DE202020107499U1 - Component element, in particular a roadway element - Google Patents

Abstract

Component element (1) for use as a track element (1a) for the production and / or rehabilitation of tracks, streets and / or sidewalks and / or multifunctional and / or temporary tracks for means of transport (2) and / or pedestrians (2) and / or on Means which can be moved along the web, comprising at least one web with a support layer (6) and / or support structure (6) and / or at least one wear layer (7).

Description

The invention relates to a component element ( 1 ) for use as a track element ( 1a ) for the creation and / or rehabilitation of railways, streets and / or sidewalks and / or multifunctional and / or temporary railways for means of transport ( 2 ) and / or pedestrians ( 2 ) and / or means which can be moved on the track, comprising at least one track with a carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or supporting structure ( 6th ).

In particular, the invention relates to a particular track element for creating and / or rehabilitation of tracks, streets and / or sidewalks and / or multifunctional and / or temporary tracks for means of transport and / or pedestrians and / or robots and / or entities with and / or without one physical contact to the web and / or to the web element, consisting of a web and / or a plurality of webs, with a single and / or multi-layer structure, preferably provided and / or designed as, as a rail, track-bound rail, traffic, Rail traffic, track traffic, road traffic, aviation traffic, space traffic, water traffic, road, road renovation, parking lot, road construction, construction site, path, sidewalk, bike path, roadway, roadway, architecture , Bridge, floor, building, facade, interior construction, outdoor covering, water supply, sports, leisure facilities, greening, rental, means of transport, vehicle, robot element with at least one carrier c hicht and / or supporting structure and / or at least one wear layer and / or preferably at least one functional layer.

Technical background

The construction of roads, motorways, lanes, routes, cycle paths and sidewalks according to the state of the art involves a very time-consuming, labor-intensive, energy-consuming, cost-intensive and ecologically critical production, manufacturing and installation process. In addition, there are high follow-up costs due to regular road maintenance and road maintenance.

Nowadays, the building material asphalt accounts for the major part of the building materials for the road surface of roads. According to information from 2005, for example, 95% of all paved roads in the Federal Republic of Germany were covered with an asphalt layer. A closer look reveals that around 75% of the municipal and city streets and the federal highways have an asphalt road surface. The remaining 25% have a plaster or concrete ceiling. As a paved part of the road, the roadway consists of a single or multilayer road surface. The surface layer (also the road surface) rests on a bituminous or hydraulic base course. The layer thickness and the grain size of the material decrease from the lower layer to the upper layer. Asphalt and concrete are essentially suitable for use as a surface course. Pavers or slabs are also possible.

Asphalt is used almost exclusively on German federal highways. In 2016, around 41 million tons of asphalt mix were produced in Germany. Of this, 26.6% was reclaimed asphalt that was recycled.

The construction costs of motorways are heavily dependent on the conditions of the respective route. Simple routes result in costs of around four to six million euros per kilometer of motorway, while complex routes, for example with bridges and tunnels, are many times higher. In addition to the pure construction costs, there are also costs for the planning process, for expert opinions and consulting services from external engineers, approval procedures and accompanying investments, e.g. for noise barriers, greenery and variable message signs.

According to an example calculation, the average cost in Germany is 26.8 million euros per kilometer of motorway, of which a quarter are pure construction costs and three quarters are additional costs. For example, the new construction of the German A20 from 1992 to 2005 costs around 1.9 billion euros with a length of 322 km, which corresponds to 6 million euros per kilometer of motorway.

Motorways and federal highways or bypass roads, as well as their new construction or expansion, are criticized by local residents, nature and environmental initiatives. Among other things, environmentalists see the construction of the motorway as the wrong signal in terms of traffic policy, since it promotes motorized individual transport and thus the additional emission of climate-damaging exhaust gases. They also warn of additional noise pollution for the area around the motorway.

Conservationists, on the other hand, criticize the land consumption and the increasing fragmentation of the landscape, which is being promoted by new motorways. It is also criticized that species and biotope protection often play a subordinate role in traffic planning.

As a paved part of the road, the roadway consists of a single or multilayer road surface. The surface layer (also the road surface) rests on a bituminous or hydraulic base course. The layer thickness and the grain size of the Materials decrease from the lower layer to the upper layer. Asphalt and concrete are essentially suitable for use as a surface course. Pavers or slabs are also possible.

The superstructure for a road cross-section requires a very high amount of material and resources and causes high transport costs due to the high volume and weight of the material. The superstructure comprises all layers that are structurally necessary to ensure the load-bearing capacity of the traffic area. Normally only the surface layer (asphalt, concrete, paving, slabs) of the superstructure can be seen. The entire superstructure consists of various layers of different materials. The superstructure of a roadway usually has a total thickness of 40 cm to 90 cm. For sidewalks and bike paths, the total thickness is usually 20cm to 40cm.

For example, the individual layers in the superstructure of a heavily used road have a total construction height of 75 cm.

On the earth that ends with the subgrade, there is usually a 30 cm thick frost protection layer, over it a 15 cm thick gravel base layer, over that an 18 cm thick asphalt base layer, above that an 8 cm thick binder layer and above that a 4 cm thick surface layer, which acts as a wear layer or is provided as a road surface.

• Asphaltbeton (Warmeinbau- Heißeinbau), Splittmastixasphalt, Gussasphalt, Asphaltmastix, Porous Mastic Asphalt kurz PMA bzw. PMA 5), Niedrigtemperaturasphalt, Reparaturasphalt (Kaltasphalt), Flüssigkeitsundurchlässiger Asphalt, Farbasphalte, Dünnschicht-Farbasphalt Farbasphalt für hohe Verkehrslasten bis Bk100 (Busverkehr), Farbiger Asphaltvorsatz Asphaltfarben. Zusätzlich kann die Oberfläche durch verschiedene Asphaltprägeverfahrenstrukturiert werden.

Asphalt describes a natural or technically produced mixture of the binding agent bitumen and aggregates, which are used in road construction for pavement pavements. The asphalt surface layer has a thickness of 1-10 cm, depending on the type and load. A distinction is made between the following types of asphalt:

• Asphalt concrete (hot installation - hot installation), stone mastic asphalt, mastic asphalt, asphalt mastic, porous mastic asphalt for short PMA or PMA 5), low-temperature asphalt, repair asphalt (cold asphalt), impermeable asphalt, colored asphalt, thin-layer colored asphalt, colored asphalt for high traffic loads (bus traffic) up to Bk100 Asphalt attachment asphalt colors. In addition, the surface can be structured using various asphalt embossing processes.

The production and processing of asphalt, especially warm and hot paving, or concrete or cement is very energy-consuming and has a very high CO2 footprint and is therefore not to be classified as ecologically and environmentally friendly.

A completed road must be regularly maintained or partially repaired depending on its wear and tear.

Road maintenance or route maintenance primarily serves to remove sources of danger and, in addition to carrying out smaller immediate measures on the road surface (such as repairing a pothole), also includes winter service, the maintenance of greenery and trees along the road, street cleaning and maintenance of the road equipment .

Road maintenance involves structural measures on smaller areas that only contribute to a small improvement in quality. This includes, for example, the removal of small-area unevenness by milling, the renovation of seams and joints or minor surface treatments. In order to determine a suitable measure, a condition assessment and assessment is usually carried out in advance.

Asphalt is flexible up to a certain temperature range. This is why ruts form over time in heavily used areas. If the outside temperature is too high, the asphalt can become deformed and damaged.

Road maintenance or lane renovation leads to costly, recurring structural measures and construction methods to remove damage to the surface of roads and causes high costs, as well as often weeks of maintenance work that lead to traffic obstructions, traffic jams and noise.

The measure of mending is suitable for locally very limited damage areas in the pavement and is usually carried out by hand. In terms of durability, this measure is to be assessed as unsatisfactory. In the case of a complete renovation, all asphalt layers are removed by milling (concrete milling with surface layers made of concrete) and then the base, binder and surface layers are re-installed. In the case of surface treatment, only the top layer is rehabilitated. It is also suitable for the intermediate construction of roads. It is characterized by spraying a base with a binding agent and then sprinkling it with an aggregate. This application can take place several times. Bituminous binders are mostly used for spraying; Epoxy resins are also used. In Germany, broken natural stone is used for sprinkling; this can be pre-bituminized and / or heated.

One of the common rehabilitation methods is cutting and potting. This is done at the cut a clean edge on the right and left of the torn seam. The cleaned area is then filled with potting compound. Another method is the so-called seam remix method. The process differs significantly from the one mentioned above, as the renovation here is carried out “hot on hot”.

In road construction, the lanes are usually produced in different operations. The longitudinal seams / middle seams generally represent a weak point, as the strips are "laid together" here.

The risk of crack formation as a result of seasonal tensions is the main cause of surface cracks. If these damaged areas are not repaired, further cracking is inevitable and damage to the underlying asphalt layers can no longer be avoided. The renovation of deeply torn seams requires a disproportionately higher effort than the superficial seam renovation.

In addition, asphalt pavements generate fine dust that is harmful to health. Dark, illuminated asphalt pavements are heated to well above the air temperature by solar radiation over the course of a sunny day. From a soil temperature of 40 ° C, substances are released from asphalt pavements, which condense (sublime) into small liquid or solid particles in the air above and thus form fine dust that is harmful to health. The temperature of asphalt often reaches 60 ° C. The vapors can sometimes be smelled.

Furthermore, the road construction seals natural surfaces, which has negative effects on the water balance, the buffer effect of the soil is canceled, less rainwater can seep away, the surface runoff is increased and the groundwater inflow is reduced and humus soil is washed away.

Road construction according to the current state of the art also has some functional disadvantages. The surface quality of the road significantly influences various phenomena when driving on. They generate a relatively high level of noise due to the rolling noise of the tires and the reflection of sound. When the road surface is wet, there is a risk of slipping and aquaplaning. In winter, the road surface can ice up, but it should be noted that uneven surfaces are more difficult to clear of snow than flat surfaces.

In addition to the construction of the actual road structure, adding and maintaining the road equipment is also part of the road construction. Only then is it possible to use the road safely. Components of the road equipment are, for example, lane markings, passive protective devices (concrete sliding wall or steel guardrail, also called guardrail), signposting, signposting of the road traffic regulations, lighting and light signal systems, also known as traffic lights.

State of the art

The AT 11 747 U1 discloses a method of rehabilitating roads with a base course.

The DE 100 15 394 A1 describes a connecting layer for road construction with pegs.

Object of the invention

The object of the present invention is now to avoid or at least substantially reduce the aforementioned disadvantages in the prior art.

• • Verbesserung und Steigerung der Effizienz beim Bau und der Erhaltung sowie Verbesserung der Verlässlichkeit der Straßeninfrastruktur
• • Verbesserung der Leistungsfähigkeit des Verkehrssystems Straße
• • Verbesserung der Verkehrssicherheit
• • Schaffung von Shared Space Lösungen (deutsch: „gemeinsamer Raum“)

In particular, the invention aims to improve the aforementioned disadvantages in the prior art with regard to the following features and properties:

• • Improving and increasing the efficiency of construction and maintenance as well as improving the reliability of the road infrastructure
• • Improving the efficiency of the road transport system
• • Improving road safety
• • Creation of shared space solutions (German: "common space")

• • Verbesserung der Umweltverträglichkeit von Straßenbau und Straßenverkehr
• • Stärkung der Widerstandsfähigkeit des Verkehrssystems Straße (Resilienz)
• • Stärkung des technologischen Fortschritts im Straßenwesen
• • Zukunftsfähige Straßeninfrastruktur
• • Verbesserung der Widerstandsfähigkeit (Resilienz) des Straßenverkehrs
• • Verbesserung der Fahrbahnoberflächeneigenschaften
• • Ressourcenschonender und umweltverträglicher Straßenbau
• • Fahrzeugautomatisierung
• • Vernetzte Mobilität
• • Elektromobilität

Shared Space describes a planning philosophy according to which the public street space dominated by motor vehicle traffic is to be made more livable, safer and the flow of traffic is to be improved. It is characterized by the idea of doing without traffic signs, signal systems and lane markings. At the same time, road users should be given full equality, whereby the right of way rule continues to apply. In contrast to conventional traffic calming, it should also be possible to use it in main roads.

