Weise, ohne dal3 äußere mechanische Kräfte auf= gewendet werden müssen.4. Starting with an initial shape, the material is deformed in such a way that that the connection can be prepared by simply plugging in. The subsequently resolved recovery closes the connection in the claims in the manner described, without applying external mechanical forces have to.

5. Gewinde sollen soweit möglich und erforderlich, nicht vorher und auch nicht bei der Montage geschnitten oder sonstwie her= gestellt werden, sondern bei der Demontage. Diesem Prinzip liegt der Gedanke zugrunde, daß nur ein kleiner Teil der Befe= stigungen zur Reparatur oder zu Austauschzwecken gelöst werden.5. Threads should as far as possible and necessary, not before and also not be cut or otherwise manufactured during assembly, but during dismantling. This principle is based on the idea that only a small Part of the fastenings can be loosened for repair or replacement purposes.

Beispiele von erfindungsgemäßen Befestigungselementen siehe Skizzen 5 bis 34. For examples of fastening elements according to the invention, see sketches 5 to 34.

Die Abbildungeh der Figuren 5 - 30 zeigen Befestigungselemente, wel che nach dem vorstehend beschriebenen System gestaltet wurden.The illustration of FIGS. 5 - 30 show fastening elements, wel surface were designed according to the system described above.

1. Die Figur 5 zeigt eine Befestigung mit einer Metallmutter, entsprechend der Erfindung. Die Befestigung besteht aus dem Bolzen 6, den zu befestigenden Teilen 7, 8 und der Metallniut= ter 1. Die Metallmutter 1 wird über den Bolzen 6 geschoben.1. Figure 5 shows a fastening with a metal nut, accordingly the invention. The fastening consists of the bolt 6, the parts to be fastened 7, 8 and the metal groove = ter 1. The metal nut 1 is pushed over the bolt 6.

Die mittlere Öffnung der Metallmutter (la) ist so groß, daß sich die Metallmutter leicht über den Bolzen schieben läßt. The middle opening of the metal nut (la) is so large that lets the metal nut slide easily over the bolt.

Wird der Rückverformungsprozess eingeleitet, so schwingen die Flansche 2, 3, 4 und 5 in Richtung der Waagerechten. Die Flansche 2 und 3 rastep dabei in das Gewinde des Bolzens 6 ein, die Flansche 4 und 5 legen sich auf einem der zu befesti= genden Teile c7) auf. Entsprechend dem hieraus resultierenden Kaltfluß wird der Bolzen 6 in Richtung der Mittelachse gezogen, sodaß der Bolzenkopf 9 gegen das zu befestigende Teil 8 ge= presst wird, während gleichzeitig die weitere Verformung der Metallmutter 1 gestoppt wird. Die Befestigung ist nun so fest= gezogen, daß die Flansche 2 und 3 in den Bolzen 6 einrasten, bezw. eingedrungen sind, die unteren Flanschen 4 und 5 haben sich auf die Außenflächen des Teiles 7 aufgelegt und der Bolzen= kopf 9 wird gegen die Außenflächen des zu befestigenden Teiles 8 gepresst. Die Figuren 31 und 32 zeigen eine so hergestellte Befestigung vor und nach dem Verformungsprozess. When the deformation process is initiated, the flanges vibrate 2, 3, 4 and 5 in the direction of the horizontal. The flanges 2 and 3 snap into the thread of the bolt 6, the flanges 4 and 5 lie on one of the fastening parts c7). Corresponding to the resulting cold flow the bolt 6 is pulled in the direction of the central axis, so that the bolt head 9 against the part to be fastened 8 is pressed while the further deformation is carried out at the same time the metal nut 1 is stopped. The fastening is now so tight = pulled that the flanges 2 and 3 snap into the bolt 6, respectively. have penetrated, the lower ones Flanges 4 and 5 have placed on the outer surfaces of the part 7 and the Bolt = head 9 is pressed against the outer surfaces of the part 8 to be fastened. FIGS. 31 and 32 show a fastening produced in this way before and after the deformation process.

