DE19930932A1 - Strong, stable, coated detergent tablets use in domestic washing machines or dishwashers are made by a pressing process involving die rotation - Google Patents

Abstract

At least one of the dies is rotated about its vertical axis during production of detergent tablets by pressing. Independent claims are also include for: (i) production of multi-phase detergent tablets with at least one of the dies being rotated about its vertical axis during production of the tablets by pressing; (ii) compacted and shaped detergents comprising a core covered with a coating which has the same composition as the core but which is harder or of higher density than the core; and (iii) multi-phase compacted and shaped detergents analogous to those in (ii) above.

Description

The present invention relates to a method for producing washing and cleaning agents moldings and shaped bodies produced by this process and their Use. In particular, the invention relates to such moldings and manufacturing processes drive like detergent tablets, detergent tablets, bleach tablets or water softening tablets and their respective production.

Detergent tablets have emerged as an offer form for such Zu compositions in addition to liquid and particulate products are firmly established because they a number of advantages such as easy dosing, safe handling, high ver seal and thus reduced packaging, transport and storage costs as well have aesthetic charms.

These advantages are offset by disadvantages. The compression often leads to too much stable tablets have a reduced solubility or disintegration rate is undesirable, especially with detergent tablets. Be on the other Side the moldings only slightly pressed to achieve better solubility, so Problems such as breakage, edge breakage and abrasion occur, which the consumer considers to be immense wishes to be noticed.

One solution that is proposed in the prior art for this is the use layered tablets, in which a "shell" the internal washing and cleaning middle molded body ("core") envelops and gives this stability.  

Coated detergent tablets are described, for example, in the European patent described in EP 716 144 (Unilever). According to the teaching of this document, a Be Layering of water-soluble material reduces abrasion and friability of the tablets, without affecting solubility. Coating materials are ins special film-forming materials such as water-soluble polymers or sugar called. The Coating is applied in a process following the tabletting process and makes up a few percent by weight of the finished molded body.

Coated detergent tablets are also used in European patent applications EP 846 754, EP 846 755 and EP 846 756 (all Procter & Gamble). After This teaching teaches coatings that contain dicarboxylic acids as a melt or solution applied to pre-pressed moldings. Here too the coating does based on the weight a few percent of the finished molded article and must be in one separate processing step can be applied.

The coating fulfills the task in the cited cases of the prior art a protective layer around the previously produced molded body and meets in the later Washing or cleaning process no tasks. Based on the total weight of the Shaped articles are therefore a certain percentage free of active substances for the consumer Materials sold. In addition, the technology described requires the use of two different process stages: the tableting on the one hand and the coating on the other hand. This places an unfavorable burden on process economics.

The present invention was based on the object of washing and cleaning agents To provide moldings that have the advantages of coated tablets without the use in Reach washing or cleaning cycle of useless materials. A high mechanical sta resistance to impact, impact and friction, i.e. high breaking strength and low Friabi lity and tendency to abrasion, should also have a high active substance content in the Be stratification can be achieved.  

In addition, further procedural steps should be avoided to reduce the cost of the Lower production of the moldings. Another task was to be a to achieve layering of the moldings, which brings the advantages mentioned above, without the need for a special coating step after pressing.

It has now been found that the surface is tempered by a special pressing process Have detergent tablets made, the outer layers of which Have the quality of a conventional coating and have the advantages mentioned.

The present invention relates to a method for producing washing and Detergent tablets by pressing one or more particulate Detergent and cleaning agent compositions in a tablet press, in which min a stamp of a pair of press stamps during the tabletting process around his vertical axis is rotated.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the applicant assumes that the Rotation of at least one die of a pair of dies during tableting The surface of the molded body becomes harder than the rest of the molded body due to friction pers. In this way, even with low pressing forces on the surface of the tablet cup-shaped creates a thin, harder layer that the stability of the molded body and its resistance to abrasion increased significantly. It is particularly advantageous here that the harder "shell" consists of the same premix as the rest of the tablet, ie the has the same composition. In this way, the use of active substances is reduced Coating layers avoided. At the same time, the coating is already in the pressing process generates what makes subsequent coating process steps unnecessary.

Overall, the method according to the invention can be used for washing and cleaning medium shaped bodies anyway significantly lower than other tableting mixtures Pressing pressure can be further reduced without any disadvantages in terms of handling or To fear transport stability. The overall further reduced pressure leads advantageously to tablets that dissolve even more quickly.  

To make the "shell" around the entire molded body as homogeneous as possible it is advantageous if not only one press die of a pair of dies rotates, but each upper and lower stamps during the tabletting process to their ver tical axis. Process in which both stamps of a pair of press stamps are rotated accordingly about their vertical axis during the tableting process preferred.

The rotation of two punches, the pressing surfaces of which face each other, can be the same done sensually or in opposite directions. In addition, the rotation angle and with it distinguish the rotational speed of the stamp. Although all six possible Embodiments (same direction of rotation, upper punch rotates faster / further, same direction of rotation, lower stamp turns faster / further, different Ro direction of rotation, upper punch turns faster / further, different rotation direction direction, lower stamp rotates faster / further, same direction of rotation, both stamps rotate equally fast / far, opposite direction of rotation, both punches move lead equally quickly / widely) according to the invention to success and can be used process variants have been found to be preferred, in which the rotation of the stamp in the opposite direction.

The speed of rotation or the amount by which the punches are rotated that can be the same or different. It turned out to be advantageous in the manufacture of single-phase tablets, the speed of the punches increases immediately choose, while in the production of multilayer tablets, the speed of a Stamp on the mixture composition of the premix that comes into contact with it, can be coordinated. By varying the mixture composition parameters, Circulation speed and surface quality of the press ram can physical properties of the coating layer can be varied specifically.

In principle, the rotation of the tabletting punch (s) can take place at any point on the tabletting operation. A suitable point in time is, for example, a stamp rotation if the pressed detergent and cleaning agent tablet is discharged from the die and is surface-treated by the stamp (s) during discharge. Procedures where  the rotation of the press ram (s) after pressing in the discharge area of the tablet Accordingly, preferred presses are preferred.

Particularly suitable times to form stable coating layers are those in which NEN the stamps are pressurized, for example when filling the pre-filled premix and / or in the final compression for the finished washing and cleaning medium shaped body. After filling the particulate premix (= the particles shaped detergent and cleaning agent composition) you can use the lower stamp lift, lower the upper punch and turn the punch (s) evenly Allow distribution of the premix in the die. Here, the Vented fill, which ensures the homogeneity of the tablet and its even stabili is improved in all areas of the molded body. Venting the fill possible lower friability of the tablet and higher performance of the tablets Press. Process in which the rotation of the press ram (s) in the filling and / or printing area of the tablet press, preferably in the filling and printing area, takes place therefore preferred.

The aforementioned times of rotation of the stamp (s) can be combined with one another as desired be combined. It is particularly advantageous here if the stamp (s) both the pre-pressing (in the filling area), as well as the main pressing (in the pressure area) rich) as well as after pressing (in the discharge area). Preferred Methods are therefore characterized in that a rotation of the press ram (s) in the pre-pressing and in the main pressing and optionally after the pressing he follows.

The disintegration of the tablets can be greatly reduced if the timing of the shooting is incorrect become. It was observed that there was a marked deterioration in the decay times occurs when the stamp (s) are rotated at the time when the pressing force between between 40 and 100% of the maximum pressing force. Accordingly, there are shooting times preferred, to which the pressing forces applied to the punch (s) 0 to 40% of the ma ximal pressing force, preferably 0 to 20% of the maximum pressing force.  

The rotation of the stamp can be done constructively by cams on the stamp, the Rotation via stop bars on the press is carried out. The Rotati on also by driven art, which is attached to the stamps at certain times rolls of fabric. It is also possible to provide the stamp with a ring gear. about Toothed racks fixed to the press cause the rotation. The material pairing Sprocket / toothed rack should preferably be selected so that the toothed rack during operation is subject to greater wear. For example, the toothed rack is a good option spring-loaded to slowly build up the forces acting on the tooth flanks.

The above statements related verbally strongly to the production of single-phase Ta leaves from a particulate premix, which is a detergent and cleaning agent composition is. However, the method according to the invention is by no means be limits, rather, multi-phase moldings with the advantages of inventions produce the method according to the invention. Another object of the present invention is therefore a process for the production of multiphase detergents and cleaning agents body by pressing several particulate detergents and cleaning agents together Settings in a tablet press, with at least one stamp of a press stamp pair is rotated about its vertical axis during the tableting process.

Completely analogous to the above statements are multiphase in the production siger tablets preferred method, in which both stamps of a press stamp pair are rotated about their vertical axis during the tableting process. Also Methods, which are characterized in that the rotation of the stamps in opposite directions are preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention multi-phase tablets.

In this method according to the invention, the rotation of the stamp can also on the different places or at different times of the tableting pro process. Analogous to the above are also in the manufacture Multi-phase tablets are preferred in which the rotation of the press pel (s) takes place after pressing in the discharge area of the tablet press.  

Of course, the above as in multi-phase molded article production Advantageously exposed rotation of the press ram (s) in the filling and / or pressure area the tablet press, preferably in the filling and printing area.

In preferred methods, therefore, the press ram (s) is rotated at the front pressing the first premix and with each further pre-pressing further pre-mix mixtures and in the main pressing of the multi-phase molded body and optionally after the pressing.

In the manufacture of multi-phase tablets, the adhesion of the individual phases can be un improve one another if the pre-compression between the dosing steps for the individual premixes are dispensed with. This also makes the solubility the first phase unfavorable multiple pressures on the first Vorge mixed avoided. A further embodiment therefore sees methods according to the invention in which there are no intermingles between the dosing steps for the individual premixes compression takes place.

The press ram used in the method according to the invention can be made as desired have shaped surface structures, which requires due to the rotation of the stamp Lich is that the stamps are round. For the production of simple or multilayer round (biplaner) tablets can be used with flat surfaces as they are for stamps the conventional tableting methods are known. For the production of specially ge shaped tablets, which can also be made up of several layers stamps are also used which have elevations or depressions which in turn should be rotationally symmetrical along the longitudinal axis of the stamp. It is at for example possible to use a stamp in which a cylinder with a smaller Diameter on a base with a larger, diameter is applied. In the Production deliver such stamp tablets, which are circular in the round shape body protruding trough. A corresponding cylindrical recess in the Press ram leads to a tablet that has the shape of two cylinders stacked on top of each other having. The ratio of the diameter to the height of such cylinders is usually above 1, preferably above 1.5 and in particular above 2.  

Of course, the above-mentioned modifications to upper and lower stamps can be made by out, which either turn to ring tablets (the attached cylinder meet during the pressing process in the middle of the tablet and form the continuous one Hole) or double trough tablets or tablets with the shape of three on top of each other pelter cylinder result.

The principle described above can also be divided into two, three or more expand the following elevations or depressions on the stamp surface. It can rings are placed on the stamp surface or milled into it, so that the resulting tablets have annular depressions or elevations.