• • Improving the environmental compatibility of road construction and road traffic
• • Strengthening the resilience of the road transport system (resilience)
• • Strengthening technological progress in the road sector
• • Sustainable road infrastructure
• • Improving the resilience of road traffic
• • Improvement of the road surface properties
• • Resource-saving and environmentally friendly road construction
• • Vehicle automation
• • Networked mobility
• • Electromobility

Solution to Object, Fields of Application and Advantages of the Invention This object is achieved by the features of claim 1.

1. 1. Bahnelement, vorzugsweise zur Erzeugung und/oder Sanierung von Fahrbahnen, insbesondere Straßen, Autobahnen und/oder Wege für Fortbewegungsmittel, insbesondere Fahrzeuge, und/oder Roboter oder auch als Start und Landebahn in der Luftfahrt und/oder als Fortbewegungsbahn für Menschen, Tiere und/oder Entitäten, Sanierung Fahrbahnen überirdisch und unterirdisch, insbesondere von auf Brückenfahrbahnen und /oder Tunnelfahrbahnen.
2. 2. Bahnelement zur Erzeugung von Bahnen im Sportbereich Schwimmbecken, Kegelbahn, Bowlingbahn, Leichtathletik die Laufbahn und/oder
3. 3. Bahnelement in der Landwirtschaft und /oder Forstwirtschaft, insbesondere Bewegungsbahnen für Acker und Waldflächen landwirtschaftliche Maschinen, Roboter und/oder
4. 4. Bahnelement als Aquädukt, insbesondere zum Transport von Wasser und/oder als Wasserversorgungsanlage und/oder
5. 5. Bahnelement als temporär nutzbares Element für mulitfunktionelle Anwendungen gemäß Ziffer 1-4, z.B. für temporären Strassenersatzverkehr, im Straßenbaustellenbereich, und/oder
6. 6. Bahnelement gemäß Ziffer 1-5 als Vermietungs- und/oder Leasingelement

Particularly preferred areas of application of the present invention are manifestations of a track element, namely a:

1. 1. Track element, preferably for the production and / or rehabilitation of roadways, in particular roads, highways and / or paths for means of transport, in particular vehicles, and / or robots or also as a runway in aviation and / or as a locomotion path for people, animals and / or entities, rehabilitation of roadways above and below ground, in particular of on bridge roadways and / or tunnel roadways.
2. 2. Track element for generating tracks in the sports area swimming pool, bowling alley, bowling alley, athletics, the running track and / or
3. 3. Track element in agriculture and / or forestry, in particular trajectories for fields and forest areas, agricultural machines, robots and / or
4. 4. Railway element as an aqueduct, in particular for the transport of water and / or as a water supply system and / or
5. 5. Track element as a temporarily usable element for multifunctional applications according to numbers 1-4, eg for temporary road replacement traffic, in the road construction area, and / or
6. 6. Track element according to numbers 1-5 as a rental and / or leasing element

Applications of the invention are described below, the numbers and letters in brackets being intended as an indication of the reference symbols in the subsequent exemplary embodiments and not as a restriction.

The invention therefore enables a component element to be embodied as a component element ( 1 ), especially track element ( 1a ) for the creation and / or rehabilitation of streets and / or sidewalks and / or multifunctional and / or temporary tracks for means of transport ( 2 ) and / or pedestrians ( 2 ) and / or robot ( 2 ) and / or entities ( 2 ), with a single and / or multi-layer structure ( A. ), preferably provided and or designed as, as rail, track-bound rail, traffic, rail traffic, track, road traffic, aviation traffic, space traffic, water traffic, road, road renovation, parking lot, road construction, Construction sites, paths, sidewalks, cycle paths, driveways, roadways, architecture, bridges, floors, buildings, facades, interior fittings, outdoor surfaces, waterways, sports, leisure facilities, greening , Rental, means of transport, vehicle, robot element with at least one carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or supporting structure ( 6th ) and / or at least one wear layer ( 7th ) and / or at least one functional layer ( 8th ).

For the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) this is intended as a prefabricated component element and / or component element provided by the customer ( 1 ) is formed and / or generated and / or can be generated and / or has at least one at least partially closed and / or at least partially open cavity (10) and / or preferably at least partially plate-shaped and / or tubular and / or curved and / or spherical is formed and / or is, in particular wherein at least one cavity ( 9 ) to save weight and / or to improve the stability of the component element ( 1 ) and / or for natural elements, especially water, ( 10b ) and / or greening devices ( 10c ), preferably designed and / or provided for plants, trees, shrubs or soil substrates.

An essential part of the invention is to develop a component element ( 1 ), especially track element ( 1a ) to make available for road and road construction that has a finished wear layer, such as an immediately drivable road surface that does not have to be time-consuming on site, as in the prior art, such as an asphalt road cross-section. This is preferably done by manufacturing a component element at the factory and / or on-site ( 1 ), especially the track element ( 1a ) by means of prefabricated construction made possible by prefabricated structural elements.

Under path is a given length and width of a track and / or the Line of movement of an object, understood. A track element is understood to mean a section of a track. A track element system is understood to mean an arrangement of at least two track elements according to the invention.

A prefabricated component is understood to be an element for a construction process in which structures of all kinds are assembled from construction elements prefabricated in workshops, i.e., a prefabricated component - at least in parts - is delivered to the construction site prefabricated at the factory and is finally assembled there. The precast construction has the advantage that numerous work steps can be carried out in factory buildings regardless of the weather. Another major advantage is the quick assembly time on site, which enables very short construction times of a few days or weeks.

According to the current state of the art, prefabricated construction with prefabricated components is currently used in so-called prefabricated houses, as well as in bridge and tower construction, such as radio masts. Prefabricated structural elements are usually, for example, prefabricated supports, or elements for floors, ceilings, which are made of statically loadable material, preferably in wood, metal (steel, aluminum) or concrete, preferably in the so-called skeleton or panel construction.

With conventional construction, a structure is created on site, or at least assembled and this location is called a construction site for the duration of the construction, i.e. the construction site is located at the location of the later structure or the renovation or demolition measure. Essentially, a large number of individual building materials and materials are transported to the construction site and assembled and processed there from relatively small-scale elements or basic building materials, such as brick, wood, sand, gravel, cement, construction timber, roof tiles and on the construction site. The term “on-site” is understood to mean all work and activities that take place “on site” on a construction site.

A construction site or so-called work site is a place on which a structure is erected, rebuilt or demolished.

According to the current state of the art, in road and road construction essentially the materials ballast, asphalt and concrete are transported on site to the construction site, where they are processed and installed.

Even with the aforementioned prefabricated construction method for bridge construction, the prefabricated elements, mostly made of concrete, such as bridge piers or prefabricated cross-sectional segments, only form the static framework for the actual road surface. The bridge is made by joining and bracing individual pre-produced cross-sectional elements on the construction site. The prefabricated structural elements for the bridge only serve as a carrier for the roadway, which is produced on site on the construction site according to the above-mentioned state of the art.

In other words, according to the current state of the art, there are no known prefabricated structural elements for roads, paths, and lanes which already have a ready-to-use road surface. In bridge construction, for example, it has not been customary to date for the asphalt pavement to be already contained in the prefabricated bridge construction element.

The following vehicles are preferably used as means of locomotion and / or robots as land vehicles and / or land robots, in particular motor vehicles, preferably cars, trucks, omnibuses, two-wheelers, motorcycles, e-bikes, e-scooters, caravans, commercial vehicles, tracked vehicles, trailers and / or a track-bound vehicle and / or track-bound robot, preferably rail and / or rope and / or signal-bound, preferably light and / or sound signal-bound vehicle and / or robot, in particular tram, train, cable car, chain railway and / or mobile aircraft vehicle, in particular aviation vehicle and / or aviation robot, in particular aircraft, helicopter, drone, quadrocopter, multicopter, balloon, zeppelin and / or space robot and / or spacecraft, preferably rocket, spacecraft, satellite space probe and / or watercraft and / or underwater vehicle and / or underwater robot, preferably ship, boat and / or underwater boat provided and / or designed for the invention-ge appropriate component element ( 1 ), especially track element ( 1a ).

In particular, the path element ( 1a ) passable and / or accessible and / or also for means of transport ( 2 ) and / or pedestrians ( 2 ) and / or robot ( 2 ) and / or entities ( 2 ), be designed as a train without the means of transport ( 2 ) and / or pedestrians ( 2 ) and / or robot ( 2 ) and / or entities ( 2 ) physical contact with the track element ( 1a ) exhibit. This includes in particular all levitation and / or magnetic levitation technologies for vehicles, such as the magnetic levitation train and / or such as the use of linear motors.

The component element according to the invention ( 1 ), especially track element ( 1a ) is basically designed for new forms of traffic networking, in particular it is for traffic control and / or regulation and / or guidance and / or telematics is for at least one land vehicle and / or one water vehicle and / or one underwater vehicle and/ or an aviation and / or space network and / or system and / or traffic network, in particular designed and / or provided for a road and / or path and / or lane-bound route and / or route network (32).

It is provided that the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) and / or the layer structure ( A. ) and / or the carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or the supporting structure ( 6th ) and / or the wear layer ( 7th ) and / or the functional layer ( 8th ) and / or the cavity (10) and / or the delimitation ( 9 ) and / or the upstand element ( 9 ) at least one technical-functional element, preferably with at least one electronic and / or digital hardware element and / or a software and / or APP application, in particular for digital communication and / or for data exchange and / or for data streaming, in particular for traffic control and / or control and / or control and / or telematics and / or an installation, plumbing, heating, electrical, lighting, air conditioning, signaling, information, particularly preferably electronic hardware, software , Computer, camera, display, sensor, electronics, digital technology element contains and / or is designed in such a way and / or is intended for it.

In particular, it is provided that the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) at least one- and / or two- and / or three-dimensional demarcation ( 9 ) and / or upstand element ( 9 ), in particular, marking (9), signal and / or guideway element ( 9 ), preferably in the edge area and / or in the middle area of the web element.

For this purpose it is provided that the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) at least one computer and / or computer element, preferably display and / or vehicle and / or robot and / or means of transport and / or electrical device and / or mobile phone and / or smartphone and / or satellite phone - and / or Has and / or contains and / or is provided for measuring and / or data acquisition device and / or data processing device and / or utility application element.