2. Figur 6 zeigt einen metallmutterähnlichen Hohlkörper mit oder ohne Gewinde, in dessen Mantel Schlitze oder Öffnungen so eingestanzt wurden, daß das Material innerhalb der Öffnung noch mit einem Teil seines Umfanges am Mantel des Hohlkör= pers fest bleibt.2. Figure 6 shows a metal nut-like hollow body with or without Thread with slots or openings punched into the jacket so that the Material within the opening still with part of its circumference on the jacket of the Hollow body remains solid.

Eine Seitenlänge der Öffnung ist länger als die MaterialstArl der Hohlkörperwandung. One side of the opening is longer than the material stArl Hollow body wall.

Das Material innerhalb der Öffnung wird anschließend um den Punkt mit dem es am Mantel des Hohlkörpers fest bleibt, um 180° gebogen. Die Biegung kann sowohl nach innen als auch nach außen, bezw. innen und außen, vorgenommen werden. The material inside the opening is then around the point with which it remains firmly on the jacket of the hollow body, bent by 180 °. The bend can both inwards and outwards, respectively. inside and outside.

Im Verformungsprozess, d.h. wenn die gebogenen Materia= lien aus den Öffnungen in ihre Ausgangslage zurückstreben, wird der Innen durchmesser des Hohlkörpers verringert und/ oder der Außendurchmesser des Hohlkörpers vergrößert, wo= durch ein Bolzen im Inneren des Hohlkörpers festgehalten wird, während die Vergrößerung des Außendurchmessers ein Fest= halten innerhalb einer Bohrung bewirkt. In the deformation process, i.e. when the bent materials run out If the openings strive back to their original position, the inside diameter of the The hollow body is reduced and / or the outer diameter of the hollow body is increased, where = is held in place by a bolt inside the hollow body while enlarging of the outside diameter causes a hold = holding within a bore.

3. Figur 7 zeigt eine Metallmutter 12, ähnlich der Figur 5. Die Mittelbohrung (12a) wird größer als der Bolzen ausgeführt. Die Flansche 13 und 14 schwingen im Rückverformungsprozess nach unten und greifen hierbei in den Bolzen ein. Die Flansche 15 und 16 schwingen in gleicher Richtung und legen sich hierbei auf die Außenflächen der zu befestigenden Teile auf.3. Figure 7 shows a metal nut 12, similar to Figure 5. The central hole (12a) is made larger than the bolt. The flanges 13 and 14 vibrate in the Downward deformation process, thereby engaging the bolt. The flanges 15 and 16 swing in the same direction and lie on the outer surfaces of the parts to be fastened.

4. Figur 8 zeigt ein ringförmig gestaltetes Befestigfingselement, dessen senkrechte Stege im Rückverformungsprozess in Rich= tung der Pfeile 18 und 19 ausschwingen.4. Figure 8 shows a ring-shaped fastening finger element, its vertical webs in the deformation process in the direction of the arrows 18 and 19 swing out.

Hierdurch legen sich die Außenflächen an die inneren Wanoun= gen der Bohrung an oder greifen in diese ein, sodaß zwar ein leichtes Einstecken gewährleistet ist und das Herausnehmen nach dem Rückverformungsprozess verhindert wird. As a result, the outer surfaces lie against the inner walls the hole or engage in it, so that although easy insertion is guaranteed and the removal after the recovery process is prevented.

5. Figur 9 zeigt ein rohrförmiges Einsteckelement, dessen obere Kanten 21, 22, 23 und 24 nach außen gebördelt sind.5. Figure 9 shows a tubular plug-in element, its upper edges 21, 22, 23 and 24 are crimped outwards.

Im Rückverformungsprozess legen sich diese Kanten an eine Bohrung an und halten das Einsteckteil in der Bohrung fest. In the reshaping process, these edges lie against a hole and hold the plug-in part in the hole.

6. Figur 10 zeigt ein Einsteckelement, dessen Wirkungsweise der der Figur 8 entspricht. Jedoch wird ein Rückverformungsprozess an 4 Punkten, nämlich am unteren und oberen Ende, entsprechend den Pfeilen 26, 27, 28 und 29 wirksam, sodaß das Befestigungs= element in beiden Richtungen abgesichert wird.6. Figure 10 shows a plug-in element whose mode of operation is that of the Figure 8 corresponds. However, a recovery process is performed at 4 points, viz effective at the lower and upper end, according to arrows 26, 27, 28 and 29, so that the fastening element is secured in both directions.