A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention provides use domed stamp surfaces. A stamp plan can be chosen while the other stamp is convex or concave. Shaped bodies result from this a concave depression or convex bump on one side while the other Page is plan. The latter tablets with an upward "lenticular" Due to their smooth undersides, the survey can be carried out on conventional assembly lines are transported and allow, for example, an increase in tablets where this is desired. The combination of two convex or concave stamps is also possible and leads to biconcave or biconvex tablets, the latter in turn can have a larger overall height. Depending on the filling volume of the die can be a more or less thick cylindrical "edge" between the arched Realize areas. Last but not least is the combination of a convexly curved Un stamp with a concave curved upper stamp (or vice versa) possible, so that the result is a tablet that has the shape of a watch glass. Such tablets point with the same mass and the same diameter to a greater height than biplane tablet ten.

Of course there are smooth transitions between the individual forms mentioned possible. Another preferred embodiment of tabletting punches sees a ring shaped elevation on the stamp edge before, which is preferably a triangular cross-section  having. Such stamps can be used to produce tablets with a facet edge have ("chamfered" edges). Here, too, there are hardly any limits to the variety of designs set so that the facet edge is also quarter-circular, step-like, swollen several times conditions etc. can be carried out.

The production of multi-phase moldings can have different configurations lead. So - depending on the shape of the pressing tools - core / jacket or ring core tablets can be produced. Bulleye tablets can also be made by the inventive Manufacture press technology. In all embodiments of the pressing tools must be be made sure that the rotating stamps are rotationally symmetrical, so at the rotation of the punch (s) no shifts in the mixture structure in the die occur. Since the manufacture of the above-mentioned multi-phase tablets is high technical complexity, it can be due to the process economy of Be advantageous to use flat, round pressing tools and to produce tablets that one Own layer structure. Accordingly, methods are preferred in which the phases Show form of layers.

The information below applies regardless of whether single-phase, two-shift or Multi-phase tablets can be manufactured with different structures. They concern ins special the turning process according to the invention.

For the direction of rotation of the rotating stamp (s), refer to the information above to get expelled. The amount by which the stamp rotates can also vary widely Limits are varied, with the small rotation of a few tenths of a degree up to full rotation, all embodiments are possible. In terms of with high throughputs, short dwell times of the press rams are in the rotary positions Preferred method in which the press ram (s) by 0.1 to each turning operation 90 °, preferably by 0.25 to 45 ° and in particular by 0.5 to 20 °.

The amount of rotation of a stamp, as stated above, is not to the Amount of rotation of the other stamp of the pair of stamps tied. Completely analog the stamp can be rotated by different amounts depending on the rotational position  become. For example, it is possible to place a stamp in the filling area by 5 degrees to rotate while the same punch in the pressing area by 0.5 ° and in the discharge area Is turned 45 °. Of course, the values mentioned are only examples The character and rotation of a stamp is conceivable at every rotation position Amount of film possible. In addition to the angle that is exceeded, the turning process can also be characterized by the intensity of the rotation. This in turn depends on it the time in which the turning process is completed. In terms of throughput the tablet press, which should advantageously be high, stands for Rotation only available for a limited time. Procedures characterized by this are that the rotation of the press ram (s) over a period of 1 to 1000 ms, preferably from 2 to 500 ms and in particular from 5 to 100 ms, be prefers. Depending on the size of the angle to be exceeded, this becomes high Angular velocities are reached that lead to the desired friction on the surface of the Tablet and lead to the formation of the coating layer.

In addition to the factors mentioned, the thickness of the coating layer can be time (distance) and intensity sity of rotation also on the nature of the press ram, the pressure and the Press temperature can be influenced. Long turns, quick turns, rough stamp Oil surfaces and increased pressing temperatures lead to a thicker and thus more stable Layer. The roughness of the stamp surfaces can be determined by the size of the roughness are specified, which is the height difference between the lowest and the highest most point of the stamp surface describes. Processes in which the pressing surfaces of the Press ram has a roughness depth of 5 to 500 microns, preferably from 10 to 250 microns and in particular have from 20 to 150 microns are preferred according to the invention.

Likewise, are processes in which the pressing at temperatures between 10 and 60 ° C, preferably between 15 and 50 ° C and in particular between 20 and 40 ° C is carried out, preferred according to the invention.

The pressing forces for the method according to the invention are preferably in the range from 1 to 50 kN, in particular from 5 to 20 kN, these being the maximum forces (main pressing forces) which are applied to the punches. In accordance with the preferred time of rotation of the stamps described above, the stamp (s) are thus preferably rotated with applied pressing forces from 0.2 to 20, in particular from 1 to 8 kN. The stated values lead to different pressures depending on the size of the surface over which the force is distributed. In preferred process variants, these are between 50 and 2500 Ncm ^-2 , in particular between 100 and 1500 Ncm ^-2 , the value again representing the main pressure. The stamps are rotated in preferred methods according to the invention at pressures between 10 and 1000 Ncm ^-2 , in particular between 20 and 600 Ncm ^-2 .

The method according to the invention is used to manufacture detergents and cleaning agents molded bodies and consists in pressing one or more particulate washing and detergent compositions. Advantageous effects of the process end pro Products can be modified by suitable compositions and / or physical parameters This detergent and cleaning agent composition (s) can be achieved. Now follow gave information on physical parameters and ingredients of the detergents and cleaning agents composition (s) which, in the context of the present invention, are also known as a “premix” be designated.

For a high density of the resulting shaped bodies, it is advantageous if this is pressed sending premix has a higher bulk density. In particular, processes in which the particulate detergent and detergent composition (s) is a bulk weight of at least 500 g / l, preferably at least 600 g / l and in particular mind At least 700 g / l are preferred embodiments of the present Invention.

Also for the particle size or the particle size distribution of the washing to be pressed and detergent composition (s) can be given. So are at preferred method, for example, which are characterized in that the particulate Detergent and detergent composition (s) Particle sizes between 100 and 2000 microns, preferably between 200 and 1800 microns, particularly preferably between 400 and 1600 µm and in particular between 600 and 1400 µm.  

Trends can also be recognized within the particle size ranges mentioned. which premixes are particularly suitable. Methods in which the particulate (s) Detergent and detergent composition (s) less than 20% by weight, preferably less than 10% and especially less than 5% by weight of size particles according to the invention are further preferred. Also Similar information can be given for the upper limit of the particle size distribution. Here, methods are preferred in which the particulate washing and cleaning agent composition (s) less than 20% by weight, preferably less than 10% by weight and in particular less than 5% by weight of particles with a size above 1600 μm has / have.

Detergent tablets, for example, can be prepared by the process according to the invention manufacture with particular preference. While, for example, in detergent tablets for machine dishwashing the proportion of surfactants is low and this surfactant Surfactants are a part of bleach tablets or water softener tablets an essential component of textile detergents, regardless of their supply Form. Detergent tablets are usually made by mixing surfactant granules with processing components and subsequent compression of this particulate Premixed. Preferred variants of the method according to the invention are therefore characterized in that the or at least one of the pre-pressed mixtures additionally contains granules (s) containing surfactants.

Methods preferred in the context of the present invention therefore include ver pressing a particulate premix of at least one surfactant-containing granulate and at least one admixed powdery component. The production of the ten Granules containing sid can be produced by conventional industrial granulation processes such as Compacting, extrusion, mixer granulation, pelleting or fluidized bed granulation done on.

In preferred process variants, the granules containing surfactant are also sufficient particle size criteria. Methods according to the invention are preferred in which the surfactant-containing granules particle sizes between 100 and 2000 microns, preferably between  between 200 and 1800 µm, particularly preferably between 400 and 1600 µm and in particular re between 600 and 1400 µm.

In addition to the active substances (anionic and / or nonionic and / or cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants), the surfactant granules preferably also contain a carrier fe, which particularly preferably come from the group of builders. Particularly advantageous Adhesive processes are characterized in that the surfactant-containing granules are anionic and / or nonionic surfactants and builders and total surfactant content of at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 15% by weight and in particular at least at least 20 wt .-%, based on the granules.

These surface-active substances come from the group of anionic, non-ionic , zwitterionic or cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants from eco mix reasons and because of their range of services are clearly preferred.

Anionic surfactants used are, for example, those of the sulfonate and sulfate type. The surfactants of the sulfonate type are preferably C _9-13 -alkylbenzenesulfonates, olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkanesulfonates, and disulfonates such as are obtained, for example, from C _12-18 monoolefins having a terminal or internal double bond by sulfonating with gaseous Sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonation products is considered. Also suitable are alkanesulfonates obtained from C _12-18 alkanes, for example by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation with subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization. Likewise, the esters of α-sulfofatty acids (ester sulfonates), e.g. B. the α-sulfonated methyl ester of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids is suitable.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters. Under fatty acid glyce The mono-, di- and triesters as well as their mixtures are to be understood as Rinestern, as in the production by esterification of a monoglycerin with 1 to 3 moles of fatty acid or obtained in the transesterification of triglycerides with 0.3 to 2 mol of glycerol. Before pulled sulfated fatty acid glycerol esters are the sulfonation products of saturated fat  acids with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, Ca. pric acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid.

As alk (en) yl sulfates, the alkali and in particular the sodium salts of the sulfuric acid semiesters of the C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ fatty alcohols, for example from coconut oil alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or the C ₁₀ -C ₂₀ -oxoalcohols and those half-esters of secondary alcohols of this chain length are preferred. Also preferred are alk (en) yl sulfates of the chain length mentioned, which contain a synthetic, petrochemical-based straight-chain alkyl radical which have a degradation behavior similar to that of the adequate compounds based on oleochemical raw materials. From the washing, the C ₁₂ -C ₁₆ alkyl sulfates and C ₁₂ are - C ₁₅ alkyl sulfates and C ₁₄ -C ₁₅ alkyl sulfates of preferably. 2,3-Alkyl sulfates, which are produced, for example, according to US Pat. Nos. 3,234,258 or 5,075,041 and can be obtained as commercial products from the Shell Oil Company under the name DAlV®, are also suitable anionic surfactants.

The sulfuric acid monoesters of the straight-chain or branched C _7-21 alcohols ethoxylated with 1 to 6 mol of ethylene oxide, such as 2-methyl-branched C _9-11 alcohols with an average of 3.5 mol of ethylene oxide (EO) or C _12-18 -Fatty alcohols with 1 to 4 EO, are suitable. Because of their high foaming behavior, they are used in cleaning agents only in relatively small amounts, for example in amounts of 1 to 5% by weight.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are also the salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or as sulfosuccinic acid esters and which are monoesters and / or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and especially ethoxylated fatty alcohols. Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C _8-18 fatty alcohol residues or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain a fatty alcohol residue, which is derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which in themselves are nonionic surfactants (description see below). Again, sulfosuccinates, the fatty alcohol residues of which are derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a narrow homolog distribution, are particularly preferred. It is also possible to use alk (en) ylsuccinic acid with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk (en) yl chain or salts thereof.

Soaps are particularly suitable as further anionic surfactants. Are suitable saturated fatty acid soaps, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, Stearic acid, hydrogenated erucic acid and behenic acid and in particular from natural Fatty acids, e.g. B. coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, derived soap mixtures.

The anionic surfactants including the soaps can be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or Triethanolamine. The anionic surfactants are preferably in the form of their Sodium or potassium salts, especially in the form of the sodium salts.

In the context of the present invention, surfactant granules are preferred which have 5 to 50 % By weight, preferably 7.5 to 40% by weight and in particular 10 to 30% by weight of anionic Surfactant (s), each based on the granules.