In particular, for the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) advantageously provided that preferably at least preferably a radio and / or transmitter and / or receiver and / or antenna and / or frequency and / or location and / or display and / or touchscreen and / or keyboard and / or camera and / or video camera and / or thermal imaging camera and / or scanner and / or infrared light and / or loudspeaker and / or microphone and / or lidar / ladar and / or ultrasonic sensor and / or actuators and / or laser and / or radar and / or connectivity and / or telemetry and / or telematics and / or control and / or regulating and / or measuring and / or data acquisition devices and / or data processing device and / or sensor module (and / or a circuit board, hardware chip, control unit and / or arithmetic unit, ALU (arithmetic-logic unit) and / or memory unit and / or peripheral device, in particular input and / or output and / or reading device and / or motherboard or mainboard and / or digital IO device (I input, output) and / or processor and / or main memory (RAM) and / or read-only memory (ROM) and / or mass storage, in particular hard disk drive, flash, memory, CD-ROM drive, DVD Drive, Zip drive, Jaz drive, storage medium and / or expansion cards, graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, TV cards, ISDN cards, USB, USB cards, USB cards Stick, PhysX card, router, handset computer, mobile computer, mobile phone, smartphone, satellite phone, telephone, radio, PDA, tablet, PC, server, game console, netbook, Notebook, mainframe, supercomputer, quantum computer, camera, scanner, sensor, display, monitor, screen, screen, smart display, touchscreen, projection device, projector, 2D / 3D / 4D projection device, advertising sign (30), television (30), smart card, integrated circuit card (ICC), entertainment electronics, graphics, audio, sound recording, headphones, earphones, speech recognition, Voice control u nd / or gimbal element SIM card ( 1a ) (Subscriber Identity Module) and / or USIM card (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) and / or embedded SIM (eSIM) and / or SIM card-identical function having element, preferably with UICC hardware element (Universal Integrated Circuit Card) and / or with SIM and / or USIM - software application and / or with integrated NFC function and / or NFC hardware element (Near Field Communication), provided and / or contained therein.

It is also provided that the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) preferably has and / or contains defined location modules, preferably based on radio technology, and / or location markings with defined spatial coordinates, the defined spatial coordinates as digital data by means of electronic-digital communication, preferably to the means of transport ( 2 ) and / or pedestrians ( 2 ) and / or robot ( 2 ) and / or entities ( 2 ), preferably to determine the location of the means of transport ( 2 ) and / or the pedestrian ( 2 ) and / or the robot ( 2 ) and / or the entities ( 2 ).

Sensors can electronically transmit the condition of the road, for example at To be able to counteract icing more quickly or to use grit more efficiently.

Such electronic and / or digital hardware elements in the component element and / or the track element ( 1a ) are preferably produced as printed electronics, in particular with foils and / or foil layers, preferably produced by 2D and / or 3D printing, the printing at least one thin-film element and / or circuit and / or electronics and / or memory and / or processor and / or microprocessor and / or sensor and / or graphics and / or audio and / or energy supply and / or battery and / or accumulator and / or chip and / or chip element and / or contains.

The invention provides a single and / or multi-layer structure for the road surface ( A. ) which, compared to the state of the art in road construction, contains a large number of improved functional and technical properties and features and additional functions.

In particular, it is the object of the present invention to provide an ecologically sustainable, environmentally friendly, pollutant-free and / or biodegradable multilayer structure that is also suitable and / or usable for large-scale production.

Thus, the inventive track element ( 1a ) compared to the prior art, preferably a lower overall thickness and a lower weight and a more durable, wear-resistant wear layer with an environmentally friendly and low consumption of materials and resources. As additional functions, the track element preferably contains the electronic and / or digital hardware and software elements described above, and / or signal, or display and / or lighting elements for traffic networking or traffic control. In addition, the track element has cavities for technical functions.

Thus, the inventive track element ( 1a ) a single and / or multi-layer structure ( A. ) with at least one carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or supporting structure ( 6th ) and / or at least one wear layer ( 7th ) and / or preferably at least one functional layer ( 8th ) on.

Under the carrier layer ( 6th ) essentially refers to the supporting structure or the statically load-bearing construction. Under wear layer ( 7th ) is essentially understood to mean the outer layer of the roadway, that is, the drivable surface of the roadway. The wear layer can also be constructed in several layers. The wear layer can, for example, consist of at least one and / or more film and / or lacquer and / or sealing layers and / or a coating and / or material and / or substrate layers and / or additive substances and / or additive technical elements and / or Composite materials be constructed.

The carrier layer ( 6th ) can be composed of different material and / or substrate layers, additive substances or additive technical elements and / or composite materials.

The single and / or multi-layer structure and / or the carrier layer and / or the wear layer can contain further functional layers ( 8th ) contained between the carrier layer and the wear layer, or below the carrier layer, which provide specific functions, such as. B. Reinforcement layers, removable carrier plates with a wear layer arranged on them, insulation materials for noise reduction, vibration-damping layers, elastic layers or porous layers, installation layers.

The carrier layer, that is to say the load-bearing construction of the track element, is preferably made of wood, metal or concrete materials and / or construction.

Due to sustainability and environmental protection, sustainable materials are preferably provided for the web element according to the invention.

In particular for the formation of the carrier layer ( 6th ) prefabricated components and / or on-site wooden construction elements made of solid structural timber (KVH) and / or glued laminated timber (BSH) and / or laminated veneer lumber (LVL) are preferably provided. Wood is a light and renewable raw material and recyclable material and therefore makes ecological sense. Fast-growing grass such as bamboo is also preferred. Wood-based materials such as OSB, HDF, MDF or wood fiber boards are preferred.

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) in particular has a low weight of only around 480 kg / m ³ and is structurally significantly more resilient than solid structural timber (KVH) or glued laminated timber (BSH). An LVL ceiling element has a preferred length of 1m to 18m, a width of 0.4m -18m and a height of 0.1 to 1m.

Waterproof and water-resistant wood material is preferably used for the web element according to the invention. This can be done through appropriate impregnation, such as boiler pressure impregnation or the use of thermally treated wood can be achieved, as well as by constructive wood protection measures in which the wood is protected from moisture by waterproof covering materials. For example, through metal layers, ceramic layers, film layers, seals. A thin-layer ceramic and / or porcelain-ceramic layer is particularly advantageous because it is waterproof, non-combustible and highly wear-resistant. Such a layer is provided according to the invention and preferably as structural wood protection and as a drivable wear layer for the track element.

Layers, in particular elastic layers such as film layers based on polymer or biopolymer, are also preferred for the formation of structural wood protection and the wear layer ( 7th ) intended. Metallic or mineral additives, such as corundum or salts, are preferably provided here in order to develop the fire protection properties and wear properties.

In addition, the path element ( 1a ) preferably designed demotable. The on-site support points for the track element are also preferably provided on the basis of removable foundation elements, such as screw foundations. This has the advantage that such a track or foundation element can be completely dismantled after the end of its useful life, or partially repaired and reused or even recycled without leaving any negative factors in nature. For example, provision is made for the wear layer to be removable, so that a defective or damaged road surface can be exchanged for each track element without the need for a time-consuming and costly renovation, as was previously the case in road construction. The wear layer is advantageously arranged on a removable carrier plate. The carrier plate can also contain new additional functions so that a roadway has a technical update, such as electronic elements for traffic networking.

The result is that the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) and / or the layer structure ( A. ) and / or the carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or the supporting structure ( 6th ) and / or the wear layer ( 7th ) and / or the functional layer ( 8th ) and / or the cavity (10) and / or the delimitation ( 9 ) and / or the upstand element ( 9 ) and / or the single and / or multi-layer structure ( A. ) and / or the on-site support element ( 4th ) is preferably dismantled and / or dismantled and / or exchangeable and / or reusable and / or recyclable and / or provided, preferably wherein the on-site support element ( 4th ) is designed and / or provided as a removable foundation element, in particular a screw foundation.

For the assembly process, the invention provides that at least two component elements ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) are connected and assembled by a locking system, preferably essentially without tools, and the locking system is also designed to be removable.

In detail it is provided that the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) and / or the layer structure ( A. ) and / or the carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or the supporting structure ( 6th ) and / or the wear layer ( 7th ) and / or the functional layer ( 8th ) and / or the cavity (10) and / or the delimitation ( 9 ) and / or the upstand element ( 9 ) on at least one side of the edge, preferably on all sides of the edge, preferably mutually corresponding and / or mutually opposing edge sides complementary, preferably a locking system that can be latched and / or connected to one another ( 11 ) and / or contours ( 11 ) are provided, in particular where the locking contours ( 11 ) as a dovetail connection ( 11b ), preferably with a fold ( 11a ,) and / or button connection, preferably with a fold ( 11c ) and / or push button ( 11d ) and / or comb connection ( 11 e ) and / or tongue and groove ( 11f ) and / or tongue and groove locking connection ( 11g ) are formed and / or at least one connecting means and / or element, preferably a plug-in and / or screw and / or adhesive and / or Velcro and / or magnetic connection and / or positive connections and / or is provided.

The ability to dismantle and dismantle road construction elements is an important environmental and technical aspect of the present invention, since technical progress will mean that roads will no longer be used at all or only occasionally or will be adapted to new requirements due to alternative mobility solutions Need to become. In this way, the roadway elements according to the invention that are no longer required can be completely dismantled without leaving any traces in nature.

For the layer structure ( A. ) preferably the following materials, especially for the formation of the carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or the supporting structure ( 6th ) and / or the wear layer ( 7th ) and / or the functional layer ( 8th ) provided and / or used:

Cellulose, natural fiber, synthetic fiber, plastic, in particular an elastomeric plastic and / or rubber, metal, wood, foam, wood-based materials, wood-plastic composites such as wood-plastic composites (WPC), cork and / or linoleum and / or consists of it and / or as a plastic film, multi-layer fiber composite material, preferably high pressure laminate (HPL), low pressure laminate (LPL), direct pressure laminate (DPL), continuous pressure laminate (CPL) and / or decorative laminate board (DKS), paper, cardboard, fleece, textile, preferably a woven fabric, knitted fabric and / or felt, stone-based, fine stoneware-based, mineral, ceramic, cement-based and / or gypsum-based material and / or glass and / or glass-based material, in particular a plasterboard, gypsum fiber board, a plaster substrate, coarse chipboard (OSB chipboard), a high-density fiber board (high density Fiberboard; HDF board), a perfluorocarbon board (PFC board), a medium-density wood fiber board (Medium Density Fiberboard; MDF board), chipboard, a wood-plastic composite board (WPC board), and / or as High Pressure Laminate (HPL), Continuous Press Laminate (CPL), Low Pressure Laminate (LPL), Direct Pressure Laminate (DPL), decorative laminate (DKS), stone-based, fine stoneware-based , mineral, ceramic, porcelain, cement-based and / or gypsum-based layers and / or plates.

For the layer structure ( A. ), especially for the formation of the carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or the supporting structure ( 6th ) and / or the wear layer ( 7th ) and / or the functional layer ( 8th ) at least one reinforcement layer and / or function is provided and / or used, preferably with the reinforcement layer and / or function, preferably as a fiber reinforcement, preferably as a natural fiber, in particular jute, and / or a glass fiber and / or carbon fiber reinforcement.

Advantageously, foil layers and / or metallic and / or metal-containing layers and / or coatings are preferably provided for the multilayer structure (4). In particular, these are in the carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or the supporting structure ( 6th ) and / or the wear layer ( 7th ) and / or the functional layer ( 8th ) provided and / or included.

Foil layers and / or metallic and / or metal-containing layers and / or coatings enable, according to the invention, for example, high-performance wear layers ( 7th ) and / or functional layers ( 8th ) and are to be produced industrially and economically, such as decorative, protective, reinforcing, damping and adapter layers.

In particular, the layer structure ( A. ) an insulation, compensation, protection, adhesive, adhesive, damping, connection, sound insulation, heat insulation, barrier, antistatic, power line, air purification, fire protection, sun protection and / or adapter function on.

Such film layers and functional layers ( 8th ) and / or metallic and / or metal-containing layers and / or coatings have, according to the invention, a material, in particular based on synthetic and / or semi-synthetic polymers, preferably elastomeric, thermoplastic and / or thermosetting plastic, in particular polyvinyl chloride (PVC), cast polyvinyl chloride, Polyester (PES), polyester with a surface containing polyvinyl chloride, perfluorocarbons (PFC), polyurethane (PUR), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polypropylene (PP), natural fiber reinforced plastic (NFK), cast propylene (CPP), oriented propylene (OPP), biaxially oriented propylene (BOPP), polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polyamide (PA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET / PETP), polystyrene (PS), biaxially oriented Polyester film (BOPET), polyactide (PLA, PDLA, PLLA and / or PDLLA), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polyethylene naphthalate (PE N), polycarbonate (PC), polyester carbonate (PEC), polyethersulfone (PES), polyimide (PI), polyarylate (PAR), unsaturated polyester resin (UP), cast alkyd resin film, cast acrylic resin layer, polyetherimide (PEI), polyetherketone (PAEK / PEEK ), Polyactide (PLA), cellulose acetate and / or starch blends.

