DE202010005953U1 - Designed sine wave and a device for designing a sine wave and re-reading the designed sine wave of an electrical supply in a power grid - Google Patents

Abstract

Varied sine wave of an electrical network, for the electrical supply of consumers, wherein the power grid is connected to a control unit and wherein this control unit causes deliberate deviations from the sine wave, and wherein the first targeted deviation is a start bit, which is followed by at least one information bit.

Description

The invention relates to an artificially designed sinusoid and a device for artificially designing this sinusoidal curve of an electrical supply in a domestic appliance power system, as well as a device for re-reading the caused variations of the sinusoid.

The building electricity network is increasingly being used not only to power connected equipment, but also to transport information. For this it has the advantages that it has a high security against eavesdropping and that it is already installed in every building.

A basic problem here is to ensure the readability of the input data, especially as the shape of the supply voltage and the supply current due to external influences such. B. the connection / disconnection of equipment and / or power plants is affected.

One way to use the building power network for data transmission is to impose an RF signal on it, which can be read out at another location. This, commonly called "powerline" method has the disadvantage that the respective circuits act as antennas due to the high frequency used and skip the data transmitted in this way from one to the other circuit / apartment.

The US 2004 0037 221 alternatively proposes to modify the sine wave of the supply so significantly that a readability appears to be ensured. However, such solutions do not receive VDE certification in Europe. In addition, the proper operation of the connected household appliances is no longer possible by such a significant approach; A light bulb, for example, flickers in such a case.

In the US 2005 0280 559 For example, a method and apparatus is proposed for identifying an electrical load by the naturally generated high frequency switching noise which, by the high frequency used, has the disadvantages of skipping the RF signal to adjacent circuits.

In the WO 2005 12 44 77 It is taught that during a period in which a building power system was temporarily disconnected from the power plant for a defined period of time, sine wave information may be impressed during this period, thereby causing the start and end of information transmission at the start and end of decoupling of the building electricity network are bound by the power plant.

In the DE 20 2009 010 067 For example, a first shaped sinusoid and an apparatus for shaping a sine wave of an electric power supply in a domestic appliance power system are proposed, which is optimized in particular for designing a sine wave of a voltage sinusoid.

The object is to enable a transmission of artificially generated information electrical supply network, which avoids the disadvantages described and a particular extent is suitable to transmit information on the sine wave of the current.

This object is achieved by the features of the independent claims, embodiments will be apparent from the dependent claims.

In particular, the object is achieved by a varied sinusoidal curve of an electrical network, for the electrical supply of consumers, wherein a control unit is connected to the power grid and this control unit causes deliberate deviations from the sinusoid, and wherein the first targeted deviation is a start bit, to which at least one information bit follows.

An electrical supply of consumers in a power grid provides AC voltages and AC currents.

The electrical voltage provided by the utilities in the power grids is referred to as "mains voltage". It is used to transmit electrical power. In addition to the voltage of the high and medium voltage networks, mains voltage is often understood to mean the level of the single-phase AC voltage in the low-voltage networks.

The effective nominal value of the sinusoidal AC line voltage in Europe and most other areas of the earth is 230 volts at 50 hertz between the outer conductors to the neutral conductor and the ground. In private households, these 230 volts are ultimately at the contacts of the sockets.

In addition to this voltage, there is the transmission with about 400 volts between each two outer conductors; This is colloquially called three-phase current, power or high current.

In addition to this voltage, there is the transmission with about 400 volts between each two outer conductors; This is colloquially called three-phase current, power or high current. More about this technique is available in the article Three Phase AC.

• – den drei Außenleitern (Phasen) (L1, L2 und L3),
• – einem Neutralleiter (N) und
• – einem Schutzleiter (PE)

oder mit einem PEN-Leiter. Bei diesem Leiter sind der Neutralleiter und der Schutzleiter in einem einzigen Leiter kombiniert.Distributed to the customers, the mains voltage is usually with:

• - the three phase conductors (phases) (L1, L2 and L3),
• - a neutral conductor (N) and
• - a protective conductor (PE)

or with a PEN conductor. This conductor combines the neutral conductor and the protective conductor in a single conductor.

The voltage 230 V was in the international standard IEC 60038: 1983 set as standard voltage. Until 1987, the grid voltage in Germany was 220 V with a tolerance of ± 10%. This was followed by a change in several levels to 230 V + 6% and -10%. From 2009 on, the mains voltage of 230 V may deviate by ± 10%. Then 207 volts to 253 volts in tolerance are possible.

In the US and across much of the Americas, the nominal AC line voltage is between 110 and 120 volts. For larger consumers such as air conditioning 240 V are also common. The nominal frequency is there and also in South America 60 Hz with the exception of Argentina and Chile. The frequently indicated 120 volts are a rounded value.

Japan has the lowest voltage at 100 volts.

The sinusoidal profile of the mains voltage is increasingly disturbed by non-linear consumers. These include gas discharge lamps, rectifiers, dimmers (thyristor and triac controllers), frequency converters and switching power supplies without power factor correction (PFC).

