DE202018006192U1 - AC charging device for a motor vehicle - Google Patents

Abstract

An alternating current charging device (2) for a motor vehicle (1), comprising a neutral conductor (6), at least one phase conductor (7, 8, 9) and at least one rectifier (13, 18) connected to the neutral conductor (6) and the phase conductor (13). 7, 8, 9), and which is further electrically connected to at least one smoothing capacitor (14, 16), the AC charging device (2) one between a power supply (33, 34, 35, 36) of the AC charging device (2) and the pre-charge circuit (20) arranged to provide the smoothing capacitor (14, 16, 19), the phase conductor (7) being connected in a connection section (37) to at least one further phase conductor (8, 9) of the alternating current charging device (2) is electrically connected by means of a cross connection line (25, 28), characterized in that the cross connection line (25, 28) has a cross connection switch (26, 29) for disconnecting the phase conductor (7 ) and the further phase conductor (8, 9), and the precharge circuit (20) is arranged between a power supply connection (33) of a first phase conductor (7) of the phase conductors (7, 8, 9) and the connection portion (37).

Description

The invention relates to an AC charging device for a motor vehicle, wherein the AC charging device comprises a Vorladeschaltung for a smoothing capacitor, and a vehicle with such an AC charging device.

AC charging devices are known. By an AC charging device, a vehicle electrical system of a motor vehicle can be supplied with energy or a Traktionsakkumulator the motor vehicle can be charged. The AC charging device is adapted to receive AC power from a power grid and deliver DC power to an electrical system of a motor vehicle.

Usually, the AC charging device has at least one smoothing capacitor. The smoothing capacitor reduces a residual ripple or an alternating current component which remains after the rectification of the alternating current. The smoothing capacitor accepts (or shuts off) AC components that exist due to the pulsating DC voltage. The smoothing capacitor is usually precharged by a precharge circuit prior to the closing of a line breaker which establishes a connection between a power network and the smoothing capacitor. In this case, the precharge circuit usually has only one precharge resistor, which limits the charging current, before the actual charging process for the vehicle electrical system of the vehicle begins by closing the mains isolating contactor. By precharging the smoothing capacitor is delayed to the voltage level of the power grid. The precharging circuit thus avoids an abrupt breakthrough of the voltage of the power network to the smoothing capacitor, in particular due to the current limitation by the precharge resistor.

A disadvantage of the known precharge circuit is that a precharge circuit is provided in each case for all phases of the alternating current charging device.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a way by which an AC charging device can be made simpler.

This object is solved by the subject matters of the independent claims.

An AC charging device according to the invention for a motor vehicle has a neutral conductor, at least one phase conductor, in particular three phase conductors, and at least one, in particular passive, rectifier. The neutral conductor and the phase conductor are connected to the rectifier, in particular to an AC voltage side of the rectifier. A smoothing capacitor is connected in parallel with the DC side of the rectifier. Furthermore, the alternating current charging device has a precharging circuit arranged between a power supply connection of the alternating current charging device and the first smoothing capacitor, which is preferably viewed from the power supply connection of the phase conductor. The precharge circuit is configured to precharge the smoothing capacitor. The precharge circuit is connected to the DC side of the rectifier. The precharge circuit is connected downstream of the power supply connection. The precharge circuit is connected between the power grid terminal and the rectifier and preferably connects these components. The rectifier is connected to the mains supply via a mains isolating contactor. The precharge circuit is connected in parallel to the line contactor. If the power disconnect contactor is open, the only current path leading to the rectifier or smoothing capacitor is preferably via the precharge circuit. The precharge circuit is in particular switchable, for example by means of a transistor which is connected in series with a precharge resistor of the precharge circuit. When the transistor is open and the contactor is open, the power supply connection is disconnected from the rectifier. The precharge circuit is thus switchable. Furthermore, the precharge circuit is a passive precharge circuit and is designed in particular without its own voltage source and without a converter.

The phase conductor is connected in a connecting section to at least one further phase conductor of the alternating current charging device by means of a cross connection line. Furthermore, the cross-connection line has a cross connection switch for disconnecting the phase conductor and the further phase conductor. As an important concept of the invention, it is provided that the precharge circuit is arranged between a power supply connection of a first phase conductor of the phase conductors and the connection section.