7. Figur 11 zeigt eine Spannhülse, deren Umfang während der Mon= tage geschlossen ist. Durch die Rückverformung öffnet sich der Längsschlitz entsprechend den Pfeilen 31 und 32, sodaß eine fe= derne Spannhülse entsteht.7. Figure 11 shows a clamping sleeve whose circumference during the assembly = days closed is. As a result of the deformation, the longitudinal slot opens accordingly the arrows 31 and 32, so that a spring-loaded clamping sleeve is formed.

8. Figur 12 zeigt eine Spannhülse entsprechend Figur 11, jedoch wird die Expansion indirekt, durch ein zusätzliches Element (33a), erzielt.8. Figure 12 shows a clamping sleeve corresponding to Figure 11, but is the expansion is achieved indirectly, through an additional element (33a).

9. Figur 13 zeigt ein Einsatzelement, das mit Ausschnitten, entspre= chend Figur 6, versehen ist. Der Rückverformungsprozess wird jedoch an der Außenfläche des Einsatzes wirksam, sodaß die hieraus resultierenden Kräfte auf die Innenflächen der Bohrungen wirken.9. FIG. 13 shows an insert element which, with cutouts, corresponds to corresponding to Figure 6, is provided. However, the recovery process takes place on the outer surface of the insert effective, so that the resulting forces on the inner surfaces of the holes act.

Es besteht auch die Möglichkeit, beide Alternativen aus Figur 6 und 13 zu kombinieren. It is also possible to use both alternatives from FIGS. 6 and 13 to combine.

10. Figur 14 zeigt eine Spannhülse, deren Enden abgeschrägt sind, sodaß nach dem Anlegen an die Innenwände der Bohrung ein rela= tiv geringer Zwischenraum zwischen den Enden entsteht.10. Figure 14 shows a clamping sleeve, the ends of which are beveled, so that after placing on the inner walls of the bore a relatively small gap arises between the ends.

11. Figur 15 zeigt eine Spiralspannhülse nach dem vorstehend be= schriebenen Prinzip.11. FIG. 15 shows a spiral clamping sleeve according to the one described above Principle.

12. Figur 16 zeigt eine traditionelle Einsatzbüchse 52, an deren unte= ren Enden eine Spreizplatte (53) angebracht ist, deren Enden sich in Richtung der Pfeile 54 und 55 öffnen, sich an die Innenwände der Bohrung anlegen oder in diese eingreifen.12. Figure 16 shows a traditional insert sleeve 52, at the bottom = Ren ends a spreader plate (53) is attached, the ends of which are in the direction of Open arrows 54 and 55, lie against the inner walls of the bore or into them intervention.

13. Figur 17 zeigt eine traditionelle Einsatzbüchse, welche mit einem Spreizelement, entsprechend Figur 8, verbunden ist.13. Figure 17 shows a traditional insert rifle, which with a Spreading element, according to Figure 8, is connected.

14. Figur 18 zeigt eine Einsatzbüchse, deren unterer Teil kegel= förmig eingezogen ist. Durch Rückverformung, entsprechend der Pfeile 59 und 60, legt sich der untere Teil an die Wandun= gen der Bohrung an oder greift in diese ein. Zur besseren Haltung kann die Außenfläche des Kegels mit Widerlagern versehen werden.14. Figure 18 shows an insert sleeve, the lower part of which is cone-shaped has moved in. By reshaping, according to the arrows 59 and 60, it settles the lower part on the walls of the hole or engages in them. To the For better posture, the outer surface of the cone can be provided with abutments.

15. Figur 19 zeigt eine Einsatzhülse, aus traditionellem Material, in das eine Spreizplatte (62) eingearbeitet ist, welche den Kegel in Richtung der Pfeile (63 und 64) spreizt.15. Figure 19 shows an insert sleeve made of traditional material, in which a spreader plate (62) is incorporated, which the cone in the direction of Arrows (63 and 64) spread.