Asynchronous motors also cause network contamination - the so-called Nutenpfeifen. It results from the subdivision of the squirrel cage and the resulting caused, fed back into the network AC voltage with higher, speed-dependent frequency.

The grid frequency is met very accurately today in accordance with the requirements of the European grid, so that it can be used as a reference value, for example for controlling electric clocks.

Many alternating currents such as the public power grid have a sinusoidal voltage curve, which is referred to as sinusoidal voltage. In most households, grid voltage is an example of this. At a frequency of 50 hertz, a full swing takes 0.02 seconds.

Alternators rotate a conductor loop in the magnetic field, producing the typical sinusoidal voltage.

Three interlinked (staggered and distributed on three conductors) alternating currents form a system which is referred to as a three-phase current.

For the time dependence of a sine voltage with peak value and frequency f or angular frequency ω, the following applies: u (t) = ûsin (2πft) = ûsin (ωt)

Grade-to-sine AC voltages are often graded using degrees. 0 ° corresponds to the beginning of a period (zero crossing at the very beginning); 360 ° the end of the period (zero crossing at the very end).

The instantaneous stress at a certain angle can be calculated as follows: u = û · sin (angle)

Certain values are thus constant:
The instantaneous value of
0 ° is 0,
30 ° is half,
60 ° is 0.866 times,
90 ° the simple peak voltage.

The rms value of an AC voltage is the value which a DC voltage must reach in order to generate the same power as an AC voltage at a resistive load (eg heating). When referring to AC voltages, the RMS value is usually stated (eg, for a 230 V mains voltage). This value of sine AC voltages can be calculated from the peak voltage as follows:

And vice versa from the rms value of the peak value: û = U _eff · √2

The crest factor, ie the ratio of peak voltage to rms value, is at square root of sine AC voltages of 2.

For the alternating current applies comparable.

Worldwide, electrical power is most often supplied with sinusoidal alternating current. The reasons for this preference are the ease of production, simple transformation of the AC voltage for low-loss remote transmission of the high-voltage AC and simple high-efficiency motors by concatenated three-phase AC systems, which makes AC operating much cheaper than DC. In addition, high-frequency alternating current is indispensable in communications engineering.

In the power supply almost only "sinusoidal alternating current" is used because it has no unwanted harmonics. It has its name, therefore, that the instantaneous values over a full period with a positive and a negative half-oscillation exactly correspond to the values of the sine-wave function over a full circle (0-360 °), the graph shows the typical sine curve. Despite its complicated course, it is - with great power - in generators by electromagnetic induction easier to produce than rectangular-pulse alternating current.

To generate sinusoidal AC from DC, as the z. B. is required in inverters for feeding solar power into the public grid, considerable effort in power electronics is necessary. In principle, these are powerful oscillator circuits, as they are used in radio and television stations.

Deviations from this sine can have different frequencies.

Historically coming from the field of communications technology, in the German vernacular with "high frequency" (as a translation of the English term Radio Frequency) frequently generally high frequencies of electric current and electromagnetic waves referred to, without these being defined Frequency bands would be limited. However, there is consensus that in electrical engineering in any case the frequency range from 3 MHz to about 300 GHz is referred to as high frequency.

In international circles, "high frequency" (abbreviation HF) refers to the fixed frequency band of 3 to 30 MHz (also shortwave or decameter wave).

However, a problem with high frequency electromagnetic waves is that they can work through thick walls with little reduced intensity without shielding them from metal plates or metal housings, and may interfere or interfere with other electronic devices, as has become known by the terms "EMC", "electrosmog" is.

If a control unit is connected to the power supply, and this control unit produces a deliberate deviation from the sinusoid, this has the advantage that recognizing this deviation becomes possible by deviating from the norm elsewhere, as long as this deviation is significant enough and does not get lost in noise or noise. By "targeted deviation" is meant that this deviation is not necessarily bound to specifications, such as the zero crossing of the sinusoid, or a certain high frequency, in order to allow readability by means of the significant features of the zero crossing or the high frequency. This does not contradict, however, that such standardization is of course easier to accomplish. The present deviation from the sine curve, however, is defined by the start bit in its essential boundary conditions, so that it can be read out again, even if the start bit itself is not dependent on the zero crossing.

"Targeted deviation" in this case means that regardless of the location on the sinusoid, the character of engagement with the underlying sinusoid is so significant that this significance ensures readability.

"Targeted deviation" continues to be understood to mean an artificially generated deviation. An artificially generated deviation from the sine wave of a supply is therefore not a naturally generated deviation, such as caused by the inrush current of an electrical load, or by the coupling or coupling of a power plant.

The fact that the control unit produces deliberate deviations from the sine curve has the advantage that, irrespective of the location of the sine curve and regardless of the frequency with which there may be a deviation from the underlying curve, this characteristic deviates from the underlying one Curve a characteristic can be based, which serves as an information carrier.

In the event that the control unit connected to the power grid causes a deviation in the form of a "start bit" for a definable period of time, the properties of this start bit also define the properties of the following information bits. This standardization with the help of the start bit ensures improved readability.

