DE202008009579U1 - heater - Google Patents

Abstract

Electric surface heating device (1) for a building, in particular for a building, comprising at least one flexible heating mat (2) which is fixed or fixable in and / or on a building surface, characterized in that a heating mat
a) has embedded, conductive particles, such that the electrical resistance of the heating mat (2) over its entire base is finite, and
b) at least two separate terminals for connection to two poles of an electrical voltage.

Description

The Invention is directed to an electric surface heater for a building, especially for a building, comprising at least one fixed in and / or on an (inner) building surface or fixable, flexible heating mat.

When Surface heating, especially wall or floor heating, is currently coming next to a hot water heater, whereby along the relevant (s) Surface (s) Pipes are laid, preferably in meanders, through which a liquid heating medium, especially warm water, circling, also an electric heater in consideration, wherein a resistance wire, for example. Constantan, on the area to be heated is applied. While operation then becomes current from an external voltage this resistance wire is driven, which heats the wire.

Both Systems have disadvantages; the biggest one is in that from the outside, d. h., on the finished wall, floor od. Like., Can not recognize where exactly the heating pipes or the heating wire runs. This can be special for heating pipes made of plastic, but also for heating wires, too a big problem to lead, if subsequently (small) structural changes to be made. Here is already the hammering of a nail have a fatal place fatal consequences: An accidentally perforated hot water pipe will leak, the heating fluid occurs in the surrounding building, in particular masonry and moistened this; Stain and mold is just one possible cause. On the other hand, by a wrongly nail nailed too a resistance wire is cut; it does not just become one entire resistance strand and thus a large section of surface heating shut down, but there is moreover even the danger of an electric shock, for example a metallic nail, in electrical contact with the resistance wire occurs, especially if the circuit is interrupted at the same time is and the entire heating current over a person drains off.

Out the disadvantages of the described prior art results the problem initiating the invention, a generic heating device for buildings, especially buildings, in such a way that these by smaller construction measures not materially damaged becomes.

• a) eingelagerte, leitfähige Partikel aufweist, derart, dass der elektrische Widerstand der Heizmatte über ihre gesamte Grundfläche endlich ist, sowie
• b) wenigstens zwei voneinander getrennte Anschlüsse aufweist für die Verbindung mit zwei Polen einer elektrischen Spannung.

The solution to this problem is achieved by at least one in / on a (top) surface, preferably in the interior of a building, fixable heating mat, the

• a) has embedded, conductive particles, such that the electrical resistance of the heating mat is finite over its entire base, and
• b) at least two separate terminals for connection to two poles of an electrical voltage.

By the approximately uniform Distribution of conductive Particles over the entire area the heating mat receives the same an approximately homogeneous electrical resistance, in contrast to a resistance wire, which has only a linear geometry and no area Geometry as the heating mat according to the invention. While Accordingly, a resistance wire can be cut relatively easily by For example, a nail over exactly the wire is hit, so causes such a nail a heating mat according to the invention at most a small hole, the same - which, for example, an area of covering one or more square meters - but never completely cut through. The current flow through the heating mat is therefore hardly affected, let alone interrupted. There - like the invention further provides - the specific electrical resistance of the heating mat according to the invention is considerably less than that of the human body even in the case of electrical contact with a person heating mat according to the invention only a tiny fraction of the heating current will flow through the human body during the continue flowing through the heating mat current remains virtually unchanged. This threatens a person in case of accidental contact with the heating mat according to the invention no danger. This danger can be further reduced if - how is also provided - the feeding voltage in the low voltage range, especially at about 50 volts or less. In that case, a person feels the contact to the heating mat according to the invention at all even if she had refrained from doing so, before the reconstruction Current flow through otherwise interrupt the heating mat.

It has proven to be favorable that the heating mat is wet or laid in a putty wet or laid. This measure serves the purpose of producing a good and intimate contact between the heating mat according to the invention and the adjacent structural part. This can be achieved in the ideal case that the heat is introduced over the entire surface of the heating mat directly into the immediately adjacent part of the building. Preferably, the heating mat is not deep in a building part, but, for example, only 10 mm or less below its surface, possibly only 8 mm or less below its surface, preferably only 6 mm or less below its surface, in particular only 4 mm or less under its surface, so that the heat relatively quickly meets the building surface and is discharged from there in the form of heat radiation and / or convection to the room to be heated. Demge On the other hand, in a dry installation, it is usually not possible to produce direct, large-area contact with the surface of a heating device, and the air masses remaining therebetween hinder the heat transfer considerably, since air is a poor conductor of heat.