When choosing the anionic surfactants, there is no question of freedom of formulation framework conditions in the way. However, preferred surfactant granules have one Soap content of 0.2% by weight based on the total weight of the manufactured Detergent tablets, exceeds. Anionic to be used with preference Surfactants are the alkylbenzenesulfonates and fatty alcohol sulfates, preferred ones Detergent tablets 2 to 20% by weight, preferably 2.5 to 15% by weight and in particular 5 to 10 wt .-% fatty alcohol sulfate (s), each based on the Ge importance of the detergent tablets.

The nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and on average 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol in which the alcohol residue is linear or preferably in the 2-position May be methyl branched or may contain linear and methyl branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxoalko radicals. In particular, however, alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues from alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for. B. from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol preferred. The preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C _12-14 alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C _9-11 alcohol with 7 EO, C _13-15 alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures thereof, such as mixtures of C _12-14 alcohol with 3 EO and C _12-18 alcohol with 5 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples include tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

Another class of preferred nonionic surfactants, which are used either as allei some nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants are used are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and pro poxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, especially fatty acid methyl esters, as described, for example, in Japanese Pa tentanmeldung JP 58/217598 are described or which are preferably according to the in the international patent application WO-A-90/13533 become.

Another class of nonionic surfactants that can be used advantageously are the alkyl polyglycosides (APG). Alkypolyglycosides that can be used satisfy the general formula RO (G) _z , in which R denotes a linear or branched, in particular methyl-branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, carbon atoms and G is the symbol which stands for a glycosyl unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably for glucose. The degree of glycosidation z is between 1.0 and 4.0, preferably between 1.0 and 2.0 and in particular between 1.1 and 1.4.

Linear alkyl polyglucosides, ie alkyl polyglycosides, are preferably used in de the polyglycosyl radical is a glucose radical and the alkyl radical is an n-alkyl radical.  

The end products of the process according to the invention can preferably be alkyl Contain polyglycosides, with APG contents exceeding 0.2% by weight, based on the ge Entire moldings are preferred. Particularly preferred washing and cleaning agents Moldings contain APG in amounts of 4.2 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 5 % By weight and in particular from 0.5 to 3% by weight.

Also nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-cocoalkyl-N, N- dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alka nolamides may be suitable. The amount of these nonionic surfactants is before preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, especially not more than half of it.

Other suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula (I),

in the RCO stands for an aliphatic acyl radical having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R ¹ for hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical with 1 to 4 carbon atoms and [Z] for a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical with 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups . The polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.

The group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula (II)

in the R for a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, R ¹ for a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical with 2 to 8 carbon atoms and R ² for a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or is an aryl radical or an oxyalkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, C _1-4 -alkyl or phenyl radicals being preferred and [Z] being a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted by at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated derivatives of this residue.

[Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose. The N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then, for example, according to the teaching of international application WO-A-95/07331 by reaction with fatty acid remethyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as a catalyst in the desired polyhy droxy fatty acid amides are transferred.

Regardless of whether anionic or nonionic surfactants or mixtures of these Classes of surfactants and, if applicable, amphoteric or cationic surfactants in the surfactant granule lat are used, methods according to the invention are preferred in which the surfactant content of the surfactant-containing granules 5 to 60 wt .-%, preferably 10 to 50 wt .-% and is in particular 15 to 40% by weight, based in each case on the surfactant granules.

The surfactant granules can be in the detergent tablets or individually NEN phases of multi-phase moldings are used in varying amounts. Erfin processes according to the invention in which the proportion of the surfactant-containing granules in the washing and detergent tablets or on a single phase of washing and cleaning molding agent body 40 to 95 wt .-%, preferably 45 to 85 wt .-% and in particular 55-75% by weight, each based on the weight of the washing and cleaning agents shaped bodies, is preferred.  

From an application point of view, it can be advantageous if certain classes of surfactants in some phases of the detergent tablets or in their entirety body, d. H. in all phases, are not included. Another important embodiment The present invention therefore provides that at least one phase of the shaped body is free of non-ionic surfactants.

Conversely, the content of individual phases or the entire form can also be used body, d. H. all phases, certain surfactants have a positive effect. The The introduction of the alkyl polyglycosides described above has been found to be advantageous have shown, so that detergent tablets are preferred, in which mind least one phase of the shaped body contains alkyl polyglycosides.

Similar to the nonionic surfactants can also be left out of anioni tensides from individual or all phases of detergent tablets result that are more suitable for certain areas of application. It is therefore in Also within the scope of the present invention are detergent tablets bar, in which at least one phase of the shaped body is free of anionic surfactants.

It has been shown that the surfactant content of the premixes to be pressed is the quality influenced by the coating layer produced by the inventive method. With too increasing surfactant content improves the stability of the coating layer. So it is preferred if the surfactant content of the tableting premix is above 10% by weight and in particular which is preferably above 15% by weight.

The type of surfactants used also has an influence on the coating layer. At high The higher the non-ionic surfactant content, the deterioration time of the manufactured tablets. Thus, a premix is preferred in which the ratio of Nonionic surfactants to anionic surfactants is greater than 2: 1, preferably greater than 3: 1.

On the other hand, especially when tableting zeolite-containing formulations find that a certain non-ionic surfactant content helps to form the coating layer  is rich. The non-ionic surfactant content of such a zeolite-containing tablet is therefore preferred at least 2% by weight, preferably at least 3% by weight.

In addition to the washing-active substances, builders are the most important ingredients of Detergents and cleaning agents. In the surfactant granules, but also as part of the Premixes can all be used in washing and cleaning agents Builders may be included, in particular thus zeolites, silicates, carbonates, organic Cobuilder and - where there are no ecological prejudices against their use - also that Phosphates. The latter are in particular in detergent tablets for the machine Dishwashers are preferred builders.

Suitable crystalline, layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} .H ₂ O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2, 3 or 4. Such crystalline layered silicates are described, for example, in European patent application EP-A-0 164 514. Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium disilicates Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ .yH ₂ O are preferred, wherein β-sodium disilicate can be obtained, for example, by the method described in the international patent application WO-A-91/08171 .

Amorphous sodium silicates with a Na ₂ O: SiO ₂ modulus of 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular 1: 2 to 1: 2.6, can also be used are delayed and have secondary washing properties. The delay in dissolution compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compaction / compression or by overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”. This means that the silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles deliver washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be interpreted in such a way that the products have microcrystalline ranges of size 10 to a few hundred nm, values up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred. Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates, which also have a delay in dissolution compared to the conventional water glasses, are described, for example, in German patent application DE-A-44 00 024. Particularly preferred are compressed / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates.

The finely crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite used is preferably zeolite A and / or P. As zeolite P, zeolite MAP® (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred. However, zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and / or P are also suitable. Commercially available and can preferably be used in the context of the present invention, for example a co-crystallizate of zeolite X and zeolite A (approx. 80% by weight zeolite X), which is sold by CONDEA Augusta SpA under the brand name VEGOBOND AX® and by the formula

n Na ₂ O. (1-n) K ₂ O. Al ₂ O _3. (2-2.5) SiO _2. (3.5-5.5) H ₂ O

can be described. The zeolite can be used both as a builder in a granule Ren compound used, as well as a kind of "powdering" of the whole to be pressed Send mixture are used, usually both ways to mis-corporation of the zeolite can be used in the premix. Suitable zeolites have a medium one Particle size of less than 10 µm (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Coun ter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight bound water.

It goes without saying that the generally known phosphates are also used as buildersub punching possible, provided that such use is not avoided for ecological reasons should be. Among the large number of commercially available phosphates, the Alka limetal phosphates with particular preference for pentasodium or pentapotassium tri  phosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate) in detergents and cleaning agents Industry the most important.

Alkali metal phosphates is the general term for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of the various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish between metaphosphoric acids (HPO ₃ ) _n and orthophosphoric acid H ₃ PO _{4 in} addition to higher molecular weight representatives. The phosphates combine several advantages: They act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts or lime incrustations in tissues and also contribute to cleaning performance.

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH ₂ PO ₄ , exists as a dihydrate (density 1.91 gcm ^-3 , melting point 60 °) and as a monohydrate (density 2.04 gcm ^-3 ). Both salts are white, water-soluble powders, which lose water of crystallization when heated and at 200 ° C into the weakly acidic diphosphate (disodium hydrogen diphosphate, Na ₂ H ₂ P ₂ O ₇ ), at higher temperature in sodium trimetaphosphate (Na ₃ P ₃ O ₉ ) and Maddrell's salt (see below). NaH ₂ PO _{4 is} acidic; it occurs when phosphoric acid is adjusted to pH 4.5 with caustic soda and the mash is sprayed. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (primary or monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium biphosphate, KDP), KH ₂ PO ₄ , is a white salt with a density of 2.33 gcm ^-3 , has a melting point of 253 ° [decomposition to form potassium polyphosphate (KPO ₃ ) _x ] and is easily soluble in water.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary sodium phosphate), Na ₂ HPO ₄ , is a colorless, very easily water-soluble crystalline salt. It exists anhydrous and with 2 mol. (Density 2.066 gcm ^-3 , water loss at 95 °), 7 mol. (Density 1.68 gcm ^-3 , melting point 48 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O) and 12 mol. Water ( Density 1.52 gcm ^-3 , melting point 35 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O), becomes anhydrous at 100 ° and changes to diphosphate Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ when heated more strongly. Disodium hydrogen phosphate is produced by neutralizing phosphoric acid with soda solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (secondary or dibasic potassium phosphate), K ₂ HPO ₄ , is an amorphous, white salt that is easily soluble in water.

Trisodium phosphate, tertiary sodium phosphate, Na ₃ PO ₄ , are colorless crystals which, as dodecahydrate, have a density of 1.62 gcm ^-3 and a melting point of 73-76 ° C (decomposition), as decahydrate (corresponding to 19-20% P ₂ O ₅ ) have a melting point of 100 ° C and in anhydrous form (corresponding to 39-40% P ₂ O ₅ ) have a density of 2.536 gcm ^-3 . Trisodium phosphate is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction and is produced by evaporating a solution of exactly 1 mol of disodium phosphate and 1 mol of NaOH. Tripotassium phosphate (tertiary or triphase potassium phosphate), K ₃ PO ₄ , is a white, deliquescent, granular powder with a density of 2.56 gcm ^-3 , has a melting point of 1340 ° and is easily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. It arises e.g. B. when he heats of Thomas slag with coal and potassium sulfate. Despite the higher price, the more soluble, therefore highly effective, potassium phosphates are often preferred over corresponding sodium compounds in the cleaning agent industry.

Tetrasodium diphosphate (sodium pyrophosphate), Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ , exists in anhydrous form (density 2.534 gcm ^-3 , melting point 988 °, also given 880 °) and as decahydrate (density 1.815-1.836 gcm ^-3 , melting point 94 ° with loss of water) . Substances are colorless crystals that are soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ is formed by heating disodium phosphate to <200 ° or by reacting phosphoric acid with soda in a stoichiometric ratio and dehydrating the solution by spraying. The decahydrate complexes heavy metal salts and hardness formers and therefore reduces the hardness of the water. Potassium diphosphate (potassium pyrophosphate), K ₄ P ₂ O ₇ , exists in the form of the trihydrate and is a colorless, hygroscopic powder with a density of 2.33 gcm ^-3 , which is soluble in water, the pH value being 1% Solution at 25 ° is 10.4.