This start bit / marker bit can be used to define the time period in which information events are to be expected in succession. Thus, it can be defined, for example with the aid of the duration and / or frequency of this start bit, that, as a result, this sinusoid is subdivided into segments of precisely this or in segments of at least one of these first duration dependent second duration.

Thus, the duration of the start bit can have any length, but defines the durations of the following information bits. Ideally, they are identical. Alternatively, they may be related by an algorithm.

Such a varied sinusoid, wherein the start bit on the start bit following sine curve defined time intervals and / or wherein the start bit per half cycle of the sine curve at least one information blocks summarized in blocks of four, causes an infrastructure for the transmission of information is created, which due to This infrastructure is also safely readable again.

Such a varied sinusoid, wherein these time intervals are the same length and / or wherein these time intervals are suitable to receive deliberately induced deviations from the sine curve improves the infrastructure that is created for the transmission of information, which due to this improved infrastructure, the information read even more secure can be

Such a varied sinusoid according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein these deliberately caused deviations from the sine curve of at least one frequency shift keying (FSK) caused vibration and / or at least one of these frequencies, the frequency within one of the Cenelec Bands and / or where a first frequency is around 9 KHZ and another frequency is around 12.5 KHZ, and one of these two frequencies represents a binary "1" and another of these frequencies comprises a binary "0" if it is equipped to define one of these three possibilities of information, in addition to an infrastructure also an information content, which can then be read out elsewhere.

So it is advantageous to impose the information in the "Frequency Shift Keying" (FSK) method, which means that the frequency between z. B. two frequencies jumps.

It has been shown that with an FSK modulation the error probability is reduced. Here, higher frequencies are more stable readable than lower frequencies. The pulse shape of a z. For example, current FSK modulation ideally approximates a sin ² oscillation to bring the harmonic spectrum resulting from FSK modulation near the theoretical limit. This has two advantages: first, the maximum transmission power in the receiver, which as far as possible filters out the transmission frequencies, made usable and secondly it is thus avoided that RF energy outside of the allowed frequency bands radiates bands, so that it moves within the statutory limits.

The transmitter of such a signal, be it a signal on the way to the consumer / household appliance (which is transmitted for example on the sine wave of the voltage) or be it a signal on the way from the consumer / household appliance (which eg. transmitted on the sine wave of the current) may comprise an FSK modulator. Particularly preferred is a modulation of the current sine with the aid of FSK. Accordingly, of course, the respective receiver must have a FSK demodulator, so that a flawless communication can be guaranteed. The FSK modulation has proven to be advantageous because it can reduce the probability of errors compared to other types of modulation.

Other possible but disadvantageous modulation types are:
Pulse position method: A bit is signaled by a pulse group at a specific time position
Single pulse method: One pulse corresponds to one bit or several bits (pulse length coding)
Single-Pulse Method: This method is particularly suitable for bypassing legal constraints in the use of frequency bands, as this method can not legally be considered "transmission in a frequency band". With it also a so-called "active power modulation" can take place. This method also allows pulse position modulation as in the conventional method, but instead of a pulse packet, only a single pulse is sent left / right in the respective timeslot. This method is pulse shape-oriented.

Pulse-position modulation, frequency-evaluating: Announced by the marker (4 periods ½ transmission frequency) follow each time slot 4 impulses each of the simple transmission frequency whose envelope corresponds to the binary pulse position modulation / Manchester coding. The pulse position is to be understood in the sense of a right / left-aligned transmission in a time slot. Together with the marker so 2 transmission frequencies in a ratio of 1: 2, for example, 6.4 kHz / 12.8 kHz necessary.

Frequency shift keying (FSK): This method is also frequency weighting and also uses two frequencies. However, the time slots are fully filled with vibrations, so that the bit information can no longer be determined by the pulse position, but only on the frequency. FSK has proven particularly useful in the present case.

A sinusoid according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said deliberately evoked deviation from the sinusoid is at least one oscillation caused by frequency shift keying, and / or wherein at least one of said frequencies is the frequency within one of the cenelec bands and / or wherein a first frequency is about 9 KHZ and another frequency is around 12.5 KHZ, and one of these two frequencies represents a binary "1" and another of these frequencies defines a binary "0" causes another possibility for data transmission, using the the same infrastructure as the FSK procedure just described.

Such a sinusoid, wherein these deliberately caused deviations from the sinusoidal curve by means of a pulse or at least one additional oscillation which is greater than the oscillation of the underlying sine is effected and in this case the fact that they are right or left is arranged by an information bit without information, defines the information content of a binary "0" or a binary "1" causes a further possibility for data transmission, using the same infrastructure as the FSK method just described.

Such a sinusoid, wherein the shape deviation is chosen such that this shape reduces the caused by the deviation EMC interference and / or in their deviation has a sine square shape and / or the sine square curve has an edge of 5-15 μs causes an improved EMC compatibility. With the strength of the change in the sinusoid, the EMC effect is additionally increased as a side effect.