The Putty should have a thermal conductivity of 1.0 W / (m · K) or more, preferably a thermal conductivity of 1.5 W (m · K) or more, in particular a thermal conductivity of 2.0 W (m · K) or more. This measure will the heat transfer from the heating mat according to the invention to the (nearby) surface of the relevant building part further reduced.

Around the unusual high thermal conductivity To achieve the putty, the invention provides that in the filler compound thermally conductive additives contain, in particular thermally conductive particles are stored.

in the Case that exclusively or mostly a room should be heated, but not the adjoining masonry, recommends the invention that the filler on a thermal reflective layer, especially on a thermally reflective Basic plaster, is applied. This ensures that one of the Heating mat if necessary in the direction of a background behind it delivered thermal radiation reflected and is also deflected to the room to be heated out.

Out For the same reason, a mat can face at its base back be provided with a thermally insulating coating, in particular from a material with one possible low thermal conductivity, such as a felt or fabric of thermally insulating fibers.

Around a heating mat according to the invention preferably firmly anchored in the filler, is further provided that they have a roughened surface has, in particular as a result of a primer applied. As a primer, a well-adherent coating of at least a polymer. This can if necessary, further constituents are added, for example potassium silicate glass, Calcium carbonate, silica, etc., to the adhesion to improve the putty.

A further consequences to increase the adhesion the heating mat according to the invention in the putty is to perforate the heating mat, especially in a regular pattern. Through these perforations, the putty can pass through, as soon as the heating mat on the previously plastered construction part is applied. The following curing Putty then forms with the heating mat downright form-fitting or many of them, namely in the form of a plurality of pegs penetrating the perforations the cured one Spackle. By a side facing away from the (construction) surface the heating mat applied second or the heating mat covering Layer of putty become the free ends of these pegs in turn interconnected and thus stabilized, so that such a way anchored heating mat only with great effort again from to solve the relevant component is.

In Further development of this inventive idea is provided on the one hand a perforation has a diameter of 0.1 mm or more, preferably a diameter of 0.2 mm or more, in particular a diameter of 0.5 mm or more; On the other hand, it can also be provided that a perforation has a diameter of 6 mm or less, preferably a diameter of 4 mm or less, in particular one Diameter of 2 mm or less. A typical diameter range is therefore of the order of magnitude from about 1 mm to 1.5 mm. Thus, on the one hand, the heating mat is not unduly weakened; on the other hand get the individual anchoring pegs of the filler one sufficient cross-section to be mechanically stable.

the same purpose - one optimal compromise too find between mechanical stability of the heating mat on the one hand and the hardened Anchorage peg of the filler on the other hand - serves a Development of the invention, according to which adjacent perforations a Distance of 0.5 mm or more, preferably a distance of 1.0 mm or more, in particular a distance of 1.5 mm or more; and / or wherein adjacent perforations are spaced from one another 5 mm or less, preferably a distance of 4 mm or less, in particular a distance of 3 mm or less.

All in all An arrangement has proven itself, with the total area the perforations of a mat is 30% of its total area or more, preferably 35% of their total area or more, in particular 40% of their total area or more; and / or wherein the total area of the perforations of a Mat 70% of its total area is or less, preferably 65% of their total area or less, in particular 60% of their total area Or less.

An arrangement in which the perforations are distributed in a honeycomb-shaped, ie hexagonal grid, again represents a compromise between the mechanical and the electrical Properties of the heating mat according to the invention. In particular, if - as the invention further provides - a series of perforations in the direction of the voltage drop or in the direction of the electric field strength within the heating mat is arranged, resulting largely straight current paths between the terminals or electrodes at the edges of the heating mat according to the invention; Such current paths may possibly extend laterally in the region between perforations of the heating mat, so that the entire heating mat is traversed by current and contributes to the heating of the building part.