The invention is based on the recognition that the AC charging device can be made simpler if the precharge circuit is arranged between the power supply connection of the first phase conductor and the connection section.

By arranging the precharge circuit between the power supply connection of the first phase conductor and the connection section, further precharge circuits in the further phase conductors, in particular a second phase conductor or a third phase conductor, can be used Phase conductor, or be dispensed with in the cross connection line or in the neutral conductor. By the arrangement of the precharge between the power supply connection of the first phase conductor and the connecting portion then only a single precharge sufficient to operate the AC charger safely with three branches, and for example only one connected to the mains phase conductor. By arranging the precharge circuit in the neutral conductor, it is thus possible, for example, to save two precharge circuits.

A controller may be provided which is set up first to activate the precharge circuit, in particular by closing the transistor of the precharge circuit and which is set up to close all cross connection lines simultaneously or one after the other or in groups one after the other, after the transistor has been closed. This will also charge the smoothing capacitors of phases that do not have their own precharge circuit. This is made possible by the switched current flow over the connecting section.

The AC charging device is designed in particular as a three-phase three-phase charging device. In particular, the AC charging device thereby has three phase conductors. Each of the phase conductors may comprise the precharge circuit with a transistor. This means that the power supply connection of each individual phase conductor can be de-energized if the respective power supply connection is not connected to the mains.

Furthermore, the AC charging device is formed with at least one cross-connection line, so that at least two phase conductors are connected to one another via the cross-connection line. This is advantageous because several branches of the AC charging device can be used by the cross-connection line, even if the AC charging device is connected to the power network with only a single phase conductor.

In particular, the precharge circuit has at least one precharge resistor. The precharge circuit may be arranged in parallel with a line breaker. The precharge circuit may have a series-connected transistor, which is in particular configured to completely separate the current path through the precharge circuit. The precharge resistor is connected in series with the transistor. The resulting series circuit of transistor and precharge resistor is connected in parallel with the mains isolating contactor or bridges it. If the line contactor and the transistor are open, then the relevant phase is completely disconnected from the power supply.

When a voltage is applied to the power supply connection via the power grid, therefore, the smoothing capacitor is first precharged via the precharging circuit, that is to say via the precharging resistor, and in particular the closed transistor. During pre-charging, the line contactor of the phase conductor is open. The power disconnect contactor is preferably closed only when the smoothing capacitor is sufficiently precharged via the precharge circuit.

Furthermore, it is preferably provided that the precharge circuit has at least one, in particular normally blocking or self-blocking, transistor. Through the transistor, the power grid connection of the AC charging device can be switched off. The transistor is furthermore advantageous, since otherwise when closing a cross-connection switch of the cross-connection line a network short-circuit via a pre-charge resistor may be present. The motor vehicle can thus be operated safely.

The connection portion is provided on a side of the precharge circuit facing away from the power supply terminal. As a result, no current can flow via the connection section when the precharge circuit is open.

Preferably, it is provided that the precharge circuit has a, in particular with respect to the smoothing capacitor arranged in front of the transistor, diode. The diode is designed to block in the direction from the passive rectifier to the power supply connection. The diode can be used to prevent current flowing back through the pre-charge circuit from being triggered by the mains line, ie from the smoothing capacitor in the direction of the power supply connection. Even when the transistor is closed, no current can flow back through the diode from the smoothing capacitor in the direction of the power supply connection via the precharging circuit. The AC charging device can thereby be operated safely. Furthermore, the AC charging device can thereby be formed in a simple manner with the cross-connection lines. The diode and the transistor and the pre-charge resistor connected in series. The diode is connected to the precharge resistor via the transistor. The diode is preferably connected to the mains connection and the resistor is connected to rectifier, and this can also be provided vice versa. Instead of the diode, the transistor can also be connected to the power supply connection, in which case the transistor is connected to the resistor via the diode. Finally, the transistor can be connected to the power supply connection and via the diode and the precharge resistor (in this or in reverse order) connected to the rectifier. The transistor is in particular a MOSFET. The transistor has an inverse diode. The reverse direction of the inverse diode is opposite to the reverse direction of the diode. This allows a full blocking by the transistor at each phase or polarity of the voltage at the power supply connection. As mentioned, the precharge circuit bridges the isolation contactor and allows complete isolation or limitation of the charging current.