16. Figur 20 zeigt eine Hülse, deren Durchmesser durch Einpressen von Längsnuten verringert wurde. Dadurch kann diese leicht in eine Bohrung eingeführt werden. Durch Verformung in Richtung der Pfeile 66, 67 und 67a legt sich der Umfang an die inneren Wandungen der Bohrung an.16. Figure 20 shows a sleeve whose diameter has been pressed in of longitudinal grooves was reduced. This allows it to be easily inserted into a hole will. By deforming in the direction of arrows 66, 67 and 67a, the circumference is reduced on the inner walls of the bore.

17. Figur 21 zeigt eine Spiralspannhülse, entsprechend Figur 11, 12 usw., jedoch ist anstelle des Längsschlitzes ein spiralförmig umlaufender Schlitz vorgesehen, welcher unter Umständen eine höhere Belastbarkeit ermöglicht.17. FIG. 21 shows a spiral clamping sleeve, corresponding to FIGS. 11, 12 etc., but instead of the longitudinal slot there is a spiral-shaped circumferential slot provided, which under certain circumstances enables a higher load capacity.

18. Figur 22 zeigt eine Spannbüchse, welche im Prinzip der Spann hülse nach Figur 14 entspricht.18. Figure 22 shows a clamping sleeve, which in principle the clamping sleeve according to Figure 14 corresponds.

19. Figur 23 zeigt ein spiralförmig abgewickeltes Einsatzelement für Bohrungen aus Draht mit beliebigem Querschnitt, dessen Windungen so gewickelt sind, daß es bein Kückverformungs= prozess seinen Außendurchmesser vergrößert.19. FIG. 23 shows a spiral wound insert element for Bores made of wire with any cross-section, the turns of which are wound in such a way that that it increases its outer diameter during the deformation process.

20. Figur 24 zeigt eine Unterlegscheibe, die sich in Richtung der Pfeile 74, 75, 76 und 77 verformt und dadurch eine Verbindung, die zunächst nur lose von Hand geschlossen wurde, festzieht.20. Figure 24 shows a washer extending in the direction of Arrows 74, 75, 76 and 77 deformed and thereby a connection that initially only closed loosely by hand.

21. Die Figur 25 zeigt eine Unterlegscheibe, ähnlich der Figur 24, jedoch wird die Kraft in Richtung der Pfeile 79, 80, 81 und 82 ausgeübt.21. FIG. 25 shows a washer similar to FIG. 24, however, the force in the direction of arrows 79, 80, 81 and 82 is exerted.

22. Figur 26 zeigt ein tonnenförmiges Distanzstück, das durch Rück= verformung in den rohrförmigen Ausgangszustand die Verbindung anzieht.22. Figure 26 shows a barrel-shaped spacer, which is defined by back = deformation to the tubular initial state attracts the connection.

23. Figur 27 zeigt eine rohrförmige Unterlegscheibe, deren Enden umgebördelt sind, wodurch beim Rückverformungsprozess Kräfte in Richtung der Pfeile 89, 90, 91 und 92 ausgeübt werden.23. FIG. 27 shows a tubular washer, the ends of which are flanged are, whereby forces in the direction of arrows 89, 90, 91 and 92 are exercised.

24. Die Figur 28 zeigt einen Bolzen, dessen Schaft mit Widerlagern versehen ist, die beim Verformen in die Waagerechte, in das Material der Bohrung eingreifen oder sich an dieses anlegen.24. FIG. 28 shows a bolt whose shaft has abutments is provided, which when deformed in the horizontal, in the material of the hole intervene or lean against it.

25. Die Figur 29 zeigt einen Bolzen, auf den eine Mutter, entsprechend Figur 13, aufgebracht wurde. Dieser Bolzen könnte durch bloßes Stecken in einer Bohrung befestigt werden.25. Figure 29 shows a bolt on which a nut, accordingly Figure 13, was applied. This bolt could simply be plugged into a Bore to be attached.

26. Figur 30 zeigt einen Bolzen, auf den eine Mutter aufgeschraubt ist, deren Enden sich an die Wandung der Bohrung anlegen oder in diese eingreifen.26. Figure 30 shows a bolt onto which a nut is screwed is, the ends of which lay against the wall of the bore or engage in it.

27. Die Figuren 31 und 32 zeigen eine Metallmutter oder einen mut= terähnlichen Kopf nach Figur 5, vor und nach der Rückverformung.27. Figures 31 and 32 show a metal nut or mut = ter-like head according to Figure 5, before and after the recovery.