The layer structure ( A. ) also be made transparent and / or translucent for functional and / or design reasons, for example and translucent displays for traffic information or to enable the exposure of a tubular track element.

Coatings, in particular to form a metal layer, can for example be produced as a very thin layer, in particular by means of a painting process and / or printing process, preferably digital printing, flexographic printing, screen printing, rotogravure printing, anodized printing, offset printing, 3D printing, direct printing, transfer printing, preferably thermal transfer printing , Sublimation printing and / or gravure printing, and / or by means of a stamping foil, preferably hot stamping foil and / or cold stamping foil and / or by means of microcontact and / or rotary coating and / or metallized, the coating in particular having a layer thickness of 5 nm to 400 μm, preferably from 10 nm to 250 µm.

Layer structures of the aforementioned type have plastics based on petroleum. Such layer structures often consist exclusively of petroleum-based plastics, which are also not biodegradable, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

As a result, materials are used to produce the layer structures that do not grow back and are usually not biodegradable either. In particular with regard to the scarcity of raw materials and the falling oil supply, non-renewable raw materials are disadvantageous as base materials for layer structures of the aforementioned type. Due to the falling global oil reserves, rising costs for petroleum-based materials are to be expected in the long term, which consequently will drastically increase the manufacturing costs of the entire multilayer structure in the long term. If the petroleum reserves have been used up, there is no such layer structure from the prior art.

Furthermore, the layer structures of road construction known from practice can neither be reused nor biodegraded, which means that there is very little ecological compatibility. The petrochemically produced materials can also contain pollutants and are consequently not environmentally friendly.

• Vorzugsweise werden für den mehrlagigen Schichtaufbau, insbesondere zur Ausbildung der Trägerschicht (6) und/oder der Tragkonstruktion(6) und/oder der Nutzschicht (7) und/oder der Funktionsschicht (8), insbesondere für die Folienschichten und/oder metallische und/oder metallhaltige Schichten und/oder Beschichtungen als Materialein biopolymerhaltiges und/oder ein Biopolymer, vorzugsweise ein biologisch abbaubares Material und/oder ein biogener Rohstoff, insbesondere ein Material aus organischen Substanzen, vorzugsweise eine pflanzliche und/oder aus Lebewesen basierende Substanz und/oder Rohstoff, insbesondere auf Basis von Holz, Cellulose, Lignin, Starke, Zucker, Pflanzenöl, Chitin, Kasein, Gelatine, Krabbenschalen, tierischen und/oder pflanzlichen Proteinen, Pilzen, Insekten, Bakterien, Zein und/oder Algen und/oder Polyvinylalkohol (PVAL), Polyvinylbutyral (PVB), Polycaprolacton (PCL), Polyactide (PLA), Bio-Copolyester, Terpolyester, Bio-Polyurethane (Bio-PUR), Bio-Polyamide (Bio-PA), Stärkenpolymere, vorzugsweise thermoplastische Starke (TPS), Cellulosepolymere, Lignin, pflanzenölbasierte Biopolymere, wie Rapsol, Rizinusöl, Sojaol und/oder Sonnenblumenöl, Chitin, Chitosan, Caseinkunststoffe (CS/CSF), Gelatine, Polyester, thermoplastisches Biopolyester, Polyethylenterephthalat (PET), Olytrimethylenterephthalat (PTT), Polyethylenfuranoat (PEF), Polysaccharide (Vielfachzucker), biobasierte Säuren, wie Bernsteinsäure und/oder Milchsäure, Polyhydroxybuttersäure (PHB), Polyaminosäuren und/oder Lipide aufweist und/oder daraus besteht.

For this reason, according to the invention, sustainable and ecological materials are primarily proposed as follows:

• For the multilayer structure, in particular for the formation of the carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or the supporting structure ( 6th ) and / or the wear layer ( 7th ) and / or the functional layer ( 8th ), in particular for the film layers and / or metallic and / or metal-containing layers and / or coatings as material a biopolymer-containing and / or a biopolymer, preferably a biodegradable material and / or a biogenic raw material, in particular a material made of organic substances, preferably a vegetable and / or substance and / or raw material based on living beings, in particular based on wood, cellulose, lignin, starch, sugar, vegetable oil, chitin, casein, gelatine, crab shells, animal and / or vegetable proteins, fungi, insects, bacteria, zein and / or algae and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyactide (PLA), bio-copolyester, terpolyester, bio-polyurethanes (Bio-PUR), bio-polyamides (Bio-PA) , Starch polymers, preferably thermoplastic starches (TPS), cellulose polymers, lignin, vegetable oil-based biopolymers such as rapeseed oil, castor oil, soybean oil and / or sunflower oil, chitin, chitosan, casein plastics (CS / CSF), gelatine, polyester, thermoplastic biopolyester, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), olefin trimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polyethylene furanoate (PEF), polysaccharides (polyols), bio-based acids such as succinic acid and / or lactic acid, polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB), polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB) and / or comprises and / or consists of lipids.

Preferably elastic, plastic material is also provided, in particular polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PUR), polyethylene (PE), polyester, in particular polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and / or polypropylene (PP), natural fiber reinforced plastic (NFK), perfluorocarbons (PFC), Acrylate, linoleum, rubber, an elastomer, cork, a polyolefin, a chlorine-free plastic, solid wood, wood-based materials, a compact laminate, metal, in particular sheet metal, and / or consists thereof.

Outside of the layer structure ( A. ) is provided, in particular on the underside, facing away from the use side, a connecting layer, in particular a paper layer resinated with melamine resin and / or an adhesive layer, preferably comprising a polyacrylate adhesive, and / or a layer comprising paper, fleece and / or fabric, is provided, in particular wherein the connecting layer has a compensating, protective, adhesive, adhesive, damping, connecting and / or adapter function.

Furthermore, it is provided that in particular the carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or the supporting structure ( 6th ) a, preferably elastic, plastic material, in particular polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PUR), polyethylene (PE), polyester, in particular polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and / or polypropylene (PP), a natural fiber reinforced plastic (NFK), perfluorocarbons (PFC) , Acrylate, linoleum, rubber, an elastomer, cork, a polyolefin, a chlorine-free plastic, and / or a biopolymer material and / or solid wood, wood-based materials, a compact laminate and / or metal, in particular sheet metal, and / or consists thereof.

In addition, it is provided that the film layer and / or coatings, preferably designed as a plastic film layer and / or plastic film and / or as paper, have a layer thickness between 1 μm 35 to 2,500 μm, preferably between 3 μm to 500 μm, more preferably between 5 μm to 150 μm µm, and / or that the layer, preferably designed as a carrier plate (13), has a layer thickness of 0.1 mm to 20 mm, preferably 0.3 mm to 10 mm, more preferably 0.5 mm to 5 mm, having.

Furthermore, a method for manufacturing the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) provided, with at least two layers, in particular film layers, of the multi-layer structure ( A. ) connected, in particular pressed, laminated, glued and / or laminated, in particular by means of a roller lamination process and / or a bottle lamination process.

For the production of the component element according to the invention ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) 2 or 3 printing and / or additive manufacturing and / or manufacturing is preferred as the manufacturing method.

It is provided that the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) and / or the layer structure ( A. ) and / or the carrier layer ( 6th ) and / or the supporting structure ( 6th ) and / or the wear layer ( 7th ) and / or the functional layer ( 8th ) and / or the cavity (10) and / or the delimitation ( 9 ) and / or the upstand element ( 9 ) at least one technical-functional element ( 10a ), completely and / or at least partially and / or regionally in 2D and / or 3D printing and / or by additive manufacturing and / or manufacturing can be and / or is generated.

The production of individual items or small and large series using a 3D printer saves time, formwork and storage costs. In particular, additive manufacturing processes with various plastics, metals, ceramics, concrete, can process the materials described above, sometimes also combined with one another, expand the range of applications and, especially in concrete construction, rationalize the mass production of the component elements according to the invention ( 1 ) the path element ( 1a ).

With the help of special construction 3D printers, architectural elements and structures can be produced on the scale of house size.

With such 3D printing devices, such as portal printers, printing extruders or construction cranes with robot arms and suitable printing materials, such as lightweight concrete substrates, or 3D printable mortar substrates, the inventive track element ( 1a ) are advantageously trained.

The 2-D or 3-D printing of the web element is provided both in the prefabricated construction method at the factory and on site at the construction site. Depending on the specific performance requirement, the factory and / or on-site production can be more economical or more advantageous in terms of construction time.

In principle, for the component element ( 1 ) and / or the track element ( 1a ) all of the materials described above for 2D and / or 3 printing can be included as printing substrates and / or provided as additive materials and / or combined with the aforementioned multi-layer structures, preferably additively.

This technology can also be used, for example, to print filigree, bionic structures from the building material concrete, preferably with lightweight and / or porous and / or foam concrete, printing materials and substrates. A component made of printed concrete is extremely resilient. Material studies have shown that forces of 50 Newtons per square millimeter can withstand. This means that the printed material is just as stable as conventional poured concrete.

Of course, the component element according to the invention ( 1 ), especially track element ( 1a ) can also be made with the classic concrete casting, in which the mixture of sand, cement and water has to harden in a formwork. However, this would hardly make it possible to produce components made of concrete with thin struts.

The preferred dimensions and features for the component element according to the invention ( 1 ) Are preferably 15 m wide and 10 m high and any length dimension Preferably for surface prints of 1,000 m ² area over 3 floors, at one The maximum speed is 1 meter / second.

Of course, the 3-D printing can be supplemented by manual activities and these can be integrated into the printing process. For safety reasons, it is recommended to reduce the printing speed to 25 cm / s, for example. For 1 m ² cavity wall could be printed in 5 minutes, for example.

For production as an additive process, "selective binding" is preferred. Thin layers of sand are soaked layer by layer with a mixture of cement and water precisely at the points where the massive structure is to be created. After all layers have set, the excess sand can be removed, leaving the desired concrete structure.

Sand is applied via an automatic spreading device. A three-dimensional rail system ensures that the print head can control any point in the room and a nozzle can moisten the desired areas. Success depends, among other things, on the thickness of the layers, the grain size of the sand, the speed at which the print head moves and the selection of the nozzles. A print head can, for example, be equipped with several thousand nozzles in order to print variably different materials and structures, in particular also large print volumes, preferably from 1 to 100 m ³ with the 3-D printer.

An alternative is the extrusion process, with which ready-mixed concrete can be processed.

The main advantage here is the high construction speed. Multifunctional components can be manufactured through the choice of material components and the formation of internal cavity structures. The addition of wood chips, which contain a lot of air, for example, ensures integrated thermal insulation that protects a building from cooling down in winter and prevents it from heating up in summer.

In particular, lightweight concrete substrates with e.g. wood fiber additives are preferred. Recycled materials can also be added to the concrete recipe, which is good for the environment.

The wood-lightweight concrete mixture of cement, wood and water is pumped through a nozzle - in this way the concrete is formed into strands about 2 centimeters thick. The nozzle is attached to a robot arm, which, controlled by a computer, lays the strands on top of one another in such a way that the desired structure is formed.

Lightweight wood concrete is just as resilient and heat-insulating as conventional gas concrete. The lightweight wood concrete can be easily sawed, milled and drilled.