Condensation of the NaH ₂ PO ₄ or the KH ₂ PO ₄ produces higher moles. Sodium and potassium phosphates, in which one can distinguish cyclic representatives, the sodium or potassium metaphosphates and chain-like types, the sodium or potassium polyphosphates. A large number of terms are used in particular for the latter: melt or glow phosphates, Graham's salt, Kurrol's and Maddrell's salt. All higher sodium and potassium phosphates are collectively referred to as condensed phosphates.

The technically important pentasodium triphosphate, Na ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (sodium tripolyphosphate), is an anhydrous or non-hygroscopic, water-soluble salt of the general formula NaO- [P (O) (ONa) -O] that crystallizes with 6 H ₂ O. _n -Na with n = 3. In 100 g of water about 17 g dissolve at room temperature, at 20 ° approx. 20 g, at 100 ° around 32 g of the salt free of water; After heating the solution at 100 ° for two hours, hydrolysis produces about 8% orthophosphate and 15% diphosphate. In the production of pentasodium triphosphate, phosphoric acid is reacted with sodium carbonate solution or sodium hydroxide solution in a stoichiometric ratio and the solution is dewatered by spraying. Similar to Graham's salt and sodium diphosphate, pentasodium triphosphate dissolves many insoluble metal compounds (including lime soaps, etc.). Pentapotassium triphosphate, K ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (potassium tripolyphosphate), is commercially available, for example, in the form of a 50% strength by weight solution (<23% P ₂ O ₅ , 25% K ₂ O). The potassium polyphosphates are widely used in the detergent and cleaning agent industry. There are also sodium potassium tripolyphosphates which can also be used in the context of the present invention. These occur, for example, when hydrolyzing sodium trimetaphosphate with KOH:

(NaPO ₃ ) ₃ + 2 KOH → Na ₃ K ₂ P ₃ O ₁₀ + H ₂ O

According to the invention, these are exactly like sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of these two can be used; also mixtures of sodium tripolyphos phate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of potassium tripolyphosphate and Sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tri Polyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate can be used according to the invention.

As organic cobuilders in the washing and cleaning agents according to the invention telformkörper in particular polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxy latex, aspartic acid, polyacetals, dextrins, other organic cobuilders (see below) and phosphonates are used. These classes of substances are described below ben.  

Usable organic builders are, for example, those in the form of their sodium salts usable polycarboxylic acids, with such carboxylic acids under polycarboxylic acids can be understood that carry more than one acid function. For example, these are Citro Nenoic acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, Fumaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), if one such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, as well as mixtures from these. Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, Adi Pinic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of the sen.

The acids themselves can also be used. The acids have besides their buil the effect typically also the property of an acidifying component and serve thus also for setting a lower and milder pH value of washing or Detergents. In particular, citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, Adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures of these.

Polymeric polycarboxylates are also suitable as builders, for example those Alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a molecular weight of 500 to 70,000 g / mol.

In the context of this document, the molecular weights given for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molecular weights M _{W of} the particular acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), using a UV detector. The measurement was carried out against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship with the investigated polymers. This information differs significantly from the molecular weight information for which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard. The molecular weights measured against polystyrene sulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights given in this document.

Suitable polymers are in particular polyacrylates, which preferably have a molecular weight of Have 2000 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the This group in turn the short-chain polyacrylates, the molecular weights from 2000 to  10,000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 3000 to 5000 g / mol, preferably his.

Also suitable are copolymeric polycarboxylates, especially those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. As a special copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid, 50 to Contain 90 wt .-% acrylic acid and 50 to 10 wt .-% maleic acid. Your relative mole Cooling mass, based on free acids, is generally from 2000 to 70,000 g / mol preferably 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol and in particular 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol.

The (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be either as a powder or as an aqueous solution be used. The content of (co) polymeric polycarboxylates in the agent is before preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, in particular 3 to 10% by weight.

To improve water solubility, the polymers can also allylsulfonic acids, such as for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as a monomer ten.

Biodegradable polymers of more than two ver. Are also particularly preferred different monomer units, for example those that act as monomers salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid and vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives or as Monomeric salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid as well as sugar derivatives contain.

Further preferred copolymers are those which are described in German patent applications DE- A-43 03 320 and DE-A-44 17 734 are described and preferably as monomers Have acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate.

Likewise, further preferred builder substances are polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids, to name their salts or their precursors. Polyas are particularly preferred paraginic acids or their salts and derivatives, of which in the German patent application dung DE-A-195 40 086 discloses that, in addition to cobuilder properties, it also has a have a bleach-stabilizing effect.  

Other suitable builder substances are polyacetals, which are produced by the implementation of Dial dehyden with polyol carboxylic acids, which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl have groups that can be obtained. Preferred polyacetals are from Dialde hyden such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and their mixtures and from Obtained polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.

Other suitable organic builder substances are dextrins, for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches can be. The hydrolysis can be carried out according to conventional methods, for example acid or enzyme lysed procedures are carried out. It is preferably hydrolysis pro Products with medium poppy seeds in the range of 400 to 500,000 g / mol. There is a poly saccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range of 0.5 to 40, in particular from 2 to 30 preferred, DE being a common measure of the reducing effect of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100. Both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glu can be used cosesirupe with a DE between 20 and 37 as well as so-called yellow dextrins and White dextrins with higher poppy masses in the range of 2000 to 30,000 g / mol.

The oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are able to oxidize at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function. Such oxidized dexirines and processes for their preparation are known, for example, from European patent applications EP-A-0 232 202, EP-A-0 427 349, EP-A-0 472 042 and EP-A-0 542 496 and international patent applications WO 92/18542, WO 93/08251, WO 93/16110, WO 94/28030, WO 95/07303, WO 95/12619 and WO 95120608 are known. An oxidized oligosaccharide according to German patent application DE-A-196 00 018 is also suitable. A product oxidized at C _{6 of} the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous.

Also oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenedia mindisuccinate are other suitable cobuilders. Here, ethylenediamine-N, N'- disuccinate (EDDS) preferably used in the form of its sodium or magnesium salts.  

Glycerol disuccinates and Gly are also preferred in this context cerintrisuccinate. Suitable amounts are in zeolite and / or silicate salts gene formulations at 3 to 15 wt .-%.

Other useful organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarbon acids or their salts, which may optionally also be in lactone form, and which have at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and maxi contain two acid groups. Such cobuilders are used, for example, in the inter national patent application WO 95/20029.

Another class of substances with cobuilder properties are the phosphonates it is in particular hydroxyalkane or aminoalkanephosphonates. Under the hydroxyalkane phosphonates is 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (HEDP) from of particular importance as a cobuilder. It is preferably used as the sodium salt the disodium salt being neutral and the tetrasodium salt being alkaline (pH 9). As Aminoalkane phosphonates preferably come from ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP), diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonate (DTPMP) and their higher Ho mologist in question. They are preferably in the form of the neutral sodium salts, e.g. B. as the hexasodium salt of EDTMP or as the hepta- and octa-sodium salt of DTPMP, used. HEDP is preferred as a builder from the phosphonate class turns. The aminoalkanephosphonates also have a pronounced heavy metal bin de assets. Accordingly, it can, especially if the agent also ent bleach hold, be preferred to use aminoalkane phosphonates, in particular DTPMP, or To use mixtures of the phosphonates mentioned.

In addition, all compounds that are capable of complexing with alkaline earth train ions as cobuilders.

The amount of builder is usually between 10 and 70 wt .-%, preferably as between 15 and 60 wt .-% and in particular between 20 and 50 wt .-%. How therefore the amount of builders used depends on the intended use, so that Bleach tablets may have higher amounts of builders (for example between 20 and 70% by weight, preferably between 25 and 65% by weight and in particular  re between 30 and 55 wt .-%), for example detergent tablets (usually 10 to 50 wt .-%, preferably 12.5 to 45 wt .-% and in particular between 17.5 and 37.5% by weight). In detergent tablets for machine dishwashing even higher levels of builders may be present, for example 40 to 95% by weight, preferably 50 to 90% by weight and in particular 60 to 85% by weight. Water softener Bletten can even consist of 100 wt .-% of builders.

In order to facilitate the disintegration of highly compressed moldings, it is possible to disintegrate on aids, so-called tablet disintegrants, to incorporate them into the disintegration to shorten times. Under tablet disintegrants or disintegrators according to Römpp (9th edition, vol. 6, p. 4440) and Voigt "Textbook of pharmaceutical Technologie "(6th edition, 1987, pp. 182-184) understood auxiliary substances that are necessary for the rapid Disintegration of tablets in water or gastric juice and for the release of the pharmaceuticals in provide resorbable form.

These substances, which are also referred to as "explosives" due to their effect, ver increase their volume when water enters, and on the one hand increases their own volume (Swelling), on the other hand, a pressure can be generated via the release of gases which can break the tablet into smaller particles. Well-known disintegration aid medium are, for example, carbonate / citric acid systems, but also other organic ones Acids can be used. Swelling disintegration aids are, for example synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) or natural polymers or mo differentiated natural substances such as cellulose and starch and their derivatives, alginates or casein Derivatives.

Preferred detergent tablets contain 0.5 to 10% by weight preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight of one or more disinfectants Gration aids, each based on the weight of the molded body.

Disintegrants based on cellulose are used as preferred disintegrants in the context of the present invention, so that preferred laundry detergents and cleaning agents form such a disintegrant based on cellulose in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular Contain 4 to 6 wt .-%. Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅ ) _n and, formally speaking, is a β-1,4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is made up of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of approximately 500 to 5000 glucose units and consequently have average molecular weights of 50,000 to 500,000. Cellulose-based disintegrants which can be used in the context of the present invention are also cellulose derivatives which can be obtained from cellulose by polymer-analogous reactions. Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products from esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted. However, celluloses in which the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by functional groups which are not bound via an oxygen atom can also be used as cellulose derivatives. The group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali celluloses, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers and aminocelluloses. The cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably used not only as cellulose-based disintegrants, but rather in a mixture with cellulose. The content of cellulose derivatives in these mixtures is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly preferably below 20% by weight, based on the cellulose-based disintegrant. Pure cellulose which is free from cellulose derivatives is particularly preferably used as a cellulose-based disintegrant.

The cellulose used as disintegration aid is preferably not finely divided form, but before mixing into the premixes to be pressed converted into a coarser form, for example granulated or compacted. Washing and Detergent tablets, the disintegrant in granular or optionally cogranu Contained form, are in the German patent applications DE 197 09 991 (Ste fan Herzog) and DE 197 10 254 (Henkel) and the international patent application WO 98/40463 (Henkel). These writings are also more detailed information on the Her position of granulated, compacted or cogranulated cellulose disintegrants men. The particle sizes of such disintegrants are usually above 200 μm, preferably at least 90% by weight between 300 and 1600 µm and in particular to at least 90% by weight between 400 and 1200 µm. The above and in the  writings cited described coarser disintegration aids on cellulose In the context of the present invention, bases are preferred as disintegration aids used and commercially, for example under the name Arbocel® TF-30-HG by available from Rettenmaier.