28. Die Figuren 33 und 34 zeigen Einsätze für Bohrungen nach den Figuren 16, 17 und 19, vor und nach der Formveränderung.28. Figures 33 and 34 show inserts for holes according to the figures 16, 17 and 19, before and after the change in shape.

Claims

PATENT CLAIMS

Fastening system consisting of fasteners such as massive or hollow bolts, which can be provided with detachable or non-detachable head parts, Nuts, coiled spring pins, adapter sleeves, threaded bushings, expansion inserts and Expansion anchors, which become self-tightening, self-expanding, self-closing the self-locking, self-opening and self-tapping connections combined are realized, the properties mentioned individually or jointly be used to connect and fasten materials of the same and different types Thermal expansion or thermal shrinkage, characterized in that the fastening elements made of a material that changes its shape without mechanical forces the fastening elements are arranged in the connection in such a way that that the deformation external and / or internal dimensions of the fastening elements according to the invention changed to the effect that parts fasteners without the use of external mechanical Forces are moved in the direction of the connection center and / or in the direction of the connection circumference and / or in the direction of the bolt axis and / or in the direction of the parts to be connected and / or opposite to the parts to be connected Sharing, whereby these directions of movement can also be components of movements, which attack at any angle to these directions, after which the shape change takes place in such a way that the fastening elements so far to one for connection belonging bolts and / or on the inner walls of the holes in the to be connected Share and / or on the outer surfaces of the parts to be connected put on, press against, penetrate and / or intervene in them, until the reaction forces of these parts bring the deformation to a standstill.

2. Fastening elements according to claim 1, characterized in that the fastening forces required for the connection by deformation of the connecting elements be generated without the application of external forces is necessary, the Degree of deformation is greater than the temperature-dependent linear expansion.

3. Fastening elements according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that that the deformation of two surfaces bent against each other is max. 180 degrees, but should preferably be 2 to 90 ° and is thereby predetermined that the deforming parts or certain surfaces of these parts, to one or more Put on parts of the connection, press against yourself, support yourself on this, in this intervene or penetrate, so that the deformation movement only occurs through the constructive, by profiling, or the elastic deformation of the materials used predetermined path runs (Figure 31 to 34).

4. Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the <e mechanical force introduced deformation the inner and / or outer radii are enlarged in the case of nine hollow cross-sections, whereby the magnification can be infinitely large at most, but preferably from + 0.1mm to + 5mm and is brought to a standstill in such a way that the outer Surfaces of the fastening elements according to the invention on the inner walls of the Create a hole.

5. Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the movements triggered by the change in shape of parts or surfaces of the fastening elements, the angular position of these parts and / or change areas to each other, preferably by + - 2 - 90 °, at least = at least but so far, until these parts or surfaces on the inner walls of a hole or rest on the outer surfaces of a bolt shank and support yourself on it and / or snap into da = for the recesses provided.

6. Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 5, characterized in that the movement caused by the change in shape of parts of the fastening elements (figure: 5 - 4/5) is carried out in such a way that the horizontal Wan = applications change their angular position to the vertical walls and / or parts the vertical walls change their angular position to the horizontal in such a way that that the dimensions of the central bore of a fastener is reduced and / or the external dimensions of a fastener can be increased.

7. Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 6, characterized in that the deforming parts of the invention Fasteners penetrate so far into other parts of the connection, into this to enclose, to intervene in them, to deform oneself as far as to lay against them as this is due to the deformation forces that act on the fastening elements according to the invention act and the elasticity, resilience, strength and (estdlttng the other parts of the connection is given.

8. Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 7, characterized in that a direct contact of the deforming parts the connection, with other parts of the connection in such a way excluded can that the moving parts of the fastening = elements according to the invention Close and / or fasten the connection indirectly via levers or other parts (Figures 12 and 19).

9. Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 8, characterized in that the sheet-metal or rod-shaped starting material which can have both a solid and hollow cross-section, in any one Angle up to 180 is bent so that the vertical surfaces in the direction of the horizontal and the horizontal surfaces point in the direction of the vertical.

10. Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 9, characterized in that the inner part assigned to the fastening element and / or outer dimensions compared to the assigned part a plus or. Minus tolerance have, due to the deformation according to the invention after the assembly = ren, joining or plugging is reversed, so that the plus becomes a minus tolerance and the Minus becomes a plus tolerance.

11. Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 10, characterized in that for the production of the fastening = supply elements Material is used, which due to certain influences, without mechanical Kraft change its shape and return to an original starting shape can, whereby the deformation within a bend can be up to a maximum of 1800.

12. Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 11, characterized in that the parts moving as a result of the deformation the inventive fastening = elements cutting edges or cutting tools have, in particular thread cutting, the cutting edges of which in the material the hole and / or penetrate the material of the bolt and create spiral lines or other figures create as soon as the fastener, after completion the shape change is rotated or pulled, the cutting edge preferably is directed towards the movement of the lot.

13. Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 12, characterized in that the fastening elements such as nuts and retaining washers are shaped so that the movements of parts caused by the deformation these fasteners in the direction of the axis of one belonging to the connection Bolt shank and / or at any angle on the bolt axis, preferably in a range from + - 2 to + - to the extent that the moving parts rest on the outer surfaces of the bolt, engage in the bolt shank (fig 32), penetrate the bolt, engage in a recess in the bolt and / or on the outer surfaces of a part to be fastened.

14. A fastening element to be designated as a metal nut according to one or more of claims 1 - 13, characterized in that the in the Parts engaging the bolt shank, which are located on the circumference of the central bore, are bent or rolled up so that the hole in the metal = nut is larger than the largest dimension of the bolt shank (Figures 5 and 31), these parts related to the end position (Figure 32), opposite to the direction of deformation.

15. A fastening element to be designated as a metal nut according to one or more of claims 1 - 14, characterized in that the through the change in shape moving parts of a nut or a retaining washer into the way on the outer side surface of a part to be connected (Figure 5/7) Support so that this and other parts are behind it = de parts in the direction of the bolt head (Figure 5/9) moved and pressed against the bolt head without play (space) will.

16. A fastening element to be designated as a metal nut according to one or more of claims 1-15, characterized by the fact that the after inwardly directed parts (Fiqur 5) are shaped in such a way that the smallest Diameter of the central bore (Figure 5) la) before and during the M () ota (3e larger is considered to be the largest diameter of the bolt shaft, with the upper flanges (Fig 5, 2 + 3) bent down or rolled up, while the lower flanges (fig B, 4 + 5) are bent or rolled up so that they are in the deformation pro = process in the bolt (Figure 32) or on the outer surfaces of one of the to be connected Parts rest or lean on them.

17. A fastening element to be designated as a metal nut according to one or more of claims 1 - 16, characterized in that the form consists of a sheet metal or pipe section of a material with the ability to recover is formed without external mechanical forces in such a way that the cut surfaces of the housing, which is preferably designed as a polygonal ring, U or Are C-shaped, with the lower flanges (Fig .: 5 - 4/5 shorter than the upper ones Flanges (Fig .: 5 - 2/3) in such a way that the top in the deformation process in the Bolts engage or penetrate while opening the lower flanges larger is than the bolt diameter, due to this, is the angle between the vertical the metal nut and the upper flanges equal to or less than 9o degrees and related on the lower flanges equal to or greater than 90 degrees, based on the end position after the deformation process has ended.

18. A fastening element to be designated as a metal nut, according to one or more of claims 1 - 17, characterized in that this in a connection arranged, assembled, that the deformation of the flanges (fig .: 5-2 / 3) in such a way that the movement is controlled by the inward-directed Tips of the flanges terminated in the bolt shank, while the lower flanges Slide past the bolt shank and onto the outer surface of the part to be fastened (Fig .: 5 - 7) and support this against the bolt head without play (space in between) (Fig .: 5 - 9) is pressed and that is pressed until the deformation process ends at an angular position of 9o to a maximum of 18o degrees of the flange to the vertical will.

19. A fastening element to be designated as a metal nut, according to one or more of claims 1 - 18, characterized in that the inner Circumference of the central bore 1 A (Fig .: 5) moving parts such as thread cutters are shaped, the cutting edges of which point in the direction of the loose movement.