In particular, EMC is caused by the intensity of a change in the sinusoid. If this change from the underlying sine curve itself substantially has the shape of a cosine curve, this avoids abrupt changes and thus increased EMC.

The possible EMC can be reduced if the deviation from the sine has the shape of a Gauss curve / sine square curve. Gaussian-shaped rounding achieves optimum spectral suppression of higher frequencies, which is advantageous for EMC. In practice, this Gaussian pulse can be effected by using a sin ² pulse. Especially if the pulses should be short. In the event that the length of the pulses is used as an information carrier and thus relatively long pulses are provided, it is advantageous to make the flanks practically based on sin ² curves, which often emphasizes the flank shape under the name "cosine". Flanks "is common

Thus, this effect can be neglected if the timing of the information transmission is predefined even with freely set duration of the transfer by a control unit. In this case, the location of the information transmission is known, for example because the read-out unit knows the duration of the information transmission and, in the case of such a long deviation, identifies this location as the location at which information is to be found. Due to the presence of this information, these deviations need not be so significant as to serve as a distinguishing feature even in noise.

In the case that one, or in particular the first deviation from the sinusoid also has the task to mark the beginning of information, this deviation must be so significant that their readability is ensured even in the noise. A significant deviation is equivalent to a significant deviation from the underlying standard curve, which is equivalent to an increase in EMC.

In the event that this deviation is both significant, but at the same time changed in shape so that the EMC is minimized despite their significance, can be caused by this optimized EMC compatibility by the control unit still such a significant deviation that their readability is ensured.

This sine-square wave can be realized by a sine-square-wave machine (comprising in particular flip-flops and resistors), together with an interpolation filter, which generates a round signal from the staircase-shaped signal.

Such a sinusoid, wherein the duration of a start bit and an information bit is less than one millisecond, causes enough space on the remainder of the sine quarter wave for four more bits serving as information bits.

Such a sine curve, which represents applied voltage and / or current and / or power, causes an increased data transmission capacity (baud rate) if a plurality of transmission media are selected. In particular, the method described is suitable for imparting information to the sine of the alternating current, since the oscillations used do not go to the negative.

Such a sine curve, which represents applied voltage and / or current and / or power, causes an increased data transmission capacity (baud rate) if a plurality of transmission media are selected. In particular, the method described is suitable for imparting information to the sine of the alternating current, since the oscillations used do not go to the negative.

Such a sinusoid, wherein the frequency of the deviation is less than 200 KHZ, represents an optimized readability, because with the frequency has been shown that the readability increases.

Such a sinusoid, wherein the frequency of the deviation is below 200 KHZ, also causes the information caused by higher frequencies skipping information on the one hand is still controllable and on the other hand for the purpose of information transmission, a wide frequency band of 0-200 Khz available.

Particularly suitable for this is the range between 50 kHz and 150 kHz and in particular the range around 100 kHz.

An electrical network comprising such a varied sine wave, causes the already laid in the house power grid can be used for information forwarding.

The object is further achieved by a control unit for selectively causing at least one deviation of the sinusoidal curve according to one of the aforementioned claims, wherein said control unit is connected directly to the electrical network and is able to cause the deviations on the sine of this electrical network, wherein these deviations from a read-out unit can be read out again.

If FSK is used in the modulation, then such a circuit could be an FSK modulator.

The characteristic of FSK switching between the individual frequencies can be done in different ways. One possibility is to switch between the different frequency generators depending on the desired symbol. Since the individual frequency generators have any phase positions relative to one another, a discontinuous transition in the signal curve occurs in such a case at the individual switching times. However, this transition leads to an undesirably high bandwidth requirement, which is why this form is also referred to as "hard FSK".

In order to counteract this undesirably high broadband requirement, it is preferable to effect the frequency shift keying in the phase zero, or at the time of the signal = 0.

An improvement of the modulator may be that the switching takes place with a continuous phase curve, as shown in the input image. This form is also known as CPFSK (English for Continuous Phase FSK).

Since the bandwidth is usually limited, the switch is replaced by a continuous course. In the limiting case, the envelope is deformed to a Gaussian curve. This results in the smallest bandwidth requirement and one speaks of a "soft FSK". However, the non-abrupt switching of the transmission frequencies also leads to intersymbol interference.

If, as in the present case, it is particularly preferred to counteract the mentioned undesirably high broadband requirement by means of a frequency shift keying in the phase zero or at the time of the signal = 0, this procedure would be considered a special species in the group of the "soft FSK". Concepts to be settled.

In order to improve the immunity during demodulation, the individual symbol frequencies may be chosen so that they are orthogonal to each other at a certain symbol rate. In this case, the intersymbol interference between individual symbols becomes minimal. With binary FSK and a symbol duration of T, the two frequencies are orthogonal to each other if the frequency deviation, with n integer and positive, satisfies the following condition: Δf = 1 / T · n, n ε {1, 2, 3, ...}

One way to generate orthogonal frequencies is to calculate the frequencies. The symbol length then preferably contains a whole number of transmission periods of both the one and the other frequency and not fractions of periods. It is therefore particularly preferable to use integer transmission periods, since this makes it possible to optimize the immunity to interference.