Especially proven have heating mats, which have a thickness of 0.01 mm or more, preferably a starch of 0.02 mm or more, in particular a thickness of 0.05 mm or more, and / or which one strength of 1.0 mm or less, preferably 0.5 mm or less, in particular a thickness of 0.2 mm or less. In this area of strength of preferably 1 mm or less, such a heating mat is extremely flexible and therefore can without damage if necessary also bent around masonry corners, edges or fillets become.

Especially Heating mats with a rectangular, in particular, are universally applicable web-like Floor space. These can be similar to one Wallpaper in roll form offered, purchased and transported; Before installation, they are unrolled and cut to the desired length. If necessary, a multiple or plurality of such webs on a area of the building are applied side by side.

The preferred width of such a mat web is 40 cm or about that, preferably at 50 cm or above, especially at 60 cm or above, and / or at 120 cm or below, preferably at 110 cm or including, in particular at 100 cm or below.

Corresponding the usual room height Should a mat web be a length of more than 2 m, preferably 4 m or more in length, in particular a length of 6 m or more. Rolls with a total length of 10 m, 15 m or even 20 m are possible.

A reasonable heating power of up to about 2 kW per 10 square meters let yourself reach when a mat web with the width b and the length l one has an electrical resistance of 20 Ω · b / l or less, preferably an electrical resistance of 18 Ω · b / l or less, in particular an electrical resistance of 16 Ω · b / l or fewer. On the other hand, overheating avoided the heating mat, a mat web with the width b and should the length l have an electrical resistance of 6 Ω · b / l or more, preferably an electrical resistance of 8 Ω · b / l or more, in particular an electrical resistance of 10 Ω · b / l or more.

Such Resistance values can be achieved by putting in a mat conductive Particles are incorporated, in particular carbon fibers or shavings.

To their fixation can the conductive ones Particles are embedded in a matrix, preferably from a organic material, in particular of a polymer.

For a uniform heating power the heating mat according to the invention on the the whole area the mat should have at least two low-resistance strips as terminal electrodes which preferably along two, opposite one another Edges of the heating mat run. Like the plates of a condensed gate for a provide homogeneous electric field in the plate gap, so is the purpose of this strip-shaped terminal electrodes in one possible homogeneous current flow. These low-resistance strips preferably run along the respective ones longer Edges of the heating mat, in a Heizmattenbahn thus in the longitudinal direction the train.

Around To ensure sufficient reliability, should be a low-impedance Strips have a width of 5 mm or more, preferably a width of 10 mm or more, in particular a width of 15 mm or more.

The low-resistance strips can printed or vapor-deposited; only one is important intimate contact with live Layer of heating mat.

Their low resistivity owe the low-impedance strips preferably at least one metallic constituent, in particular Copper.

The The invention further provides that several on a ground Mats are laid side by side so that their low-impedance Strip parallel to each other. This is a more systematic Connection of the same to a feeding energy source allows.

Preferably The low-resistance strips of several mats are common to two Manifolds connected, giving a common feed all those mats from a single source of energy is possible their different poles, each with a manifold galvanic are connected.

To a heating mat according to the invention the To communicate potential difference between the poles of a power source, the two low-impedance strips of the same mat are connected to different manifolds.

Around shorts between adjacent heating mats is still provided each mutually adjacent low-impedance strips of different Mats are connected to the same manifold. This is the tension between the two adjacent edges adjacent Heating mat tracks equal to zero, and even an overlapping laying of two heating mats impaired their functionality is not.

The Buses should be connected across the low-resistance strips of the Mats run, in particular approximately at right angles thereto. In this Fall down on the shortest Laying away to an energy source, so that on the one hand material can be saved and on the other hand, the line losses minimal are.

From aesthetic establish as well as to avoid damage, the manifolds can be covered be, for example, from a bar, especially from a skirting board.

Around high voltages compared To avoid earth potential, one of the two manifolds can be grounded. This is preferably done in a connection box, a junction box od. Like.

Provided the manifolds connected to the two poles of a low voltage are, preferably to a voltage of 60 volts or less, in particular to a voltage of 50 volts or less, is itself a direct contact completely harmless.