20. Metal nut-like hollow body, to be used as a fastening element, according to one or more of claims 1 - 19, characterized in that the inner and / or the outside diameter is reduced in such a way that in the jacket of the hollow body openings are punched in which at least one side length is greater than the material thickness of the jacket and its circumference at one point with remains connected to the material of the hollow body, around which it then moves by approx. 180 degrees inside and / or outside is bent so that it is on the inside and / or outside wall of the hollow body anlieyt, so that the assembly or. Installation diameter of hollow body size plus or minus jacket thickness of the hollow body is given, which is changed in such a way that that the angular position of the bent material parts is changed, the smallest Inside or the largest outside diameter is given when the bent Share a position of approx.

Take 9o degrees to the middle circumference of the mantle.

21. Metal nut-like hollow body, to be used as a fastening element, according to one or more of claims 1 - 20, characterized in that the production with a rectangular or square sheet that is rolled up and at the ends is closed or from a pipe section, from a material, which Deformed without external mechanical force takes place.

22. Metal nut-like hollow body to be used as a fastening element and bore insert according to one or more of claims 1 - 21, characterized in that that the inner diameter is larger than the largest outer dimension of the bolt, which is for this fastening element is provided and / or the outer diameter is smaller is considered the smallest dimension of the hole for which the fastener is intended is, the difference in size preferably being 0.1 to 5mm after assembly or after insertion, the inside diameter is reduced or the outside diameter enlarged, in that the angular position of the bent openings (Fig .: 6 and 13) is changed, the smallest inside dimension or the largest outside dimension then given is when the opening cutouts have a position of 90 degrees to the central circumferential axis take in.

23. Fastening elements such as adapter sleeves, pins, clamping sleeves, thread indee inserts, expansion inserts and similar hollow bodies, according to one or more of claims 1 - 22, characterized in that one consists of no external mechanical Force deforming material, a hollow body is produced, the outer diameter of which and / or the circumference is 0.1 mm to 5 mm smaller than the corresponding dimensions of the hole, the outside dimensions of which after it has been introduced into the hole by 0, lamb up to 5mm, but at least by so much that the outer surfaces of the Hollow body rest on the walls of the bore and / or in profiles of the Engage the hole.

24. Inserts for holes to be designated as fastening elements, according to one or more of claims 1 - 23, characterized in that a one-sided (Fig .: 8) or in the middle (Fig .: 10) closed hollow body, which is made of a material manufactured in the way with the ability to deform without external mechanical force is that the annular or slotted edge zone of a sheet at an angle is bent by preferably 45 to 180 degrees, so that the external dimensions so be reduced that the resulting thimble similar hollow body in a Bore with a plus tolerance of 0.1 to 5mm can be made, after which a Deformation of the edge zone is initiated, which increases the outer diameter so that this anlieyt on the inner wall of the bore (Fig .: 8/10/34).

25. Inserts for holes to be designated as fastening elements, according to one or more of claims 1-24, characterized in that a tubular Hollow body (Fig .: 9), which is made of a material with the ability to deform produced in this way from a sheet metal or pipe section without external mechanical force that the upper and / or lower edges are beaded inwards or outwards, so that their deformation increases the outer diameter of the hollow body and / or the inner diameter is reduced so that the outer diameter is then the largest, or the inside diameter is smallest when the flanged surfaces take a position of 90 degrees to the walls of the hollow body.

26. Fastening or Sparmnstift, according to one of the several claims here 1 - 2S, characterized by the fact that, in hollow bodies, there is no external mechanical Force deforming material is shaped so that parts of its Umfancj '.-. in the direction the central axis of the hollow body is bent so that a rosette or star-like cut surface is created (Figure 67), the largest external dimension of which is smaller is than the outer diameter of the initial hollow body, the deformation in the way takes place that the inwardly directed parts of the hollow body to the outside strive (Figure 67) until the outer circumference of the hollow body wholly or partially the inner wall of a bore rests.

27. Built-in part for bores wound like a spiral spring (Fig .: 23) and other openings with smooth or profiled walls, according to one or more of claims 1 - 26, characterized in that with a wire of any cross-section, consisting of a material with the ability to deform without the application of mechanical Forces, a spiral spring-like wound hollow profile is produced, its coil height is chosen so, preferably less than 45 degrees to the horizontal, that in the deformation process the radii of the turns are increased by 0.1 mm to 5 mm, but at least by so much that the outer surfaces of the turns in a profile of the bore wall snap into place and / or rest against the inner wall of the bore.