As a further disintegrant based on cellulose or as part of this compo microcrystalline cellulose can be used. This microcrystalline cellulose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of celluloses under conditions that only attack the amorphous areas (approx. 30% of the total cellulose mass) of the celluloses and dissolve completely, but leave the crystalline areas (approx. 70%) undamaged. A subsequent disaggregation of the microfine cellulo produced by the hydrolysis sen supplies the microcrystalline celluloses, which have primary particle sizes of approx. 5 µm sen and, for example, to granules with an average particle size of 200 microns are pactable.

Processes preferred in the context of the present invention are characterized thereby net that the or at least one of the premixes to be compressed is a disintegration on auxiliary, preferably a cellulose-based disintegrant, preferably two in granular, cogranulated or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 7% by weight and in particular from 4 to 6% by weight, in each case based on gene on the premix.

The disintegration aid (s) can also have special effects from the partial or complete omission of such substances from individual phases more multi-phase Moldings result. So it is preferred, for example, multiphase, in particular to produce multilayered molded articles, the individual phases of which are disintegrated contained in different amounts. In this way, active ingredients from a Phase controlled, for example accelerated or retarded, released from what there are application-related advantages.

In addition to the ingredients mentioned, surfactant, builder and disintegration aid, can the detergent tablets according to the invention further in  Detergents and cleaning agents usual ingredients from the group of bleaching agents, Bleach activators, disintegration aids, enzymes, pH adjusters, fragrances, par carrier, fluorescent agents, dyes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, antiredepositi onsmittel, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, color transfer inhibitors and Corrosion inhibitors included.

Sodium percarbonate is of particular importance among the compounds which serve as bleaching agents and produce H ₂ O ₂ in water. "Sodium percarbonate" is a non-specific term for sodium carbonate peroxohydrates, which strictly speaking are not "percarbonates" (ie salts of percarbonic acid) but are hydrogen peroxide adducts with sodium carbonate. The merchandise has the average composition 2 Na ₂ CO ₃ .3 H ₂ O ₂ and is therefore not peroxycarbonate. Sodium percarbonate forms a white, water-soluble powder with a density of 2.14 gcm ^-3 , which easily breaks down into sodium carbonate and bleaching or oxidizing oxygen.

Sodium carbonate peroxohydrate was first made in 1899 by precipitation with ethanol from a Obtained solution of sodium carbonate in hydrogen peroxide, but mistakenly as peroxy viewed carbonate. It was not until 1909 that the compound was Addition compound recognized, nevertheless the historical designation "sodium per carbonate "prevailed in practice.

The industrial production of sodium percarbonate is mainly produced by precipitation from an aqueous solution (so-called wet process). Here, aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide are combined and the sodium percarbonate is precipitated by salting-out agents (predominantly sodium chloride), crystallization aids (for example polyphosphates, polyacrylates) and stabilizers (for example Mg ²⁺ ions). The precipitated salt, which still contains 5 to 12% by weight of mother liquor, is then trifused and dried at 90 ° C. in fluid bed dryers. The bulk density of the finished product can vary between 800 and 1200 g / l depending on the manufacturing process. As a rule, the percarbonate is stabilized by an additional coating. Coating processes and substances used for coating are widely described in the patent literature. Basically, all commercially available percarbonate types can be used according to the invention, such as those offered by the companies Solvay Interox, Degussa, Kemara or Akzo.

Further bleaching agents which can be used are, for example, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H ₂ O ₂ -producing peracidic salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperic acid or diperdodecanedioic acid. Even when using the bleaching agents, it is possible to dispense with the use of surfactants and / or builders, so that pure bleach tablets can be produced. If such bleach tablets are to be used for textile washing, a combination of sodium percarbonate with sodium ses quicarbonate is preferred, regardless of what other ingredients are contained in the moldings. If cleaning tablets or bleach tablets for machine dishwashing are manufactured, bleaching agents from the group of organic bleaching agents can also be used. Typical organic bleaches are the diacyl peroxides, such as. B. dibenzoyl peroxide. Other typical organic bleaching agents are peroxy acids, examples of which include alkyl peroxy acids and aryl peroxy acids. Preferred representatives are (a) the peroxybenzoic acid and its ring-substituted derivatives, such as alkylperoxybenzoic acids, but also peroxy-α-naphthoic acid and magnesium monoperphthalate, (b) the aliphatic or substituted aliphatic peroxy acids, such as peroxylauric acid, peroxystearic acid, ε-phthalimidoxy acid panoic acid (Pε) )], o-carboxybenzamidoperoxycaproic acid, N nonenylamidoperadipic acid and N-nonenylamidopersuccinate, and (c) aliphatic and araliphatic peroxydicarboxylic acids, such as 1,12-diperoxycarboxylic acid, 1,9-diperoxyazelaic acid, diperocysebacic acid, diperoxybiperoxyacid 1-diperoxybiperoxyacid, 4-diacid, N, N-terephthaloyl-di (6-aminopercapronic acid) can be used.

Chlorine or. Can also be used as bleaching agents in moldings for automatic dishwashing Bromine-releasing substances are used. Among the appropriate chlorine or bromine releasing materials come for example heterocyclic N-bromine and N- Chloramides, for example trichloroisocyanuric acid, tribromoisocyanuric acid, Dibromo isocyanuric acid and / or dichloroisocyanuric acid (DICA) and / or their salts with  Cations such as potassium and sodium are considered. Hydantoin compounds such as 1,3-dichloro-5,5- dimethylhydanthols are also suitable.

To be a better choice when washing or cleaning at temperatures of 60 ° C and below To achieve the greatest bleaching effect, bleach activators can be incorporated. Pale Activators that support the effect of the bleaching agents are, for example, compounds gene containing one or more N- or O-acyl groups, such as substances from the Class of anhydrides, esters, imides and acylated imidazoles or oximes. At Games are Tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), Tetraacetylmethylenediamine (TAMD) and Tetraacetylhexylene diamine (TAHD), but also pentaacetyl glucose (PAG), 1,5-diacetyl 2,2-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT) and isatoic anhydride (ISA).

As bleach activators can be compounds that are under perhydrolysis conditions aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids with preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, in particular 2 to 4 carbon atoms and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid are used become. Substances which contain O- and / or N-acyl groups of the C- Bear atomic number and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups. Are preferred multiple acylated alkylenediamines, especially tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, especially 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, especially tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N- Acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenol sulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), Carboxylic anhydrides, especially phthalic anhydride, acylated polyvalent Alcohols, especially triacetin, ethylene glycol diacetate, 2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran, n-methyl-morpholinium-acetonitrile-methyl sulfate (MMA), and those from the German Patent applications DE 196 16 693 and DE 196 16 767 known enol esters as well acetylated sorbitol and mannitol or their mixtures (SORMAN), acylated sugar derivatives, in particular pentaacetyl glucose (PAG), pentaacetyl fructose, Tetraacetylxylose and Octaacetyllactose as well as acetylated, optionally N-alkylated Glucamine and gluconolactone, and / or N-acylated lactams, for example N- Benzoylcaprolactam. Hydrophilically substituted acylacetals and acyllactams  also preferably used. Combinations of conventional bleach activators can be used.

In addition to the conventional bleach activators or in their place, too so-called bleaching catalysts can be incorporated. These substances are to bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes as in for example Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salt complexes or carbonyl complexes. Also Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N-containing tripod ligands and Co, Fe, Cu and Ru amine complexes can be used as bleaching catalysts.

Bleach activators from the group of multi-acylated alkylene are preferred diamines, especially tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), N-acylimides, especially N- Nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenol sulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl or Isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), n-methyl-morpholinium-acetonitrile- Methyl sulfate (MMA), preferably in amounts of up to 10% by weight, in particular 0.1% by weight up to 8% by weight, particularly 2 to 8% by weight and particularly preferably 2 to 6% by weight on the entire medium.

Bleach-enhancing transition metal complexes, especially with the central atoms Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, V, Ti and / or Ru, preferably selected from the group of manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably cobalt (ammin) - Complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes, the chlorides of cobalt or manganese, of manganese sulfate in usual amounts, preferably in an amount up to 5 wt .-%, in particular from 0.0025 wt .-% to 1 wt .-% and be particularly preferably from 0.01% by weight to 0.25% by weight, in each case based on the total Means used. But in special cases, more bleach activator can be used the.

Because of their oxidizing effect, it is advantageous to remove the bleaching agents from other contents to separate substances, for which purpose in particular methods of production according to the invention of multi-phase moldings. Procedures in which one of the pre-pressed items  contains bleaches, while another premix contains bleach activators, are preferred.

The separation of the bleaching agents from other ingredients can also be advantageous. Ver drive to the production of multi-phase moldings, in which one of the to be pressed Premixes contain bleach while another premix contains enzymes also preferred. Enzymes in particular come from the classes of Hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytic enzymes, Amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enes mentioned zyme in question. All of these hydrolases contribute to the removal of stains in the laundry such as protein, fat or starchy stains and graying. Cel lulases and other glycosyl hydrolases can also be removed by removing Pilling and microfibrils to maintain color and increase the softness of the textile contribute. Oxidors can also be used to bleach or to inhibit the transfer of color ductases are used. Bacterial strains or Pil are particularly suitable Zen such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyceus griseus, Coprinus Cine reus and Humicola insolens and won from their genetically modified variants enzymatic active substances. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases obtained from Bacillus lentus are used. Are there Enzyme mixtures, for example from protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease and cellulase or from cellulase and Lipase or lipolytic enzymes or from protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytic enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytic enzyme men and cellulase, but especially protease and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes of particular interest. At Games for such lipolytic enzymes are the well-known cutinases. Per Oxidases or oxidases have proven to be suitable in some cases. To the appropriate Neten amylases include in particular alpha-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and Pectinases. Cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and are preferably used as cellulases Glucosidases, which are also called cellobiases, or mixtures of these puts. Since different cellulase types are characterized by their CMCase and avicelase  Activities can be differentiated by targeted mixtures of the cellulases desired activities.

In detergent tablets for automatic dishwashing, there are naturally others re enzymes used to treat the different substrates and pollution tongues to take into account. Here especially come from the classes of Hy drolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytic enzymes, Amyla sen, glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All this hy drolasen help remove soiling such as protein, fat or starchy Stains on. Oxidoreductases can also be used for bleaching. Especially are particularly suitable from bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyceus griseus, Coprinus Cinereus and Humicola insolens as well their genetically modified variants obtained enzymatic active ingredients. Before Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases derived from Ba cillus lentus are used. There are enzyme mixtures, for example from protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytic enzymes or from protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or pro tease, lipase or lipolytic enzymes, but especially protease and / or Mixtures containing lipase or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes from be special interest. Examples of such lipolytic enzymes are known ten cutinases. Peroxidases or oxidases have also been found to be suitable in some cases proven. Suitable amylases include in particular alpha-amylases, iso- Amylases, pullulanases and pectinases.

The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers or embedded in coating substances in order to protect them against premature decomposition. The proportion of enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules can, for example, about 0.1 to 5 wt .-%, preferably 0.5 to about 4.5% by weight, based in each case on the premix (s).