In addition, the cross-connection line preferably has a cross connection switch for disconnecting the phase conductor and the further phase conductor.

Through the cross connection line, the phase conductors can be interconnected. The connection is provided in particular when only one of the phase conductors is connected to the power supply, but several branches of the alternating current charging device are to be used for charging. Thus, for example, be charged by the cross-connection line with a higher current than 16 A, since each branch of the AC charging device, for example, only designed for a maximum of 16 A. For example, it may be that the proper charging port is not present to connect the AC power port of the AC charging device to more than one phase conductor. Thus, the power grid is then only electrically connected to a single power grid connection, in particular the first phase conductor. The current at which the electrical system of the motor vehicle fed, especially an accumulator of the motor vehicle is charged, but can be charged with preferably three times 16 A, despite the mains connection to only one power supply connection of the phase conductor or a pin of a plug connection of the AC charging device. So with a threefold higher current than if only one branch instead of three branches would be used for charging.

In particular, the cross-connection line continues to have the cross-connection switch. Through the cross connection switch, the cross connection line can be interrupted.

In particular, it is provided that the precharge circuit is formed parallel to the line breaker. Due to the parallel arrangement of the precharge circuit to the line contactor of the smoothing capacitor can be precharged via the precharge circuit with energy from the mains, if the line breaker and / or the power disconnect circuit is opened.

1. a) Öffnen eines Netztrennschütz eines ersten Phasenleiters der Wechselstromladevorrichtung, welcher ein Stromnetz mit einem, insbesondere passiven, Gleichrichter der Wechselstromladevorrichtung elektrisch verbindet, falls das Netztrennschütz nicht geöffnet ist;
2. b) Beaufschlagen der Wechselstromladevorrichtung mit elektrischer Spannung des Stromnetzes, wobei der Phasenleiter der Wechselstromladevorrichtung in einem Verbindungsabschnitt mit mindestens einem weiteren Phasenleiter der Wechselstromladevorrichtung mittels einer Querverbindungsleitung elektrisch verbunden ist;
3. c) Vorladen zumindest eines Glättungskondensators der Wechselstromladevorrichtung durch eine zwischen einem Stromnetzanschluss des ersten Phasenleiters und dem Verbindungsabschnitt angeordnete Vorladeschaltung; und
4. d) Schließen des Netztrennschützes, falls der Glättungskondensator vorgeladen ist.

In the following, a method is shown which serves to explain the mode of operation of the devices described here. The devices described here are designed to carry out the method. The following steps are carried out as part of the procedure:

1. a) opening a power disconnect of a first phase conductor of the AC charging device, which electrically connects a power supply to a, in particular passive rectifier of the AC charging device, if the power disconnect contactor is not open;
2. b) applying to the AC electrical charging device of the power network, wherein the phase conductor of the AC charging device is electrically connected in a connecting portion with at least one further phase conductor of the AC charging device by means of a cross-connecting line;
3. c) precharging at least one smoothing capacitor of the AC charging device by a precharge circuit arranged between a power supply connection of the first phase conductor and the connection section; and
4. d) Close the line breaker if the smoothing capacitor is precharged.

In particular, the AC charging device is electrically connected to the power supply during the process or operation only by the power supply connection of the first phase conductor. The power supply connection of the second phase conductor and the power supply connection of the third phase conductor are in particular not electrically connected to the power grid.

Preferably, it is provided that in step c) the smoothing capacitor is precharged in a first branch of the AC charging device while a first cross connection switch of the first cross connection line is opened, the first cross connection switch being closed after the, in particular complete, precharging of the smoothing capacitor in the first branch, and at least one smoothing capacitor is precharged in a second branch of the AC charging device. This allows the smoothing capacitors to be precharged sequentially. Thus, it is preferable to first precharge the smoothing capacitors of the first branch, and then, after the precharge of the smoothing capacitors of the first branch is completed, the smoothing capacitors of the second branch are precharged. This is advantageous because the precharge resistance of the precharge circuit must therefore be designed only for the current of a single branch. The precharge resistor and thus the AC charging device can thus be formed cheaper and more compact. The opening and closing may be provided by a controller connected to the respective switches.