28. Tinter washers to be designated as fastening elements for Tightening of connections made with bolts without mechanical force, after one or more of claims 1 -27, characterized in that from one automatically deforming material inwards (Fig .: 24) or outwards (Fig .: 25) U-shaped open and oval closed ring is produced, whose deformation evidence parallel to the central axis of the bolt or partially in the direction of the bolt axis runs, with the outer surface n of the washer according to the invention a bolt head or on the outer surfaces of a part to be connected.

29. Washer to be designated as fastening element for tightening of connections made with bolts without mechanical force, after one or several of claims 1 - 28, characterized in that a tubular hollow body is formed from material deforming without mechanical force so that the vertical walls by bending out (Fig .: 26), by flanging (Fig .: 27) or by single or multiple folding (bellows), so that a deformation movement takes place parallel to the axis of the bolt, whereby the outer surfaces of the invention Washer on a bolt head and / or on the outer surface of one to be connected Support part.

30. A fastening element to be designated as a hose tie, according to one or more of claims 1 - 29, characterized in that one in the Cut surface C-shaped bent metal strip, made of a material with the ability for deformation without mechanical force, is produced as a closed ring, whose C-shaped bent sides lie against the hose to be fastened, in deformed in such a way that the C-shaped curved sides are in the direction of the horizontal strive so that the inner diameter of the ring is reduced, being the smallest Inside dimension is given when the C-shaped sides have a position of 90 degrees to the horizontal cut surface of the metal strip.

31. A fastening element to be designated as a hose tie, according to one or more of claims 1-3cit, characterized in that the C-shaped bent parts or the entire metal ring with a material of poor thermal conductivity is disguised.

32. Methods of making and installing joints and fastenings with fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 31, characterized characterized in that for the production of the fastening elements according to the invention sheets, Flat profiles, hollow profiles, wires of various cross-sections and square profiles suitable dimensions, made of a metal that change its shape can if it is heated after making its constructive shape, preferably to 50 to 300 degrees Celsius, and then cooled to normal temperature.

33. Methods of making and assembling joints and fastenings with fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 32, characterized characterized in that the fastening elements according to the invention supply before, during or heated to approx. 50 to 300 degrees after assembly and then cooled down will.

34. Methods of making and assembling joints and fastenings with fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 33, characterized characterized in that the fastening elements according to the invention are supercooled prior to assembly and heated after assembly, the temperature difference being minus Can be 200 degrees to plus 300 degrees.

35. Process for making connections and fastenings with Fastening elements according to one or more of claims 1 - 34, characterized in that that the resilience of the fasteners according to the invention is dependent on the selected material thicknesses, the lever lengths of the deforming parts of the fastening elements and the degree of warming.

36. Methods of making and installing joints and fastenings according to one or more of claims 1 -35, characterized in that without external Force, through heating with subsequent cooling, fastening elements that change their shape or parts of fastening elements, the smallest bore diameter of which has a plus tolerance, preferably 0.1 to 5mm, to the bolt diameter and / or its largest outside diameter a minus tolerance to the smallest diameter of the insert hole, preferably 0.1 up to 5mm, with a force equal to the weight of the fastening elements plus the tool weight, as mounted, on a bolt or in a hole is plugged that the forces of shape change Aropreßrechte and / or expansion forces in the direction of the lateral surfaces of the bolt shank and / or in the direction of the Exercise inner surfaces of the bore and / or parallel to the bolt axis in that that of a standing parallel or inclined to the plane and / or inclined to the vertical Areas included angles is changed by changing the shape, with the maximum Change can be 180 degrees, but is preferably 2 to 150 degrees and in a constructive way, by appropriate profiling of the bolt and / or by the elastic limit of the surrounding material or the enclosed bolt material is brought to a standstill and / or its outer and / or inner diameter by increasing the bending radius until there is direct contact with the Inner wall of the bore is made, preferably with a change in diameter from 0.1 to 5 mm is selected, but basically an increase in the radius up to r = infinitely possible.

L e r s e i t e