The Invention recommends that the manifolds to the two poles an AC voltage are connected, preferably with a Mains frequency from 50 to 60 Hz. This makes it possible, the manifolds on a To feed (isolating) transformer so that it is galvanic by a dining network are disconnected.

Finally corresponds It is the teaching of the invention that the amplitude of the feeding voltage variable is to control or regulate the heating power. Such Variation can be done, for example, by a phase control, the firing angle a semiconductor switching element is variable. This is the possibility opened, a heating device according to the invention to be used as an actuator in the context of a temperature control loop.

Further Features, details, benefits and effects based on the Invention will become apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment the invention and with reference to the drawing. Hereby shows:

1 a heating device according to the invention with a plurality of heating mats arranged on a wall section; such as

2 a heating mat off 1 in an enlarged view.

The heater 1 out 1 serves for planar heating of building parts, in particular of walls, both interior and exterior walls, but can also be used for heating floors, possibly ceilings and other structural parts, eg. Pillars.

With the heating device according to the invention 1 can be both radiant heaters build, the primary, more or less exclusive purpose in the heating of one or more rooms, on the other hand but also tempering, with a weighty or even the exclusive purpose in the heating of the substrate is, for example. To a damp masonry dry out.

To install such a heater 1 in the context of a radiant heater is od on a substrate, eg. From masonry, concrete, plaster base plates, construction boards, plasterboard, wood. Like., First applied a layer of a thermally reflecting material, which is preferably a special (sub) plaster , In the case of a tempering heater, this step can or should be omitted.

thereupon is on the preferably dry or dried surface applied a first layer of a filler. This can be both cement mortar be a lime mortar, Plaster, a Adhesive mortar, d. h., An organic binder modified mortar, or a purely organic mortar. The basis of these fillers may therefore be cement, lime, gypsum and / or clay as well as an organic binder. Preferably However, it is a material that is in the cured state a high thermal conductivity about 2 W (m · K) or more. This high thermal conductivity is achieved by the addition of Particles with good thermal conductivity.

In the still wet or wet filler then heating mats invention 2 in the form of one or preferably several webs 3 applied, ie applied and pressed with (light) pressure. The railways 3 should not overlap each other, although such for their functioning would not be detrimental.

Subsequently, another layer of putty on the visible top of the heating mats 2 or railways 3 applied, smoothed and - if necessary with a bar od. Like. - Smooth pulled off. After curing the filler are the heating mats 2 become an almost insoluble part of the structure.

How to get the 2 can refer, has a heating mat 2 a variety of perforations 4 on. These can range from 15% to about 50% of the total area of a heating mat 2 turn off. They are preferably circular with a diameter between 1 mm and 2 mm and a mutual distance of about 2 mm to 3 mm. Preferably, they are arranged in a regular pattern, for example, respectively at the corners or joints of a hexagon or honeycomb pattern.

A train 3 each has a width of about 60 cm to 120 cm, preferably between 70 cm and 110 cm, in particular between 80 cm and 100 cm.

Due to the incorporation of, for example, carbon fibers or shavings or other electrically conductive particles has the heating mat 2 an electrical surface resistance of 5 Ω or more, so that when a voltage is applied, a flow of current within the heating mat 2 comes about.

For contacting the heating mat 2 it has several, low impedance strips 5 . 6 , These run along the two long sides 7 a train 3 , Any low-resistance strip 5 . 6 has a width of about 1 to 2 cm and can be placed on the heating mat 2 either imprinted or vapor-deposited or otherwise applied to it. Above all, it is important that there is good contact with the heating mat 2 is guaranteed. Preferably, the low-resistance strips contain 5 . 6 Copper or other good conductive material, especially metal.

So the putty on the heating mat 2 firmly adhering, especially in the field of low-resistance strips 5 . 6 , is the entire heating mat 2 coated with an adhesion-promoting primer, for example containing a polymer.

As 1 shows are a plurality of webs 2 laid side by side in the putty, preferably such that their edges 7 Do not overlap each other, but as close together as possible. After curing the top side applied filling layer are of the heating mats 2 or railways 3 only small, end-side sections of the low-resistance strips 5 . 6 accessible, which can be achieved, for example, by covering during troweling.