Corrosion inhibitors can also be used to protect the dishes or the machine the premixes to be pressed are incorporated, with the machine nell dishwashing silver protection agents have a special meaning. Can be used are the known substances of the prior art. In general, Sil  Protective agents selected from the group of triaz 37952 00070 552 001000280000000200012000285913784100040 0002019930932 00004 37833ole, benzotriazole, bisben zotriazoles, the aminotriazoles, the alkylaminotriazoles and the transition metal salts or complexes are used. Benzotriazole are particularly preferred and / or alkylaminotriazole. You will also often find it in detergent formulations Agents containing active chlorine, which significantly reduce the corrosion of the silver surface can. In chlorine-free cleaners, especially oxygen and nitrogenous org African redox-active compounds, such as di- and trihydric phenols, e.g. B. hydroquinone, Pyrocatechol, hydroxyhydroquinone, gallic acid, phloroglucin, pyrogallol or derivatives of these classes of compounds. Also salt and complex inorganic compounds, such as salts of the metals Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Co and Ce are often used. Prefers are the transition metal salts selected from the group of manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably cobalt (ammin) - Complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes, the chlorides cobalt or manganese and manganese sulfate. Zinc compounds can also be used to prevent corrosion on the wash ware.

If corrosion protection agents are used in multi-phase moldings, it is before moves to separate them from the bleach. Procedures in which one of the pressed send premixes containing bleach while another premix contains corrosion Contains protective agents are therefore preferred.

Other ingredients that are part of a process within the scope of the inventive method or several premixes can be, for example, dyes, optical brighteners len fragrances, soil release compounds, soil repellents, antioxidants, fluorescence medium, foam inhibitors, silicone and / or paraffin oils, color transfer inhibitors, Graying inhibitors, detergent boosters, etc.

For the aesthetic impression of the detergent and cleaning agent form according to the invention to improve the body, they can be completely or partially colored with suitable dyes become. Preferred dyes, the selection of which is not difficult for the person skilled in the art prepares, have a high storage stability and insensitivity to the rest Ingredients of the agents and against light and no pronounced substantivity against  over the treated substrates such as textile fibers or tableware do not stain them.

All colorants are preferred for use in detergent tablets according to the invention agents that can be oxidatively destroyed in the washing process and mixtures of these with suitable blue dyes, so-called blue tones. It has proven to be beneficial Sen colorants to use in water or at room temperature in liquid organi substances are soluble. For example, anionic colorants, e.g. B. anionic nitroso dyes. A possible colorant is, for example, naphthol green (Color Index (CI) Part 1: Acid Green 1; Part 2: 10 020), which is a commercial product at for example as Basacid® Green 970 from BASF, Ludwigshafen, and Mixtures of these with suitable blue dyes. Coming as additional colorants Pigmosol® Blue 6900 (CI 74 160), Pigmosol® Green 8730 (CI 74 260), Basonyl® Red 545 FL (CI 45 170), Sandolan® Rhodamine EB400 (CI 45 100), Basacid® Yellow 094 (CI 47 005), Sicovit® Patent Blue 85 E 131 (CI 42 051), Acid Blue 183 (CAS 12 217-22-0, CI Acidblue 183), Pigment Blue 15 (CI 74 160), Supranol® Blue GLW (CAS 12 219-32-8, CI Acidblue 221)), Nylosan® Yellow N-7GL SGR (CAS 61 814-57-1, CI Acidyellow 218) and / or San dolan® blue (CI Acid Blue 182, CAS 12 219-26-0).

When choosing the colorant, care must be taken to ensure that the colorants do not have too strong an affinity for the textile surfaces and especially for synthetic fibers. At the same time, when choosing suitable colorants, it must also be taken into account that colorants have different stabilities against oxidation. Generally speaking, water-insoluble colorants are more stable to oxidation than water-soluble colorants. Depending on the solubility and thus also on the sensitivity to oxidation, the concentration of the colorant in the detergents or cleaning agents varies. In the case of readily water-soluble colorants, e.g. B. the above-mentioned Basacid® green or the above-mentioned Sandolan® blue, coloring agent concentrations are typically chosen in the range of a few 10 ^-2 to 10 ^-3 wt .-%. In the preferred because of their brilliance, but less water-soluble pigment dyes, for. B. the above-mentioned Pigmosol® dyes, the suitable concentration of the colorant in washing or cleaning agents, however, is typically a few 10 ^-3 to 10 ^-4 wt .-%.

The detergents and cleaning agents produced by the process according to the invention Shaped articles can contain one or more optical brighteners. These substances that Also called "white toners" are used in modern detergents, because even freshly washed and bleached white laundry has a slight yellow tinge. Opti brighteners are organic dyes that form part of the invisible UV radiation of sunlight into longer-wave blue light. The emission of this blue Light complements the "gap" in the light reflected by the textile, so that one with optical Lighter-treated textiles appear whiter and lighter to the eye. Because the efficacy A distinction is made between the chanism of brighteners, which require them to be drawn onto the fibers depending on the "dyed" fibers, for example, brighteners for cotton, polyamide or Polyester fibers. The commercially available ones suitable for irritation in detergents Brighteners essentially belong to five structural groups on the stilbene, the diphe nylstilbene, the Cumann-quinoline, the diphenylpyrazoline group and the group of Combination of benzoxazole or benzimidazole with conjugated systems. An over A look at common brighteners is described, for example, in G. Jakobi, A. Löhr "Detergents and Textile Washing "; VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 1987, pages 94 to 100. Suitable are z. B. Salts of 4,4'-bis [(4-anilino-6-morpholino-s-triazin-2-yl) amino] -stilbene-2,2'- disulfonic acid or compounds of a similar structure which instead of the morpholino Group a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, anilino group or carry a 2-methoxyethylamino group. Furthermore, brighteners of the sub substituted diphenylstyryle may be present, e.g. B. the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis (2-sulfostyryl) - diphenyls, 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) diphenyls, or 4- (4-chlorostyryl) -4 '- (2- sulfostyryl) diphenyls. Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used become.

Fragrances are added to the agents according to the invention in order to maintain an aesthetic appearance to improve product pressure and consumer in addition to product performance a visually and sensorially "typical and distinctive" product is available  put. As perfume oils or fragrances, individual fragrance compounds, e.g. B. the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and Koh type Hydrogen oils are used. Fragrance compounds of the ester type are e.g. B. Benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dime thylbenzyl-carbinyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethyl methyl phenyl glycinate, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate. To the Ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether, the aldehydes e.g. B. the linear Alka nale with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, Hydroxycitronellal, Lilial and Bourgeonal, to the ketones z. B. the Jonone, ∝- Isomethyl ionone and methyl cedryl ketone, to the alcohols anethole, citronellol, eugenol, Geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol, are hydrocarbons mainly the terpenes such as limes and pinene. However, Wed are preferred uses different fragrances, which together make an appealing Generate fragrance. Such perfume oils can also contain natural fragrance mixtures ten, as they are accessible from plant sources, e.g. B. Pine, Citrus, Jasmine, Pat chouly, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are muscatel, sage oil, Ka millen oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, Vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, Orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.

The content of the washing and cleaning agents produced according to the invention is usually moldings of fragrances up to 2% by weight of the total formulation. The Fragrances can be incorporated directly into the agents according to the invention, it can but it can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances to carriers that limit the adhesion of Par reinforce foams on the laundry and through a slower fragrance release for langan maintain the fragrance of the textiles. Such carrier materials have, for example se cyclodextrins have proven themselves, with the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes additionally other auxiliaries can be coated.

In addition, the detergent tablets can also ent components hold, which positively influence the oil and fat washability from textiles (so-called called soil repellents). This effect is particularly evident when a textile is dirty  is already several times with a detergent according to the invention, this Contains oil and fat-dissolving component, was washed. Among the preferred oil and fat-dissolving components include, for example, nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methylhydroxypropyl cellulose with a proportion of methoxyl groups of 15 to 30 wt .-% and of hydroxypropoxyl groups from 1 to 15 wt .-%, each bezo gene on the nonionic cellulose ether, as well as those known from the prior art Polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives, in particular special polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and / or nonionically modified derivatives of these. Especially be of these, the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic and terephthalic acids are preferred re-polymers.

As foam inhibitors, which are used in the agents produced according to the invention which can be considered, for example, soaps, paraffins or silicone oils can optionally be applied to carrier materials.

Graying inhibitors have the task of removing the dirt detached from the fiber in the Keep the liquor suspended and thus prevent the dirt from re-opening. Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this purpose, for example the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether sulfonic acid Ren starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or strength. Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for the suitable purpose. Soluble starch preparations and others other than that can also be used Use the above starch products, e.g. B. degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone can also be used. However, cellulose ethers such as Carboxymethyl cellulose (Na salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixtures ther such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl carboxy methyl cellulose and mixtures thereof in amounts of 0.1 to 5 wt .-%, based on the Means used.

Since textile fabrics, in particular from rayon, rayon, cotton and their Mi can wrinkle because the individual fibers prevent bending, kinking,  Pressing and squeezing across the grain are sensitive to the invention contain synthetic anti-crease agents according to manufactured agents. These include at for example synthetic products based on fatty acids, fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, -alkylol esters, -alkylolamides or fatty alcohols, mostly with ethylene oxide are set, or products based on lecithin or modified phosphoric acids ster.

The agents prepared according to the invention can be used to control microorganisms contain antimicrobial agents. A distinction is made here depending on the antimicrobial Spectrum and mechanism of action between bacteriostatics and bactericides, Fun giostatics and fungicides etc. Important substances from these groups are for example Benzalkonium chlorides, alkylarlyl sulfonates, halophenols and phenol mercuric acetate, these connections can also be dispensed with entirely.

To unwanted, caused by oxygen and other oxidative processes Prevent changes to the agents and / or the treated textiles which contain antioxidants. This connection class includes, for example substituted phenols, hydroquinones, pyrocatechols and aromatic amines and or ganic sulfides, polysulfides, dithiocarbamates, phosphites and phosphonates.

Increased comfort can result from the additional use of antistatic agents ren, which are additionally added to the agents produced according to the invention. Antistati ka increase the surface conductivity and thus enable improved drainage formed charges. External antistatic agents are usually substances with at least a hydrophilic molecular ligand and give a more or min the hygroscopic film. These mostly surface-active antistatic agents can be nitrogenous (amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds), phosphorus (Phosphoric acid esters) and sulfur-containing (alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates) antistatic agents share. External antistatic agents are described, for example, in patent applications FR 1,156,513, GB 873 214 and GB 839 407. The lauryl (or stearyl) dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride are suitable as antistatic agents for textiles or as additives to detergents, with an additional finishing effect.  

To improve the water absorption capacity, the rewettability of the behan Delten textiles and to facilitate ironing of the treated textiles can in the agents produced according to the invention, for example silicone derivatives the. These also improve the rinsing behavior of the agents through their foam foam properties. Preferred silicone derivatives are, for example, polydialkyl or Alkylarylsiloxanes in which the alkyl groups have one to five carbon atoms and all or partially fluorinated. Preferred silicones are polydimethylsiloxanes may be derivatized and then amino functional or quaternized or Si Have OH, Si-H and / or Si-Cl bonds. The viscosities of the preferred sili Cones are between 25 and 100,000 centistokes at 25 ° C, the silico ne in amounts between 0.2 and S wt .-%, based on the total agent can be.