Further preferably, it is provided that in step c) the smoothing capacitor is precharged in the second branch of the AC charging device while a second cross connection switch of a second cross connection line is opened, in particular the first cross connection switch after the, in particular complete, precharging the smoothing capacitor is opened in the second branch and closing the second crossover switch and at least one smoothing capacitor is precharged in a third branch of the AC charging device. Thus, after the second branch, the smoothing capacitors of the third branch may also be pre-charged separately from the smoothing capacitors of the first branch and the second branch. This in turn is advantageous, since the precharge resistor of the precharge circuit therefore only has to be designed for the current of a single branch. The precharge resistor and thus the AC charging device can thus be formed cheaper and more compact.

• Ein Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Wechselstromladevorrichtung für ein Kraftfahrzeug wird beschrieben, bei welchem folgende Schritte durchgeführt werden:
  1. a) Öffnen eines Netztrennschütz eines ersten Phasenleiters der Wechselstromladevorrichtung, welcher ein Stromnetz mit einem Gleichrichter der Wechselstromladevorrichtung elektrisch verbindet, falls das Netztrennschütz nicht geöffnet ist;
  2. b) Beaufschlagen der Wechselstromladevorrichtung mit elektrischer Spannung des Stromnetzes, wobei der Phasenleiter der Wechselstromladevorrichtung in einem Verbindungsabschnitt mit mindestens einem weiteren Phasenleiter der Wechselstromladevorrichtung mittels einer Querverbindungsleitung elektrisch verbunden ist;
  3. c) Vorladen zumindest eines Glättungskondensators der Wechselstromladevorrichtung durch eine zwischen einem Stromnetzanschluss des ersten Phasenleiters und dem Verbindungsabschnitt angeordnete Vorladeschaltung (20); und
  4. d) Schließen des Netztrennschützes, falls der Glättungskondensator vorgeladen ist.

An embodiment of the method which serves to explain the operation of the devices described here can therefore be realized as follows:

• A method for operating an AC charging device for a motor vehicle is described in which the following steps are performed:
  1. a) opening a Netzentrennschütz a first phase conductor of the AC charging device, which electrically connects a power supply to a rectifier of the AC charging device, if the power disconnect contactor is not open;
  2. b) applying to the AC electrical charging device of the power network, wherein the phase conductor of the AC charging device is electrically connected in a connecting portion with at least one further phase conductor of the AC charging device by means of a cross-connecting line;
  3. c) precharging at least one smoothing capacitor of the alternating current charging device by means of a precharge circuit arranged between a power supply connection of the first phase conductor and the connecting section ( 20 ); and
  4. d) Close the line breaker if the smoothing capacitor is precharged.

A variant of this is characterized in that in step c) the smoothing capacitor is precharged in a first branch of the AC charger while a first cross connection switch of the first cross connection line is opened, the first cross connection switch being closed after precharging the smoothing capacitor in the first branch, and at least one Smoothing capacitor is precharged in a second branch of the AC charging device.

Alternatively or in combination herewith, it may be provided that in step c) the smoothing capacitor in the second branch of the AC charger is pre-charged while a second cross-connection switch of a second cross-connection line is opened, the second cross-connection switch is closed and at least one smoothing capacitor pre-charged in a third branch of the AC charger becomes.

The invention also relates to a motor vehicle with an AC charging device according to the invention. The motor vehicle is preferably designed as a passenger car.

Advantageous embodiments of the AC charging device according to the invention or the motor vehicle are to be regarded as advantageous embodiments of the method according to the invention. The subject components of the AC charging device or of the motor vehicle are each designed to carry out the respective method steps.

Further features of the invention will become apparent from the claims, the figures and the description of the figures.

Embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to schematic drawings.

• 1 eine schematische Draufsichtdarstellung eines Kraftfahrzeugs mit einem Ausführungsbeispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen Wechselstromladevorrichtung;
• 2 eine schematische Darstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels der Wechselstromladevorrichtung mit einer Vorladeschaltung mit einem Vorladewiderstand und zwei Querverbindungsleitungen mit jeweils einem Querverbindungsschalter; und
• 3 eine schematische Darstellung eines weiteren Ausführungsbeispiels der Wechselstromladevorrichtung mit der Vorladeschaltung mit einem Transistor.