The 2 and 3D printing not only enables more freedom of design, but also more variety, because each component can be designed individually without incurring additional costs. The 3 D printing of a component element according to the invention ( 1 ) and / or a track element ( 1a ) enables a large variety of shapes and - even with small quantities - high economic efficiency. For example, curved and even wave-shaped walls or spherical shaped component elements ( 1 ), such as shells or envelopes. The inner and outer walls of the building can all be printed at the same time.

Thus, the inventive track element ( 1a ) For example, preferably, closed or partially open cavities. The cavities reduce the weight of the track element, in which, for example, previously massive construction elements such as cast concrete components are produced using new lightweight concrete substrates in 3-D printing. A substrate is essentially understood to mean a specific material or different material mixtures. It is provided that such a component has a very high material density, for example 100%, for example in the wear layer, that is to say the surface that can be driven on. In the middle of the component, for example, cavities with a material density of only 50% or less can be provided. This is ensured by the choice of the layer thickness in the 3 D printing production process, which, depending on the material or so-called substrate use, can be very fine at 1 mm or less or very roughly up to 10 cm or higher. The material density per layer can be generated constructively by means of cavities provided in the layer by means of a suitable cavity structure in which, for example, not 100% material is printed over the entire area per layer, but only 20% material, for example. In this way, for example, filigree bionic support structures with a high static load capacity can be printed, similar to the structure of a human bone, which has a filigree inner cavity support structure.

The substrate can also be made porous and foam-containing. The special material composition creates a cavity structure. Delayed foaming after the printing process is also provided here.

3D printing also enables the use of different printing substrates, e.g. printing devices with several printing extruders or robot arms are provided. Each printing extruder prints the substrate or material that requires the predefined performance requirements and performance properties of the web element. For example, the usable surface that can be driven on can be made of an extremely resilient and wear-resistant material, such as a ceramic or porcelain-containing material. Fiber materials such as carbon fibers can also be added as additives to increase the load capacity and breaking strength, or e.g. photoluminescent pigments for lane lighting or marking or substances for air purification. In this way, the track element can be optimally adapted and designed to meet every performance requirement in a material and construction-specific manner.

Furthermore, cavities can also be provided within the track element, which have different functions, such as tubular cavities for installations, cable ducts, water and sewage pipes or devices, cavities for water storage, heating devices for warming the carriageway to avoid slippery ice, cavities for greenery, plantings.

The 3-D printing also enables the adapter elements according to the invention for attachment to on-site support points and / or delimitation and edging elements. For example, a soundproofing wall and / or in the middle area can be in the edge area of the track element an anti-glare device for oncoming traffic can also be printed.

According to the invention, the production of the concrete is of particular importance, in particular an ultra-high-strength concrete (UHPC) and / or an ultra-high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) Concretes designed in this way enable heavy-duty, thin-walled construction elements to be produced, especially in 3-D printing.

The following are preferred concrete formulations for the production of a structural element according to the invention ( 1 ) and / or path element ( 1a ).

The most important component of concrete is the cement stone matrix, which is essentially produced from the binding agent cement and water. The cement paste envelops the aggregates such as natural aggregates and glues them together. The denser and more pore-free the cement stone matrix, the denser, stronger and more durable the concrete will be.

A binder mixture of Portland cement, blast furnace slag or fly ash is preferably used. The cement stone matrix can be further improved by a granulometric optimization of the fine materials below 0.063 mm grain size. Cement grains have an average grain diameter of approx. 30 to 80 micrometers. The addition of significantly smaller and hydraulically active substances with a diameter in the single-digit micrometer range or nanometer range fills the interstices between the cement grains and leads to a compaction of the structure. This is preferably silica dust or also aluminosilicates, metakaolin, finely ground cements or industrially produced nanosilica.

In the range from 60 to 125 micrometers, i.e. above the cement grain, ground, graded rock powder is used to precisely define the grading curve. A second measure is to reduce the water content to a w / c ratio of 0.3 to 0.2 (water-cement ratio). On the one hand, this minimizes the water film and thus the distance between the cement grains. On the other hand, due to the lack of water, the cement grains only react on the surface and approx. 70% of the cement grain remains as high-strength aggregate. In order for the concrete to be flowable or self-compacting, large quantities of high-performance superplasticizers based on polycarboxylate ether (PCE) are required.

The two measures described are intended to produce concrete with a cylinder compressive strength of 100 to 150 N / mm ^{2 when using aggregates such as quartz or basalt.} With such test specimens, the concrete no longer fails around the aggregate, but the crack goes through them.

According to the invention, further increases in the mechanical characteristics require additional measures. On the one hand, the usual grain sizes can be replaced by aggregates of high strength and density such as corundum or other natural or industrially produced abrasives. Secondly, by adding steel fibers (up to more than 3% by volume or 250 kg / m ³ ), additional high-strength components are introduced (steel fiber concrete). These steel fibers, often also as a fiber cocktail, not only lead to ductile behavior, but also significantly increase the compressive strength of the concrete. In the case of concretes with silica fume, as a third measure, thermal post-treatment in the first week leads to an accelerated hydraulic reaction of the silica with a further improvement in mechanical characteristics (pozzolanic reaction).

• • UHPFRC „Ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete“
• • UHSC „Ultra high strength concrete“
• • UHPdC „Ultra high perfomance ductile concrete‟
• • DFRCC „Ductile fiber reinforced cementitious composite“
• • SHCC „Strain hardening cementitious composite“
• • ECC „Engineered cementitious composite“
• • UHP-HFRC „Ultra high performance hybrid fibre reinforced concrete“
• • HPFRCC „High performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites“
• • RPC „Reactice powder concrete“
• • UHFB „Ultra hochfester Beton“ (Deutsch)
• • UHFB „Ultra-Hochleistungs-Faserbeton“ (Schweiz)
• • UHFB „Ultra-Hochfester-Faserverbund-Baustoff“ (Schweiz)
• • UHLB „Ultra Hochleistungsbeton“ (Deutsch)
• • BFUB „Beton fibre à ultra-hautes performances“ (französisch)
• • BPR „Beton de Poudres Reactives“ (französisch)

The invention includes in particular the use of the following concrete terms for UHPC, in particular defining the components or isolated properties more precisely or coming from other linguistic areas, in particular where a component element ( 1 ) and / or track element ( 1a ) can be generated completely and / or at least partially and / or in areas in 2D and / or 3D printing and / or by additive manufacturing and / or manufacturing and / or is generated with one of the following concrete designations:

• • UHPFRC "Ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete"
• • UHSC "Ultra high strength concrete"
• • UHPdC "Ultra high performance ductile concrete"
• • DFRCC "Ductile fiber reinforced cementitious composite"
• • SHCC "Strain hardening cementitious composite"
• • ECC "Engineered cementitious composite"
• • UHP-HFRC "Ultra high performance hybrid fiber reinforced concrete"
• • HPFRCC "High performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites"
• • RPC "Reactice powder concrete"
• • UHFB "Ultra high-strength concrete" (German)
• • UHFB "Ultra-High-Performance Fiber Concrete" (Switzerland)
• • UHFB "Ultra-high-strength fiber composite building material" (Switzerland)
• • UHLB "Ultra High Performance Concrete" (German)
• • BFUB "Beton fiber à ultra-hautes performances" (French)
• • BPR "Beton de Poudres Reactives" (French)

A particularly preferred area of application is that component element according to the invention ( 1 ), especially track element ( 1a ) to be provided and / or designed as a track-bound rail, traffic, rail traffic, track, rail traffic rehabilitation element, in particular for at least one rail element.

In the railway sector, rails are linear support and guide elements, which are usually arranged in pairs and parallel to one another at a distance of the track width and form the track for rail vehicles.

Early rails in this sense were ruts, tree trunks laid out lengthways or wooden planks. Modern rails are standardized and standardized rolled steel products. They are fixed at regular, short intervals, mostly on railway sleepers made of concrete, steel, wood or plastic, which are laid out transversely to the track axis, and together with the iron and the bedding, they form the superstructure of a railway line.

Rail technology is an outdated technical principle from the 1800s that is still in use today. An iron roller that runs on an iron rail is a technology that is economically and functionally no longer up-to-date, due to the high operating and maintenance costs of vehicles and rail systems and signal boxes, as well as the strong noise generated by the rolling friction of the iron rollers. The disadvantage here is the very high level of noise generated by rolling noise, which leads to considerable annoying noise in adjacent residential areas.

Nevertheless, the technical principle "iron wheel rolls on an iron rail" is used almost unchanged today and billions of euros from taxpayers' money are invested in the renovation of this outdated technology. The track element according to the invention ( 1a ) enables an economical and inexpensive renovation of the entire global rail network in which the inventive rail element ( 1a ) using the adapter elements ( 3 ) on the rails ( 4th ), which in this case uses the on-site support elements ( 4th ) is provided.

This enables a newly created roadway that can be used with modern, quiet road vehicles, especially electric vehicles, with all the advantages of the traffic system according to the invention, in particular the automated "Network to everything" (N2X) control with quiet electric shuttle vehicles and / or electric cargo vehicles . In addition, the traffic system according to the invention enables a fundamental logistical simplification of the previous, very complex traffic and timetable system, in particular of the Deutsche Bahn, through the introduction of the intelligent, self-sufficient route circuits according to the invention. The self-sufficient route cycles have the advantage that a timetable is no longer necessary, as vehicles are constantly available for use by the passenger according to defined cycle times. Depending on requirements, variable cycle times of, for example, preferably 2-15 minutes can be implemented.

The track element according to the invention ( 1a ) can be made up of one track or a plurality of tracks, e.g. a separate track of track elements ( 1a ) are provided.

This leads to a cost-effective solution, especially with large track widths of the rail tracks, since less material can be saved.

• 600 mm, 762 mm, 914 mm, 1000 mm, 1067 mm, 1372mm, 1435 mm, 1520 mm, 1600 mm, 1668 mm, 1676mm ausgebildet und/oder vorgesehen.

The path element ( 1a ), as well as the adapter elements ( 3 ), are preferably intended and / or designed for rail gauges from 300 mm to 2500 m, particularly preferred for the following common rail gauges ( c ):

• 600 mm, 762 mm, 914 mm, 1000 mm, 1067 mm, 1372 mm, 1435 mm, 1520 mm, 1600 mm, 1668 mm, 1676 mm formed and / or provided.

Due to the advantages mentioned above, it is preferably provided that at least one- and / or two- and / or three-dimensional delimitation ( 9 ) and / or backsplash ( 9 ) and / or marking ( 9 ), Signal and / or route element ( 9 ), preferably in the edge area and / or in the middle area of the web element.

The component element ( 1 ), especially track element ( 1a ) is in particular for a track and / or rail-bound transport system and / or rail network and / or railway system and / or railway infrastructure, in particular for a train station and / or a signal box, and / or a rail-bound means of transport and / or vehicle and / or rail-bound Rolling stock, preferably a rail vehicle and / or a railroad and / or a railroad car and / or a train and / or a locomotive and / or a motor vehicle designed and / or provided.