In the area or below a base or skirting board 8th become two manifolds 9 . 10 laid. These are the low-impedance strips 5 . 6 the heating mats 2 connected. The two stripes 5 . 6 a train 3 be to different manifolds 9 . 10 connected, for example, clamped, soldered or glued with an electrically conductive adhesive. It should be ensured that each adjacent strip 5 . 6 different tracks 3 to the same manifold 9 . 10 be connected so that within the narrow range between the edges 7 neighboring tracks 3 There is no voltage drop, hence the only voltage drops within a heating mat 2 occur.

The two manifolds 9 . 10 are to the secondary side 11 an isolation transformer 12 connected, its primary side 13 to a mains voltage 14 are coupled, for example, to a 220 volt AC voltage. In between, an actuator may be provided, for example, an ON / OFF switch, but also a phase control 15 , With which the amplitude or voltage-time surface of the primary-side transformer voltage is variable, so as to the amplitude of the over the manifolds 9 . 10 to the heating mats 2 to vary the voltage applied.

This makes it possible, the heating power of the heater 1 to control or even regulate.

1

heater

2

heating mat

3

train

4

perforation

5

strip

6

strip

7

longitudinal edge

8th

baseboard

9

manifold

10

manifold

11

secondary side

12

Isolation transformer

13

primary

14

mains voltage

15

Phase control

Claims (42)