Finally, the agents produced according to the invention can also contain UV absorbers, which apply to the treated textiles and the lightfastness of the fibers improves ser. Compounds that have these desired properties are, for example the compounds and derivatives of Ben which are effective through radiationless deactivation zophenons with substituents in the 2- and / or 4-position. There are also substituted ones Benzotriazoles, in the 3-position phenyl-substituted acrylates (cinnamic acid derivatives) if with cyano groups in the 2-position, salicylates, organic Ni complexes and nature substances such as umbelliferone and the body's own urocanoic acid.

All of the ingredients mentioned above can have advantageous properties result in separating them from other ingredients or combining them with certain others To assemble ingredients together. In the case of multi-phase moldings, the individual phases also have a different content of the same ingredient sen, whereby advantages can be achieved. Procedures involving at least two of the compressing premixes contain the same active ingredient in different amounts, are preferred. The term "different amount" refers as before explained, not on the absolute amount of the ingredient in the phase, but on the Re  The relative amount, based on the phase weight, therefore represents a% by weight, based on the individual phase.

Another object of the present invention is the use of tablets press in which at least one stamp of a pair of press stamps during the tablet animal process is rotated about its vertical axis to produce washing and rice detergent tablets. In the use according to the invention, mutatis mutandis all advantageous embodiments described above for the method according to the invention tion forms also preferred. In order to avoid redundancies, the above is discussed here referenced information.

The process according to the invention delivers washing and cleaning agents as process end products moldings, which have a novel and advantageous structure. It deals These are laundry detergent and cleaning product tablets, which form a uniform structure consist of a core and a shell surrounding this core. Such Detergent tablets have not yet been used in the prior art wrote. Another subject of the invention are therefore washing and cleaning agents Telform body made of compressed, particulate detergent and cleaning agent, which a core and a shell surrounding this core, which have the same composition have composition, the shell being harder than the core.

Due to the formation of the "shell" in the method according to the invention, the shell has a higher hardness than the core it protects. At the same time, the shell shows also a higher density, so that the detergent tablets are compressed tetem, particulate detergents and cleaning agents, which consist of a core and a die his core surrounding sheath, which have the same composition, wherein the shell has a higher density than the core, also an object of the present Are invention.

The principle according to the invention of the coated molded body, in which the shell and core have the same composition, but due to different physical parameters are not only applicable to single-phase detergents and cleaning agents  apply body. For example, two-layer moldings are made from two under prepared premixes of different compositions, so provides the invention Process two-layer detergent tablets, the two on top of each other have pressed different layers and a surrounding shell ("shell"), wherein the shell surrounding the first layer has the same composition as the first layer and the shell surrounding the second layer are the same composition tongue has like the second layer. The two "shells" result in the harder overall or denser shell that encloses the molded body and its advantageous properties lends.

Another object of the present invention is also multi-phase washing and detergent tablets from compressed, particulate washing and cleaning agents detergent compositions consisting of a multiphase core and one of these multi-phase core surrounding multi-phase envelope, the individual phases of which have the same composition as the phases whose surface they cover, where where the shell is harder than the core.

Multi-phase washing and cleaning are also completely analogous to the above explanations Detergent tablets made of compressed, particulate washing and cleaning agents tel compositions that consist of a multi-phase core and a multi-phase Core surrounding multi-phase envelope exist, the individual phases of which are the same have composition like the phases whose surface they cover, the Shell has a higher density than the core, another object of the present Er finding.

The detergent tablets according to the invention are also mutatised mutandis all advantageous described above for the inventive method Embodiments also preferred. To avoid redundancies, here is on referred to the above information. Especially with regard to the ingredients, their type divide into the entire molded body, its distribution over individual phases, its proportions individual phases etc. apply analogously to what has been said above.  

Since the impact and rubbing load of detergent tablets on the Footprint is particularly high, it is advantageous to use these areas particularly against abrasion or to protect breakage. Detergent tablets, in which the shell on the round sides of the molded body have a thickness of 5 to 2000 μm, preferably 10 up to 1500 microns and in particular from 25 to 1000 microns are before according to the invention moves. In particularly preferred detergent tablets, the ge apply named sizes for the annular side surface of the molded body.

Since the "shell" contributes to the stability of the tablet, the pressing forces can be further reduced what improves process economy (see above) on the one hand, but on the other also the solubilities and disintegration times of the detergent tablets positively influenced. This allows for the core enclosed in the shell lower strengths are accepted, which are otherwise too fragile and not would be acceptable. In preferred detergent tablets, the Core a diametrical breaking strength of less than 30 kPa, preferably less than 25 kPa, particularly preferably less than 20 kPa and in particular less than 15 kPa.

At the same time, the shell preferably has a high hardness, which according to the invention in more than the hardness of the core. In particularly preferred washing and cleaning agents The shell has a diametrical breaking strength of more than 20 kPa preferably of more than 25 kPa, particularly preferably of more than 30 kPa and in particular re of more than 35 kPa.

It is also possible to provide information about preferred densities of the shell or core. Detergent tablets in which the core has a density of more than 600 g / l, preferably more than 750 g / l and in particular more than 900 g / l and Detergent tablets in which the shell has a density of more than 1000 g / l, preferably more than 1050 g / l, particularly preferably more than 1100 g / l and in particular of more than 1150 g / l, are preferred according to the invention.  

The method according to the invention can be selected by a suitable choice of the method parameters such as pressing force, pressing time, direction of rotation, rotation speed, rotation intensity, Composition of the premix, pressing temperature, etc. depending on your needs create thinner wrappings. In particularly preferred washing and cleaning agents Molded bodies preferably have a core and shell in a weight ratio of 250: 1 to 1: 1 from 100: 1 to 5: 1 and in particular from 50: 1 to 10: 1.

The detergent tablets according to the invention can be packaged after manufacture, the use of certain packaging systems having proven particularly effective. Another aspect of the present invention is a combination of (a) detergent tablet according to the invention and a packaging system containing the detergent tablet (s), the packaging system having a moisture vapor transmission rate of 0.1 g / m ² / day to less than 20 g / m ² / day if the packaging system is stored at 23 ° C and a relative equilibrium humidity of 85%.

The packaging system of the combination of detergent tablets and packaging system according to the invention has a moisture vapor permeability rate of 0.1 g / m ² / day to less than 20 g / m ² / day when the packaging system is at 23 ° C. and a relative equilibrium humidity of 85% is stored. The named temperature and humidity conditions are the test conditions that are mentioned in the DIN standard 53122, whereby according to DIN 53122 minimal deviations are permitted (23 ± 1 ° C, 85 ± 2% relative humidity). The moisture vapor permeability rate of a given packaging system or material can be determined by further standard methods and is, for example, also in the ASTM standard E-96-53T ("Test for measuring Water Vapor transmission of Materials in Sheet form") and in the TAPPI standard T464 m- 45 ("Water Vapor Permeability of Sheet Materials at high temperature an Humidity"). The measuring principle of current methods is based on the water absorption of anhydrous calcium chloride, which is stored in a container in the appropriate atmosphere, the container being closed at the top with the material to be tested. From the surface of the container, which is closed with the material to be tested (permeation surface), the increase in weight of calcium chloride and the exposure time, the moisture vapor transmission rate can be determined

calculate, where A is the area of the material to be tested in cm ² , x is the weight gain of calcium chloride in g and y is the exposure time in h.

The relative equilibrium humidity, often referred to as "relative humidity", is 85% at 23 ° C. when measuring the moisture vapor transmission rate within the scope of the present invention. The absorption capacity of air for water vapor increases with temperature up to a respective maximum content, the so-called saturation content, and is given in g / m ³ . For example, 1 m ^{3 of} air at 17 ° is saturated with 14.4 g of water vapor; at a temperature of 11 ° there is already saturation with 10 g of water vapor. The relative humidity is the ratio of the actual water vapor content to the saturation content corresponding to the prevailing temperature. For example, if air contains 17 ° 12 g / m ³ water vapor, then the relative humidity = (12 / 14.4) .100 = 83%. If you cool this air, then the saturation (100% r.L.) is reached at the so-called dew point (in the example: 14 °), ie, if it cools further, a precipitate is formed in the form of fog (dew). Hygrometers and psy chrometers are used for the quantitative determination of moisture.

The relative equilibrium humidity of 85% at 23 ° C can be found, for example, in La Borehouses with humidity control depending on the device type to ± 2% r. Adjust L. exactly. Even over saturated solutions of certain salts form in closed systems constant and well-defined relative humidity at a given temperature, that on the phase equilibrium between partial pressure of water, saturated solution and soil body are based.  

The combinations of detergent tablets and Packaging system can of course in turn in secondary packaging for example, cardboard boxes or trays, are packed, with the secondary packaging no further requirements have to be made. The secondary packaging is that if possible, but not necessary.

Packaging systems preferred in the context of the present invention have a moisture vapor permeability rate of 0.5 g / m ² / day to less than 15 g / m ² / day.

The packaging system of the combination according to the invention encloses depending on the design Form of the invention one or more detergent tablets. It is preferred according to the invention either to design a shaped body such that it comprises an application unit of the detergent and cleaning agent, and this form body to be packed individually, or the number of shaped bodies in one packaging unit to pack, which in total comprises an application unit. With a target dosage of According to the invention, 80 g of detergent and cleaning agent is possible to sweat an 80 g to produce and to individually package detergent tablets, it is but also possible according to the invention, two washing and cleaning agents each weighing 40 g Packing the shaped body in a packaging to form a Kombinati according to the invention to get on. This principle can of course be expanded, so that fiction three, four, five or even more detergents and cleaning agents according to combinations can contain molded articles in a packaging unit. Of course, two can or more moldings in one package have different compositions sen. In this way it is possible to spatially separate certain components separate, for example to avoid stability problems.

The packaging system of the combination according to the invention can differ from the materials and take on any external shape. From economic For reasons of and for reasons of easier processability, however, there are packaging systems Steme preferred, in which the packaging material is light in weight, easily process and is inexpensive. In combinations preferred according to the invention  the packaging system consists of a sack or pouch made of single-layer or laminated Paper and / or plastic film.

The detergent tablets can be unsorted, i. H. as loose bulk tion, be filled into a bag made of the materials mentioned. But it is from aesthetic table reasons and for sorting the combinations in secondary packaging moves, the detergent tablets individually or in several sorted in Fill sacks or bags. For individual application units for washing and cleaning molded article, which are in a sack or pouch, has in Tech nik the term "flow pack" naturalized. Such "flow packs" can then - again preferably sorted - optionally packed in outer packaging, what the compact Offer form of the molded body underlines.

The preferably used as a packaging system sacks or bags made of monolayer or laminated paper or plastic film can be designed in many different ways, for example as a blown-up bag without a central seam or as a bag with a central seam, which is caused by heat (hot fusion), adhesives or adhesive tapes which are locked. Single-layer bag or sack materials are the known papers, which can optionally be impregnated, as well as plastic films, which can optionally be co-extruded. Plastic films that can be used as a packaging system in the context of the present invention are given, for example, in Hans Domininghaus "The plastics and their properties", 3rd edition, VDI Verlag, Düssel dorf, 1988, page 193. Fig. 111 shown there also gives reference points for the water vapor permeability of the materials mentioned.