Figure list

• 1 shows a schematic representation of a first embodiment of a component element or track element according to the invention.
• 2 shows a schematic representation of the first embodiment of a component element or track element according to the invention with a different arrangement.
• 3 shows a schematic representation of the first embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention with a different arrangement than in the previous figures.
• 4th shows a schematic representation of the first embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention with a different arrangement than in the previous figures.
• 5 shows a schematic representation of the first embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention with a different arrangement than in the previous figures.
• 6th shows a schematic representation of a variant of the first embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.
• 7th shows a schematic representation of a further variant of the first embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.
• 8th shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.
• 9 shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.
• 10 shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.
• 11 shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.
• 12th shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.
• 13th shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.
• 14th shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.
• 15th shows a schematic representation of a further embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.
• 16 FIG. 13 shows a detailed illustration of a connection of the embodiment according to FIG
• 17th shows a variant of the embodiment according to 16 .
• 18th shows a variant of the embodiment according to 16 .
• 19th shows a variant of the embodiment according to 16 .
• 20th shows a variant of the embodiment according to 16 .
• 21 shows a variant of the embodiment according to 16 .
• 22nd shows a variant of the embodiment according to 16 .
• 23 shows a representation of a road cross-section.
• 24 shows a representation of the road cross-section with lane element,
• 25th shows a schematic representation of a second embodiment of a component element or track element according to the invention.
• 26th shows a schematic representation of a variant of the second embodiment of the component element or track element according to the invention.

Embodiments with reference to the figures

The figures illustrate a component element 1 for use as a track element 1a for the production and / or rehabilitation of railways, streets and / or sidewalks and / or multifunctional and / or temporary railways for means of transport 2 and / or pedestrians 2 and / or means which can be moved on the web, comprising at least one web with a carrier layer 6th and / or supporting structure 6th , in which
a version as a prefabricated element,
a multi-layer structure A. ,
an adapter element 3 for fastening the component element with a fixed environment,
a reusable and / or recyclable design,
Lanyards, such as dovetail joints 11b to add multiple modular part features 1 to be connected in a longitudinal direction,
an outer wear layer 7th and one between the wear layer 7th and the functional layer 10 arranged on the carrier layer,
a prefabricated road or prefabricated railway with at least one component element 1 , as
a method for generating a prefabricated road or prefabricated railway with at least one component element,
to be discribed.

1 shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a with a single layer structure with a carrier layer 6th and / or supporting structure 6th and / or a wear layer 7th .

The component shown 1 and / or track element 1a serves as a track for means of transport 2 and / or pedestrians 2 and / or robots 2 and / or entities 2 The locomotion can take place through physical contact with the track surface with and / or without physical contact, as shown here, for example through levitation technologies, in particular magnetic levitation technology.

In principle, it is provided that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a as a prefabricated component element and / or on-site component element 1 is formed and / or generated and / or can be generated.

It goes without saying that the component element and / or track element preferably has at least one incline or gradient in at least one direction and / or is porous and / or perforated or at least partially open in order to drain rainwater.

The carrier layer 6th and / or supporting structure 6th and the wear layer 7th are here, for example, made of a single, homogeneous, such as lightweight concrete. At the same time, the material meets the technical performance requirements for the carrier layer 6th and / or supporting structure 6th and the wear layer 7th .

2 shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a with a single layer structure with a carrier layer 6th and / or supporting structure 6th and / or a wear layer 7th and an adapter element 3 how 1 but that on an on-site support element 4th is provided or fastened by means of the adapter element 3 . The on-site support element can be provided, for example, as an existing foundation and / or a newly created foundation, preferably as a removable foundation element, preferably a screw foundation. The component and / or track element shown serves as a track for means of locomotion 2 and / or pedestrians 2 and / or robots 2 and / or entities 2 wherein the locomotion is provided by physical contact with the web surface.

3 shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 and 2 , but arranged so that the surface of the component element 1 and / or track element 1a runs at least in some areas level with the adjacent terrain surface with a tolerance of plus / minus 25 cm and preferably a joint or shadow joint in the edge area of the component element d is designed for the terrain, preferably with a perforated, preferably walk-on element for draining water. Below the component element 1 and / or track element 1a a closed and / or partially open cavity is arranged with installation space for at least one technical-functional element 10a and / or cavity for water devices 10b and / or cavity for greening devices 10c .

4th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 to 3 , but designed as a 4-lane motorway and as a tubular, upwardly open component element, with the upwardly directed opening preferably at the same height as the adjacent terrain surface with a tolerance of plus / minus 25 cm. This has the advantage that the noise generated by vehicles for the environment is significantly reduced and / or the train is integrated into the landscape in terms of design.

The outer shell of the tube is preferably made of lightweight concrete material and / or ultra-high strength concrete (UHPC), preferably produced by pressure and / or concrete casting. The outer shell of the tube is a possible and preferred embodiment of the one- and / or two- and / or three-dimensional delimitation according to the invention 9 and / or upstand element 9 . The component element 1 and / or track element 1a also contains a closed and an open cavity 10 arranged with installation space for at least one technical-functional element 10a and / or cavity for water devices 10b and / or cavity for greening devices 10c Of course, tracks or lanes can also be arranged on top of one another on several levels.

It goes without saying that the component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a A large number of designs and combinations can be provided both in terms of design and function, with variable and different arrangements of the aforementioned features 1 , 1a , 9 and10.

5 shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 to 4th , designed as a 4-lane motorway and as a tubular component element closed at the top.

The component element 1 rests on two support elements on the railing surface e are arranged, the adapter elements are not shown. The one- and / or two- and / or three-dimensional delimitation according to the invention 9 and / or upstand element 9 are provided here as a transparent and / or translucent covered shell, preferably made of plastic and / or glass material.

6th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 to 5 wherein the component element 1 is provided and / or designed as a cantilever structure with at least one adapter element 3 , preferably for fastening and / or assembly, in particular for bearing and cantilevered and / or with a clamped fastening to preferably at least one on-site support element 4th .

7th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 to 6th wherein the component element 1 is intended as a hanging structure above the surface of the terrain.

8th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 to 7th , but with a multi-layer structure A. with a carrier layer 6th and / or supporting structure 6th and a separate wear layer 7th A separately arranged wear layer has the advantage that the usable surface has exactly the specific usage and performance requirements, for example of a road surface. A two-layer structure is a cost-effective, economical variant, which is also intended in particular for road renovation.

The separate wear layer 7th can of course also be provided as a separate renovation surface for road renovation, for example by gluing ceramic / porcelain plates, which are arranged on an asphalt layer in need of renovation, for example by gluing.

9 shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 to 8th , but with a multi-layer structure A. with a carrier layer 6th and / or supporting structure 6th and a separate wear layer 7th and the arrangement of further functional layers 8th . Functional layers are preferably used for additional functions and technical properties in the component element 1 and / or track element 1a to arrange and / or integrate.

In principle, it is provided according to the invention that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a and / or the multilayer structure A. and / or the carrier layer 6th and / or the supporting structure 6th and / or the wear layer 7th and / or the functional layer 8th and / or the cavity 10 and / or the delimitation 9 and / or upstand element 9 at least one technical-functional element 10a , preferably with at least one electronic and / or digital hardware element and / or a software and / or APP application, in particular for digital communication and / or for data exchange and / or for data streaming, in particular for traffic control and / or regulation and / or steering and / or telematics and / or an installation, plumbing, heating, electrical, lighting, air conditioning, particularly preferably electronic hardware, software, computer, camera, display, sensor, Electronic, digital technology element and / or in particular at least one cavity 9 to save weight and / or to improve the stability of the component element 1 and / or for natural elements, in particular water, 10b and / or greening devices ( 10c ) preferably contains for plants, trees, bushes or soil substrates and / or is designed and / or provided in such a way.

10 shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 to 9 , it being provided that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a at least one one- and / or two- and / or three-dimensional delimitation 9 and / or upstand element 9 , in particular, marking 9 , Signal and / or guideway element 9 , preferably in the edge area and / or in the middle area of the web element. 10 shows in particular lateral, wall-like roadway delimitation elements.

11 shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 to 10 , it being provided that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a at least one one- and / or two- and / or three-dimensional delimitation 9 and / or upstand element 9 , in particular, marking 9 , Signal and / or guideway element 9 , preferably in the edge area and / or in the middle area of the web element. 10 shows in particular higher lateral, wall-like roadway delimitation elements, which are provided, for example, as noise protection and / or anti-glare walls and / or greening devices, for example on a 4-lane motorway. The demarcation 9 and / or upstand elements 9 can be arranged in all three spatial axes x, y, z - and / or in any shape and angle.

12th FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross section, not to scale, of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 to 11 , but with the arrangement of cavities 10.

In principle, it is provided that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a as a prefabricated component element and / or on-site component element 1 and / or has an at least partially closed and / or at least partially open cavity (10) and / or is and / or is preferably at least partially plate-shaped and / or tubular.

It is also provided that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a and / or the layer structure A. and / or the carrier layer 6th and / or the supporting structure 6th and / or the wear layer 7th and / or the functional layer 8th and / or the cavity 10 and / or the delimitation 9 and / or upstand element 9 at least one technical-functional element 10a , preferably with at least one electronic and / or digital hardware element and / or a software and / or APP application, in particular for digital communication and / or for data exchange and / or for data streaming, in particular for traffic control and / or regulation and / or steering and / or telematics and / or an installation, plumbing, heating, electrical, lighting, air conditioning, particularly preferably electronic hardware, software, computer, camera, display, sensor, Electronic, digital technology element and / or in particular at least one cavity 9 to save weight and / or to improve the stability of the component element 1 and / or for natural elements, in particular water, 10b and / or greening devices 10c preferably contains for plants, trees, bushes or soil substrates and / or is designed and / or provided in such a way.

It is preferably provided that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a and / or the layer structure A. and / or the carrier layer 6th and / or the supporting structure 6th and / or the wear layer 7th and / or the functional layer 8th and / or the cavity 10 and / or the delimitation 9 and / or upstand element 9 at least one technical-functional element 10a , can be generated and / or is generated completely and / or at least partially and / or in areas in 2D and / or 3D printing.

It is also provided that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a and / or the layer structure A. and / or the carrier layer 6th and / or the supporting structure 6th and / or the wear layer 7th and / or the functional layer 8th and / or the cavity 10 and / or the delimitation 9 and / or upstand element 9 is preferably water-permeable and / or waterproof and / or waterproof and / or water-bearing and / or water-generating and / or water-draining and / or water-resistant and / or water-storing and / or water-distributing and / or water-atomizing and / or water-dispensing and / or water-containing.

13th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a with a single layer structure with a carrier layer 6th and / or supporting structure 6th and / or a wear layer 7th and / or at least one functional layer 8th . The functional layer 8th can in principle be arranged above and / or below the carrier layer and serves to improve the functional and technical properties of the component element.

In particular for the formation of the carrier layer 6th prefabricated components and / or on-site wooden construction elements made of solid structural timber (KVH) and / or glued laminated timber (BSH) and / or laminated veneer lumber (LVL) are preferred. Wood is a light and renewable raw material and recyclable material and therefore makes ecological sense. Fast-growing grass such as bamboo is also preferred. Wood-based materials such as OSB, HDF, MDF or wood fiber boards are preferred.

In particular, laminated veneer lumber (LVL), which is used in 13th shown, has a low weight of only about 480 kg / m ³ and is structurally significantly more resilient than solid structural timber (KVH) or glued laminated timber (BSH). An LVL ceiling element has a preferred length ( L. ) from 1m to 18m, one width b from 0.4m -18 m and a height H from 0.1 to 1m.

Waterproof and water-resistant wood material is preferably used for the web element according to the invention. This can be achieved through appropriate impregnation, such as boiler pressure impregnation or the use of heat-treated wood, as well as through constructive wood protection measures in which the wood is protected from moisture by waterproof covering materials.

As a wear layer 6th Resilient metal layers, ceramic layers, foil layers and seals are preferred. A thin-layer ceramic and / or porcelain-ceramic layer is particularly advantageous because it is waterproof, non-combustible and highly wear-resistant. Such a layer is provided according to the invention and preferably as structural wood protection and as a drivable wear layer or a permanent and robust road surface for the track element.