Electric surface heating device ( 1 ) for a building, in particular for a building, comprising at least one flexible heating mat defined or fixable in and / or on a building surface ( 2 ), characterized in that a heating mat a) has embedded, conductive particles, such that the electrical resistance of the heating mat ( 2 ) is finally over their entire footprint, as well b) at least two separate terminals for connection to two poles of an electrical voltage. Heating device according to claim 1, characterized in that the heating mat ( 2 ) is laid or laid in a putty. Heating device according to claim 2, characterized in that that the putty has a thermal conductivity of 1.0 W / (m · K) or more, preferably a thermal conductivity of 1.5 W (m · K) or more, in particular a thermal conductivity of 2.0 W (m · K) or more. Heating device according to one of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that in the filler mass thermally conductive additives contained, in particular stored. Heating device according to one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the putty on a thermal reflective layer, in particular on a thermally reflective base plaster, is applied. Heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a heating mat ( 2 ) has a roughened surface, in particular due to a primer applied. Heating device according to claim 6, characterized the primer contains at least one polymer. Heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a heating mat ( 2 ) is provided on its underside facing the back with a thermally insulating coating. Heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a heating mat ( 2 ) is perforated, in particular in a regular pattern. Heating device according to claim 9, characterized in that a perforation ( 4 ) has a diameter of 0.1 mm or more, preferably a diameter of 0.2 mm or more, in particular a diameter of 0.5 mm or more. Heating device according to one of claims 9 or 10, characterized in that a perforation ( 4 ) has a diameter of 6 mm or less, preferably a diameter of 4 mm or less, in particular a diameter of 2 mm or less. Heating device according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that adjacent perforations ( 4 ) have a pitch of 0.5 mm or more, preferably a pitch of 1.0 mm or more, more preferably a pitch of 1.5 mm or more. Heating device according to one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that adjacent perforations ( 4 ) have a distance of 5 mm or less, preferably a distance of 4 mm or less, in particular a distance of 3 mm or less. Heating device according to one of claims 9 to 13, characterized in that the perforations ( 4 ) are arranged in a honeycomb, ie hexagonal grid. Heating device according to one of claims 9 to 14, characterized in that the total area of the perforations ( 4 ) a heating mat ( 2 ) is about 30% of its total area or more, preferably 35% of its total area or more, in particular 40% of its total area or more. Heating device according to one of claims 9 to 15, characterized in that the total area of the perforations ( 4 ) a heating mat ( 2 ) is about 70% of its total area or less, preferably 65% of its total area or less, in particular 60% of its total area or less. Heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a heating mat ( 2 ) has a thickness of 0.01 mm or more, preferably a thickness of 0.02 mm or more, in particular a thickness of 0.05 mm or more. Heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a heating mat ( 2 ) has a thickness of 1.0 mm or less, preferably a thickness of 0.5 mm or less, in particular a thickness of 0.2 mm or less. Heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a heating mat ( 2 ) has a rectangular, in particular web-shaped base. Heating device according to claim 19, characterized in that a mat web ( 3 ) has a width of 40 cm or more, preferably a width of 50 cm or more, in particular a width of 60 cm or more. Heating device according to claim 19 or 20, characterized in that a mat web ( 3 ) has a width of 120 cm or less, preferably a width of 110 cm or less, in particular a width of 100 cm or less. Heating device according to one of claims 19 to 21, characterized in that a mat web ( 3 ) has a length of more than 2 m, preferably a length of 4 m or more, in particular a length of 6 m or more. Heating device according to one of claims 19 to 22, characterized in that a mat web ( 3 ) having the width b and the length l has an electrical resistance of 6 Ω · b / l or more, preferably an electrical resistance of 8 Ω · b / l or more, in particular an electrical resistance of 10 Ω · b / l or more , Heating device according to one of claims 19 to 23, characterized in that a mat web ( 3 ) having the width b and the length l has an electrical resistance of 20 Ω · b / l or less, preferably an electrical resistance of 18 Ω · b / l or less, in particular an electrical resistance of 16 Ω · b / l or less , Heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a heating mat ( 2 ), embedded conductive particles, in particular carbon fibers or shavings. Heating device according to claim 25, characterized in that that the conductive Particles are embedded in a matrix, preferably from a organic material, in particular of a polymer. Heating device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a heating mat ( 2 ) at least two low-resistance strips ( 5 . 6 ) has as terminal electrodes. Heating device according to claim 27, characterized in that the low-resistance strips ( 5 . 6 ) along two, mutually opposite edges ( 7 ) a heating mat ( 2 ). Heating device according to one of claims 27 or 28, characterized in that a low-resistance strip ( 5 . 6 ) has a width of 5 mm or more, preferably a width of 10 mm or more, in particular a width of 15 mm or more. Heating device according to one of claims 27 to 29, characterized in that the low-resistance strips ( 5 . 6 ) are printed or vapor-deposited. Heating device according to one of claims 27 to 30, characterized in that the low-resistance strips ( 5 . 6 ) have at least one metallic constituent, in particular copper. Heating device according to one of claims 27 to 31, characterized in that a plurality of heating mats ( 2 ) are juxtaposed in such a way that their low-resistance strips ( 5 . 6 ) parallel to each other. Heating device according to one of claims 27 to 32, characterized in that the low-resistance strips ( 5 . 6 ) several heating mats ( 2 ) to two common collecting lines ( 9 . 10 ) are connected. Heating device according to one of claims 27 to 33, characterized in that the two low-resistance strips ( 5 . 6 ) of the same heating mat ( 2 ) to different manifolds ( 9 . 10 ) are connected. Heating device according to one of claims 27 to 34, characterized in that in each case adjacent low-resistance strips ( 5 . 6 ) different heating mats ( 2 ) to the same manifold ( 9 . 10 ) are connected. Heating device according to one of claims 33 to 35, characterized in that the manifolds ( 9 . 10 ) across the low-resistance strips ( 5 . 6 ) of the connected heating mats ( 2 ), in particular approximately at right angles thereto. Heating device according to one of claims 33 to 36, characterized in that the collecting lines ( 9 . 10 ) are covered by a strip, for example by a skirting board ( 8th ). Heating device according to one of claims 33 to 37, characterized in that one of the two manifolds ( 9 . 10 ) is grounded. Heating device according to one of claims 33 to 38, characterized in that the collecting lines ( 9 . 10 ) are connected to the two poles of a low voltage, preferably to a voltage of 60 volts or less, in particular to a voltage of 50 volts or less. Heating device according to one of claims 33 to 39, characterized in that the collecting lines ( 9 . 10 ) are connected to the two poles of an alternating voltage, preferably with a mains frequency of 50 to 60 Hz. Heating device according to one of claims 33 to 40, characterized in that the collecting lines ( 9 . 10 ) via a (isolating) transformer ( 12 ), so that they are galvanic a feeding network ( 14 ) are separated. Heating device according to one of claims 39 to 41, characterized in that the amplitude of the feeding voltage is variable to control or regulate the heating power.