Such a circuit (control unit), this circuit obtains the deviation exclusively with the aid of the current transported by the underlying sine wave, causes in particular the deviation of the current from its standard curve with respect to the EWMV can be optimized.

A control unit which causes deviations from the sine wave due to fluctuating current consumption from this same electrical network has the advantage that it can be directly supplied with energy directly from this sine wave.

A control unit, wherein the transmission periods of this control unit are integer has the advantage of optimized immunity to interference. For example, in the FSK, the symbol length preferably contains a whole number of transmission periods of both the one and the other frequencies and not fractions of periods. It is therefore particularly preferable to use integer transmission periods, since this makes it possible to optimize the immunity to interference.

The object is further achieved by a readout unit for targeted readout of a deliberately caused by the control unit deviation according to one of the aforementioned claims, wherein the readout unit is remote from the control unit connected to the same electrical network and is suitable, caused by this control unit deviations from the normal course the sine of the electrical network to read the device supply again. This readout unit reads out the change made by the transmitting unit to the sine (preferably the current) again.

In case the information has been transmitted with FSK, the readout can be done by means of an FSK demodulator.

• • Entfernung des Gleichanteils im Empfangssignal inklusive einer laufenden Nachregelung des Nullpunktes.
• • Eine automatische Verstärkungsregelung um am Demodulatoreingang immer ein in etwa gleich starkes Empfangssignal mit angenähert konstanter Amplitude zu haben. Dies kompensiert unterschiedlich starke Empfangssignale, welche auf einen Funkkanal beispielsweise durch Fading verursacht werden können.

The demodulator serves to recover from the signal of the modulator the original digital data sequence. Since the information is accommodated only in frequency, before the demodulation signal processing can be carried out, which may include the following steps:

• • Removal of the DC component in the received signal including a continuous readjustment of the zero point.
• • An automatic gain control to always have an approximately equally strong receive signal with approximately constant amplitude at the demodulator input. This compensates for differently strong received signals, which can be caused on a radio channel, for example by fading.

For subsequent demodulation several methods are available, which differ in the spectral efficiency, the circuit complexity and immunity to interference. Basically, a distinction is made between coherent and non-coherent FSK demodulation.

In coherent demodulation, or even synchronous demodulation, the demodulator must reconstruct both the carrier frequency and the phase position of the transmitted signal. This is only possible if a constant phase shift keying is used on the modulator side. Although the coherent demodulation requires a higher circuit complexity, but has the advantage that the potential possible symbol rate, and thus directly proportional to the bit rate, can be set higher than in the non-coherent demodulation. There is thus a higher spectral efficiency, measured in bits per Hertz bandwidth. In addition, coherent FSK demodulation is less susceptible to interference.

Circuit technology can be used for the receiver-side reconstruction of the carrier frequency and the phase position of a voltage-controlled oscillator. In digitally realized FSK demodulators numerically controlled oscillators are used. To control the oscillators as a function of the reception frequencies, a phase-locked loop is necessary. Special adaptations of phase-locked loops for digital demodulation are known in the most English-language specialist literature under designations such as Costas Loop.

The frequencies obtained from the local oscillator are then multiplied by the received signal, as shown in the adjacent figure for a binary FSK with the two local frequencies f1 and f2. This is followed by an integration stage which extends over the duration of a symbol. The output of the individual integrators is then evaluated by a decision stage and the appropriate binary value is output for further data processing.

The maximum achievable bit rate bps, which is the symbol rate at binary FSK, depends only on the frequency deviation and is: bps = 2 · Δf

The special case with a modulation index equal to 0.5 is also called Minimum Shift Keying (MSK). As a special feature, this method is identical to the quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) digital modulation method with a phase offset of π / 2.

Alternatively, and equivalent to the above methods, coherent FSK demodulation can also be done by means of matched filters. In this case, a matched filter is necessary for each symbol frequency, which has the transmission frequency as the respective transmission frequency for the duration of a symbol as an impulse response.

In non-coherent demodulation eliminates the cost of a phase-locked oscillator and the circuit complexity is reduced.

For implementation, different methods can be used. In the adjacent circuit for a binary demodulator originate the two frequencies f1 and f2 from a free-running oscillator and it is first formed for each frequency, the complex baseband signal consisting of real and Imaginäranteil. After integration and amount formation, the transmitted binary value is determined via a decision stage.

The maximum achievable bit rate for binary FSK in non-coherent demodulation is: bps = Δf and, with otherwise identical parameters, has a symbol rate that is one-half lower than the coherent demodulation.

In addition, there are other non-coherent FSK demodulation methods such as:
Use of bandpass filters. In this case, a filter is used per frequency which determines the amount envelope of the respective transmission frequency. A decider stage decides which filter delivers the largest amount value and outputs the corresponding digital signal.

Thus, spectral methods such as the fast Fourier transformation can be used.