• -Chemikalienbeständig : eine derartige Nutzschicht (6) widersteht organischen und anorganischen Lösungsmitteln. Desinfektions- und Reinigungsmittel beschädigen die Oberfläche nicht. Es kann einfach gereinigt werden und die Oberflächeneigenschaften bleiben dabei erhalten.
• -Hygienisch: eine derartige Nutzschicht 6 ist absolut Lebensmittelecht da keinerlei Stoffe ausdunsten. Pilze, Bakterien und Schimmel können nicht in die Oberfläche eindringen und ist einfach zu reinigen lässt sich mit handelsüblichen Reinigungsmitteln.
• -Feuerbeständig : eine derartige Nutzschicht 6 besteht aus 100% nicht organischen Materialien und ist als nichtbrennbarer Werkstoff einzustufen und entwickelt mm Falle von Feuer weder Rauch noch gibt sie Giftstoffe ab.
• -Hitzebeständig: eine derartige Nutzschicht 6 bleibt auch bei Hitzeeinwirkung Form- und Oberflächenstabil.
• - Frostbeständig: eine derartige Nutzschicht 6 ist frostbeständig und kommt in allen atmosphärischen und klimatischen Bedingungen zu recht und nimmt praktisch keine Feuchtigkeit auf (Koeffizient nahe 0).
• - Kratzfest: eine derartige Nutzschicht 6 hat eine abriebfeste und absolut kratzunempfindliche Porzellanoberfläche, MOHS-Härte = 8 (Industriediamant = 10). Seine Eigenschaften bleiben deshalb auch nach intensivem Gebrauch und häufiger Reinigung unverändert und ist UV-beständig da keine organischen Pigmente enthalten sind ist es absolut UV-beständig. -Biegefest: eine derartige Nutzschicht 6 besitzt eine hohe Bruchfestigkeit. - Umweltfreundlich und recyclebar: eine derartige Nutzschicht 6 ist ein hundertprozentiges Naturprodukt und wird aus den gleichen Rohstoffen wie herkömmliches Porzellangeschirr hergestellt. Es belastet die Umwelt nicht und kann sehr einfach gemahlen und für andere Produktionsprozesse recycelt werden.
• -Demontierbar: eine derartige Nutzschicht 6 aus Porzellankeramik kann auf die unterschiedlichsten Funktionsschichten 8 wie z.B. Trägermaterialien und/oder Trägerplatten reversibel verklebt oder schwimmend verlegt werden mit hoher Genauigkeit in verschiedene Formate geschnitten und poliert werden,
• -Biegefest: eine derartige Nutzschicht 6 besitzt eine hohe Bruchfestigkeit. - Umweltfreundlich und recyclebar: eine derartige Nutzschicht 6 ist ein hundertprozentiges Naturprodukt und wird aus den gleichen Rohstoffen wie herkömmliches Porzellangeschirr hergestellt. Es belastet die Umwelt nicht und kann sehr einfach gemahlen und für andere Produktionsprozesse recycelt werden.

As a wear layer 6th a 3 mm to 20 mm thick porcelain ceramic plate is particularly preferred, which is preferably 1000x3000 mm in size with the following properties:

• -Chemical resistant: such a wear layer ( 6th ) withstands organic and inorganic solvents. Disinfectants and cleaning agents do not damage the surface. It can be cleaned easily and the surface properties are retained.
• -Hygienic: such a wear layer 6th is absolutely food safe as no substances evaporate. Fungi, bacteria and mold cannot penetrate the surface and is easy to clean using standard cleaning agents.
• -Fire-resistant: such a wear layer 6th consists of 100% non-organic materials and is classified as a non-flammable material and in the event of fire does not develop smoke or emit toxins.
• -Heat resistant: such a wear layer 6th remains shape and surface stable even when exposed to heat.
• - Frost-resistant: such a wear layer 6th is frost-resistant and can cope with all atmospheric and climatic conditions and practically does not absorb any moisture (coefficient close to 0).
• - Scratch-resistant: such a wear layer 6th has an abrasion-resistant and absolutely scratch-resistant porcelain surface, MOHS hardness = 8 (industrial diamond = 10). Its properties therefore remain unchanged even after intensive use and frequent cleaning and is UV-resistant as it does not contain any organic pigments, it is absolutely UV-resistant. -Bending resistant: such a wear layer 6th has a high breaking strength. - Environmentally friendly and recyclable: such a wear layer 6th is a 100% natural product and is made from the same raw materials as conventional porcelain tableware. It does not pollute the environment and can be easily ground and recycled for other production processes.
• -Demountable: such a wear layer 6th porcelain ceramic can be applied to a wide variety of functional layers 8th such as carrier materials and / or carrier plates reversibly glued or laid floating are cut and polished with high accuracy in different formats,
• -Bending resistant: such a wear layer 6th has a high breaking strength. - Environmentally friendly and recyclable: such a wear layer 6th is a 100% natural product and is made from the same raw materials as conventional porcelain tableware. It does not pollute the environment and can be easily ground and recycled for other production processes.

14th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a according to 1 to 13th , but with the arrangement of cavities 10, the component element 1 and / or the layer structure A. and / or the carrier layer 6th and / or the supporting structure 6th and / or the wear layer 7th and / or the functional layer ( 8th ) and / or the cavity 10 and / or the delimitation 9 and / or upstand element 9 and / or at least one technical-functional element 10a , can be generated and / or is generated completely and / or at least partially and / or in areas in 2D and / or 3D printing.

It is provided that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a and / or the layer structure A. and / or the carrier layer 6th and / or the supporting structure 6th and / or the wear layer 7th and / or the functional layer 8th and / or the cavity 10 and / or the delimitation 9 and / or upstand element 9 and / or the single and / or multi-layer structure A. in particular for 2D and / or 3D printing, a wood and / or wood-containing and / or mineral and / or mineral-containing and / or metal-containing and / or metallic material and / or polymer and / or biopolymer, in particular ceramic and / or porcelain-containing, in particular porcelain-ceramic, and / or concrete-containing material, preferably fiber concrete, foam concrete, ultra-high strength concrete (UHPC) and / or asphalt material and / or natural material and / or fiber material and / or an elastic and / or porous one Contains and or has material and / or a film layer and / or reinforcement layer and / or a coating.

15th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section and floor plan of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a and a component element system 1b , in particular track element system 1c according to 1 to 14th , wherein the track element system has at least two interconnected and / or connectable component elements 1 and / or track elements 1a with a locking system 11 by means of a dovetail joint with a seam 11a having.

It is provided for this that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a and / or the layer structure A. and / or the carrier layer 6th and / or the supporting structure 6th and / or the wear layer 7th and / or the functional layer 8th and / or the cavity 10 and / or the delimitation 9 and / or upstand element 9 One of the preceding claims, characterized in that on at least one edge side, preferably on all edge sides, preferably mutually corresponding and / or mutually opposite edge sides complementary, preferably a locking system that can be latched and / or connected to one another 11 and / or contours 11 are provided, in particular wherein the locking contours 11 as a dovetail connection 11b , preferably with a fold 11a , and / or button connection, preferably with a fold 11c and / or push button 11d and / or comb 11e and / or tongue and groove 11f and / or tongue and groove locking connection 11g are formed and / or have at least one connecting means - and / or element, preferably plug-in and / or screw and / or adhesive and / or Velcro and / or magnetic connection and / or form-fitting connections.

Such locking systems have the advantage that they can be connected and dismantled almost without tools, securely and in a form-fitting manner.

Accordingly, it is provided that the component element 1 and / or the track element 1a and / or the layer structure A. and / or the carrier layer 6th and / or the supporting structure 6th and / or the wear layer 7th and / or the functional layer 8th and / or the cavity 10 and / or the delimitation 9 and / or upstand element 9 and / or the single and / or multi-layer structure A. and / or the on-site support element 4th is preferably dismantled and / or dismantled and / or exchangeable and / or reusable and / or recyclable and / or is provided, preferably wherein the on-site support element 4th is designed and / or provided as a removable foundation element, in particular a screw foundation.

In the cross section of the 15th the assembly process sequence is shown. The component element 1 and / or the track element 1a is preferably with a construction crane with the complementary locking contour 11 of a second component element 1 and / or the web element 1a positively connected by lowering from above. At the same time the adapter element 3 with the support element 4th connected. In this way, a road can be built with a very short assembly time.

16 shows in an isometric view the connection principle of a dovetail connection with a rabbet 11a , as the preferred locking contour 11 for, in particular, carrier layers made of wood material.

17th shows in an isometric view the connection principle of a dovetail connection 11b , as the preferred locking contour 11 for, in particular, carrier layers made of wood material.

18th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section and floor plan of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a and a component element system 1b , in particular track element system 1c according to 1 to 17th , wherein the track element system has at least two interconnected and / or connectable component elements 1 and / or track elements 1a with a locking system 11 by means of a button connection with a seam 11c having.

19th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a and a component element system 1b , in particular track element system 1c according to 1 to 18th , wherein the track element system has at least two interconnected and / or connectable component elements 1 and / or track elements 1a with a locking system 11 by means of a push button connection 11d having.

20th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a and a component element system 1b , in particular track element system 1c according to 1 to 19th , wherein the track element system has at least two interconnected and / or connectable component elements 1 and / or track elements 1a with a locking system 11 by means of a comb connection 11e having.

21 shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a and a component element system 1b , in particular track element system 1c according to 1 to 20th , wherein the track element system has at least two interconnected and / or connectable component elements 1 and / or track elements 1a with a locking system 11 by means of a tongue and groove connection 11f having.

22nd shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a component element according to the invention 1 and / or track element 1a and a component element system 1b , in particular track element system 1c according to 1 to 21 , wherein the track element system has at least two interconnected and / or connectable component elements 1 and / or track elements 1a with a locking system 11 by means of a tongue and groove locking connection 11g having.

23 shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a road cross-section in asphalt construction according to the prior art.

24 shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a road cross-section in asphalt construction according to the prior art with the component elements according to the invention 1 and / or track elements 1a as a component element system 1b , in particular track element system 1c according to 1 to 23 is rehabilitated in a time-efficient and cost-effective manner, the track element system at least two interconnected and / or connectable component elements 1 and / or track elements 1a with a locking system 11 by means of a tongue and groove locking connection 11g having.

25th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a railroad track for rail traffic, which is equipped with the component elements according to the invention 1 and / or track elements 1a as a component element system 1b , in particular one-piece web element system 1c according to 1 to 23 is rehabilitated with a web in a time-saving and cost-effective manner, the web element system at least two interconnected and / or connectable component elements 1 and / or track elements 1a with a locking system 11 by means of a tongue and groove locking connection 11g which are not shown in here.

26th shows a schematic, not to scale cross-section of a railroad track for rail traffic, which is equipped with the component elements according to the invention 1 and / or track elements 1a as a component element system 1b , in particular track element system 1c according to 1 to 23 with two tracks, is rehabilitated in a time and cost-effective manner, the track element system at least two interconnected and / or connectable component elements 1 and / or track elements 1a with a locking system 11 by means of a tongue and groove locking connection 11g which are not shown in here.

The examples shown are suitable, for example, for a transport system for passenger transport, in particular for local public transport, with a fleet of shuttle-like means of transport, such as minibuses and / or rail vehicles, in particular according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transport system has a guideway device with at least one Has track element, preferably for the conversion of rail systems and / or / rail tracks and / or for road renovation, wherein the track device and / or the track element is arranged in such a way that at least one locomotion track and / or track for at least one vehicle, in particular road vehicle, is generated and / or wherein the traffic system and / or the guideway device to change and / or improve the functional, technical and / or ecological properties and / or functions of the traffic systems and / or the guideway devices, in particular Europe, preferably de r the city of Wuppertal and / or the Wuppertal suspension railway and / or the Deutsche Bahn.