Show it:

• 1 a schematic plan view of a motor vehicle with an embodiment of an AC charging device according to the invention;
• 2 a schematic representation of an embodiment of the AC charging device having a precharge circuit with a precharge resistor and two cross connection lines, each with a cross connection switch; and
• 3 a schematic representation of another embodiment of the alternating current charging device with the Vorladeschaltung with a transistor.

In the figures, identical or functionally identical elements are provided with the same reference numerals.

1 shows a motor vehicle 1 in a schematic plan view with an AC charging device 2 , The AC charging device 2 is according to the embodiment in the state of charge and to a power grid 3 connected. The power grid 3 provides AC power. Furthermore, the AC charging device via an electrical system 4 of the motor vehicle 1 with a traction accumulator 5 of the motor vehicle 1 electrically connected. The electrical system 4 is formed according to the embodiment as a high-voltage vehicle electrical system with, for example, 400 volts.

2 shows the AC charging device 2 , The AC charging device 2 has a neutral conductor 6 , a first phase conductor 7 , a second phase conductor 8th and a third phase conductor 9 on. The neutral conductor 6 as well as the first phase conductor 7 are connected to the electricity grid 3 electrically connected. The second phase conductor 8th and the third phase conductor 9 On the other hand, according to the exemplary embodiment, they are not direct, but in particular only via the first phase conductor 7 , with the power grid 3 connected.

The first phase conductor 7 is with a first branch 10 the AC charging device 2 electrically connected. The second phase conductor 8th is with a second branch 11 the AC charging device 2 directly electrically connected. The third phase conductor 9 is with a third branch 12 the AC charging device 2 directly electrically connected. The first branch 10 is identical to the second branch according to the embodiment 11 or to the third branch 12 educated. Subsequently, the first branch 10 exemplary of the two other branches 11 . 12 described.

The first branch 10 the AC charging device has a first passive rectifier 13 , a first smoothing capacitor 14 , a DC-DC converter 15 , a second smoothing capacitor 16 , an inverter 17 , a second rectifier 18 and a third smoothing capacitor 19 on. Between the inverter 17 and the second rectifier 18 a transformer can be arranged. The transformer can be galvanically isolated from the mains 3 and the electrical system 4 to lead. Preferably, however, the AC charging device is formed without the transformer, whereby the power grid 3 and the electrical system 4 are galvanically connected.

According to the embodiment, in the first phase conductor 7 a precharge circuit 20 arranged. The precharge circuit 20 includes according to the embodiment, a precharge resistor 21 , This is in the precharge circuit 20 connected in series to limit the current.

According to the embodiment of 3 The precharge circuit also includes a self-locking transistor 22 and a diode 23 , The forward direction of the diode 23 runs from the mains 3 to the first smoothing capacitor 14 , The transistor and the diode are antiserially connected. This results in a series connection of diode 23 , Transistor 22 and precharge resistance 21 , wherein the ends of this series connection parallel to the contactor 24 are connected. The series circuit or the precharge circuit controllably bridges the contactor 24 ,

About the precharge circuit 20 becomes the first smoothing capacitor 14 and / or the second smoothing capacitor 16 and / or the third smoothing capacitor 19 summoned. If the smoothing capacitors 14 . 16 . 19 are precharged, ie by the voltage of the power grid 3 are brought to the first Vorladeschaltung 20 Parallel connected first line contactor 24 of the first phase conductor 7 closed. After closing the first mains isolating contactor 24 The current flows essentially through the first line contactor 24 and not about the precharge circuit 20 , The first network breaker 24 is designed according to the embodiment of 16 A. The first network breaker 24 but can also be designed for a variety of other currents.

Furthermore, the first phase conductor 7 via a first cross connection line 25 with the second phase conductor 8th electrically connected. The first cross connection line 25 has a second mains breaker 26 on.

According to the embodiment, the first cross connection switch 26 identical to the first mains isolating contactor 24 educated.

Furthermore, the first phase conductor 7 with the third phase conductor 9 through a second cross connection line 28 electrically connected. The second cross connection line 28 has a second cross connection switch 29 on.

The cross connection switches 26 . 29 are preferably of identical design.