With only a few transmission frequencies, the Goertzel algorithm can also be used with reduced computation effort. Note the block-oriented processing of these algorithms, which under certain circumstances reduces the maximum symbol rate.

Such a second electronic circuit, which is synchronized with the first electronic circuit, ensures a guaranteed reproducibility. In particular, this applies to the case of synchronization with the start bit

The object is further achieved by a domestic power network or vehicle, comprising electrical supply lines transporting a sinusoidal curve and / or comprising a control unit and / or readout unit.

This has the effect that in particular home power grids and AC grids can be used in vehicles for information transmission, without causing too high EMC.

The same principle is also applicable to Starktstromleitungen.

Other embodiments will be apparent from FIGS. This shows

1 , four different forms of pulses for impressing on a sine wave of an electrical supply;

2 an example of an EMC-optimized deviation;

3 the Cenelec tapes;

4 , Pulses (FSK) applied to a sine wave of an electrical supply;

5 the circuit diagram of a receiver of modulated in the manner described information;

6 the power amplifier, which passes the signal to the network;

7 the sequence of return channel transmission in endless loop / main loop as a block diagram and as flow charts

In particular shows 1 four different pulse sequences which are suitable to be impressed / modulated on the sine wave of an electrical supply.

One way to transmit information by impulsing pulses is to define time slots on the sine wave of an electrical supply within which an information unit 0 or 1 is transmitted. Preferably, for the clear positioning of such time windows on the sine wave, the zero crossing of the sine wave of the electrical supply is defined.

From the zero crossing, a first period of the sine wave, starting from its zero crossing, is used to prepare the stamp, for example, by preparing the electrical circuit by means of which the signals to be stamped are impressed on the sine wave of an electrical supply. This preparation may include: waiting for a minimum operating voltage when this supply circuit is powered by the same sine wave with electrical energy, and / or a first elimination of interference present on the sine wave (eg ripple control signals). By way of example, this period can be less than 1.8 milliseconds. The second period, that of the data transmission, then lasts from the end of the first period until the zero crossing again.

The second period and thus the information transfer can be initiated by the imprinting of a Markerbits.

This start bit / marker bit can be used to define the time period in which information events are to be expected in succession. Thus, it can be defined, for example with the aid of the duration and / or frequency of this start bit, that, as a result, this sinusoid is subdivided into segments of precisely this or in segments of at least one of these first duration dependent second duration.

Such a uniform segmentation is in 1 , lowest (single impulses) and second lowest (pulsed) curves (recognizing the appearing irregularities). Each of the following segments (also referred to as "windows") is, after the definition of such a window, suitable for receiving information carriers.

Windows filled with information carriers can now be separated by means of a window without information, which is particularly vividly represented by the lower two curves of the 1 is recognizable

The following information carriers can be used here: the frequency of a vibration with which these windows are filled (compare the upper two curves of FIG 1 ), the location of docking such a vibration in a window after a break window (ie, left or right of the break window, see the lower two curves of 1 ).

In the two upper curves, information is represented by frequency shift keying (FSK), where a first frequez represents the binary "0" and a second frequency different from the first frequency represents a "1". Theoretically, an assignment of a frequency for a graphical symbol, such as a number or a letter would be possible.

These frequencies are preferably frequencies from the in 3 presented Cenelec tapes. By way of example, the B band is chosen for this purpose. Particularly good results were obtained with frequencies around the 9 KHZ and around the 12.5 KHZ, whereby one of these frequencies represents a binary "0" and the other a binary "1".

In 1 (Especially recognizable in the lower two curves) is exemplified by a starter bit, which consists of a first block of four information (bits), then makes a break and then consists of a second block of four information (bit).

2 shows an enlarged single pulse on a sine wave 1 was impressed and thereby causes a deviation of the sine wave, wherein the deviation three roundings 3 shown as a time unit curve in μs or units to be transmitted (eg voltage, or current). After the second deviation, the deviation returns to the sinusoid.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

the unchanged course of the sine wave voltage of the power grid

2

the curves.

2 FIG. 14 also shows an example of a Gaussian deviation of a deviation from the original sinusoid, wherein the deviation has three EMC optimized roundings. As a result, this shape is EMC-optimized in that its curves have been given a Gaussian shape by means of their own control circuit. Here, the reference numerals 1 the unchanged course of the sine wave voltage of the power grid and 2 the three curves.

The curves of the deviation hereby have a sine-square shape. The sine square shape represents a smoothest possible deflection of the original shape and is therefore the most favorable for avoiding EMC shape, since its shape change is reduced to the best manageable minimum.

4 shows a modulated curve of a sine wave of a domestic power supply current in which per quarter wave of the sine wave with the aid of a frequency of 100 MHz in time windows of 0.1 mS information is transmitted by means of FSK. 4 shows the fixed timing, ie: start and end of the transmission packets for the modulation type FSK

5 shows the diagram of a receiver of modulated in the manner described information.