Combinations particularly preferred within the scope of the present invention as a packaging system, a sack or bag made of single-layer or laminated art material film with a thickness of 10 to 200 microns, preferably from 20 to 100 microns and esp special from 25 to 50 µm.

Although it is possible, wax-coated in addition to the films or papers mentioned Papers in the form of cardboard boxes as a packaging system for washing and cleaning  to use medium shaped bodies, it is preferred in the context of the present invention if the packaging system does not include boxes made of wax-coated paper. The The term “packaging system” in the context of the present invention always the primary packaging of the moldings, d. H. the packaging that is on the inside is in direct contact with the molded body surface. To an optional secondary pack No requirements are made, so that all common materials and Systems can be used.

As already mentioned above, the detergent tablets contain molded articles the combination according to the invention, depending on its intended use, further content fabrics of washing and cleaning agents in varying amounts. Regardless of the ver application of the shaped body, it is preferred according to the invention that the or Detergent tablets have a relative equilibrium moisture content of less than 30% at 35 ° C.

The relative equilibrium moisture content of the detergent tablets can are determined according to common methods, whereby within the scope of the present The following procedure was chosen for investigations: Liter jar with a lid, which has a closable opening for insertion of samples, was washed with a total of 300 g of detergent tablets filled with pern and kept at a constant 23 ° C for 24 h in order to maintain a constant temperature of Ensure vessel and substance. The water vapor pressure in the room over the form can then use a hygrometer (Hygrotest 6100, Testoterm Ltd., England) be true. The water vapor pressure is now measured every 10 minutes until two successive values show no deviation (equilibrium moisture). The above Hygrometer allows a direct display of the recorded values in% relative humidity action.

Embodiments of the combination according to the invention are also preferred which the packaging system is designed to be resealable. Also combinations, where the packaging system has a microperforation, can be fiction according to implement with preference.  

Another object of the present invention is a washing method for washing of textiles in a household washing machine, which is characterized in that one or more detergent tablets according to the invention in the Insert the washing machine's washing compartment and run a washing program, in the course of which the molded body or bodies are washed in.

The molded article or articles do not have to be metered through the induction chamber, however can also be put directly into the washing drum. Both one Dosing aid, for example a net metering device, can be used, the shaped bodies can but can also be added directly to the laundry in the drum without metering aid. On Washing process for washing textiles in a household washing machine, in which one or more shaped detergent tablets according to the invention with or without dosing aid in the washing drum of the washing machine and a Letting the washing program run, in the course of which the shaped body or bodies is dissolved is therefore also an object of the present invention.

As mentioned above, detergent tablets can also be used for machines Manufacture dishwashing according to the inventive method. Is accordingly a cleaning method for cleaning dishes in a dishwasher, the characterized in that one or more washing (s) according to the invention and detergent tablets into the dosing chamber of the dishwasher and a Rinsing program can run, in the course of which the dosing chamber opens and the or the moldings are dissolved, another object of the present invention.

Also in the cleaning process according to the invention, one can check the metering chamber spruce and the shaped body or bodies according to the invention, for example, in the cutlery insert basket. Of course, the use of a dosing aid is also here for example, a basket that is attached in the sink, easily possible. Accordingly, a cleaning method for cleaning dishes in a ge dishwasher, in which one or more washing machine (s) according to the invention Detergent tablets with or without dosing aid in the dishwasher's wash cabinet  inserted and a rinsing program can run, in the course of which the molded body (s) be resolved, another object of the present invention.

Claims (48)

1. A process for the manufacture of detergent tablets by pressing one or more particulate detergent and cleaning agent compositions in a tablet press, characterized in that at least one stamp of a pair of rams is rotated about its vertical axis during the tableting process. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in each case both stamps of one Press pair rotated about their vertical axis during the tableting process become. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the rotation of the stamp in the opposite direction. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the Dre hung of the ram (s) after pressing in the discharge area of the tablets press takes place. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the Dre hung of the press ram (s) in the filling and / or pressure area of the tablet press preferably in the filling and pressure area. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a Dre of the ram (s) during the pre-pressing and the main pressing and optionally after pressing. 7. Process for the production of multi-phase detergent tablets by pressing together several particulate detergents and cleaning agents Settlements in a tablet press, characterized in that at least one stem pel of a pair of press rams during the tabletting process about its vertical axis is rotated.   8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that in each case both stamps of one Press pair rotated about their vertical axis during the tableting process become. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the rotation of the stamp in the opposite direction. 10. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the Dre hung of the ram (s) after pressing in the discharge area of the tablets press takes place. 11. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that the Dre hung of the press ram (s) in the filling and / or pressure area of the tablet press preferably in the filling and pressure area. 12. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 11, characterized in that a Dre hung of the ram (s) during the pre-compression of the first premix and at every further pre-injection of further pre-mixes and during the main injection of the multi-phase molded body and optionally after pressing. 13. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 12, characterized in that between no intermediate pressing takes place in the dosing steps for the individual premixes finds. 14. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 13, characterized in that the phases have the shape of layers. 15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the / Press ram in each turning operation by 0.1 to 90 °, preferably by 0.25 to 45 ° and be rotated in particular by 0.5 to 20 °.   16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the rotation operation of the press ram (s) over a period of 1 to 1000 ms, preferably from 2 to 500 ms and in particular from 5 to 100 ms. 17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the press surfaces of the ram have a roughness depth of 5 to 500 microns, preferably from 10 to 250 µm and in particular from 20 to 150 µm. 18. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the Ver pressing at temperatures between 10 and 60 ° C, preferably between 15 and 50 ° C and in particular between 20 and 40 ° C is carried out. 19. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the part Chen-shaped detergent composition (s) a bulk density of at least 500 g / l, preferably at least 600 g / l and in particular at least 700 g / l. 20. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that the part Chen shaped detergent and detergent composition (s) particle sizes between 100 and 2000 microns, preferably between 200 and 1800 microns, particularly be preferably between 400 and 1600 µm and in particular between 600 and 1400 µm, has / have. 21. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that the part Chen-shaped detergent and detergent composition (s) less than 20 % By weight, preferably less than 10% by weight and in particular less than 5% by weight Has / have particles with a size below 200 microns. 22. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that the part Chen-shaped detergent and detergent composition (s) less than 20 % By weight, preferably less than 10% by weight and in particular less than 5% by weight Has / have particles with a size above 1600 microns.   23. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that the or at least one of the premixes to be compressed additionally contains surfactant-containing gra contains nulate (s). 24. The method according to claim 23, characterized in that the surfactant-containing granules contains anionic and / or nonionic surfactants as well as builders and total Surfactant contents of at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 15% by weight and in particular at least 20% by weight, based on the granules. 25. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that the or at least one of the premixes to be pressed additionally one or more Substances from the group of bleaching agents, bleach activators, disintegration aids, Enzymes, pH adjusting agents, fragrances, perfume carriers, fluorescent agents, dyes, Foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, optical brighteners, graying Contains inhibitors, color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors. 26. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that the or at least one of the premixes to be pressed is a disintegration aid, preferably a disintegration aid based on cellulose, preferably in gra nular, cogranulated or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 7% by weight and in particular from 4 to 6% by weight, in each case based on gene on the premix. 27. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 26, characterized in that one of the Premixes to be pressed contains bleach, while another premix Contains bleach activators. 28. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that one of the Premixes to be pressed contains bleach, while another premix Contains enzymes.   29. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 28, characterized in that one of the compressing premixes containing bleach while another premix Contains anti-corrosion agents. 30. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 29, characterized in that mind At least two of the premixes to be compressed have the same active ingredient in different ways Chen quantities included. 31. Use of tablet presses in which at least one punch of a press press pelpaar is rotated around its vertical axis during the tableting process Manufacture of detergent tablets. 32. Detergent tablets made of compressed, particulate detergent and cleaning agents, characterized in that it consists of a core and a die encasing its core, which have the same composition where where the shell is harder than the core. 33. Detergent tablets made from compressed, particulate detergent and cleaning agents, characterized in that it consists of a core and a die encasing its core, which have the same composition where the shell has a higher density than the core. 34. Multi-phase detergent tablets made of compressed, particulate moderate detergent and cleaning agent compositions, characterized in that it consists of a multiphase core and a surrounding of this multiphase core multi-phase envelope, the individual phases of which have the same composition have like the phases, the surface of which they cover, the shell being harder than the core. 35. Multi-phase detergent tablets made of compressed, particulate moderate detergent and cleaning agent compositions, characterized in that it consists of a multiphase core and a surrounding of this multiphase core  multi-phase envelope, the individual phases of which have the same composition have as the phases, the surface of which they cover, the shell a higher Has density as the core. 36. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 32 to 35, characterized characterized in that the shell has a thickness of 5 on the round sides of the molded body up to 2000 µm, preferably from 10 to 1500 µm and in particular from 25 to 1000 µm having. 37. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 32 to 36, characterized characterized in that the core has a diametrical breaking strength of less than 30 kPa, preferably less than 25 kPa, particularly preferably less than 20 kPa and in particular less than 15 kPa. 38. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 32 to 37, characterized characterized in that the casing has a diametrical breaking strength of more than 20 kPa, preferably of more than 25 kPa, particularly preferably of more than 30 kPa and ins particular of more than 35 kPa. 39. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 32 to 38, characterized characterized in that the core has a density of more than 600 g / l, preferably more than 750 g / l and in particular more than 900 g / l. 40. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 32 to 39, characterized characterized in that the shell has a density of more than 1000 g / l, preferably of more than 1050 g / l, particularly preferably more than 1100 g / l and in particular of has more than 1150 g / l. 41. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 32 to 40, characterized characterized in that the core and shell in a weight ratio of 250: 1 to 1: 1, before preferably from 100: 1 to 5: 1 and in particular from 50: 1 to 10: 1.   42. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 32 to 41, characterized characterized in that at least one shaped body side is convexly curved. 43. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 32 to 42, characterized characterized in that at least one shaped body side is concavely curved. 44. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 32 to 43, characterized characterized in that one shaped body side is convex and the opposite shape body side is concavely curved. 45. Washing process for washing textiles in a household washing machine, there characterized in that one or more detergents and cleaning agents Shaped body according to one of claims 32 to 44 in the washing chamber of the washing machine insert the machine and run a washing program, in the course of which the Shaped bodies are washed in. 46. Washing process for washing textiles in a household washing machine, there characterized in that one or more detergents and cleaning agents Shaped body according to one of claims 32 to 44 with or without dosing aid in the Insert the washing drum of the washing machine and run a washing program, in the course of which or the shaped body are dissolved. 47. Cleaning process for cleaning dishes in a dishwasher, because characterized in that one or more detergents and cleaning agents Shaped body according to one of claims 32 to 44 in the dosing chamber of the dishwasher ne inserted and a rinse program can run, in the course of which the dosing came mer opens and the molded article (s) are dissolved. 48. Cleaning process for cleaning dishes in a dishwasher, because characterized in that one or more detergents and cleaning agents Shaped body according to one of claims 32 to 44 with or without dosing aid in the rinse  insert the dishwasher and run a washing program, in the course of which the shaped body or bodies are dissolved.