The second phase conductor 8th has a second mains breaker 31 on. The third phase conductor 9 has a third net breaker 32 on. The network breakers 24 . 31 . 32 are preferably identical. Through the first network breaker 24 can be an electrical connection between a power grid connection 32 of the first phase conductor 7 to the first branch 10 to be interrupted. Through the second network contactor 31 can be an electrical connection from a power grid connection 34 of the second phase conductor 8th to the second branch 11 to be interrupted. Through the third power disconnect contactor 32 can be an electrical connection from a power grid connection 35 of the third phase conductor 9 to the third branch 12 to be interrupted. The power grid connections 33 . 34 . 35 For example, they may be formed as pins of a plug. The plug may for example be designed as a three-phase plug, which three pins as the power grid connections 33 . 34 . 35 the phase conductor 7 . 8th . 9 has and another pin as a power grid connection 36 of the neutral conductor 6 ,

According to the embodiment, only the power grid connection 33 of the first phase conductor 7 and the power grid connection 36 of the neutral conductor 6 directly to the power grid 3 connected. The power grid connection 34 of the second phase conductor 8th and the power grid connection 35 of the third phase conductor 9 are not according to the embodiment with the power grid 3 electrically connected, but are suitable to be connected, if the appropriate power supply side is provided.

Through the first cross connection line 25 is it possible that the second branch 11 is powered, if only the power grid connection 33 of the first phase conductor 7 with the power grid 3 is connected while the power grid connection 34 of the second phase conductor 8th not with the mains 3 connected is. Similarly, the third branch 12 over the second cross connection line 28 be powered, if only the power grid connection 33 of the first phase conductor 7 with the power grid 3 is electrically connected, and the power grid connection 34 of the second phase conductor 8th and the power grid connection 35 of the third phase conductor 9 not with the mains 3 are connected.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

motor vehicle

2

AC charger

3

power grid

4

board network

5

Traktionsakkumulator

6

neutral

7

first phase conductor

8th

second phase conductor

9

third phase conductor

10

first branch

11

second branch

12

third branch

13

first rectifier

14

first smoothing capacitor

15

DC converter

16

second smoothing capacitor

17

inverter

18

second rectifier

19

third smoothing capacitor

20

precharge circuit

21

precharging

22

transistor

23

diode

24

first network breaker

25

first cross connection line

26

first cross connection switch

28

second cross connection line

29

second crossover switch

31

second mains contactor

32

third network breaker

33

Power supply connection of the first phase conductor

34

Power supply connection of the second phase conductor

35

Power supply connection of the third phase conductor

36

Power supply connection of the neutral conductor

37

connecting portion

Claims (7)

An alternating current charging device (2) for a motor vehicle (1), comprising a neutral conductor (6), at least one phase conductor (7, 8, 9) and at least one rectifier (13, 18) connected to the neutral conductor (6) and the phase conductor (13). 7, 8, 9), and which is further electrically connected to at least one smoothing capacitor (14, 16), the AC charging device (2) one between a power supply (33, 34, 35, 36) of the AC charging device (2) and the pre-charge circuit (20) arranged to provide the smoothing capacitor (14, 16, 19), the phase conductor (7) being connected in a connection section (37) to at least one further phase conductor (8, 9) of the alternating current charging device (2) is electrically connected by means of a cross connection line (25, 28), characterized in that the cross connection line (25, 28) has a cross connection switch (26, 29) for disconnecting Phase conductor (7) and the further phase conductor (8, 9), and the precharge circuit (20) between a power supply connection (33) of a first phase conductor (7) of the phase conductors (7, 8, 9) and the connecting portion (37) is arranged , AC charging device (2) after Claim 1 , characterized in that the AC charging device (2) comprises the precharge circuit (20) between the power supply connection (33) of the first phase conductor (7) and the connection portion (37) as a whole single precharge circuit. AC charging device (2) after Claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the precharge circuit (20) comprises at least one transistor (22) and a precharge resistor connected in series with each other. AC charging device (2) after Claim 3 , characterized in that the transistor (22) is self-locking. An AC charging device (2) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the precharge circuit (20) comprises a diode (23) and a precharge resistor connected in series with each other. An alternating current charging device (2) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the diode (23) with respect to the smoothing capacitor (14, 16, 19) in front of the transistor (22) is arranged. Motor vehicle with an AC charging device (2) according to one of Claims 1 to 6 ,

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