The circuit of this receiver preferably includes two slidably connected amplifiers. The reason for this is that filters to suppress unwanted signals can only do their job if they have time to settle. This receiver circuit also includes various sub-modules:
Blanking module: Blanking serves to hide the cumulative charge pulses of several transmitters. This should avoid the overload of the receiver, resulting in a long recovery time. In this context, MOSFET switches can transfer charge pulses from the switching path into the signal path. Bipolar transistors then shape, for example, unwanted current into the signal path. The Indian 4 shown MOSFET should be constructed as low as possible (Miller capacity).

The best results have been achieved with floating amplifiers, where the switching and signal inputs are completely separated. If the input signal is small, the output will be quite transient-free due to the soft switching on.

Suppression of mains frequency and ripple control signals: High-pass filters R16, C7, R13 and C5, R5 serve to suppress the mains frequency and deep ripple control frequencies in the current signal.

The high ripple control frequencies are suppressed by means of the notch filter. For the nocth filter, it is preferable to use a transistor as a voltage follower. The circuit is thereby reduced in noise, as such with OP.

Noise suppression: In the case of interferers, especially the flanks (eg on / off edges of dimmers) are problematic. As is well known, a signal does not change when the differentiation and integration operations are both applied. The suppression of interferers or interferer edges is carried out according to the method: form first derivative, limit this, then integrate. The resistors R11 and R14 also determine the gain. R12 and the thermistor I4 are used for temperature compensation of the overall circuit. The reinforcement may need to be changeable.

Selectivity: In the case of modulation modes pulse position and FSK, one can specify a frequency band and thus dimension a bandpass, but also the rather short transient response of the return channel receiver has to be taken into account in view of the rather short pulses / pulse packets of the transmitter. The bandwidth of the bandpass must therefore be greater than the frequency band on both sides. The spectrum Single transmit pulse of the single pulse method is greatest at zero hertz and directly competes with ripple control signals and line frequency. The mains frequency must be strongly suppressed in any case, so that individual pulses can only be distorted transmitted or amplified.

• • Hochpassanteil: Der Block „Hochpass/Differenziator” (Abbildung P.3.3.1) bildet zusammen mit Eingangshochpass (Abbildung P.3.2.1) einen Hochpass vom Eingang „STROM_90” bis zum Signal HPB, der sich über ca. 1 Dekade bis ca. 40 kHz wie ein Differenziator verhält. Damit wird die erste Ableitung der Sendesignale an Stelle ihrer selbst weiterverarbeitet.
• • Tiefpassanteil: Butterworth-Tiefpass 2. Ordnung, fg = 25 kHz”

The frequency selectivity results from a bandpass behavior:

• • High Pass: The high pass / differentiator block (Figure P.3.3.1) together with the highpass input (Figure P.3.2.1) forms a high pass from the "POWER_90" input to the HPB signal, which propagates for approximately 1 decade to about 40 kHz behaves like a differentiator. Thus, the first derivative of the transmission signals is further processed in place of itself.
• Low Pass: Butterworth Low Pass 2nd Order, fg = 25kHz "

For the modulation type of the single-pulse method, the special case is that the recognition is based on correlation with a comparison function. So that's a time domain method.

Noise suppression: With a high gain> 5000, the use of a multiple ops can cause problems because all single ops amplify signals that are correlated with each other, which can cause oscillations in the case of a common bias generator. The high gain also captures noise generated in the switching power supply, microprocessor and other clocked components. It is to be examined how far all amplifiers can be integrated with the high gain at all with avoidance of crosstalk / feedback. The noise suppression serve the selection properties of the return channel receiver and in particular the computing power of the signal processor. It is advantageous to use additional low-noise semiconductors.

• • Korrelator für die Einzelimpulsmethode, Ausgang DSP
• • Quadraturdemodulator /2/ für Pulslage- und FSK-Modulation, Ausgänge F1 und F2

Digital Signal Processing: The tasks of the signal processor should not be described in detail here. However, the LTSpice simulation platform allows control over whether the quality of the signals supplied to the signal processor is sufficient. The block "Signal processor replica" is only read in via the netlist and contains two algorithms:

• • Single pulse method correlator, DSP output
• • quadrature demodulator / 2 / for pulse position and FSK modulation, outputs F1 and F2

Fundamentals about the filters of the return channel receiver: In the system design, emphasis was placed on ensuring that signal transmission via the amplifier and filter remains deterministic. This means that the output signal of the entire chain can be calculated at least numerically from the input signal with knowledge of the properties of all components. This is necessary for the adaptation of the algorithm of the signal processor. It is therefore important that in the implementation and chip fabrication the determinism is maintained with tolerable specimen scattering. Amplifiers are considered either very broadband or lowpass with known behavior. In the latter case the amplifier-frequency behavior will have to enter into determinism.

Receiver subcircuits: Amplifier with switching input, suitable for soft switching Suitable is an amplifier with switching input, especially for soft switching. It is preferably a low-noise, low-offset two-squares multiplier. Particularly good results were achieved with a DC gain (low-pass bandwidth> 50 kHz): Uout = 1.2 · Wtanh (Uein / UT) with UT = 25.5 mV

W is a weighting signal in the range 0 to 1.