The lane and / or pedestrian path arrangement is used for vehicles and / or pedestrians, in particular passenger vehicles, such as passenger cars, motor vehicles or cars, buses, motorcycles, bicycles, e-bikes, with a lane and / or sidewalk section from form and stable material, such as concrete elements, wood, with several load-bearing adapter elements, which on the one hand can be fastened to the roadway and / or sidewalk and on the other hand can be fastened to an existing rail arrangement of a train or rail vehicle,
so that a replacement route is formed with the carriageway and / or sidewalk route,
in such a way that the train or rail vehicle can be operated temporarily or permanently by replacement vehicles, such as replacement rail vehicles such as buses, bicycles and / or walking by pedestrians.

It is advantageous if, on the one hand, the adapter elements are designed as metal elements, in particular steel elements, on the one hand to grip the rail through a form-fitting and / or non-positive connection and on the other hand to carry track segments of the roadway and / or sidewalk section, for example
the train is a suspension railway,
the train is a tram,
the substitute route is a combination for at least two of the following objects, namely local transport and / or minibuses, bicycles or pedestrians,
the road and / or sidewalk is predominantly a wooden structure,
the road segments are directly connected to one another,
the lane segments are designed as an area for two-way and two-way traffic.
the roadway segments are multi-story.

It is possible to use a lane and / or pedestrian path arrangement for a transport system, the lane and / or pedestrian path arrangement being used for a transport system for passenger transport, in particular for local public transport, with a fleet of shuttle-like means of transport, such as minibuses, whereby the transport system comprises a guideway device with at least one guideway element.

A conversion of rail systems and / or rail tracks and / or for road and / or path renovation is possible, the guideway device and / or the guideway element being arranged in such a way that at least one locomotion path and / or lane for road vehicles or a pedestrian for road vehicles is generated .

List of reference symbols

1

Component element

1a

Track element

1b

Component element system,

1c

Track element system

2

Means of transport and / or pedestrians and / or robots 2 and / or entities 2

3

Adapter element

4th

Support element

5

Hanging attachment

6th

Support layer and / or support structure

7th

Wear layer

8th

Functional layer

9

one- and / or two- and / or three-dimensional delimitation and / or upstand element of a closed and / or at least partially open cavity

10a

Installation space for at least one technical-functional element

10b

Cavity for water devices

10c

Cavity for greening devices

11

Locking system and / or contours

11a

Dovetail joint with seam

11b

Dovetail connection

11c

Button connection with fold

11d

Push button connection

11e

Comb connection

11f

Tongue and groove connection

11g

Tongue and groove locking connection

12th

on-site subsurface, in particular railway sleeper

A.

multi-layer structure

H

Height, layer thickness

b

width

L.

length

c

Gauge, especially of rail tracks

d

Joint or shadow joint

e

Terrain or terrain surface

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Patent literature cited

• AT 11747 U1 [0029]
• DE 10015394 A1 [0030]

Claims (9)

Component element (1) for use as a track element (1a) for the production and / or renovation of tracks, streets and / or sidewalks and / or multifunctional and / or temporary tracks for means of transport (2) and / or pedestrians (2) and / or on Means which can be moved along the web, comprising at least one web with a support layer (6) and / or support structure (6) and / or at least one wear layer (7). Component element (1) according to Claim 1 , characterized by a design as a prefabricated element. Component element (1) according to Claim 1 or 2 characterized by a single and / or multi-layer structure (A). Component element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by at least one adapter element (3) for fastening the component element to a fixed environment. Component element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a reusable and / or recyclable design. Component element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by connecting means, such as dovetail connections (11b), in order to connect several modular component elements (1) to one another, preferably in a longitudinal direction and / or transverse direction. Component element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by an outer wear layer (7) and at least one functional layer (10) arranged between the wear layer (7) and the carrier layer and / or below the carrier layer. Prefabricated road or prefabricated railway with at least one component element (1) according to one of the preceding claims. Component element, prefabricated road or prefabricated railway, characterized by an embodiment with a component element according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a: component element (1), in particular track element (1a) for the production and / or renovation of railways, streets and / or sidewalks and / or multifunctional and / or temporary tracks for means of transport (2) and / or pedestrians (2) and / or robots (2) and / or entities (2) with and / or without physical contact with the track and / or the track element, consisting of a web and / or a plurality of webs, with a single and / or multi-layer structure (A), preferably provided and or designed as a rail, track-bound rail, traffic, rail traffic, track, road traffic, Aviation traffic, space traffic, water traffic, road, road renovation, parking lot, road construction, construction site, path, sidewalk, bike path, roadway, roadway, architecture, bridge, ground, building , Fas Sade, interior construction, outdoor covering, water supply, sports, leisure facilities, greening, rental, means of transport, vehicle, robot element with at least one support layer (6) and / or support structure (6) and / or at least one Wear layer (7) and / or preferably at least one functional layer (8) and / or component element (1), wherein the component element (1) and / or the web element (1a) is designed as a prefabricated component element and / or on-site component element (1) / or is generated and / or can be generated and / or has at least one at least partially closed and / or at least partially open cavity (10) and / or preferably at least regionally plate-shaped and / or tubular and / or curved and / or curved and / or star-shaped and / or cross-shaped and / or T-, U-, S- and / or spiral-shaped and / or spherical is and / or is designed and / or is, in particular wherein at least one cavity (9) for weight saving and / o which is designed and / or intended to improve the stability of the component element (1) and / or for natural elements, in particular water, (10b) and / or greening devices (10c), preferably for plants, trees, shrubs or soil substrates, and / or Component element (1) according to Claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the component element (1) and / or the track element (1a) has at least one adapter element (3), preferably for fastening and / or assembly, in particular for bearing and / or hanging (5) and / or cantilevered and / or a clamping fastening of the component element (1) and / or the track element (1a) to preferably on-site support elements and / or a fixed environment (4), and / or component element (1), wherein the component element (1 ) and / or the track element (1a) at least one one- and / or two- and / or three-dimensional delimitation (9) and / or edging element (9), in particular, marking (9), signal and / or guideway element ( 9), preferably in the edge area and / or in the middle area of the web element, and / or component element (1), the component element (1) and / or the web element (1a) preferably having a weight of 0.1 kg / per m ³ to 20,000 kg / m ³ , particularly preferably from 480 kg / per m ³ to 1,500 kg / m ³ and / or the component element (1) and / or the track element (1a), preferably a width (b) of 0.01 m to 18 m and / or a height (h) of 0.01 m to 1 m and / or a length (L) of 0.1 m to 18 m and / or the wear layer (7) has a thickness of preferably 0.1 mm to 20 mm, and / or component element (1), the component element (1) and / or the web element (1a) and / or the layer structure (A) and / or the support layer (6) and / or the support structure (6) and / or the Wear layer (7) and / or the functional layer (8) and / or the cavity (10) and / or the delimitation (9) and / or the upstand element (9) and / or the single and / or multi-layer structure (A. ) and / or the on-site support element (4) is preferably designed and / or provided so that it can be dismantled and / or dismantled and / or exchangeable and / or re-usable and / or recyclable, preferably with the on-site support element (4) as a dismountable foundation element , in particular screw foundation is formed and / or provided, and / or component element (1), wherein the component element (1) and / or the track element (1a) and / or the layer structure (A) and / or the carrier layer (6) and / or the supporting structure (6) and / or the wear layer (7) and / or the functional layer (8) and / or the cavity (10) and / or the delimitation (9) and / or the upstand element (9), with an at least one edge side, preferably on all edge sides, preferably corresponding to one another End and / or mutually opposite edge sides complementary, preferably a locking system (11) and / or locking contours (11) that can be latched and / or connected to one another are provided, in particular the locking contours (11) as a dovetail connection (11b), preferably with a fold (11a,) and / or button connection, preferably with a fold (11c), and / or push button (11d) and / or comb connection (11e) and / or tongue and groove (11f) and / or tongue and groove locking connection ( 11g) are formed and / or has at least one connecting means and / or element, preferably a plug-in and / or screw and / or adhesive and / or Velcro and / or magnetic connection and / or at least one positive connection and / or is provided, and / or component element (1), wherein the component element (1) and / or the web element (1a) and / or the layer structure (A) and / or the carrier layer (6) and / or the support structure (6) and / or the wear layer (7) and / or the F Functional layer (8) and / or the cavity (10) and / or the delimitation (9) and / or the upstand element (9) at least one technical-functional element, preferably with at least one electronic and / or digital hardware element and / or one Software and / or APP application, in particular for digital communication and / or for data exchange and / or for data streaming, in particular for traffic control and / or regulation and / or guidance and / or telematics and / or installation, plumbing -, heating, electrical, lighting, air conditioning, signal, information, particularly preferably electronic hardware, software, computer, camera, display, sensor, electronics, digital technology element and / or such formed and / or provided for it, and / or component element (1), wherein the component element (1) and / or the web element (1a) and / or the layer structure (A) and / or the carrier layer (6) and / or the Support structure (6) and / or the wear layer (7) and / or the functional layer (8) and / or the cavity (10) and / or the delimitation (9) and / or the upstand element (9) and / or at least one technical-functional element ( 10a) can be and / or is generated completely and / or at least partially and / or in areas in 2D and / or 3D printing and / or by additive manufacturing and / or manufacturing, and / or. Component element (1), wherein the component element (1) and / or the web element (1a) and / or the layer structure (A) and / or the carrier layer (6) and / or the supporting structure (6) and / or the wear layer (7 ) and / or the functional layer (8) and / or the cavity (10) and / or the delimitation (9) and / or the edging element (9) and / or the single and / or multi-layer structure (A), in particular for 2D and / or 3D printing and / or additive manufacturing and / or manufacturing is provided, with a wood and / or wood-containing and / or mineral and / or mineral-containing and / or metal-containing and / or metallic material and / or or polymeric and / or biopolymeric, especially ceramic and / or porcelain-containing, especially porcelain-ceramic, and / or concrete-containing material, preferably fiber, porous, foam concrete, ultra-high-strength concrete (UHPC) and / or ultra-high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) and / or asphalt - and / or natural and / or fiber material and / or an elas table and / or porous material and / or a film layer and / or reinforcement layer and / or coating contains and or has and / or an insulation, compensation, protection, adhesive, adhesive, damping, connection, soundproofing, Thermal insulation, shut-off, antistatic, power line, air cleaning, fire protection, sun protection, conductor track and / or adapter function included and / or provided, and / or component element (1), the component element (1) and / or the web element (1a) and / or the layer structure (A) and / or the support layer (6) and / or the support structure (6) and / or the wear layer (7) and / or the functional layer (8) and / or the Cavity (10) and / or the delimitation (9) and / or the upstand element (9) preferably water-permeable and / or waterproof and / or waterproof and / or water-bearing and / or water-generating and / or water-draining and / or water-resistant and / or water-storing and / or water-distributing and / or water-atomizing and / or water-dispensing and / or water-containing and / or water-energetic usable is provided and / or designed, and / or component element (1), the component element (1) for use in a component element system (1b) and / or track element system (1c) and / or method comes, wherein the track element system has at least two interconnected and / or connectable component elements (1) and / or track elements (1a) and / or can be and / or is produced therefrom, and / or component element (1), wherein a single and / or multi-layer structure (A), preferably provided and or designed as a railway, track-bound railway, traffic, rail traffic, track, road traffic, aviation traffic, space traffic, water traffic, road, road renovation -, parking lot, road construction, construction site, path, sidewalk, bike path, driveway, roadway, architecture, bridge, floor, building, facade, interior construction, outdoor surface, water supply, Sports, leisure t systems, greening, rental, means of transport, vehicle, robot element with at least one wear layer (7) and / or preferably at least one support layer (6) and / or a support structure (6) and / or at least one functional layer ( 8th).

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