Preferably, a sliding weighting signal is generated for two differential amplifiers, as well as the time course of the weighting signal W. A power line (IW) splits preferably in IW1 and IW2, whereby the two differential amplifiers B3 and B6 are controlled. The resistor R22 is to be dimensioned so that a maximum current of 45.45 μA flows in IW1 and IW2. For this current applies: Uout = 22 KΩ · 45.45 μA · tanh (Uein / UT) = tanh (Uein / U _T )

By selecting the external resistor, it is also possible to vary the overall gain.

The correlating amplifier should be designed including feedback - apart from the input high pass C1, R2 - broadband (> 60 kHz). The limitation is preferably via the diodes D1, D2 and the transistors Q1, Q2. The low-resistance base resistor R10 with 1 KΩ ensures a relatively sharp limiter kink. The output DISB_N indicates with zero that limitation takes place.

Temperature compensation: The network responsible for the frequency response and amplification contains the resistor network R14, R12 and the thermistor I4. With the help of the thermistor is a temperature compensation, because both the amplifier with switching input, suitable for soft switching, as well as the limiter have a temperature dependence of the gain or the limiting use.

Scaling and Equalizing: The scaling should lead to full scale, so that the limitation to interference suppression can take effect. One assumes a cable length of zero and without additional loads at the dSM. The transmit amplitude of the return channel transmitter is preferably nominally 200 mA. This specification can be used to perform the scaling dimensioning, whereby the frequency transfer curve also plays a role.

Algorithm for "correlation receiver" can be used for the signal processor algorithm used in this receiver.

The 6 shows the power amplifier of the transmitter, which transmits the signal to the network.

The 7 shows the sequence of the return channel transmission in endless loop / main loop (at the highest level) as a block diagram and as a flowchart.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• US 20040037221 [0005]
• US 20050280559 [0006]
• WO 2005124477 [0007]
• DE 202009010067 [0008]

Cited non-patent literature

• international standard IEC 60038: 1983 [0018]

Claims (22)

Varied sine wave of an electrical network, for the electrical supply of consumers, wherein the power grid is connected to a control unit and wherein this control unit causes deliberate deviations from the sine wave, and wherein the first targeted deviation is a start bit, which is followed by at least one information bit. A varied sinusoid according to claim 1, wherein the start bit defines time intervals on the sinusoid following the start bit Varyed sinusoid according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the start bit per half wave of the sine wave is followed by at least one information bit combined in blocks of four. Varied sinusoid according to one of the preceding claims, wherein these time intervals are the same length Varyed sinusoid according to one of the preceding claims, wherein these time intervals are adapted to receive deliberately induced deviations from the sinusoid. Varyed sinusoid according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said deliberately caused deviations from the sine curve of at least one oscillation caused by frequency shift keying. A varied sine wave as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of these frequency shift keying frequencies has the frequency within one of the cenelec bands. A variate sinusoid according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a first frequency is around 9 KHZ and another frequency is around 12.5 KHZ. Varyed sinusoid according to one of the preceding claims, wherein one of these two frequencies represents a binary "1" and another of these frequencies represents a binary "0". Varied sinusoid according to one of the preceding claims, wherein these deliberately caused deviations from the sine curve by means of an impulse or at least one additional oscillation, which is greater than the oscillation of the underlying sinus is effected and in this case the fact that they are right or left of an information bit arranged without information, the information content of a binary "0" or a binary "1" defined. Varying sinusoid according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the shape deviation is selected such that this shape reduces the EMC interference caused by the deviation and / or has a sinusoidal shape in its deviation and / or the sinusoidal quadrature curve has a slope of 5 15 μs. A varied sinusoid according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the duration of a start bit and an information bit is less than one millisecond. Varyed sinusoid according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the sinusoid represents the applied voltage and / or current and / or power. Varied sinusoid according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the frequency of the deviation is less than 200 KHZ. An electrical network comprising a sinusoid varied according to one of the preceding claims. Control unit for selectively causing at least one deviation of the sinusoidal curve according to one of the aforementioned claims, wherein this control unit is connected directly to the electrical network and is capable of causing the deviations on the sine of this electrical network, whereby these deviations can be read out again by a readout unit are. A control unit according to claim 16, wherein said circuit obtains the deviation solely by means of the current carried by the sinusoid of claims 1 to 15. Control unit according to claim 16 or 17, wherein said control unit causes deviations from the sine curve due to fluctuating current consumption from this same electrical network. Control unit according to one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the transmission periods of this control unit are integer Readout unit for targeted readout of a deliberately caused by the control unit deviation according to one of the aforementioned claims, wherein the readout unit is remote from the control unit connected to the same electrical network and is suitable, caused by this control unit deviations from the normal course of the sine of the electrical network for device supply read out again. Read-out unit for selective read-out according to claim 20, which is synchronized with the control unit according to one of claims 16 to 18. House power network or vehicle, comprising electrical supply lines transporting a sinusoidal curve and / or comprising a control unit and / or read-out unit according to one of the aforementioned claims.

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